Angel (coin)

2025-08-22T22:13:35Z

135.23.202.10: /* Touch Pieces */ silly SEA OF BLUE, like to the Jacobite page is plenty enough

{{short description|Medieval gold coin in England}}
{{Coin image box 1 double
| header = Angel gold coin
| image =Image:Henry VIII Angel 2.jpg
| caption_left = The image of the Archangel Saint Michael slaying a dragon, the legend inscribed with ''HENRIC VIII DI GRA REX AGL & FR''
| caption_right = The image of an English galley with the monogram 'H' and a rose set below the main topmast, the ship surmounted by a shield bearing the King's arms, the legend inscribed ''{{lang|lt|PER CRVCE TVA SALVA NOS XPC REDE}}''. | width = 300
| footer = AV 29mm, 5.12 g, 8h. Mm: portcullis, London. First coinage, 1509–1526.
| position = right
| margin = 0
}}
The '''angel''' was an [[Kingdom of England|English]] [[gold]] [[coin]] introduced by [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]] in 1465. It was patterned after the [[Kingdom of France|French]] {{lang|fr|angelot}} or {{lang|fr|ange}}, which had been issued since 1340. The name derived from its representation of the [[archangel]] [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] slaying a [[dragon]]. As it was considered a new issue of the [[Noble (English coin)|noble]], it was also called the '''angel-noble'''.{{sfnp|EB|1911}}

In 1472, the '''half-angel''' was introduced with a similar design weighing 40 grains (2.6 grammes) with a diameter of 20 to 21 millimetres.

==Design==
'''Obverse'''
The [[Archangel Michael]] standing over a dragon (representing [[Satan|The Devil]]) and piercing it with a spear.

'''Reverse:'''
Depicts a [[Carrack|ship]] with the rays of the sun at the top of the cross-shaped [[Mast (sailing)|masthead]] and an [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|inescutcheon]] with the Royal Coat of Arms overall. It was later replaced starting in the third coinage issue (1619–1624) of James I's reign with a [[galleon]] in a [[Attitude (heraldry)#Positions indicating direction|trian-aspect view]] (simulated three-dimensional rendering), a straight pillar-shaped masthead, and its sails decorated with the Stuart Royal Coat of Arms. It is also shown reversed, or depicted [[Dexter and sinister|towards the ''dexter'']] (i.e., facing the right-hand side of the heraldic field, or [[Proper right and proper left|left-hand side of the coin]]).

:Legend 1 (1344–1553): {{smallcaps|per cruce[m] tua[m] salva nos christe rede[mptor]}}, Latin > ''"By Thy cross save us, Christ Redeemer."''
:Legend 2 (1553–1604): {{smallcaps|a domino factum est istud et est mirab[ile in oculis nostrum]}}, Latin > ''"This was done by the Lord, and it is wondr[ous in our eyes]."'' From [[Psalm 118]]; motto adopted by [[Mary I of England|Mary I Tudor]].
:Legend 3 (1604–1624): {{smallcaps|a domino factum est istud}}, Latin > ''"This was done by the Lord".'' Truncated motto adopted by [[James VI and I|James I Stuart of England]] (James VI of Scotland).
:Legend 4 (1625–1642): {{smallcaps|amor populi praesidium regis}}, Latin > ''"The love of the people is the protection of the king."'' Ironic motto adopted by [[Charles I of England|Charles I Stuart]].
:Legend 5 (1660–1807): {{smallcaps|soli deo gloria}}, Latin > ''"To God alone the glory."'' Used on non-circulating gold-plated [[Touch piece#Healing of the King's or Queen's Evil|touchpieces]] by the reigning House of Stuart from 1660 to 1714 and the Jacobite pretenders in exile from 1689 to 1807.

==Value==
The angel varied in value from 6 [[shilling]]s 8 [[pence]] to 11 [[shilling]]s between Edward's reign and the time of [[James I of England|James I]].
* In 1526 during the reign of [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], it increased to seven shillings and six pence (7/6) or 90 pence.
* In 1544, it increased again to eight shillings (8/-) or 96 pence.
* In 1550 during the reign of [[Edward VI]] it increased to ten shillings (10/-) or 120 pence or £{{frac|1|2}}.
* In 1612 during the reign of [[James I of England|James I]] it increased to eleven shillings (11/-) or 132 pence.
* In 1619 it decreased to ten shillings (10/-) and at that point in time it weighed 70 grains (4.5 g).

