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Ruy López de Villalobos

2025-08-25T14:20:00Z

152.132.14.7: Mexico didn't exist till 1821

{{short description|Spanish explorer of the Philippines (c. 1500–1546)}}
{{for|the priest and early chess master|Ruy López de Segura}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ruy López de Villalobos
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{c.|1500}}
| birth_place = [[Málaga]], [[Andalusia]], [[Crown of Castile]]
| death_date = 23 April {{death year and age|1546|1500}}
| death_place = [[Ambon Island|Ambon]], [[Moluccas]], [[Portuguese colonialism in Indonesian history|Portuguese East Indies]]
| known_for = Sometimes credited with [[Names of the Philippines|naming]] the [[Philippines]]
}}

'''Ruy López de Villalobos''' ({{IPA|es|ruj ˈlopeθ ðe βiʝaˈloβos}}; {{c.|1500}} – 23 April 1546) was a [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] [[Spanish explorers|explorer]] who led a failed attempt to colonize the [[Philippines]] in 1544, attempting to assert Spanish control there under the terms of the [[Treaty of Tordesillas|treaties of Tordesillas]] and [[Treaty of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]]. Unable to feed his men through barter, raiding, or farming and unable to request resupply from [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|New Spain]] due to poor knowledge of the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]'s winds and currents, Villalobos abandoned his mission and fled to the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]]-held [[Moluccas]], where he died in prison. He is chiefly remembered for some sources crediting him with naming [[Leyte]] and [[Samar]] "Las Islas Filipinas" in 1543 in honor of the Spanish [[Crown Prince of Spain|crown prince]] [[Philip II of Spain|Philip]] (later King Philip{{nbsp}}II). The [[Names of the Philippines|name was later extended]] across the entire [[Philippine Archipelago]] and [[Philippines|its nation]]. (Other sources credit the name to one of his captains, [[Bernardo de la Torre]].)

==Background==
Ruy López de Villalobos was born in [[Málaga]], Spain sometime between 1505 and 1510. He was a member of a distinguished family and his father was a close associate of the king, [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]. He was well educated and may have studied law. At some point he became an experienced sailor and [[Pedro de Alvarado]] referred to him as "a very expert and practical gentleman in things of the sea."{{sfn |Shaw }}

{{anchor|Villalobos Expedition|1543 Expedition|Expedition of 1543}}

==Philippine expedition==
[[File:Málaga hace historia, Ruy López de Villalobos 01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The plaque in [[Málaga]], [[Spain]], Villalobos's home town, commemorating his naming of the Philippines.]]
Villalobos was commissioned in 1541 by [[Antonio de Mendoza]], the [[Viceroy of New Spain|viceroy]] of [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|New Spain]] and first colonial administrator in the [[New World]], to send an expedition to the [[Philippines]], then known to the Spanish as the "Islands of the West" ({{lang|es|Islas del Poniente}}). They lay at the far western frontier of the division of the world between [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] established by the [[Treaty of Tordesillas|treaties of Tordesillas]] and [[Treaty of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]]{{mdash}}in fact they lay over the line within the Portuguese area{{mdash}}and there was a need to establish a larger Spanish presence there as a base for trade with the [[Spice Islands]] and [[Ming Empire|China]]. If possible, the goal was to extend Spanish control over the [[Moluccas]] in the [[Portuguese East Indies]].<ref name=onfirst/><ref name=spat>{{harvp|Spate|1979|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JH9SIogNd3sC&pg=PA97 97]}}.</ref> Villalobos was chosen for the command because he was [[in-laws|related]] to De Mendoza [[in-laws|by marriage]].<ref name=onfirst>{{harvp|Dunmore|1991|loc=s.v. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=hVrGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA259 Villalobos]" }}.</ref>

