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Age of Aquarius

2025-09-22T20:00:46Z

146.7.157.32: /* See also */ Astrological age

{{Short description|Astrology term}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:7 Chakras.JPG|thumb|An Age of Aquarius symbol: [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''[[Vitruvian Man]]''. Da Vinci drew the original of this figure {{circa|1487}}. [[Chakra]]s, or energy centers, were added later.<ref>{{cite web | title=When will the Age of Aquarius begin? | date=8 January 2021 |department=Human world |website=EarthSky (earthsky.org) | url=https://earthsky.org/human-world/when-will-the-age-of-aquarius-begin/ }}</ref>]]
{{New Age beliefs sidebar}}

The '''Age of Aquarius''', in [[astrology]], is either the current or forthcoming [[astrological age]], depending on the method of calculation. Astrologers maintain that an astrological age is a product of the Earth's slow [[Axial precession|precessional rotation]] and lasts for 2,160 years, on average (one 25,920 year period of precession, or ''[[great year]]'', divided by 12 zodiac signs equals a 2,160 year astrological age).<ref>{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Powell |year=1979 |title=The Sidereal Zodiac |publisher=[[American Federation of Astrologers]] |place=Tempe, AZ |page=45 |isbn= 978-0904693072 }}</ref>

There are various methods of calculating the boundaries of an astrological age. In Sun-sign [[Planets in astrology|astrology]], the first sign is [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]], followed by [[Taurus (astrology)|Taurus]], [[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]], [[Cancer (astrology)|Cancer]], [[Leo (astrology)|Leo]], [[Virgo (astrology)|Virgo]], [[Libra (astrology)|Libra]], [[Scorpio (astrology)|Scorpio]], [[Sagittarius (astrology)|Sagittarius]], [[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]], [[Aquarius (astrology)|Aquarius]], and [[Pisces (astrology)|Pisces]], whereupon the cycle returns to Aries and through the zodiacal signs again. Astrological ages proceed in the opposite direction. Therefore, the Age of Aquarius follows the [[Age of Pisces]].{{refn| {{harvp|Spencer|2000|pp=115–127}} chapter 7, "Love shall steer the stars – the long dawning of the age of Aquarius.<ref name=Spencer-2000/> }}

==Overview==
The approximate 2,160 years for each age corresponds to the average time it takes for the vernal [[equinox]] to move from one [[constellation]] of the [[zodiac]] into the next. This average can be computed by dividing the Earth's 25,800-year [[gyroscopic precession]] period by 12, the number of [[sign (astrology)|zodiacal signs]]. This is only a rough calculation, as the length of time it takes for a complete precession is currently increasing. A more accurate set of figures is 25,772 years for a complete cycle and 2,147.5 years per astrological age, assuming a constant precession rate. According to various astrologers' calculations, approximate dates for entering the age of Aquarius range from {{nobr|1447 [[Common Era|{{sc|CE}}]]}} (Terry MacKinnell) to {{nobr|3597 {{sc|CE}}}} (John Addey).<ref name=Campion-1999>{{cite book |first=Nicholas |last=Campion |author-link=Nicholas Campion |year=1999 |title=The Book of World Horoscopes |pages=489–495}}</ref>

Astrologers do not agree on when the Aquarian age will start or even if it has already started.<ref name=Spencer-2000>{{cite book |first=Neil |last=Spencer |year=2000 |title=True as the Stars Above |pages=115–127}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p= 115}} {{harvp|Campion|1999}} lists various references from mainly astrological sources for the start of the Age of Aquarius. Based on Campion's summary, most published materials on the subject state that the Age of Aquarius arrived in the 20th century (29 claims), with the 24th century in second place with 12 claimants.<ref name=Campion-1999/>{{efn|
Eight researchers claim the Aquarian age will arrive in the 25th century while the 21st, 26th, and 27th centuries have seven supporters each. Other centuries that have a number of supporters for the beginning of the Aquarian age include: 22nd and 23rd centuries (6 each); 19th century (5); and the 18th century (4).<ref name=Campion-1999/>
}}

Astrological ages are taken to be associated with the [[precession of the equinoxes]]. The slow wobble of the Earth's rotation axis on the celestial sphere is independent of the [[diurnal cycle|diurnal]] rotation of the Earth on its own axis and the annual revolution of the Earth around the Sun. Traditionally this 25,800-year-long cycle is calibrated, for the purposes of determining astrological ages, by the perceived location of the Sun in one of the 12 zodiac constellations at the vernal (Spring) equinox, which corresponds to the moment the Sun is perceived as crossing the celestial equator, marking the start of spring in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] each year. Roughly every 2,150 years the Sun's position at the time of the vernal equinox will have moved into a new zodiacal constellation.

