Silylene

2025-09-30T10:45:56Z

129.215.220.150:

{{Chembox
|Name = generic silylene
|Watchedfields = changed
|ImageFile = Silylene.svg
|ImageFile1 = Silylene-3D-vdW.png
|ImageCaption = Simplest silylene has R=Hydrogen
|verifiedrevid = 464391717
|IUPACName = Silylene
|SystematicName = Silylidene<ref>{{BlueBook2013|rec=71.2.2.1}}</ref>
|OtherNames = Hydrogen silicide(−II) Silicene
|Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
|CASNo = 13825-90-6
|PubChem = 6327230
|ChemSpiderID = 4885758
|ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
|SMILES = [SiH2]
|StdInChI = 1S/H2Si/h1H2
|StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey = XMIJDTGORVPYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
}}
|Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| H = 2 | Si = 1
}}
}}

'''Silylene''' is a [[chemical compound]] with the formula SiR2 (R = H). It is the [[silicon]] analog of [[carbene]]. Silylenes decomposes rapidly when condensed.

'''Silylenes''' are formal derivatives of silylene with its hydrogens replaced by other substituents.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/cr900093s |title=Stable Heavier Carbene Analogues |year=2009 |last1=Mizuhata |first1=Yoshiyuki |last2=Sasamori |first2=Takahiro |last3=Tokitoh |first3=Norihiro |journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=109 |issue=8 |pages=3479–3511 |pmid=19630390 }}</ref> Most examples feature amido (NR2) or organyl groups.<ref name=HR>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/om7007869|title=The Chemistry of Aluminum(I), Silicon(II), and Germanium(II) |year=2008 |last1=Nagendran |first1=Selvarajan|last2=Roesky|first2=Herbert W.|journal=Organometallics|volume=27|issue=4|pages=457–492}}</ref><ref name=denk1>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ar950192g|title=Stable Silylenes|year=2000|last1=Haaf|first1=Michael|last2=Schmedake|first2=Thomas A.|last3=West|first3=Robert|journal=Accounts of Chemical Research|volume=33|issue=10|pages=704–714|pmid=11041835}}</ref>

Silylenes have been proposed as [[reactive intermediate]]s. They are [[carbene analog]]s.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/0470857250.ch43 |chapter=Silylenes |year=1998 |last1=Gaspar |first1=Peter |last2=West |first2=R. |title=The Chemistry of Organic Silicon Compounds |series=The Chemistry of Functional Groups |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=2463–2568 |isbn=0471967572 }}</ref>

==Synthesis and properties==
Silylenes have been generated by [[thermolysis]] or [[photolysis]] of [[polysilane]]s, by [[silicon]] atom reactions ([[insertion reaction|insertion]], [[addition reaction|addition]] or abstraction), by [[pyrolysis]] of [[silane]]s, or by [[redox|reduction]] of 1,1-dihalosilane. It has long been assumed that the conversion of metallic Si to tetravalent silicon compounds proceeds via silylene intermediates:
:Si + Cl2 → SiCl2
:SiCl2 + Cl2 → SiCl4
Similar considerations apply to the [[direct process]], the reaction of [[methyl chloride]] and bulk silicon.

Early observations of silylenes involved generation of dimethylsilylene by dechlorination of [[dimethyldichlorosilane]]:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ja01061a040|title=Dimethylsilene: CH3SiCH3|year=1964|last1=Skell|first1=P. S.|last2=Goldstein|first2=E. J.|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=86|issue=7|pages=1442–1443}}</ref>
:SiCl2(CH3)2 + 2 K → Si(CH3)2 + 2 KCl
The formation of dimethylsilylene was demonstrated by conducting the dechlorination in the presence of [[trimethylsilane]]: the [[chemical trap|trapped]] product being pentamethyldisilane:
:Si(CH3)2 + HSi(CH3)3 → (CH3)2Si(H)−Si(CH3)3

A room-temperature isolable [[N-heterocyclic silylene|''N''-heterocyclic silylene]] is {{chem name|''N'',''N''′-di-''tert''-butyl-1,3-diaza-2-silacyclopent-4-en-2-ylidene}}:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ja00085a088|title=Synthesis and Structure of a Stable Silylene|year=1994|last1=Denk|first1=Michael|last2=Lennon|first2=Robert|last3=Hayashi|first3=Randy|last4=West|first4=Robert|last5=Belyakov|first5=Alexander V.|last6=Verne|first6=Hans P.|last7=Haaland|first7=Arne|last8=Wagner|first8=Matthias|last9=Metzler|first9=Nils|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=116|issue=6|pages=2691–2692}}</ref>
[[File:DenkSiR2.png|thumb|center|Synthesis of an isolable silylene.]]

The α-amido centers stabilize silylenes by π-donation. The dehalogenation of diorganosilicon dihalides is a widely exploited.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ja062928i|title=A New Type of ''N''-Heterocyclic Silylene with Ambivalent Reactivity|year=2006|last1=Driess|first1=Matthias|last2=Yao|first2=Shenglai|last3=Brym|first3=Markus|last4=Van Wüllen|first4=Christoph|last5=Lentz|first5=Dieter|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=128|issue=30|pages=9628–9629|pmid=16866506}}</ref>

==Related reactions==
[[File:Decamethylsilicocene.png|thumb|upright|left|[[Decamethylsilicocene]] is an example of a silylene.<ref name=HR/>]]In one study diphenylsilylene is generated by [[flash photolysis]] of a trisilane:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ja0653223|title=Diphenylsilylene|year=2006|last1=Moiseev|first1=Andrey G.|last2=Leigh|first2=William J.|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=128|issue=45|pages=14442–14443|pmid=17090011}}</ref>

:[[File:Diphenylsilylene.png|400px|Diphenylsilylene]]

In this reaction diphenylsilylene is extruded from the trisila ring. The silylene can be observed with [[UV spectroscopy]] at 520 nm and is short-lived with a [[chemical half-life]] of two [[microsecond]]s. Added [[methanol]] acts as a [[chemical trap]] with a [[second order rate constant]] of {{val|1.3e10|u=mol−1 s−1}} which is close to diffusion control.

==See also==
*[[Carbene analogs]]
*[[N-heterocyclic silylene|''N''-heterocyclic silylene]]
*[[Silenes]], R2Si=SiR2
*[[Silylium ion]]s, protonated silylenes

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Inorganic silicon compounds]]
[[Category:Free radicals]]
[[Category:Octet-deficient functional groups]]

Vero - Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Silylene