Villalobos's fleet of six ships left [[Barra de Navidad]], [[Jalisco]], in New Spain (now [[Mexico]]) with 370–400 men on 1 November 1542:<ref name=onfirst/>
* His flagship ({{lang|es|capitana}}) was the {{lang|es|Santiago}} of 150–200 [[toneladas]], formerly owned by [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]]. He chose Gaspar Rico as the expedition's chief [[pilot (maritime)|pilot]] ({{lang|es|piloto mayor}}).{{sfnp|Kelsey|2016|p=63}}
* The second ship{{mdash}}the fleet's {{lang|es|almiranta}}{{mdash}}was the 120-[[tonelada]] [[galleon]] {{lang|es|San Jorge}}, equipped with a [[cutwater]] ({{lang|es|espolón}}) and under the command of [[Bernardo de la Torre]] and his pilot Alonso Fernández Tarifeño.{{sfnp|Kelsey|2016|p=63}}
* The third ship of 90–100 [[toneladas]] is variously referenced as the {{lang|es|San Anton}}, the {{lang|es|San Antonio}}, the {{lang|es|San Felipe}}, and the {{lang|es|Siete Galigos}} ("Seven [[Greyhound]]s"). It was captained by Francisco Merino and piloted by Francisco Ruiz.{{sfnp|Kelsey|2016|p=63}}
* The fourth ship of 70 [[toneladas]] was the {{lang|es|San Juan de Letrán}} under Alonso Manrique, piloted by [[Ginés de Mafra]],{{sfnp|Kelsey|2016|p=63}} who had been a member of the 1519–1522 [[Ferdinand Magellan|Magellan expedition]].
* The fifth was the [[galley]] {{lang|es|San Cristóbal}} under Pedro Ortíz de Rueda, piloted by Antonio Corço and powered by sails and 20 pairs of oars.{{sfnp|Kelsey|2016|p=63}}
* The last was the [[fusta]] {{lang|es|San Martín}} under Juan Martel, piloted by Cristóbal de Pareja and powered by sails and 14 pairs of oars.{{sfnp|Kelsey|2016|p=63}}{{efn|At some places in the surviving accounts, the name {{lang|es|Santiago}} is also used for both the {{lang|es|San Cristóbal}} and the {{lang|es|San Martín}}. Similarly, the {{lang|es|San Martín}} is sometimes confused with the {{lang|es|San Cristóbal}}.{{sfnp|Kelsey|2016|p=63}}}}

The large number of passengers included a unit of soldiers and a number of gentlemen, who brought [[Slavery in Latin America|black slaves]] and about 40 [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indian]] men and women as servants.{{sfnp|Kelsey|2016|p=63}} Martín de Islares acted as [[factor (agent)|factor]] and interpreter; [[Guido de Lavezaris]], later [[Governor-General of the Philippines|governor]] of the [[Spanish Philippines|Philippines]], as treasurer; [[Maestre Anes]] ("Master Hans"), previously part of both the [[Magellan Expedition|Magellan]] and [[Loaísa Expedition|Loaísa expedition]]s, as chief gunner; and Gerónimo de Santisteban as head of the voyage's clergy, which included 3 other [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] [[Catholic priest|priests]] and 4 or 5 [[deacon]]s.{{sfnp|Kelsey|2016|p=63}}