In 1929 the [[International Astronomical Union]] defined the edges of the 88 official constellations. The edge established between [[Pisces (constellation)|Pisces]] and [[Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius]] officially locates the beginning of the Aquarian Age around {{nobr|2600 {{sc|CE}}.}} Many astrologers dispute this approach because of the varying sizes and overlap between the zodiacal constellations.<ref name=Grasse-2002>{{cite book |first=Ray |last=Grasse |year=2002 |title=Signs of the Times |pages=263, 228–231 }}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p= 263}} They prefer the long-established convention of equally-sized signs, spaced every 30 degrees along the [[ecliptic]], which are named after what were the 12 background [[zodiac|zodiacal constellation]]s when [[tropical astrology]] was codified {{circa| {{nobr|[[Tetrabiblos|100 {{sc|CE}}]].}} }}

==Astrological meaning==
Astrologers believe that an astrological age affects humanity, possibly by influencing the rise and fall of civilizations or cultural tendencies.

Traditionally, Aquarius is associated with<ref>{{cite book |first=Rex E. |last=Bills |year=1974 |title=The Ruler-ship Book |pages=362–365 }}</ref><ref>{{cite periodical |first=Geoffrey |last=Dean |year=1977 |title=''Recent Advances in Natal Astrology'' – a critical review 1900–1976 |page=54 |periodical={{grey|periodical not cited}} |type=published book review}}</ref>{{full citation|date=November 2024}}
{{div col begin|colwidth=9em}}
: [[electricity]]
: [[computer]]s
: [[history of flight|flight]]
: [[democracy]]
: [[freedom]]
: [[humanitarianism]]
: [[idealism]]
: [[modernization]]
: [[anxiety|nervous disorder]]s
: [[rebellion]]
: [[counterculture|nonconformity]]
: [[philanthropy]]
: [[honesty|veracity]]
: [[perseverance (virtue)|perseverance]]
: [[humanity (virtue)|humanity]]
: [[Wiktionary:irresolution|irresolution]]
{{div col end}}
Among other dates, one view is that the age of Aquarius arrived around 1844, with the harbinger of [[Báb|Siyyid ʿAlí Muḥammad]] (1819–1850), who founded [[Bábism]].<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Williams |year=1969 |title=Simplified Astronomy for Astrologers |publisher=[[American Federation of Astrologers]] |pages=45–56 }}</ref>

{{harvp|Moore|Douglas|1971}} promoted the view that, although no one knows when the Aquarian age begins, the [[American Revolution]], the [[Industrial Revolution]], and the [[history of electrical engineering|discovery of electricity]] are all attributable to Aquarian influence. They make a number of predictions about the trends that they believe will develop in the Aquarian age.<ref name=Moore-Douglas-1971>{{cite book |first1=Marcia |last1=Moore |author1-link=Marcia Moore |first2=Mark |last2=Douglas |year=1971 |title=Astrology, the Divine Science |pages=677, 687 }}</ref>

Proponents of medieval astrology suggest that the Pisces world where religion is the [[opium of the people|opiate of the masses]] will be replaced in the Aquarian age by a world ruled by secretive, power-hungry elites seeking absolute power over others; that knowledge in the Aquarian age will only be valued for its ability to win wars; that knowledge and science will be abused, not industry and trade; and that the Aquarian age will be another [[Dark Ages (historiography)|dark age]] in which [[religion]] is considered offensive.<ref>{{cite periodical |first=Robert |last=Zoller |date=September 2002 |title=The use of archetypes in prediction |periodical=The Federation of Australian Astrologers (FAA) Journal |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=37–53 }}</ref>

