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Choghtu Khong Tayiji

2025-07-28T17:32:21Z

103.212.119.122:

{{Short description|Mongol prince}}
{{redirect|Tsogt Taij|the 1945 film|Tsogt taij (film)}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2021}}
[[File:Tsogtiin tsagaan baishin.JPG|thumb|right|300px|The remains of the [[White House of Choghtu Khong Tayiji]], built by Choghtu Khong Tayiji in 1601, located in [[Dashinchilen]] sum of [[Bulgan Province|Bulgan Aimag]]]]

'''Tümengken Choghtu Khong Tayiji''' ([[Classical Mongolian]]: {{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠩᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠣᠭᠲᠤ ᠬᠤᠩ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ}}, ''Tümengken čoγtu qong tayiǰi''; [[Mongolian language|modern Mongolian]]: {{Lang|mn|Түмэнхэн Цогт Хунтайж}}, {{IPA|mn|ˈtumən.xɛŋ ˈt͡sɔx.tə ˈxuŋ.tæt͡ʃ|}}, '''Tümenkhen Tsogt Khun Taij'''; {{zh|t=綽克圖台吉}}; 1581–1637), was a noble in Northern [[Khalkha]]. He expanded into [[Amdo]] (present-day [[Qinghai]]) to help the [[Karma Kagyu]] sect of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] but was overthrown by [[Güshi Khan]], who supported the rival [[Gelug]] sect. He is also known for writing a famous poem in 1621, which was transcribed on the surface of a rock in 1624, and still exists.<ref name="brit">{{cite web|title=Mongolian literature|last=|first=|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Mongolian-literature|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210518095116/https://www.britannica.com/art/Mongolian-literature|archive-date=18 May 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

He established a base on the [[Tuul River|Tuul river]]. Known as an intellectual, he embraced the Karma sect and built monasteries and castles. In 1601, he built the White Castle, or the [[White House of Choghtu Khong Tayiji]].

He submitted himself to [[Ligdan Khan]], last grand khan of the Mongols. He took part in Ligdan's campaign to [[Tibet]] to help the Karma sect although Ligdan Khan died in 1634 before they joined together. But he pursued the campaign. In the same year, he conquered the [[Tümed]] around [[Qinghai Lake|Kokonor]] (Qinghai Lake) and moved his base there. By request from Shamar Rabjampa, he sent an army under his son Arslan to central Tibet in 1635. However, Arslan attacked his ally [[Ü-Tsang|Tsang]] army. He met the [[Lobsang Gyatso, 5th Dalai Lama|fifth Dalai Lama]] and paid homage to Gelukpa monasteries instead of destroying them. Arslan was eventually assassinated by Choghtu's order.

The Geluk sect asked for help Törü Bayikhu (Güshi Khan), the leader of the [[Khoshut]] tribe of the [[Oirats|Oirat]] confederation. In 1636, Törö Bayikhu led the Khoshuts and the [[Dzungars]] to Tibet. In the next year a decisive war between Choghtu Khong Tayiji and Törü Bayikhu ended in the latter's victory and Choghtu was killed.

Descendants of Sutai Yeldeng, Choghtu's grandson, succeeded the [[jasagh]] of a banner in [[Sain Noyon Khan Aimag]].

He has traditionally been portrayed as evil by the Geluk sect. On the other hand, the Mongolian movie ''[[Tsogt taij (film)|Tsogt taij]]'' (1945) treated him as a national hero.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Okada Hidehiro 岡田英弘, Čoɤtu Qong Tayiǰi ni tsuite Čoɤtu Qong Tayiǰi について, ''Ajia Afurika gengo kenkyū 1'' アジア・アフリカ言語研究 1, February 1968, pp. 111–125. He provided a brief biography of Choghtu Khong Tayiji and the inscription of Čaɤan bayising.
*Yamaguchi Zuihō (山口瑞鳳), Chibetto (チベット), University of Tokyo Press, 1988. He utilized Tibetan materials. His paper is also cited by Okada's work. Kojitsu Kan no Chibetto shihai ni itaru keii 顧実汗のチベット支配に至る経緯, ''Iwai Daisetsu hakushi koki kinen tenseki ronshū'' 岩井大慧博士古希記念典籍論集, 1963.
*Oyunbilig (乌云毕力格): On Choktu Taidji (关于绰克图台吉), 内蒙古大学学报哲学社会科学版 1987 No.3, pp. 52–57.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tayiji, Choghtu Khong}}
[[Category:1581 births]]
[[Category:1637 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Mongols]]

Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür

2025-07-28T16:45:49Z

103.212.119.122:

{{Short description|Emperor of Northern Yuan from 1378 to 1388}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Tianyuan Emperor of Northern Yuan {{nobold|北元天元帝}} Uskhal Khan {{nobold|兀思哈勒汗}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ|lang=mn|font-size=1em|style=middle}}
| title = [[Emperor of China|Emperor]] of the Great Yuan
| image =
| succession = [[List of Northern Yuan khans|Emperor of the Northern Yuan dynasty]]
| reign = May 1378 – November 1388
| coronation = May 1378
| full name = Mongolian: ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ Chinese: 脫古思帖木兒 Tögüs Temür
| regnal name = Uskhal Khan (兀思哈勒汗)
| posthumous name = None<ref name="廟號與諡號" />
| era dates = Xuanguang (宣光): 1378–1379 Tianyuan (天元): 1379–1388
| predecessor = [[Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara]]
| successor = [[Jorightu Khan Yesüder]]
| heir =
| queen =
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| royal house = [[Borjigin]]
| dynasty = [[Northern Yuan]]
| temple name = None,<ref name="廟號與諡號">自元昭宗以後，所有北元君主皆不自稱皇帝，只自稱可汗。漢文的廟號與諡號也不再有。黎東方. 《細說元朝》. 二六〈蒙古可汗與元朝皇帝的名單〉.傳記文學出版社 . 1981年: 第215頁.</ref> some sources claimed Yizong (益宗)<ref> {{Cite book | author = | editor = 中國蒙古史學會 | title = 《中國蒙古史學會論文選集（1981）》 | location = 中華人民共和國 | publisher = [[內蒙古人民出版社]] | date = 1986 | pages = 74 | isbn = | accessdate = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8yHTAAAAMAAJ&q=%E7%9B%8A%E5%AE%97%E8%84%AB%E5%8F%A4%E6%80%9D | language = zh | quote = 烏薩哈爾可汗，必力克圖可汗的弟弟，名脫古思帖木兒。生於一三四二年(至正二年、壬午年)。於一三七九年(己未年) ，即可汗位，時年三十八歲。詔改明年為天元元年。於一三八八年(戊辰年)十月，被也速迭兒縊死。在位十年，享年四十七歲。謚號益宗，蒙古語稱烏薩哈爾可汗。}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book | author1 = [[鄭天挺]]、[[吳澤]] | editor = | title = 《中國歷史大辭典: A-J》 | year = 2007| location = 中華人民共和國 | publisher = [[上海辭書出版社]] |access-date = 1 August 2007 | pages = 2669 | isbn = 9787532622740 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8MAQAQAAMAAJ&q=%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%88%A5%E9%83%A8%E9%A0%98%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%9F%E9%80%9F%E8%BF%AD%E5%85%92%E8%A5%B2%E6%AE%BA%E3%80%82%E5%BB%9F%E8%99%9F%E7%9B%8A%E5%AE%97 | language = zh | quote = 脫古思帖木兒（1342-1388）明代蒙古可汗。元順帝妥懂帖睦爾之子。洪武二年（1379）即汗位，號烏薩哈爾汗，年號天元。明太祖致書勸降，不從。次年，被明將沐英擊敗於和林（今蒙古國烏蘭巴托西南）。十四年，又遭明將徐達襲擊，損失慘重。二十一年，與明將藍玉所率十五萬軍戰於捕魚兒海（今貝爾湖），兵敗，僅惜數十騎脫走，行至土刺河，為蒙古別部領主也速迭兒襲殺。廟號益宗。 }} </ref>
| father = [[Toghon Temür|Ukhaghatu Khan Toghon Temür]]
| mother =
| birth_date = 1342<ref>Sh.Tseyen-Oidov – Chinggis bogdoos Ligden khutaghtu hurtel (khaad), p. 129.</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1388|11|18|1342|3|7|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Tuul River]], [[Northern Yuan|Northern Yuan dynasty]]
| place of burial =
}}

'''Uskhal Khan''' ([[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: Усхал Хаан; [[Mongolian script]]: {{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ|lang=mn|font-size=1em|style=middle}}; {{zh|c=兀思哈勒汗}}), also called the '''Last Lord of Northern Yuan''' ({{zh|c=北元末主}})<ref>郑天挺 [Zheng Tianting], 吴泽 [Wu Ze], 杨志玖 [Yang Zhijiu] (2007). 中國歷史大辞典: A-J [Comprehensive Dictionary of Chinese History: A-J] (in Chinese). 上海辞书出版社 [Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House]. p. 589.</ref> or by his [[Chinese era name|era name]] the '''Tianyuan Emperor''' ({{zh|c=天元帝}}), born '''Tögüs Temür''' ({{zh|t=脫古思帖木兒}}; 7 March 1342 – 18 November 1388), was an emperor of the [[Northern Yuan|Northern Yuan dynasty]], reigning from 1378 to 1388. He was the last powerful khagan of the [[Mongols]] until [[Dayan Khan]].<ref>Denis Crispin Twitchett; John King Fairbank (Ed.). ''The Cambridge history of China'', Volume 2; Volume 8, p. 227.</ref>

Tögüs Temür was the younger brother of [[Biligtü Khan]] (Emperor Zhaozong) and son of [[Toghon Temür]] (Emperor Huizong), the last [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] emperor. Before ascending to the Northern Yuan throne, he held the noble title of Prince of Yi (益王).<ref>{{cite book |last = Wang [王] |first = Shizhen [世貞] |title = 《北虏始末志》 }}</ref> He succeeded to the throne with the title of Uskhal Khan after Biligtü Khan died in 1378. During the funeral of the late emperor, the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] court sent an mission to participate in it and released the Northern Yuan prince, Maidarbal, who had been captured at the battle of Yingchang in 1378.

Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür mobilized troops near [[Yingchang]] and [[Karakorum]].<ref>L. Jamsran-Mongol ulsyin tuuh, vol. III, p. 28.</ref> He continued to press the Ming dynasty from the north, cooperating with [[Naghachu]] of the [[Jalayir]] in [[Manchuria]]. The Ming launched a massive attack on the Northern Yuan in return in 1380, sacking Karakorum.

The Ming army crushed the Northern Yuan garrison under Iliyasan in northern China in June 1380. Uskhal Khan's commanders, Öljei-Buqa and Nair-Buqa, invaded Lulun city, killing the Ming officer Liu Guang in the same year. The Ming dispatched a large army against the Northern Yuan the next year.

The [[Hongwu Emperor]] of the Ming dynasty decided to exterminate [[Naghachu]]'s force in Manchuria in 1387 and two sides suffered heavier losses at a battle near Changchun city. Tögüs Temür suddenly faced a predicament in 1387 when Naghachu surrendered to the Ming due to a devastating famine. The Ming now turned their attention to the Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür who lived in Yingchang. In 1388, he was [[Battle of Buyur Lake|raided by the Ming]] on the [[Buir Lake]]. In his escape to Karakorum, he was suddenly attacked and defeated on the [[Tuul River]] by [[Jorightu Khan, Emperor Xingyuan of Northern Yuan|Yesüder]], a descendant of [[Ariq Böke]], who allied with the [[Oirats]].<ref>Reuven Amitai-Preiss, [[Reuven Amitai]], David Morgan-The Mongol empire and its legacy, p. 293.</ref> Yesüder's general killed the king and his son. Uskhal Khan had intended to flee westwards to join his commander Markhas. This event marked the decline of the [[Yuan dynasty|Kublaid]] power and the rise of the Oirats on the [[Mongolian Plateau]].