The fleet first encountered the [[Revilla Gigedo Islands]] off the west coast of New Spain, among which the sighting of [[Roca Partida]] was reported for the first time. On 26 December 1542 they sighted a group of islands in the [[Marshall Islands|Marshalls]] that they called the Corals ({{lang|es|Corales}}), which most probably are those of the [[Wotje Atoll]]. They thought these to be the Islands of the Kings ({{lang|es|Los Reyes}}) previously charted by [[Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón|Álvaro de Saavedra]] in his 1528 expedition. They anchored at one of the islets, which they named San or Santo Esteban ("St. Stephen").<ref name=onfirst/> They left on 6 January 1543 and that same day they sighted several small islands on the same latitude as the Corals, which they named the [[Los Jardines|Garden Islands]] ({{lang|es|Los Jardines}}),<ref name=onfirst/> now the [[Kwajalein Atoll]]. On 23 January 1543,<ref name=onfirst/> the expedition found [[Fais Island|Fais]] in the [[Caroline Islands|Carolines]], which they charted as the Sailors ({{lang|es|Matelotes}}).{{efn|Quite surprisingly for the Spaniards, upon their arrival to Fais the local people approached the ships in canoes making the sign of the cross and saying "{{lang|es|Buenos días, matelotes!}}" ("Good day, sailors!") in [[Early Modern Spanish|Spanish]] or [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], probably due to missionaries sent by [[António Galvão]].<ref name=spat/>}} On 26 January 1543, they charted some new islands as the Reefs ({{lang|es|Los Arrecifes}}) which have since been identified as the [[Yap]]s, also part of the [[Caroline Islands|Carolines]].{{sfnp|Coello|1885|pp=82–87}}{{sfnp|Sharp|1960|pp=26 & 29}}

According to [[Oskar Spate|Spate]], Villalobos's crew included the [[pilot (maritime)|pilot]] Juan Gaetan, credited by [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse|La Perouse]] for the discovery of Hawaii.{{sfnp|Spate|1979}} Gaetan's voyage was described in similar terms in 1753 with the same sequence of islands and no identification of any others known by the time of the account.{{sfnp|De Hondt|1753}} In 1825, the Portuguese geographer Casado Giraldes stated that the "Sandwich Islands"{{mdash}}i.e. the Hawaiian Islands{{mdash}}were discovered by Gaetan in 1542 and did not even mention [[James Cook]].{{sfnp|Giraldes|1825|p=26}}

From 6–23 January 1543, the galley {{lang|es|San Cristóbal}}{{mdash}}now piloted by De Mafra{{mdash}}was separated from the other ships after a severe storm. It eventually reached the island of Mazaua, where Magellan had anchored in 1521.

Although he was attempting to reach [[Cebu]], Villalobos ignored the advice of his pilot to lead the ships north of [[Mindanao]].<ref name=spat/> Instead, on 2 February, the fleet reached northeastern [[Mindanao]], exposed to the weather coming from the open ocean and separated from any [[Ming Empire|Chinese]] or [[Malay people|Malay]] traders.<ref name=spet>{{harvp|Spate|1979|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JH9SIogNd3sC&pg=PA98 98]}}.</ref> Stuck in place, they repaired their ships after the voyage.<ref name=onfirst/> [[Bernardo de la Torre]]{{sfnp|Villamor & al.|1920|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6_woY9frnSkC&pg=PA257-IA5 260]}} or Villalobos<ref name=spet/> named [[Mindanao]] ''Cesarea Karoli'' ({{langx|la|Caesarea Caroli}}) in honor of the [[Habsburgs|Habsburg]] [[Holy Roman Emperor|emperor]] [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], who was also [[king of Spain]] as Carlos I. They resorted to eating [[Grub (larva)|grubs]], unknown plants, [[land crabs]] that sickened the crew, and a [[phosphorescent]] gray lizard which killed most of those who ate it.<ref name=spet/> After several days, they reached [[Sarangani]], where they lost six men while raiding a local village for supplies. During this period, either [[Bernardo de la Torre]]{{sfnp|Agoncillo & al.|1975|p=78}}{{sfnp|Nuval & al.|1986|p=18}} or Villalobos<ref name=spet/> named [[Leyte]] and [[Samar]] the Philippines ({{lang|es|Felipinas}}) in honor of Charles's son the [[Crown Prince of Spain|crown prince]] [[Philip II of Spain|Philip]] (later King Philip{{nbsp}}II).