Another view suggests that the rise of [[scientific rationalism]], combined with the fall of religious influence, the increasing focus on [[human rights]] since the 1780s, the exponential growth of technology, plus the advent of flight and space travel, are evidence of the dawning of the age of Aquarius.<ref name=Spencer-2000/>{{rp|style=ama|pp= 126–127}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Louis |last=MacNeice |year=1989 |title=Astrology |publisher=Bloomsbury Books |place=London, UK |pages=100–101 }}</ref>

A "wave" theory of the shifting ''great ages'' suggests that the age of Aquarius will not arrive on a given date, but is instead emerging in influence over many years, similar to how [[tide|the tide]] rises gradually, by small increments, rather than surging forward all at once.<ref name=Grasse-2002/>{{rp|style=ama|pp= 228–231}}

[[Rudolf Steiner]] believed that the age of Aquarius will arrive in {{nobr|3573 {{sc|CE}}.}} In Steiner's approach, each age is exactly 2,160 years. Based on this structure, the world has been in the age of Pisces since 1413. Rudolf Steiner had spoken about two great spiritual events: The return of [[Christ]] in the ethereal world (and not in a physical body), because people must develop their faculties until they can reach the ethereal world; and the incarnation of [[Angra Mainyu|Ahriman]], [[Zoroaster]]'s "destructive spirit" that will try to block the development of humanity.<ref>{{cite book |first=Christian |last=Lazaridès |year=1989 |title=Vivons-nous les commencements de l'Ere des Poissons |lang=fr |trans-title=Are we living in the age of Pisces? |publisher=Editions anthroposophiques romandes |pages=143–155 }}</ref>

In a 1890 article about [[feminism]] in the French newspaper ''[[La Fronde (newspaper)|La Fronde]]'' on 26 February 1890, [[August Vandekerkhove]] stated: "About March, 21st this year the cycle of Aquarius will start. Aquarius is the house of the woman". He adds that is in this age the woman will be "equal" to the man.<ref>{{cite news |first=A. |last=van de Kerkhove |author-link=August Vandekerkhove |date=26 February 1899 |title={{grey|[title not cited]}} |at={{grey|[page / column not cited]}} |newspaper=[[La Fronde (newspaper)|La Fronde]] |others=Durand, Marguerite (directrice) |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6703564g |via=Gallica (gallica.bnf.fr) |access-date=2021-02-11 |lang=fr}}  </ref>{{full citation|date=November 2024}}

[[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] philosopher [[Samael Aun Weor]] declared 4 February 1962 to be the beginning of the "age of Aquarius", heralded by the alignment of the first six planets, the Sun, the Moon and the constellation [[Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Andrew |last=Dawson |year=2007 |title=New Era, New Religions: Religious transformation in contemporary Brazil |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |page=56 }}</ref>

[[Analytical psychologist]] [[Carl Jung]] mentions the "age of Aquarius" in his book [[The Collected Works of C.G. Jung|''Aion'']], believing that the "age of Aquarius" will ''"constellate the problem of the [[enantiodromia|union of the opposites]]"''.<ref>{{cite book |first=C.G. |last=Jung |author-link=Carl Jung |year=2009 |title=Liber Novus |at=ftn 273, page 316 }}</ref> In accordance with prominent astrologers, Jung believed the "age of Aquarius" will be a dark and spiritually deficient time for humanity, writing that
: "it will no longer be possible to write off evil as the mere [[absence of good|privation of good]]; its real existence will have to be recognized in the ''age of Aquarius''".

According to [[Carl Jung|Jung]]'s interpretation of astrology, the "age of Pisces" began with the birth and death of Christ, associating the [[ichthys]] (colloquially known as the "Jesus fish") with the symbol of Pisces; following the "age of Pisces" would be the "age of Aquarius", the spiritually deficient age before the arrival of the [[Antichrist]].<ref>{{cite book |first=C.G. |last=Jung |author-link=Carl Jung |year=1951 |title=Aion |series=[[The Collected Works of C.G. Jung]] |volume=9, Part II |section=Chapter IV, The sign of the fishes }}</ref>

==Common cultural associations==
The expression "age of Aquarius" in popular culture usually refers to the heyday of the [[hippie]] and [[New Age]] movements in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |first=Scott |last=Tady |title=Age of Aquarius: What does that mean? |website=Beaver County Times |url=https://eu.timesonline.com/story/news/2017/07/09/age-aquarius-what-does-that/18471194007}}</ref>