== See also ==
* [[List of khans of the Northern Yuan dynasty]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Borjigin|House of Borjigin]]||||1388}}[[File:Borjigit 1.png|24px]]
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara|Biligtü Khan, Emperor Zhaozong]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Khan (title)|Emperor]] of the [[Northern Yuan dynasty]]|years=1378–1388}}
{{s-aft|after=None, [[Jorightu Khan Yesüder]] as [[Khan (title)|Khan]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Khagans of Mongol Empire}}
{{Yuan emperors}}
{{Northern Yuan dynasty}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Temur, Togus, Uskhal Khan}}
[[Category:1342 births]]
[[Category:1388 deaths]]
[[Category:Emperors of the Yuan dynasty]]
[[Category:Northern Yuan khans]]
[[Category:14th-century Mongol khans]]
[[Category:14th-century Chinese monarchs]]

Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara

2025-07-28T16:45:07Z

103.212.119.122:

{{Short description|Emperor of Northern Yuan from 1370 to 1378}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}{{Infobox royalty
| name = Emperor Zhaozong of Northern Yuan {{nobold|北元昭宗}} Biligtü Khan {{nobold|必里克圖汗}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ|lang=mn|font-size=1em|style=middle}}
| title = [[Emperor of China|Emperor]] of the Great Yuan
| image =
| succession = [[List of Northern Yuan khans|Emperor of the Northern Yuan dynasty]]
| reign = 23 May 1370 – 28 April 1378 / 26 May 1378
| coronation = 23 May 1370
| full name = Mongolian: ᠠᠶᠣᠰᠢᠷᠢᠳᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ Chinese: 愛猷識理答臘 Ayushiridara
| regnal name = Biligtü Khan (ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ; {{lang|zh-Hant|必里克圖汗}})
| temple name = Zhaozong (昭宗)
| posthumous name = Emperor Wucheng Hexiao (武承和孝皇帝)
| era dates = Xuanguang (宣光): 1371–1378
| predecessor = [[Toghon Temür|Ukhaghatu Khan Toghon Temür]]
| successor = [[Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür]]
| spouse = {{marriage | Empress Gwon of the Andong Gwon Clan | 1361}}
| issue = 2
| royal house = [[Borjigin]]
| dynasty = [[Northern Yuan]]
| father = [[Toghon Temür]]
| mother = [[Empress Gi|Empress Ki]]
| birth_date = 23 January 1340<ref>元昭宗具体出生时间1340年1月23日的考证，详细可参见2000年7月发表于《内蒙古大学学报》的论文《北元昭宗爱猷识理达腊生年考辨》（作者：喜蕾）[http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-NMDB200004004.htm 《北元昭宗爱猷识理达腊生年考辨》]</ref>
| death_date = between 28 April 1378 and 26 May 1378 (aged 38)
| death_place = [[Karakorum]], [[Northern Yuan]]
| place of burial =
}}

'''Biligtü Khan''' ({{langx|mn|Билэгт Хаан}}; {{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭᠲᠦ|lang=mn|font-size=1em|style=middle}}; {{zh|t=必里克圖汗}}), born '''Ayushiridara''' ({{langx|mn|Аюуши Ридара}}; {{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠶᠣᠰᠢᠷᠢᠳᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ|lang=mn|font-size=1em|style=middle}}; {{zh|t=愛猷識理達臘}}; {{langx|sa|आयुष्य तल्}} means preservative of life), also known by his [[temple name]] as the '''Emperor Zhaozong of Northern Yuan''' ({{zh|c=北元昭宗}}; 23 January 1340 – April or May 1378), was an emperor of the [[Northern Yuan|Northern Yuan dynasty]], reigning from 1370 to 1378. He ascended to the throne after the death of his father [[Toghon Temür]] (Emperor Shun). In 1372, he defeated an invading [[Ming dynasty]] army and recaptured some regions that were previously lost to the newly founded Ming dynasty.

==Early life==
Ayushiridara was born in 1340<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1977-12-01 |title=我国初唐时期(公元642年前后)西藏拉萨大昭寺古砖的考古地磁学研究 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/csb1977-22-12-547 |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=547–551 |doi=10.1360/csb1977-22-12-547 |issn=0023-074X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> the eldest son of [[Toghon Temür]] (Emperor Shun of Yuan) and [[Empress Gi|Lady Gi]], who came from a lower-ranked [[Goryeo]] aristocratic family who would eventually be highly influential during her husband's reign.<ref name="ref001">{{Cite book |last=Moon Hwang |first=Kyung |title=A History of Korea |publisher=Palgrave |year=2010 |location=London |pages=56}}</ref> He was given his earliest tuition in Chinese at the house of his father's minister, [[Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)|Toqto'a]], at age ten. Toghon Temür's principal empress, [[Danashri|Danashiri]], bore only one son who died in infancy. The Mongol [[noyan]]s mostly preferred another Borjigin (Mongol noble) heir, rather than Ayushiridara, as his mother was a former palace maid and tea server.<ref>Ed. Denis Twitchett, Herbert Franke. ''The Cambridge history of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368'', p. 580.</ref> Only after the purge of Danashiri's family and the death of [[Bayan of the Merkid|Bayan]], were he and his mother accepted at the Yuan court. Induced by his Korean empress, Lady Gi, the Yuan emperor Toghon Temür scheduled to elect his [[heir apparent]] in 1353. However, Toqto'a delayed the schedule for unknown reasons. This aroused the anger of the latter's political enemies. The chief minister and his former protégé, [[Hama (Yuan dynasty)|Hama]] of the "Qangli", and Ayushiridara, with the support of his mother, the Empress, Lady Gi, accused Toqto'a of corruption and violation of law while he was fighting the [[Red Turban Rebellion]] in 1354. This situation halted Toqto'a, who had been successful in defeating the rebellion, and he was stripped of his dignities and sent to Hoai-nan into exile.<ref>Jeremiah Curtin, ''The Mongols: A history'', p. 399.</ref>

Hama was made first minister and all power was then in his hands. Elated by this success, Hama decided to raise Ayushiridara to the throne. This plot was discovered, Hama was sentenced to exile and strangled by his enemies there in 1356, and Ayushiridara was pardoned.<ref>Jeremiah Curtin, ''The Mongols: A history'', p. 401.</ref> When he became crown prince in 1353, it caused internal strife between his supporters and opponents. Seven years later he and Lady Gi wished the first minister, Tai ping, to convince the [[Khagan]] to resign and leave the dominion to Ayushiridara. When Tai ping refused, they poisoned the minister's partisans and forced him to resign. Power passed to a [[eunuch]], Papuhwa, and to Cho Sekin, two weak men. An opposition leader, Bolad-Temür, occupied the capital in 1364. Ayushiridara was ordered back by his father to [[Khanbaliq|Dadu]]. Feeling himself not powerful enough to resist Bolad-Temür's large army, Ayushiridara fled to the Yuan general, [[Köke Temür]]. When Bolad-Temür learned that Ayushiridara was advancing with troops, he arrested Lady Gi and forced her to recall her son to the capital. However, Bolad-Temür's commanders deserted to Köke Temür. Toghon Temür secretly ordered Ho chang, son of the prince of Wei chun, to murder Bolad-Temür. After the latter's death, Köke Temür defeated Bolad-Temür's commander Tukiel in 1365. Ayushiridara forced Köke Temür to persuade the Emperor to resign in his favor. The Emperor was unwilling to abdicate, but he appointed his son lieutenant in the Yuan. Köke Temür tried to prevent it, but failed and was stripped of his dignities.