On 7 August a Portuguese ship arrived with a letter from Jorge de Castro, governor of the [[Moluccas]]. De Castro demanded an explanation for the presence of the Spaniards in Portuguese territory, in response to which Villalobos drafted a letter dated 9 August. His letter repeated the Spanish claims to the islands, saying they were within the Demarcation Line of the [[Crown of Castile]] under the relevant treaties.{{sfnp|Scott|1985|p=51}}

On 27 August the {{lang|es|San Juan}} left for New Spain under De la Torre, directed to explain the expedition's difficulties and request additional supplies and reinforcements. A second letter from De Castro arrived in the first week of September; Villalobos's reply dated 12 September repeated the same claims as before. The {{lang|es|San Juan}}{{mdash}}having passed the [[Volcano Islands]] and possibly the [[Bonins]] without being able to replenish its water{{mdash}}returned in mid-October without completing its mission.{{efn|Villalobos is sometimes{{mdash}}entirely incorrectly{{mdash}}credited with the discovery of [[Iwo Jima]], the other [[Volcano Islands]], and/or the [[Bonin Islands]]{{sfnp|Cholmondeley|1915|p=5}}{{sfnp|Dobson|1998}} but was not part of the {{lang|es|San Juan}}'s voyage.}} (No attempt to cross the Pacific from west to east would be successful for another two decades.) Villalobos again attempted to depart for Cebu<ref name=spet/> with the {{lang|es|San Juan}} and {{lang|es|San Cristóbal}}, but again failed to make headway against unfavorable winds. The natives refused to provide any supplies even for sail, fearing Portuguese retribution.<ref name=spet/>

De la Torre having died, the {{lang|es|San Juan}} was refitted for another attempt to reach New Spain under [[Yñigo Ortiz de Retez]] using a southerly route instead.<ref name=spet/> This left on 16 May 1545 and hugged the coast of [[New Guinea]]{{mdash}}which Ortiz de Retez named{{mdash}}until 12 August, when the ship was forced to turn back once again.<ref name=spet/> It reached [[Sultanate of Tidore|Tidore]] in October.<ref name=spet/> Repulsed by hunger, hostile natives, and further shipwreck, Villalobos finally abandoned the remaining goals of the expedition. He and his crew members sought refuge in the [[Moluccas]] but, quarrelling with the Portuguese, were imprisoned.

Villalobos died of a [[tropical fever]] on [[Good Friday]] 23 April 1546,<ref name=spet/> in his prison cell on [[Ambon Island]]. The Portuguese described him dying "of a broken heart".{{sfnp|Scott|1985|p=54}} Popular legend made his deathbed nurse the [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] [[Jesuit missions|missionary]] and later [[Saint (Catholic)|saint]] [[Francis Xavier]].<ref name=onfirst/><ref name=spet/>

Some 117 of the crew survived, including De Mafra, Juan Gaetan, and [[Guido de Lavezaris]]. Juan Gaetan's account of the Villalobos voyage was published in 1550{{ndash}}1559 by [[Giovanni Battista Ramusio]], an Italian historian, in his ''Navigations and Travels'' ({{lang|it|Navigationi et Viaggi}}).{{sfnp|Quanchi|2005|p=247}} De Mafra produced a manuscript on [[Timeline of Magellan's circumnavigation|Magellan's voyage]] and had this delivered to Spain by a friend. Thirty{{mdash}}including De Mafra{{mdash}}elected to remain instead. His manuscript remained unrecognized for many centuries until being rediscovered in the early 20th century. The survivors who had left Spain or Portugal and returned home were individually [[circumnavigators]] of the world, although the expedition itself did not accomplish that.