It was last minted during the reign of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] in 1642 before the [[English Civil War]] (1642–1651).{{sfnp|EB|1911}}<ref>[http://www.goldsovereigns.co.uk/goldpenniesflorinsleopardsnoblesryalsangels.html Gold Pennies Florins Leopards Nobles Ryals & Angels]</ref><ref>Baker, Donald C. The 'Angel' of English Renaissance Literature, ''Studies in the Renaissance'', Vol. 6 (1959), pp. 85–93. Cambridge University Press</ref> It was not minted during the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]] under the rule of the [[Lord Protector#Cromwellian Commonwealth|Cromwells]] as it was seen as impious and idolatrous.<ref>Baker, Donald C. The 'Angel' of English Renaissance Literature, ''Studies in the Renaissance'', Vol. 6 (1959), pp. 85–93. Cambridge University Press</ref> In 1663, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] replaced the existing coinage with entirely new designs struck by machine ("milled"). The standard gold coin then became the [[Guinea (British coin)|Guinea]].

===Touch Pieces===
[[File:Gold Touch-piece of James II (FindID 245112).jpg|thumb|right|Touch piece of James II]]
In France and England there was a superstitious belief that the [[royal touch]] could cure [[Mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis|scrofula]], or "the king's evil". The kings of England often performed a ceremonial laying of hands on sufferers, and then gave each one a gold Angel coin.

After his execution in 1649, royalists believed that Angel coins that had been given to sufferers by the "martyred" [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] could miraculously cure scrofula. In 1660, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] began handing out gold-plated "touch-pieces" in the place of Angel coins. This was continued by his successors until the death of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne Stuart]] in 1714, though it was briefly halted from 1689 to 1702 by [[Mary II of England|Queen Mary II Stuart]] and her co-regent [[William III of England|William III of Orange]].<ref>Baker, Donald C. The 'Angel' of English Renaissance Literature, ''Studies in the Renaissance'', Vol. 6 (1959), pp. 85–93. Cambridge University Press</ref>

It was also practised by the exiled [[James II & VII|James II Stuart]] and the other [[Jacobitism|Jacobite pretenders]] after he was [[Glorious Revolution|deposed in 1689]]. (The Jacobite touch pieces were plated in silver instead of gold as an economy measure.) They were last issued by the fourth and final direct Jacobite pretender, [[Henry Benedict Stuart|"Henry IX" Stuart]] (the ''Cardinal King'') until his death in 1807.<ref>[https://drfrancisyoung.com/2016/01/21/the-gold-angel-legendary-coin-enduring-amulet/ Young, Francis. ''The Gold Angel: legendary coin, enduring amulet''.]</ref>

==Social impact==
The angel was such an iconic coin that many English [[Public house|pubs]] were named after it. The [[The Angel, Islington|Angel Inn]] in Islington (after which the [[Angel tube station]] is named) was one of these.

The angel was traditionally given to people with the disease known as "[[Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis#History and etymology|king's evil]]", in a medieval ceremony intended to heal them with the "[[royal touch]]". After it was no longer minted, medals with the same device (called [[touch piece]]s) were given instead.{{sfnp|EB|1911}}

The 1610 [[General Assembly of the Church of Scotland|General Assembly]] of the [[Church of Scotland]] in Glasgow was named after the coins. M'Crie wrote: "The bribery practised at this Assembly was shamefully notorious. Golden coins, called angels, were so plentifully distributed among the ministers, that it was called, by way of derision, the angelical Assembly."{{sfn|M'Crie|1875}}

==See also==
*[[Angel (Manx coin)]]
*[[Agnel (coin)]]
*[[Maundy money]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Angel (coin) |display=Angel |volume=2 |ref={{harvid|EB|1911}} |page=6 }}
* {{cite book |last1=M'Crie |first1=Thomas |title=The story of the Scottish church : from the Reformation to the Disruption |date=1875 |publisher=Blackie & Son |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/scottish00mcri/page/102/mode/2up}}{{PD-notice}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*{{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Angel (2.) |display=Angel |volume=2 |page=28 |short=x}}
{{portal bar|Money|Numismatics}}
{{Coins of England}}

[[Category:15th-century introductions]]
[[Category:1465 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1807 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:English gold coins]]
[[Category:Michael (archangel)]]
[[Category:Ships on coins]]
[[Category:Edward IV]]
[[Category:Charles I of England]]
[[Category:Charles II of England]]
[[Category:Anne, Queen of Great Britain]]
[[Category:James II of England]]
[[Category:Henry Benedict Stuart]]

Leuna

2025-06-09T16:35:50Z

135.23.202.10: /* Economy */

{{Infobox German location
|type = Stadt
|image_photo =
|image_coa = Wappen Leuna.svg
|coordinates = {{coord|51|19|N|12|01|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan = Leuna in SK.svg
|state = Sachsen-Anhalt
|district = Saalekreis
|Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Leuna-Kötzschau
|elevation = 99
|area = 87.71
|postal_code = 06237
|area_code = 03461
|licence = SK
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 15 0 88 205
|divisions = 5
|website = [http://www.leuna-stadt.de/ www.leuna-stadt.de]
|mayor = Michael Bedla<ref>[https://wahlergebnisse.sachsen-anhalt.de/wahlen/bmbm/index.html Bürgermeisterwahlen in den Gemeinden, Endgültige Ergebnisse], [[Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt]], accessed 10 November 2022.</ref>
|leader_term = 2022–29
|party = CDU
}}

'''Leuna''' ({{IPA|de|ˈlɔʏna|-|De-Leuna.ogg}}) is a town in [[Saxony-Anhalt]], eastern [[Germany]], south of [[Merseburg]] and [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]], on the river [[Saale]].