In 1368 the [[Yuan dynasty]] was overthrown by the [[Ming dynasty]], and Toghon Temür Khan and his family fled north to [[Shangdu]] from [[Khanbaliq|Dadu]]. In 1370 Toghon Temür died in [[Yingchang]]. The Ming army captured the city and relatives and Maidarbal, a son of Ayushiridara who escaped safely to [[Karakorum]] where he was officially enthroned as Khagan of the [[Mongols]] with the Mongolian title of Biligtü (Intelligent).<ref>Ed. L.Jamsran-Mongol ulsyin tuuh: III boti, p. 24.</ref>

==Reign==
Shortly after the succession, he fled to [[Karakorum]] and he changed the era name to Xuanguang (宣光, 1371–1378) there. Biligtü Khan made Köke Temür his commander in chief and [[Mongolian nobility|chingsang]] of the right hand of the Central Government.<ref>Ming shi-Köke Temür's biography, p. 124.</ref> The Yuan remnants in Mongolia homeland, known as the [[Northern Yuan dynasty]], still remained overall a strong power during his reign. Its dominions covered the areas from [[Northeast China]] to [[Xinjiang]].

[[Hongwu Emperor]] demanded Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara to give up his arms several times but failed. In 1372, the former dispatched the Ming army of 150,000 men to [[Mongolia]]. Biligtü Khan sent Köke Temür's army against the central division of the Ming army under [[Xu Da]]. Xu Da's troops reached [[Tuul River]] within 20 days. However, they were routed and their commander barely escaped with a few of his men.<ref>Mongol undestnyi nevterhi toli, the 3rd book, Huhhot, 1991. p. 5.</ref> The eastern division of the Ming army advanced to [[Kherlen River]], pillaging the Mongolian camps en route. They were suddenly defeated and forced to retreat to [[Orkhon Province|Orkhon]] where another bloody battle ensued. After that they fought the Mongol army under Halajchani and was finally defeated near Karakorum. The western division of the Ming army was forced to retreat due to other divisions' failures, though, they won a series of places.

Ayushiridara asked the assistance from the Yuan's former [[vassal]] King [[Gongmin of Goryeo]] to fight against the Ming dynasty of China. In his letter to Gongmin, Biligtü Khan says:

''"...Oh king, you are a descendant of [[Genghis Khan]] same as me. Therefore, we wish you to work with us to establish justice and truth under the [[Tengri|heaven]]...''"<ref>[[Goryeosa jeolyo]]'' ([[:ko:고려사절요]]) Gongmin 22nd year, Black Cow. (고려사절요 제29권 / 공민왕 4(恭愍王四)) 계축 22년(1373)''</ref>

On the contrary, King Gongmin refused to help and started an opposition policy against the Mongols, and retook their lands, which were annexed by the Yuan dynasty in the 1270s. Hong Ryun and Choe Mansaeng killed Gongmin in 1374. Yi Inim killed them and sent envoys to the Mongols in [[Liaoyang]] and Biligtü Khan quickly recognized the legitimacy of [[U of Goryeo|King U]], puppet of Yi Inim. Biligtü Khan asked Goryeo to send troops for a joint attack against the Ming fortress. The Goryeo court cautiously refused to help again.

The Mongols conquered Funin and Suijin districts in Sinhe, Liaoning and Hebei provinces in 1373, cutting the Ming from Liaodong.<ref>Svystunova N.P.-Organizatsiya progranichnoy slujbi na sever Kitay v epohu Ming: Kitay i Sosedi, p. 180.</ref> In 1375, [[Naghachu]], a Mongol official in [[Liaoyang province]] invaded the [[Liaodong Peninsula]] with aims of restoring the Mongols to power and succeeded with the support of the pro-Mongol [[Jurchens]]. The Ming ceased its raids into the Northern Yuan. Biligtü Khan's greatest general, Köke Temür, died in 1375. Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara died in 1378 and his half-brother, [[Uskhal Khan|Tögüs Temür]], succeeded to the throne.

==Family==
*Father: [[Toghon Temür]] (25 May 1320 - 23 May 1370)
*#Grandfather: [[Khutughtu Khan Kusala]] (22 December 1300 - 30 September 1329)
*#Grandmother: Mailati of the Karluks (迈来迪) (? – 1320)
*Mother: [[Empress Gi]] (1315 - 1369)
*#Grandfather: [[Ki Cha-o]] (1266 - 1328)
*#Grandmother: Lady Yi of Iksan Yi clan (익산 이씨, 益山李氏)
Consorts and issue(s):
*Empress Consort Kwŏn, of the Andong Kwŏn clan (權皇后安东权氏, 29 April 1342 - 1378 or 22 May 1410)
*#[[Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan]] (1362-1399), first son ([[Maidilibala]] in Sanskrit)
*#''Second son (26 March 1363 – 16 May 1375)''
*#Princess Ariun, ''Empress Consort'' (公主皇后) (14 September 1377 – 15 February 1423), first daughter
*##Son-in-law - [[Jorightu Khan Yesüder]] (1358 - 1392)

==In popular culture==
*Portrayed by Seo Sung-kwang, Kim Jong-ho, and Lee Poong-woon in the 2005–2006 [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] TV series ''[[Sin Don (TV series)|Shin Don]]''.
*Portrayed by Kim Jin-woo and Lee Shi-woo in the 2013-2014 [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] TV series ''[[Empress Ki (TV series)|Empress Ki]]''.