The inaccurate accounts of Villalobos and his men led Spain to believe that the Pacific was much smaller than it actually was for the rest of the 16th century.<ref name=spit>{{harvp|Spate|1979|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JH9SIogNd3sC&pg=PA100 100]}}.</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation |last=Agoncillo |first=Teodoro A. |author2-last=Guerrero |author2-first=Milagros |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Agoncillo & al.|1975}} |title=History of the Filipino People |date=1975 |publisher=R.P. Garcia |location=Quezon City }}.
* {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbG7kHtBma8C |title=The Great Island—Studies in the Exploration and Evangelization of Mindanao |isbn=9789715504690 |last=Bernad |first=Miguel Anselmo |publisher= Ateneo University Press|location= |date=2004 }}.
*{{Cite book |title=The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, Volume 02 of 55, 1521-1569 |publisher=The Arthur H. Clark Company |year=1903 |editor-last=Blair |editor-first=Emma Helen |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13280}}
* {{citation |last=Cholmondeley |first=Lionel Berners |title=The History of the Bonin Islands... |date=1915 |publisher=Constable & Co. |location=London }}
* {{citation |last=Coello |first=Francisco |title=La Cuestión de las Carolinas: Discursos Pronunciados en la Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid... |date=1885 |language=es |publisher=Imprenta Fontanet |location=Madrid }}.
* {{citation |url=http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/structure/3664246 |title=Histoire Generale des Voyages... |language=fr |first=Peter |last=De Hondt |volume=16 |date=1753 }}.
* {{citation |last=Dobson |first=Sebastian |contribution=A Chronology of the Bonin Islands |title=Nihongo Kenkyu Sentaa Hokoku ''[''Reports of the Japanese Language Research Center'']'' |volume=6 |date=June 1998 |page=21 |contribution-url=http://nihongo.hum.tmu.ac.jp/~long/bonins/03dobson.htm }}.
* {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVrGDwAAQBAJ |publisher=University of Hawai{{'okina}}i Press |last=Dunmore |first=John |title=Who's Who in Pacific Navigation |location=Honolulu |date=1991 |isbn=9780824883942 |contribution=|contribution-url= }}.
* {{citation |first=Joaquim Casado |last=Giraldes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRhUAAAAcAAJ |title=Tratado Completo de Cosmographia e Geographia |volume=1 |date=1825 |location= |publisher= |language=pt }}.
*{{Cite journal |last=Kelsey |first=Harry |date=1986 |title=Finding the Way Home: Spanish Exploration of the Round-Trip Route across the Pacific Ocean |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/969278 |journal=The Western Historical Quarterly |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=145–164 |doi=10.2307/969278 |jstor=969278 |issn=0043-3810|url-access=subscription }}
* {{citation |last=Kelsey |first=Harry |title=The First Circumnavigators: Unsung Heroes of the Age of Discovery |date=2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven }}.
*{{Cite book |last=Noone |first=Martin J. |title=The discovery and conquest of the Philippines: 1521 - 1581 |date=1986 |publisher=Historical Conservation Society |isbn=978-971-10-2410-9 |series=General history of the Philippines |location=Manila |url=https://archive.org/details/generalhistoryof0001unse_l8u0}}
* {{citation |last=Nuval |first=Leonard Q. |author2=Beulah Dalao Nuval |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Nuval & al.|1986}} |date=1986 |title=The Claretians in the Philippines, 1946–1986 |publisher=Claret Seminary Foundation |location= }}.
* {{citation |last=Quanchi |first=Max |date=2005 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location= |isbn=0810853957 }}.
* {{citation |last=Scott |first=William Henry |date=1985 |title=Cracks in the Parchment Curtain |isbn=971-10-0073-3 |location= |publisher= New Day Publishers}}.
* {{citation |last=Sharp |first=Andrew |date=1960 |title=The Discovery of the Pacific Islands |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press }}.
*{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Carlos Martinez |title=Ruy Lopez de Villalobos |url=https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/26293-ruy-lopez-de-villalobos |website=Real Academia de la Historia |language=Spanish}}
* {{citation |last=Spate |first=Oskar Hermann Khristian |title=The Spanish Lake |publisher=Australian National University Press |location=Canberra |year=1979 |isbn=9781920942168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JH9SIogNd3sC }}.
* {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_woY9frnSkC |title=Census of the Philippine Islands..., ''Vol. I:'' Geography, History, and Climatology |editor-last=Villamor |editor-first=Ignacio |editor2=Felipe Buencamino Sr. |editor3=Epifanio de los Santos |editor4=Alejandro Albert |editor5=Leon Ma. Guerrero |display-editors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Villamor & al.|1920}} |date=1920 |location=Manila |publisher=Census Office of the Philippine Islands }}.