The 1967 [[musical theatre|musical]] ''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'', with its opening song [[Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In|"Aquarius"]] which features the line ''"This is the dawning of the Age of Aquarius"'' in the chorus, brought the Aquarian age concept to the attention of audiences worldwide. The song further defines this "dawning of the age" within the first lines:
: "When the moon is in the [[House (astrology)|Seventh House]]
: And Jupiter aligns with Mars
: Then peace will guide the planets
: And love will steer the stars".<ref>{{cite web |title=Aquarius lyrics |website=All Musicals |url=https://www.allmusicals.com/lyrics/hair/aquarius.htm}}</ref>

The 1969 cover version by American R&B group [[the 5th Dimension]] (a [[Medley (music)|medley]] that also incorporates part of the song "Let the Sunshine In"), became a radio hit, remaining at number one on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] pop singles chart for several weeks.

Astrologer [[Neil Spencer]] denounced the lyrics as ''"astrological gibberish"'', noting that [[Jupiter]] aligns with [[Mars]] several times a year and the [[Moon]] is in the 7th [[house (astrology)|house]] for two hours every day.<ref name=Spencer-2000/>{{rp|style=ama|p= 124}}

The [[Woodstock]] music festival was billed as ''"an Aquarian exposition"''.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Aquarian exposition at Woodstock 1969 |website=The Real Woodstock Story |url=http://www.woodstockstory.com/aquarianexposition.html |via=woodstockstory.com }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|1960s}}
* {{annotated link|Aeon of Horus}}
* [[Astrological age]]
* {{annotated link|Axial precession}}
* {{annotated link|Tetramorph}}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist|199em}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==External links==
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}

{{New Age Movement|state=uncollapsed}}
{{New Religious Movements}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Age Of Aquarius}}
[[Category:Astrological ages]]
[[Category:New Age]]
[[Category:1960s fads and trends]]

1681

2025-05-13T13:47:50Z

146.7.157.32: /* Date unknown */ add image of dodos

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Year dab|1681}}
{{Year nav|1681}}
[[File:The Birth of Pennsylvania 1680 cph.3g07157.jpg|thumb|300px|[[March 4]]: [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] of England grants land charter to [[William Penn]] British American territory west of [[Delaware River]], later to become [[Pennsylvania]].]]
{{C17 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1681}}

== Events ==
=== January–March ===
* [[January 1]] – Prince [[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Akbar]], son of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], initiates a civil war in India. With the support of troops from the [[Rajput]] states, Akbar declares himself the new Mughal Emperor and prepares to fight his father, but is ultimately defeated.
* [[January 3]] – The [[Treaty of Bakhchisarai]] is signed, between the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] vassal [[Crimean Khanate]] and the [[Russian Empire]].
* [[January 18]] – The "[[Exclusion Bill Parliament]]", summoned by King Charles II of England in October, is dissolved after three months, with directions that new elections be held, and that a new parliament be convened in March in Oxford.
* [[February 2]] – In India, the [[Mughal Empire]] city of [[Burhanpur]] (now in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]) is [[Sacking of Burhanpur (1681)|sacked and looted]] by troops of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] on orders of the Maratha emperor, the [[Chhatrapati]] [[Sambhaji]]. General [[Hambirrao Mohite]] began the pillaging three days earlier.
* [[March 4]] – In order to settle a debt of £16,000, King [[Charles II of England]] grants a land charter to [[William Penn]], for territory west of [[Delaware River]] in America between [[40th parallel north|40° N]] and [[42nd parallel north|42° N]], later to be called [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rQBAAAAMAAJ |title=Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors, Volume 1 |year=1916 |editor-last=Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors |pages=180–181 |chapter=Samuel Carpenter}}</ref>
* [[March 21]] – The "[[Oxford Parliament (1681)|Oxford Parliament]]" is summoned in England by King Charles II and meets in Oxford rather than in Westminster, but is dissolved seven days later. No further sessions of parliament are held until after the death of Charles in 1685.