==See also==
* [[List of khans of the Northern Yuan dynasty]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Borjigin|House of Borjigin]]|1338|||1378}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Toghon Temür|Toghon Temür, Emperor Huizong]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Khan (title)|Emperor]] of the [[Northern Yuan dynasty]]|years=1370–1378}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür|Uskhal Khan, The Last Emperor]]}}
{{end}}

{{Khagans of Mongol Empire}}
{{Yuan emperors}}
{{Northern Yuan dynasty}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Biligtu, Emperor Zhaozong Of Northern Yuan}}
[[Category:1340 births]]
[[Category:1378 deaths]]
[[Category:Emperors of the Yuan dynasty]]
[[Category:Northern Yuan khans]]
[[Category:14th-century Mongol khans]]
[[Category:14th-century Chinese monarchs]]

Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür

2025-07-28T16:40:18Z

103.212.119.122:

{{Short description|Yuan dynasty emperor from 1328 to 1332}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Emperor Wenzong of Yuan {{nobold|元文宗}} Jayaatu Khan {{nobold|札牙篤汗}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ|lang=mn|font-size=1em|style=middle}}
| title = 12th [[Khagan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]] (Nominal due to the [[division of the Mongol Empire|empire's division]]) [[Emperor of China]] (8th [[List of Yuan emperors|Emperor of the Yuan dynasty]])
| image = YuanEmperorAlbumTughTemurPortrait.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temur (Emperor Wenzong) during the Yuan era.
| succession = [[List of Yuan emperors|Emperor of the Yuan dynasty]]
| reign = 16 October 1328 – 26 February 1329{{sfn|Moule|1957|p=104}}
| coronation = 16 October 1328
| predecessor = [[Ragibagh Khan]]
| successor = [[Khutughtu Khan Kusala]]
| reign1 = 8 September 1329 – 2 September 1332
| predecessor1 = [[Khutughtu Khan Kusala]]
| successor1 = [[Rinchinbal Khan]]
| given_name = Tugh Temür ({{lang|mn|Тугтөмөр}})
| full name = Mongolian: {{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠦᠪᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ}} Chinese: 圖帖睦爾 Tüv Tomor/ Tugh Temür
| regnal name = Emperor Qintian Tongsheng Zhide Chenggong Dawen Xiao (欽天統聖至德誠功大文孝皇帝); Jayaatu Khan ({{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ}}; {{lang|zh-Hant|札牙篤汗}})
| temple name = Wenzong (文宗)
| posthumous name = Emperor Shengming Yuanxiao (聖明元孝皇帝)
| era dates = Tianli (天曆; "Heavenly Calendar", 1328–1330) Zhishun (至順; "Extreme Obedience", 1330–1332)
| spouse = [[Budashiri|Empress Budashiri]] of the [[Khongirad]] (m. 1324–1332)
| spouse-type = Empress
| royal house = [[Borjigin]]
| dynasty = [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]]
| father = [[Külüg Khan]]
| mother = Zhenge
| religion = [[Buddhism]]
| birth_date = 16 February 1304
| death_date = {{death date and age|1332|09|02|1304|02|16|df=y}}
| death_place =
}}
'''Jayaatu Khan''' ([[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: Заяат Хаан {{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤ|lang=mn|font-size=1em|style=middle}}; ''Jayaγatu Qaγan''; {{zh|t=札牙篤汗}}), born '''Tugh Temür''' (Mongolian: Төв Төмөр {{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠦᠪᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ|lang=mn|font-size=1em|style=middle}}; {{zh|t=圖帖睦爾}}), also known by his [[temple name]] as the '''Emperor Wenzong of Yuan''' ({{zh|c=元文宗}}; 16 February 1304 – 2 September 1332), was an emperor of the [[Yuan dynasty]] of China. Apart from [[Emperor of China]], he is regarded as the 12th [[Khagan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]], although it was only nominal due to the [[division of the Mongol Empire|division of the empire]].

He first ruled from 16 October 1328 to 26 February 1329 before abdicating in favour of his brother [[Khutughtu Khan Kusala|Kusala]] (Emperor Mingzong), and again ruled from 8 September 1329 to 2 September 1332 after Kusala's death.

Thanks to his father's loyal partisans, Tugh Temür did restore the line of [[Külüg Khan|Khayishan]] (Emperor Wuzong) to the throne but persecuted his eldest brother Kusala's family, and later expressed remorse for what he had done to him. His name means "Blessed/lucky [[Khan (title)|Khan]]".

Tugh Temür sponsored many cultural activities, wrote [[poetry]], [[painting|painted]], and read [[Chinese classics|Chinese classical texts]].<ref name=FWM>Frederick W. Mote-Imperial China 900–1800, p. 471.</ref> Examples of his quite competent poetry and [[calligraphy]] have survived. He mandated and closely monitored the compilation called "The Imperial Dynasty's grand institutions for managing the world"; through this textual production, he proclaimed his reign as new beginning, which took stock of the administrative practices and rules of the past and looked forward to a fresh chapter in Yuan dynastic governance.<ref>On Cho Ng, Q. Edward Wang-Mirroring the past, p. 184.</ref> But his reign was brief, and his administration was in the hands of powerful ministers, such as [[El Temür]] of the [[Kipchaks|Qipchaq]] and [[Bayan of the Merkid]] who had helped him to win the succession struggle in 1328.

==Early life==
He was the second son of [[Külüg Khan|Khayishan]] (Külüg Khan or Emperor Wuzong) and a [[Tangut people|Tangut]] woman, and a younger brother of [[Khutughtu Khan|Kuśala]]. When his father Khayishan suddenly died and his younger brother [[Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan|Ayurbarwada]] inherited the Yuan throne in 1311, he and his brother were removed from the central government by his grandmother [[Dagi]] and other [[Khunggirad]] faction members including [[Temüder]] since they were not mothered by Khunggirad khatuns. After Ayurbarwada's son [[Gegeen Khan|Shidibala]] ascended the throne in 1320, Tugh Temür was banished to [[Hainan]].<ref>Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank-The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, p. 542.</ref> When Shidibala was assassinated and [[Yesün Temür (Yuan dynasty)|Yesün Temür]] took over as the new ruler, conditions improved for Tugh Temür. He was given the title of Prince of Huai ({{zh|c=懷王}}) and relocated to Jiankang (modern-day [[Nanjing]]) and then to Jiangling.<ref>Yuan shi, 35. p. 387.</ref> By this time he already showed a wide range of scholarly and artistic interests and had surrounded himself with many distinguished Chinese literati and artists. As the persecuted sons of Khayishan Külüg Khan, Tugh Temür and Kusala still enjoyed a measure of sympathy among the [[Borjigin]] princes and, more importantly, the lingering loyalty of some of their father's followers who had survived various political purges.