==External links==
*[http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks05/0501051h.html The First Discovery of Australia and New Guinea by Roque Santacruz, Chapter IV]
*[http://xeniaeditrice.it/mazaua.pdf Pacific Maritime History Mazaua: Magellan's Lost Harbour]

{{Spanish Empire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Villalobos, Ruy Lopez De }}
[[Category:Spanish people in the colonial Philippines]]

[[Category:Spanish explorers of the Pacific]]
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
[[Category:People from New Spain]]
[[Category:1500s births]]
[[Category:1546 deaths]]

[[Category:16th-century Spanish explorers]]
[[Category:People from Málaga]]

Moghol language

2025-06-25T13:41:32Z

152.132.14.7:

{{Short description|Possibly extinct Mongolic language}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Moghol
| altname = Mogholi, Mogul, Mongul, Mongolen
| states = [[Afghanistan]]
| region = [[Herat Province]]
| ethnicity = [[Moghol people|Moghols]]
| speakers =
| date =
| ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=The ASJP Database - Wordlist Moghol|url=https://asjp.clld.org/languages/MOGHOL|access-date=2025-01-09|website=asjp.clld.org|quote=status extinct since 2013}}</ref>
| familycolor = Altaic
| fam1 = [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
| iso3 = mhj
| glotto = mogh1245
| glottorefname = Mogholi
| script = [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]
| nativename = {{lang|mhj|{{Script|Arab|مُغُلی}}}}
| speakers2 = 200 (2003)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php|title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger|website=www.unesco.org|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|language=en|access-date=2018-01-01}}</ref>
| extinct = 2013
| dia1 = Karez-I-Mulla
| dia2 = Kundur
| map = Linguistic map of the Mongolic languages.png
| mapcaption = {{legend|#EB7385|Moghol}}
| mapscale = 1.25
| map2 = Lang Status 20-CR.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Moghol is classified as Critically Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
}}
'''Moghol''' (or '''Mogholi'''; {{langx|prs|[[wikt:مُغُلی|مُغُلی]]}}) is a critically endangered and possibly extinct [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic language]] spoken in the province of [[Herat Province|Herat]], [[Afghanistan]], in the villages of [[Kundur, Afghanistan|Kundur]] and [[Karez-i-Mulla]]. The speakers were the [[Moghol people]], who numbered 2,000 members in the 1970s. They descend from the Mongol army of [[Genghis Khan]] who conquered Afghanistan (then part of the [[Khwarazmian Empire]]) in the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sayed Zaki Faqerzai |date=n.d. |title=Language of Speaking in Afghanistan |url=http://www.asiafront.com/news/698/language_of_speaking_in_afghanistan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124432/http://www.asiafront.com/news/698/language_of_speaking_in_afghanistan.html |archive-date=2014-04-13 |access-date=2014-04-12 |website=AsiaFront.com}}</ref>

In the 1970s, when the German scholar Michael Weiers did fieldwork on the language, few people spoke it, most knew it passively and most were older than 40. It is unknown if there are still speakers of the language,<ref name=Weiers>Weiers, Michael. 2003. "Moghol," ''The Mongolic Languages''. Ed. Juha Janhunen. Routledge Language Family Series 5. London: Routledge. Pages 248–264.</ref> and it is listed as dormant by Ethnologue.<ref name="e18">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mhj/ |title=Moghol |edition=18 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Ethnologue]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The language has been strongly influenced by [[Persian language|Persian]] in its phonology, morphology and syntax, causing Weiers to state that it has the appearance of a "true Inner Asian [[creole language]]".<ref name=Weiers/>

== Phonology ==
Moghol's phonology is influenced by [[Persian language|Persian]]. It has a system of six vowel qualities with no length contrast: {{IPA|/i e a u o ɔ/}}.<ref name="Weiers" />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|q}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|f}}
|{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|{{IPA link|x}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
|
|{{IPA link|z}}
|{{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|{{IPA link|j}}
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ʀ}}
|
|}
/ɦ/ may range between voiced [ɦ] and voiceless [h].