=== April–June ===
* [[April 11]] – Following the death of [[Frederick Louis, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken|its last count]], the [[Palatinate-Landsberg]] passes to the King of Sweden.
* [[May 15]] – The [[Canal du Midi]] in France is opened officially, as the ''Canal Royal de Languedoc''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rolt |first=L. T. C. |author-link=L. T. C. Rolt |title=From Sea to Sea: An Illustrated History of the Canal du Midi |publisher=Allen Lane |year=1973 |isbn=0713904712 |location=London}}</ref>
* [[June 23]] – The [[Church of the East]], an Eastern Orthodox rite in Mesopotamia (now Iraq), already split between two patriarchs in the Eliya line and the Shimun line, is split along a third line by the Roman Catholic Church when Mar Yousip of the Archdiocese of Amid (now [[Diyarbakır]] in Turkey) is proclaimed by [[Pope Innocent XI]] as [[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph I]], "Patriarch of the Chaldean nation deprived of its patriarch", creating the "Josephite line" of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].

=== July–September ===
* [[July 1]] – [[Oliver Plunkett]], [[Roman Catholic]] [[Archbishop of Armagh (Roman Catholic)|Archbishop of Armagh]] and [[Primate of All Ireland]], falsely convicted in June of treason, is [[hanged, drawn and quartered]] at [[Tyburn]], London, the last Catholic [[martyr]] to die in England;<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1913 |title=Blessed Oliver Plunket |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12169b.htm |access-date=2011-03-22}}</ref> he is [[Canonization|canonised]] in [[1975]].
* [[July 23]] – The Bombardment of [[Chios (town)|Chios]] during the [[French-Tripolitania War (1681-1685)]] is part of a wider campaign by France against the [[Barbary Pirates]] in the 1680s.
* [[August 10]] – English sea captain [[Robert Knox (sailor)|Robert Knox]] of the [[East India Company]] publishes his book ''[[An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon]]'', about his adventures, 20-years imprisonment and escape from [[Ceylon]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knox |first=Robert |url=https://gutenberg.org/cache/epub/14346/pg14346-images.html#d0e14395 |title=An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon |via=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref>
* [[August 12]] – [[Ahom dynasty|Ahom]] King [[Gadadhar Singha]] (or Gadapani), who takes the Tai name [[Supaatphaa]], ascends the throne.
* [[August 31]] – English [[Perjury|perjurer]] [[Titus Oates]] is told to leave his state apartments in [[Whitehall]]; his fame begins to wane, and he is soon arrested and imprisoned for [[sedition]].
* [[September 30]] – France annexes the city of [[Strasbourg]] (German: Strassburg), previously a [[free imperial city]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].

=== October–December ===
* [[October 27]] – [[Sir John Child, 1st Baronet|Sir John Child]] of England becomes the new Governor of Bombay province and, unofficially, Governor-General of all of the settlements of the [[East India Company]] in [[India]]. With the exception of a rebellion by Captain [[Richard Keigwin (Governor of Bombay)|Richard Keigwin]] during the year 1684, Child expands British control until involving the British in a war with the [[Mughal Empire]].
* [[November 20]] – Don [[Melchor de Navarra, Duke of Palata]] arrives in [[Lima]] after a voyage of almost 10 months from Spain and becomes the new [[List of viceroys of Peru|Viceroy of Peru]], succeeding the Archbishop of Lima, [[Melchor Liñán y Cisneros]], who had administered the area since 1678.
* [[November 25]] – [[Cornelis Speelman]] of the Netherlands becomes the new [[Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]) and concludes an alliance with the [[Amangkurat II of Mataram|Sultan Amangkurat II]] of the [[Mataram Sultanate]] on the island of [[Java]], then uses the Dutch Army to suppress the rebellion started by the Sultan's half-brother, [[Pakubuwono I of Mataram|Prince Puger]]. Puger surrenders on November 28 to the ranking Dutch officer, Jacob Couper.
* [[November 29]] – A storm strikes the [[Isthmus of Panama]] and overwhelms the Spanish Navy's Flota de Tierra Firma, sinking the ship ''[[Nuestra Señora de Encarnación]]'' in the [[Chagres River]]. The ''Encarnación'' wreckage is not found until almost 340 years later, in [[2011]], mostly intact and still loaded with most of its cargo.
* [[December 3]] – Another ship in the Flota de Terra Firma, ''Nuestra Señora de la Soledad'', sinks in the Chagres River with the loss of its 280 crew.
* [[December 7]] – Wu Shifan, grandson of Chinese general [[Wu Sangui]], commits suicide at [[Kunming]] in [[Yunnan]] province, ending the 8-year [[Revolt of the Three Feudatories]] against the [[Kangxi Emperor]] and the [[Qing dynasty]] in China. <ref>Frederic E. Wakeman, ''The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China'' (University of California Press, 1985) p. 1120</ref>
* [[December 22]] – King [[Charles II of England]] signs a warrant for the building of the [[Royal Hospital Chelsea]] in London for wounded and retired soldiers.