==Civil war==
{{Main|War of the Two Capitals}}
The death of Yesün Temür Khan in [[Shangdu]] in 1328 gave Khayishan's line an opportunity to surface. But it was mainly due to [[El Temür]]'s political ingenuity, whose [[Kipchaks|Qipchaq]] family reached its zenith under Khayishan. He activated a conspiracy in the capital [[Khanbaliq]] (Dadu, modern [[Beijing]]) to overthrow the court at Shangdu. He and his entourages enjoyed enormous geographical and economic advantages over the loyalists of Yesun Temur. Tugh Temür was recalled to Khanbaliq by El Temür since his more influential brother Kuśala stayed in far-away [[Central Asia]]. He was installed as the new ruler in Khanbaliq in September while Yesün Temür's son [[Ragibagh Khan|Ragibagh]] succeeded to the throne in Shangdu with the support from Yesün Temür's favourite retainer [[Dawlat Shah]].

Ragibagh's forces broke through the [[Great Wall]] at several points, and penetrated as far as the outskirts of Khanbaliq. El Temür, however, was able to turn the tide quickly in his favour. The restorationists from [[Manchuria]] (Liaodong) and eastern [[Mongolia]] launched a surprise attack on the loyalists. Their army under the command of Bukha Temur and Orlug Temur, descendants of [[Genghis Khan]]'s brothers, surrounded Shangdu on 14 November, at a time most of the loyalists were involved on the Great Wall front.<ref>Yuan shi, 32, p. 605.</ref> The loyalists in Shangdu surrendered on the very next day, and Dawlat Shah and most of the leading loyalists were taken prisoner and later executed. Ragibagh was reported to be missing.<ref name=FWM/> With the surrender of Shangdu, the way to restoring Khayishan's imperial line was cleared, although the loyalists elsewhere continued the fighting until 1332.

==Regicide and purge==
At the same time, however, his elder brother [[Khutughtu Khan Kusala]] gathered support from princes and generals in Mongolia and [[Chagatai Khanate]] and entered [[Karakorum]] with the overwhelming military presence. Realizing disadvantages, Tugh Temür declared abdication and summoned his brother. Accompanied by the Chagatai ruler [[Eljigidey]], Kusala in response enthroned himself on 27 February 1329 north of [[Karakorum]].<ref>Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank-The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, p. 545.</ref> El Temür brought the imperial seal to Kuśala in Mongolia and announced Dadu's intent to welcome him, and Tugh Temür was made heir apparent. According to an [[oral tradition]], Kuśala's retainers treated him discourteously when he came to the camp of Kuśala, thus making him both fearful and angry.<ref>Fujishima Tateki-Gen no Minso no Shogai, p. 22.</ref> Kuśala thanked El Temür and appointed him grand councillor of the right wing of the Secretariat with the title ''darqan taishi''.<ref>Sh.Tseyen-Oidov-Chinggis bogdoos Ligden Khutughtu hurtel (khaad), p. 108.</ref> Kuśala had appointed his loyal followers to essential posts in the Secretariat, the Bureau of Military Affairs, and the Censorate.

On his way to Dadu, on 26 August, Kuśala met with Tugh Temür in Ongghuchad near [[Shangdu]]. Only four days after a banquet with Tugh Temür, he suddenly died or was killed with poison by El Temür, who feared losing power to princes and officers of the [[Chagatai Khanate]] and Mongolia who followed Kuśala. Tugh Temür was restored to the throne on 8 September 1329. His conspiracy and victory over the loyalists and the death of Kusala eliminated the power of the steppe candidates from Mongolia.

Tugh Temür's administration carried out a bloody purge against its enemies. Not only were leading supporters of Yesün Temür's successor Raghibagh executed and exiled, but their properties were confiscated. Tugh Temür denied the posthumous names of Yesün Temür and Raghibagh and destroyed the chamber in the imperial shrine that contained the tablet of Yesün Temür's father Gammala. El Temür purged pro-Kuśala officers and brought power to [[warlord]]s.

==Reign==

===Efforts to win recognition===
[[File:MongolEmpireDivisions1300.png|thumb|right|250px|The division of the [[Mongol Empire]], c. 1300, with the Yuan dynasty in green.]]
Because Tugh Temür's accession was so transparently illegitimate, it was more important for his regime than for any previous reign to rely on liberal enfeoffments and generous awards to rally support from the nobility and officialdom. During his four-year reign, twenty-four princely titles were handed out, nine of which were of the first rank. Of these nine first-rank princes, seven were not even [[Kublai Khan]]'s descendants. Not only were the imperial grants restored in 1329, but all the properties confiscated from the Shangdu loyalists also were given to princes and officials who had made contributions to the restoration; in all, 125 individual properties are estimated to have changed hands.

Action was also taken to win recognition from the other Mongol khanates to be accepted as their nominal suzerain. Tugh Temür sent three princes with lavish gifts to the [[Golden Horde]], the [[Chagatai Khanate]] and the [[Ilkhanate]].<ref>Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett- Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368 p. 543.</ref> And he also sent [[Muqali]]'s descendant Naimantai to Eljigidey, who strongly supported Kusala, to give the royal seal and gifts in order to mollify his anger. However, Tugh Temür made regarding success, and saw favourable responses. Thus Tugh Temür was able to re-establish suzerainty over the Mongol world for himself and to maintain a close relationship with the three western khanates.<ref>Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett- Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368 p. 550.</ref>

=== Administration and court life ===

The four-year reign of Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür was dominated by El Temur and [[Bayan of the Merkid]]. As the persons who had been chiefly responsible for making the restoration possible, they acquired a measure of power and honour that had never before been attained by any official in the Yuan. They built their own power bases in the bureaucracy and the military, and their role overshadowed Tugh Temür. Tugh Temür honoured his father's former ministers and gave them honorific titles, and restored the honours of Sanpo and Toghto who had been persecuted by [[Ayurbarwada]]. The participants in the restoration were given most of the positions of importance in his administration. A few of the [[Muslims]] held posts in provinces, however, they did not have any position in the central government.