== Script ==
Historically, the Moghol language was written using the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]].<ref>Mogholi alphabet is in Omniglot shown: https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mogholi.htm</ref> Extant Moghol literature included Islamic texts, poetry, Mogholi-Persian vocabularies, and Mogholi grammars.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sanders|first=Alan J. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGwvDwAAQBAJ&dq=Moghol+people&pg=PA530|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5381-0227-5|pages=530}}</ref>

{| style="font-family:Arial; font-size:30px; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ح
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | چ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ج
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ث
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ت
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | پ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ب
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ا
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ش
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | س
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ژ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ز
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ر
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ذ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | د
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | خ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ق
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ف
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | غ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ع
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ظ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ط
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ض
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ص
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ی
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | و
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ه
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ن
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | م
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ل
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | گ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ک
|}

==Grammar==
Moghol grammar shows substantial influence from Persian languages, having borrowed even word classes not found in other Mongolic languages: the parts of speech are nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions.

Nouns are marked for number and case. Verbs are marked for person, number, tense-aspect and mood. Adjectives inflect for the comparative and superlative degree with the Persian suffixes -''tar'' and -''tariin'', but not for number and case.

== Vocabulary ==

=== Pronouns ===
The Moghol personal pronouns are:<ref name=Weiers/>
{| class="wikitable"
! person !! singular !! plural
|-
! 1st
| {{lang|mhj|bi}} || {{lang|mhj|bidah}} ~ {{lang|mhj|bidat}} (''inclusive''); <br>{{lang|mhj|mån}} (''exclusive'')
|-
! 2nd
| {{lang|mhj|ci}} || tå ~ tåd
|-
! 3rd
| i ~ ih || tid ~ tit
|}

The demonstrative pronouns are:<ref name=Weiers/>
*{{lang|mhj|inah}} ~ {{lang|mhj|enah}} ‘this’
*inat ~ enad ‘these’
*mun ~ munah ‘that’
*munat ~ mutah ~ mutat ‘those’

The interrogative pronouns are:<ref name=Weiers/>
*emah ~ imah ~ imas ‘what’
*ken ~ kiyan ‘who’
*kenaiki ‘whose’
*emadu ~ imadu ~ emaji ~ imaji ~ emagalah ‘why’
*emaula- ‘to do what’
*ked ~ keddu ‘how much’
*keja ‘when’
*oshtin ‘how’

The reflexive pronouns are:<ref name=Weiers/>
*{{lang|mhj|orin}} ‘self’
*{{lang|mhj|orindu-nah}} ‘for oneself’
*{{lang|mhj|usa-nah}} ‘self’

=== Numerals ===
The Moghol numerals are Janhunen (2003):
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! !! English gloss !! Moghol<ref name=Weiers/> !! [[Proto-Mongolic language|Proto-Mongolic]]<ref>Janhunen, Juha. 2003. ''The Mongolic Languages'', p.16. Routledge Language Family Series 5. London: Routledge.</ref> !! [[Mongolian language|Modern Mongolian]]
|-
| 1 || one || nikah ~ nika/n || *nike/n || neg
|-
| 2 || two || qeyår ~ qiar || *koxar ~ *koyar || khoyor
|-
| 3 || three || ghorbån ~ qurban || *gurba/n || gurav
|-
| 4 || four || dorbån ~ durba/n || *dörbe/n || döröv
|-
| 5 || five || tåbun ~ tabun || *tabu/n || tav
|-
| 6 || six || åsun ~ essun ~ jurghan ~ shish || *jirguxa/n || zurgaa
|-
| 7 || seven || dålån ~ húft || *doluxa/n || doloo
|-
| 8 || eight || sålån ~ húshtu || *na(y)ima/n || naym
|-
| 9 || nine || tåsån ~ no || *yersü/n || yös
|-
| 10 || ten || arbån ~ arban ~ dá|| *xarba/n || arav
|}