=== Date unknown ===
[[File:Roelandt Savery - 'Dodo Birds', Chalk, black and amber on cream paper.jpg|thumb|alt=Sketch of three dodos, two in the foreground, one in the distance|Savery sketch of three dodos from {{circa|lk=no|1626}}, [[Crocker Art Gallery]]]]
* Collections are made in England for needy French refugees.
* [[Havertown, Pennsylvania|Havertown]] and [[Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania|Bryn Mawr]] are founded in [[Pennsylvania]] by Welsh Quakers.
* The bell ''Emmanuel'' in [[Notre-Dame de Paris]] is recast.
* The [[Port of Honfleur]], France, is re-modelled by [[Abraham Duquesne]].
* The basilica of [[Santa Maria della Salute]] in [[Venice]], designed by [[Baldassare Longhena]] in [[1631]], is dedicated.
* The [[dodo]] becomes extinct.

== Births ==
[[File:Vitus Bering.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Vitus Bering]]]]
* [[March 24]] – [[Georg Philipp Telemann]], German composer (d. [[1767]])
* [[June 26]] – [[Hedvig Sophia of Sweden]], Swedish princess (d. [[1708]])
* [[August 5]] – [[Vitus Bering]], Danish-born Russian explorer (d. [[1741]])
* [[September 11]] – [[Johann Gottlieb Heineccius]], German jurist (d. [[1741]])
* [[September 28]] – [[Johann Mattheson]], German composer (d. [[1764]])
* [[October 1]] – [[Giulia Lama]], Italian painter (d. [[1747]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaze |first=Delia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4h7A0XIN14C&pg=PA438 |title=Concise Dictionary of Women Artists |date=2001 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-57958-335-4 |page=438 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 17]] – [[Pierre François le Courayer]], French theologian (d. [[1776]])
* [[November 28]] – [[Jean Cavalier]], French Protestant rebel leader (d. [[1740]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:Frans van Mieris Selfportrait 1667.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Frans van Mieris the Elder]]]]
[[File:Jahanara 1635.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Jahanara Begum]]]]
* [[January 5]] – [[Pietro Vidoni]], Italian Catholic cardinal (b. [[1610]])
* [[January 7]] – [[Magdalena Sibylla of Saxe-Weissenfels]], German noblewoman (b. [[1648]])
* [[January 27]] – [[Edmund Bowyer (died 1681)|Edmund Bowyer]], English politician (b. [[1613]])
* [[January 28]] – [[Richard Allestree]], English royalist churchman (b. c. [[1621]])
* [[March 6]] – [[Michel de Marolles]], French translator and churchman (b. [[1600]])
* [[March 12]] – [[Frans van Mieris the Elder]], Dutch painter (b. [[1635]])
* [[March 17]] – [[Zheng Jing]], Chinese pirate (b. [[1642]])
* [[April 3]] – [[Lucas Franchoys the Younger]], Flemish painter (b. [[1616]])
* [[April 8]] – [[Gabriel Druillettes]], French missionary (b. [[1610]])
* [[April 10]] – [[Philip I, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe]] (1640–1681) (b. [[1601]])
* [[April 11]] – [[Frederick Louis, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken]] (b. [[1619]])
* [[April 12]] – [[Pietro Paolini]], Italian painter (b. [[1603]])
* [[April 22]]
** [[Jeffrey Daniel (MP)|Jeffrey Daniel]], English politician (b. [[1626]])
** [[Marie Fouquet]], French medical writer and philanthropist (b. [[1590]])
* [[April 23]] – [[Justus Sustermans]], Flemish painter (b. [[1597]])
* [[April 26]] – [[Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Nottingham]], son of Charles Howard (b. [[1610]])
* [[May 4]] – [[Johannes Musaeus]], German theologian (b. [[1613]])