The town is known for the ''[[Leuna works|Leunawerke]]'', at 13 km2 one of the biggest [[chemical]] industrial complexes in Germany,<ref>[http://www.infraleuna.de/cms_e/index.php?the_area InfraLeuna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224181614/http://www.infraleuna.de/cms_e/index.php?the_area |date=2012-02-24 }}</ref> where a very wide range of chemicals and plastics is produced.

In 1960, Leuna's population was nearly 10,000, but after [[German reunification|reunification]] high unemployment rates and poor living conditions, including [[pollution]] from nearby industries, caused significant outward migration. Before the 31 December 2009 incorporation of ten neighbouring municipalities,<ref>[https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Laender-Regionen/Regionales/Gemeindeverzeichnis/Namens-Grenz-Aenderung/2009-januar-dezmber.html Gebietsänderungen vom 02. Januar bis 31. Dezember 2009], [[Statistisches Bundesamt]]</ref> its population had declined to 6,670.

==Geography==
The town Leuna consists of Leuna proper and the following 10 ''Ortschaften'' or municipal divisions:<ref name=Hauptsatzung>[https://www.leuna.de/de/datei/download/id/47696,1201/hauptsatzung_der_stadt_leuna.pdf Hauptsatzung der Stadt Leuna], July 2020.</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*[[Friedensdorf]]
*[[Günthersdorf]]
*[[Horburg-Maßlau]]
*[[Kötschlitz]]
*[[Kötzschau]]
*[[Kreypau]]
*[[Rodden]]
*[[Spergau]]
*[[Zöschen]]
*[[Zweimen]]
{{div col end}}

== Economy ==
{{main article|Leuna works}}
[[File:Industrie- und Chemiepark Infraleuna Leuna Total Raffinerie ehem Leunawerke Sachsen-Anhalt Foto 2009 Wolfgang Pehlemann DSCN2964.jpg|thumb|upright 1.4|Leuna Chemical and industrial neighborhood (2007)]]
Leuna's industrial site stretches over 13 [[square kilometer|km²]], making it one of the largest [[chemical industry]] sites in Germany in terms of geographical area.<ref>[http://www.infraleuna.de/cms_e/index.php?the_area InfraLeuna Welcome to InfraLeuna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224181614/http://www.infraleuna.de/cms_e/index.php?the_area |date=2012-02-24 }}</ref> At the beginning of the 21st century, a wide range of chemical products and plastics are made there. A pilot plant to produce [[isobutylene]] from vegetal stock is being built by the [[France|French]] company [[Global Bioenergies]]<ref>{{cite journal|language=fr|url=http://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/global-bioenergies-va-construire-un-pilote-de-bioproduction-d-isobutene-en-allemagne.N220112|website=usinenouvelle.com|title=Global Bioenergies va construire un pilote de bioproduction d'isobutène en Allemagne|author=Thierry Lucas |date=21 November 2013|access-date=15 September 2015}}.</ref> and should start during 2016.<ref>{{cite journal|language=fr|url=http://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/global-bioenergies-et-cristal-union-s-associent-pour-produire-50-000-tonnes-par-an-d-isobutene-biosource.N331220|website=usinenouvelle.com|title=Global Bioenergies et Cristal Union s'associent pour produire 50 000 tonnes par an d'isobutène biosourcé|author=Thierry Lucas|date=22 May 2015|access-date=15 September 2015}}.</ref>

[[File:Bad Duerrenberg Saale Leuna.jpg|thumb|left|View from [[Bad Dürrenberg]]]]

== Notable people ==
[[File:Christian August Crusius.jpg|thumb|150px|Christian August Crusius in 1747]]
* [[Christian August Crusius]] (1715–1775), philosopher and evangelical theologian
* [[Wolfram Adolphi]] (born 1951), journalist and political scientist

==References==
{{commons category|Leuna}}
{{reflist}}
{{Cities and towns in Saalekreis (district)}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Leuna| ]]
[[Category:Oil campaign of World War II]]
[[Category:Towns in Saxony-Anhalt]]
[[Category:Saalekreis]]

Vero - Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Angel (coin)

Leuna