== Sample ==
Weiers noted down the following poem by the Moghol poet Abd Al-Qadir.
<div style="font-style:italic">
{|
|- valign="bottom"
|
'''Weiers' Moghol text:'''

{{Poemquote|{{Transliteration|mhj|Dotanamni dog baina
Hawoi ukini aimag baina
Nesoni ugunambi agar toni baiji
Mota giri qara qurgani baina.

Ekimni dard kina halmini geibe
Bemoor boljambi kam khormini geibe
Bemoor boljambi kam khormini khodai jaan
Ena bemoreztu parwoimini geibe.}}}}
|
'''English translation from Weiers' German:'''

{{Poemquote|Inside my heart there is a wound
The girl I search and long for is of the Aimaq tribe
One sign I give you, if near her you happen to be
Know that in her ger (yurt) there is a black lamb

My head hurts, my condition is bad
I'm sick and do not care
I'm sick, but my concern is the love of God
This disease I give (therefore) no attention.}}

|}
</div>

Another Moghol poem or song of Abd Al-Qadir written in Arabic alphabet (from Weiers):
<div style="font-style:italic">
{|
|- valign="bottom"
|
'''Weiers' Moghol text:'''

{{Poemquote|{{Transliteration|mhj|Argun-i kulkah utalat Cingiz kulkah ulu’at
Nirah-ci-du kulkah gahat ya gaut al-a’zam gar bari
Karyas-du-ci kibah nudun lar-i dazam iz abatun
Mun abd qadir gai urun ya gaut al-a’zam gar bari}}}}
|
'''English translation from Weiers' German:'''

{{Poemquote|Lord of lords [[Arghun]] of old, Genghis king of kings
Under your name is all things old oh supreme mediator hold (my) hand
In your fence (camp) the eyes of suffering friends will rest
That same Abd Qadir rests peacefully oh supreme mediator hold (my) hand}}

|}
</div>

==See also==
*[[Qara'unas|Nikudari]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/ramstedt/mogholica.pdf G. J. Ramstedt. 1906. "Mogholica. Beiträge zur kenntnis der moghol-sprache in Afghanistan."] ''[[Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne|JSFOu]]'' 23-4.
* [http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/Ligeti/Ligeti_Le%20lexique%20moghol%20de%20R.%20Leech%201955.pdf Louis Ligeti. 1954. "Le lexique moghol de R. Leech]," ''AOH'' 4.
* [http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/Ligeti/Лигети_О%20монг.%20и%20тюрк.%20языках%20и%20диалектах%20Афганистана%201955.pdf Л. Лигети. 1954. "О монгольских и тюркиских языках и диалектах Афганистана," ''AOH'' 4].
* Sh. Iwamura and H. F. Schurmann. 1954. "Notes on Mongolian Groups in Afghanistan," ''Silver Jubilee Volume of the Zinbun-Kagaku-Kenkyusyo, Kyoto University''. Kyoto University.
* [http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/Iwamura_The%20Zirni%20Manuscript%201961.pdf Shinobu Iwamura. 1961. ''The Zirni Manuscript: A Persian-Mongolian Glossary and Grammar''. Kyoto University].
* H. F. Schurmann. 1962. ''The Moghols of Afghanistan''. Mouton & Co.
* Michael Weiers. 1972. ''Die Sprache der Moghol der Provinz Herat in Afghanistan (Sprachmaterial, Grammatik, Wortliste)''. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.

{{Mongolic languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moghol Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Mongolic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]