In the latter part of 1330 the Emperor went in person to perform the great sacrifice to the sky, which was done by deputy. This was followed by a general amnesty, and by the proclamation of his young son Aratnadara as heir apparent in January 1331. Tugh Temür's consort [[Budashiri]], having a grudge against [[Babusha]], the widow of Kusala, had her assassinated by a [[eunuch]].<ref>It is said that Budashiri accused her of installing his son Toghon Temür to the throne instead of the living khan's line</ref> Then she sent Kusala's son Toghon Temür in exile to [[Korea]] to secure her son's succession; but Aratnadara died one month after his designation as heir.<ref>Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank-The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, p. 557.</ref> This sudden death of his son completely upset Tugh Temür's plan for succession. Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür caused his another son, Gunadara (Kulatana), to live with El Temur and recognize him as his father, and changed his name to El Tegus.<ref>Yuan shi, 35, p. 790.</ref>

Because a [[budget deficit]] of the government drastically increased, and reached 2.3 million ding of paper currency in 1330 alone, Tugh Temür's court attempted to curtail its spending on such items as imperial grants, Buddhist sacrifices, and palace expenses. With those measures, they could keep the budget deficit within manageable figure, and had sufficient grain reserves at its disposal.

=== Prince Tugel Rebellion ===
The added costs of the war against the loyalists and the suppression of the revolts by the ethnic minorities, and natural disasters heavily taxed resources of Tugh Temür's government. The war in Yunnan continued with doubtful success, but the Imperial general Aratnashiri having collected an army of 100,000 men, defeated the Lolos and other mountaineers, and killed two of their chiefs. He seems to have quelled the rebellion and pacified Yunnan and Sichuan. Lo yu, one of the rebel chiefs in Yunnan, had escaped to the mountains; he collected a body of his people, and, dividing them into sixty small parties, overran the country of Chunyuen, where they committed frightful devastation. A force marched against them and Tugh Temür's army stormed their chief stronghold. Three sons and two brothers of Prince Tugel were made prisoners, while a third brother drowned himself rather than fall into the hands of the imperial army. Tugel's partisans gave up their cause in March 1332.<ref>Yuan shi, 31, p. 701.</ref> This campaign costed 630,000 ding of paper currency.<ref>li-Yuan shih hsian chiang, vol.3, p. 527.</ref> Tugh Temür, who preferred luxury life, hardly deigned to show any interest in this distant campaign. The conduct of the Emperor caused much discontent, and Yelu Timur, son of Ananda who attempted to take the throne in 1307, in conjunction with the heads of the [[Lama]] religion in China, formed a plot to displace him; but this was discovered, and they were duly punished.

=== Academy, arts and learning ===
[[Image:BailinTemple2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Pagoda of Bailin Temple|Bailin Temple Pagoda]] of Zhaoxian County, [[Hebei]] Province, built in 1330 during the Yuan dynasty.]]
Tugh Temür had a good knowledge of the [[Chinese language]] and history and was also a creditable [[poet]], [[calligrapher]], and [[Painting|painter]]. With his actual power greatly circumscribed by El Temür, Tugh Temür is known for his cultural contribution. Posing as a cultivated sovereign of the Yuan, Tugh Temür adopted many measures honouring [[Confucianism]] and promoting [[Culture of China|Chinese cultural values]]. In 1330, he awarded laudatory titles to several past Confucian sages and masters, and himself performed the suburban offerings ({{zh|c=孝祖}}) to Heaven, and thus became the first Yuan emperor to perform in person this important traditional Chinese state observance.<ref>Henry H.Howorth-History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century: part 1, p. 309.</ref> To promote Confucian morality, the court each year honoured many men and women who were known for their [[filial piety]] and chastity.

To prevent the Chinese from following Mongolian and hence un-Confucian customs, the government decreed in 1330 that men who took their widowed stepmothers or sister-in-law as wives, in violation of their own community's customs, would be punished. In the meantime, to encourage the Mongols and the Muslims to follow the Chinese customs, the officials of these two ethnic groups were allowed in 1329 to observe the Chinese custom of three years of mourning for deceased parents. He supported [[Zhu Xi]]'s [[Neo-Confucianism]] and also devoted himself in [[Buddhism]]. He supervised the construction of the Stupa of Master Zhaozhou in the [[Buddhist]] [[Pagoda of Bailin Temple|Bailin Temple]].

His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was his founding of the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature ({{zh|c=奎章閣學士院}}), first established in the spring of 1329, and was designed to undertake "a number of tasks relating to the transmission of Confucian high culture to the Mongolian imperial establishment". These tasks included the elucidation of the Confucian classics and Chinese history to the emperor; the education of the scions of high-ranking notables and the younger members of the ''kesig''; the collection, collation, and compilation of books; and the appraisal and classifications of the paintings and calligraphic works in the imperial collection. Of the 113 officials successively serving in the academy, there were many distinguished Chinese literati, and the best Mongolian and Muslim scholars of Chinese learning of the time. Concentrating so many talents in one governmental organ to perform various literary, artistic, and educational activities was unprecedented not only in the Yuan dynasty but also in [[History of China|Chinese history]].

The academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books. But its most important achievement was its compilation of a vast institutional [[compendium]] named ''Jingshi Dadian'' ({{zh|c=經世大典}}, "Grand canon for governing the world"). The purpose of bringing together and systematizing all important Yuan official documents and laws in this work according to the pattern of ''Huiyao'' ({{zh|c=會要}}, "Comprehensive essentials of institutions") of the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] and [[Song dynasty|Song]] dynasties was apparently to demonstrate that Yuan rule was as perfect as that of earlier [[Dynasties in Chinese history|Chinese dynasties]]. Started in May 1330, this ambitious project was completed in thirteen months. It later provided the basis for the various treatises of the [[History of Yuan|Yuanshi]] (History of Yuan), which was compiled at the beginning of the [[Ming dynasty]].

===Later life===
Due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by El Temür, whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the empire, the actual impact of the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature on the government as a whole was limited. El Temür eventually seized control of the academy in early 1332, just six months before the death of Tugh Temür. The academy had come to an end after Tugh Temür's death. Although [[El Tegüs]] was still alive, on his deathbed Tugh Temür expressed remorse for what he had done to his elder brother, Kusala, and his intention to pass the throne to Toghon Temür. After Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür died on 2 September 1332, Kuśala's second son [[Rinchinbal Khan|Rinchinbal]] was installed by El Temür only at the age of six because Toghon Temür was far away from the central government.