* [[May 6]] – [[Catherine Trianon]], French fortune teller and poisoner (b. [[1627]])
* [[May 6]] – [[Sir Philip Wodehouse, 3rd Baronet]], English baronet (b. [[1608]])
* [[May 24]] – [[Nicodemus Tessin the Elder]], Swedish architect (b. [[1615]])
* [[May 25]] – [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]], Spanish dramatist and poet (b. [[1600]])
* [[June 9]] – [[William Lilly]], English astrologer (b. [[1602]])
* [[June 12]] – [[Sigmund von Birken]], German Baroque poet (b. [[1626]])
* [[July 1]] – [[Oliver Plunkett]], Irish saint (b. [[1629]])
* [[July 8]] – [[Georg Neumark]], German poet and composer of hymns (b. [[1621]])
* [[July 10]] – [[Christian Lupus]], Flemish historian (b. [[1612]])
* [[July 20]] – [[Louis Günther II, Count of Schwarzburg-Ebeleben]] (1642–1681) (b. [[1621]])
* [[July 25]] – [[Urian Oakes]], English-born president of Harvard University (b. [[1631]])
* [[July 31]] – [[Sir Baynham Throckmorton, 3rd Baronet]], English Member of Parliament (b. [[1629]])
* [[August 12]] – [[Sir George Wharton, 1st Baronet]], English baronet (b. [[1617]])
* [[August 17]] – [[Patriarch Nikon of Moscow]], Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (b. [[1605]])
* [[August 18]] – [[Thomas Allen (Cavalier)|Thomas Allen]], English politician (b. [[1603]])
* [[August 22]] – [[Philippe Delano]], Dutch Plymouth Colony settler (b. [[1602]])
* [[August 27]] – [[William Christoph, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg]] (b. [[1625]])
* [[September 11]]
** [[Dirk van Bleiswijk]], Dutch politician, writer (b. [[1639]])
** [[Godfrey Henschen]], Jesuit hagiographer (b. [[1601]])
* [[September 16]] – [[Jahanara Begum]], Mughal princess (b. [[1614]])
* [[September 27]] – [[Jacob Masen]], German poet (b. [[1606]])
* [[October 7]] – [[Nicolaas Heinsius the Elder]], Dutch scholar (b. [[1620]])
* [[October 15]] – [[Johann Ludwig Schönleben]], Carniolan priest (b. [[1618]])
* [[November 2]] – [[Eleanor of Anhalt-Zerbst]], duchess consort of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg-Norburg (b. [[1608]])
* [[November 13]] – [[Arnold Braemes]], English politician (b. [[1602]])
* [[November 17]] – [[Tito Livio Burattini]], Italian inventor, Egyptologist and instrument-maker (b. [[1617]])
* [[November 23]] – [[Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach]], Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg (b. [[1650]])
* [[November 26]]
** [[Jean Garnier]], French historian (b. [[1612]])
** [[Giovanni Paolo Oliva]], Italian Jesuit (b. [[1600]])
* [[December 4]] – [[Maurice, Duke of Saxe-Zeitz]] (b. [[1619]])
* [[December 5]] – [[Agatha Christine of Hanau-Lichtenberg]], German noblewoman (b. [[1632]])
* [[December 8]] – [[Gerard ter Borch]], Dutch painter (b. [[1617]])
* [[December 12]] – [[Hermann Conring]], German philosopher (b. [[1606]])
* [[December 15]] – [[James Compton, 3rd Earl of Northampton]], English politician (b. [[1622]])
* [[December 16]] – [[François Vavasseur]], French writer (b. [[1605]])
* [[December 18]] – [[Olimpia Aldobrandini]], Italian Aldobrandini family member, heiress (b. [[1623]])
* [[December 21]] – [[Lacuzon]], [[Franche-Comté]] military leader (b. [[1607]])
* [[December 22]] – [[Richard Alleine]], English Puritan clergyman (b. [[1611]])
* c. December – [[John Pordage]], Anglican vicar (b. [[1607]])
* ''date unknown'' – [[Fatima Soltan]], sovereign queen of the [[Qasim Khanate]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1681}}
[[Category:1681| ]]