==Family==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür.jpg
| image2 = Будшир хатан.jpg
| image3 =
| footer = The Family of Jayaatu Khan (left) consists of [[Budashiri|Budashiri Khatun]] (middle) and El Tegüs (right), but [[Toghon Temür]] exiled Budashiri and El Tegüs where they died shortly after.
}}
* Parents:
** [[Külüg Khan|Külüg]], Wuzong ({{lang|zh|武宗曲律汗}}; 4 August 1281 – 27 January 1311)
** Concubine, of the [[Tangut people|Tanguts]] ({{lang|zh|妃子}})
* Wives and children:
** [[Budashiri]] ({{lang|zh|卜答失里}}; {{circa|1305}} – {{circa|1340}}) of Hongjila clan from [[Khongirad]] (弘吉剌氏), first cousin
*** ''Aradnadara, Crown Prince (太子 {{lang|zh|阿剌忒纳答剌}}; d. 22 February 1332), 1st son''
*** ''El Tegüs, Crown Prince (太子 {{lang|zh|燕帖古思}}; {{circa|1329}} – 9 August 1340), 2nd son''
*** ''Taipingna'' (''{{lang|zh|太平讷}}), 3rd son''

==See also==
* [[List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty]]
* [[List of Mongol rulers]]
* [[List of rulers of China]]
* [[Chinese art]]
* [[War of the Two Capitals]]
* [[Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia]]
* [[Yuan poetry|Yuan dynasty poetry]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*The Cambridge History of China By Denis Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John K. Fairbank {{ISBN|0-521-24331-9}}, Cambridge University Press, 1994
*Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources By E. Bretschneider, Routledge {{ISBN|0-415-24486-2}}, Routledge, 2001
*"The Chaghadaids and Islam: the conversion of Tarmashirin Khan (1331–34)". ''The Journal of the American Oriental Society'', 1 October 2002. Biran
* {{cite book |last=Moule |first=Arthur C. |author-link=Arthur Christopher Moule |year=1957 |title=The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |oclc=223359908 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-rulers-of-china |url-access=limited }}

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{{s-ttl|title=[[Great Khan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]] (1st Time) (Nominal due to the [[division of the Mongol Empire|empire's division]])|years=1328–1329}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Khutughtu Khan Kusala|Khutughtu Khan, Emperor Mingzong]]|rows=2}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty|Emperor of the Yuan dynasty]] (1st Time) [[Emperor of China]] (1st Time)|years=1328–1329}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty|Emperor of the Yuan dynasty]] (2nd Time) [[Emperor of China]] (2nd Time)|years=1329–1332}}
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{{Khagans of Mongol Empire}}
{{Yuan Emperors}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayaatu Khan, Emperor Wenzong Of Yuan}}
[[Category:Great Khans of the Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Emperors of the Yuan dynasty]]
[[Category:Yuan dynasty Buddhists]]
[[Category:Chinese Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:14th-century Chinese monarchs]]
[[Category:14th-century Mongol khans]]
[[Category:1304 births]]
[[Category:1332 deaths]]
[[Category:Mongolian Buddhist monarchs]]

Zaya Pandita

2025-07-28T15:35:42Z

103.212.119.122: /* Biography */

{{Short description|Buddhist priest (1599–1662)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=September 2020}}
{{no footnotes|date=January 2013}}
}}

{{Tibetan Buddhism}}
[[File:Zaja2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Statue of Zaya Pandita. Elista, Kalmykia.]]
'''Zaya Pandita Namkhaijamts''' ({{langx|mn|Зая Бандида Намхайжамц}}, 1599–1662) was a [[Mongolia]]n [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] [[lama|missionary priest]] and scholar of [[Oirats|Oirat]] origin who is the most prominent Oirat Buddhist scholar. Among his accomplishments is the invention of the [[Clear Script]].

==Biography==
Zaya Pandita was the fifth son of Babakhan, a minor [[Khoshut]] prince. After Babakhan converted to [[Tibetan Buddhism]] in the early 17th century, he, like many other Oirat princes, wished for one of his sons to enter the Buddhist clergy. In pursuit of his wish, Babakhan chose Zaya to become a [[śrāmaṇera]] ("novice monk"). In 1615, Zaya journeyed to [[Lhasa]] where he would study and practice Buddhism, including study under the guidance of the [[Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen, 4th Panchen Lama]].

In 1638, Zaya Pandita left Tibet at the direction of the [[Panchen Lama]] to conduct missionary work among the [[Mongols]]. One year later in 1640, he assisted [[Erdeni Batur]], Khong Tayiji of the [[Choros (Oirats)|Choros]] tribe, in assembling a pan-Mongol conference between the Oirat and the [[Khalkha Mongols]]. The purpose of the conference was to encourage the formation of a united Mongolian front against potential external enemies, such as the [[Kazakhs]], [[Manchu people|Manchus]], and [[Russians]] and to settle all internal matters peacefully. The conference produced a code, which provided protection from foreign aggression to both the Oirat and the Khalkha and guaranteed the free movement of people throughout Mongol land.

When not engaged in diplomacy between the Oirat and the Khalkha, Zaya Pandita spread Tibetan Buddhism to the Oirats, the Khalkha and even the [[Kalmyk people]] in far away Russia. In furtherance of his missionary work, Zaya Pandita composed a new alphabet, based on the traditional Mongolian alphabet, called "[[Clear script]]" (''Todo bichig'') to transcribe the Oirat language as it is pronounced. By doing so, Zaya Pandita eliminated the ambiguities of the traditional Mongolian alphabet.

From the time Zaya Pandita developed the Clear Script in 1648 until his death in 1662, he translated approximately 186 Buddhist texts from Tibetan language to the [[Oirat language]] while still serving the religious needs of the Oirat tribes in [[Dzungaria]].

The ''Clear script'' is still used by Oirats in [[Xinjiang]] with slight revisions, and is taught alongside standard classical written Mongolian in that region.

==References==
*Halkovic, Jr., Stephen A. ''The Mongols of the West'', Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, Volume 148, Larry Moses, Editor, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1985.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandita, Zaya}}
[[Category:1599 births]]
[[Category:1662 deaths]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist priests from Kalmykia]]
[[Category:Lamas]]
[[Category:Creators of writing systems]]
[[Category:Buddhist missionaries]]
[[Category:Oirats]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]