Eleanor Marx

2025-10-11T12:19:06Z

170.140.10.240: Removed "had to" from sentence about nursing aging parents

{{Short description|English-born activist and daughter of Karl Marx (1855–1898)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Eleanor Marx
| image = Mrs Eleanor Marx Aveling, daughter of Karl Marx.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| alt =
| caption = Eleanor Marx
| birth_name = Jenny Julia Eleanor Marx
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1855|01|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[London, England]]
| baptised = 
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1898|03|31|1855|01|16|df=y}}
| death_place = London, England
| death_cause = [[Suicide]]
| education =
| occupation = [[Socialist]] activist, translator
| spouse = 
| partner = [[Edward Aveling]]
| alias ={{ubl|"Tussy" Marx|Eleanor Aveling}}
| children =
| parents = 
| mother = [[Jenny von Westphalen]]
| father = [[Karl Marx]]
| relatives = [[Laura Marx]] (sister) [[Jenny Longuet]] (sister) [[Henry Juta]] (cousin) [[Louise Juta]] (aunt) [[Heinrich Marx]] (grandfather) [[Henriette Pressburg]] (grandmother) [[Anton Philips]] (second cousin) [[Gerard Philips]] (second cousin)
}}

'''Jenny Julia Eleanor Marx''' (16 January 1855 – 31 March 1898), sometimes called '''Eleanor Aveling''' and known to her family as '''Tussy''', was the English-born youngest daughter of [[Karl Marx]]. She was herself a [[Socialism|socialist]] activist who sometimes worked as a [[Translation#Literary translation|literary translator]]. In March 1898, after discovering that her partner [[Edward Aveling]] had secretly married the previous year, she [[suicide by poisoning|poisoned herself]] at the age of 43.

==Biography==
===Early years===
[[File:Marx+Family and Engels.jpg|left|thumb|Eleanor Marx (middle) with her two sisters - [[Jenny Longuet]], [[Laura Marx]], father [[Karl Marx]] (right) and [[Friedrich Engels]]]]

Eleanor Marx was born in London on 16 January 1855, the sixth child and fourth daughter<ref name="Brodie">Brodie, Fran: [http://www.workersliberty.org/node/7356 Eleanor Marx] in ''Workers' Liberty''. Retrieved 23 April 2007.</ref> of Karl Marx and his wife [[Jenny von Westphalen]]. She was called "Tussy" by her family from a young age. She showed an early interest in politics, even writing to political figures during her childhood.<ref name="EoM">[http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm#marx-eleanor Marx Family] in ''[[Encyclopedia of Marxism]]. Retrieved 23 April 2007.''</ref> The hanging of the "[[Manchester Martyrs]]" when she was twelve, for example, horrified her and shaped her lifelong sympathy for the [[Fenian]]s.<ref name=Brodie/> Her father's story-telling also inspired an interest in literature, and she could recite passages by [[William Shakespeare]] at the age of three.<ref name="SE">[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wmarx.htm Eleanor Marx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040219143832/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wmarx.htm |date=19 February 2004 }} in ''[[Spartacus Educational]]''. Retrieved 23 April 2007.</ref> By her teenage years, that love of Shakespeare led to the formation of the "Dogberry Club" at which she, her family, and the family of [[Clara Collet]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=McDonald |first=Deborah |title=Clara Collet 1860–1948: An Educated Working Woman |publisher=Woburn Press |year=2004 |location=London}}</ref> all recited Shakespeare whilst her father watched.

While Karl Marx was writing his major work, ''[[Das Kapital]]'', in the family home, his youngest daughter Eleanor played in his study. Marx invented and narrated a story for Eleanor based on an anti-hero called Hans Röckle. Eleanor reported that it was one of her favourite childhood stories. The story is significant because it offered Eleanor lessons, by allegory, of the critique of political economy which Marx was writing in ''Das Kapital''.<ref>Holmes, Rachel. ''Eleanor Marx: A Life.'' London: Bloomsbury. 2014. pgs 18-19.</ref> As an adult, Eleanor was involved in translating and editing volumes of ''Das Kapital''.<ref>Holmes, Rachel. ''Eleanor Marx: A Life.'' London: Bloomsbury. 2014. pgs 372, 393</ref> She also edited Marx's lectures, ''[[Value, Price and Profit]]'' and ''[[Wage Labour and Capital]]'', which were based on the same material, into books.<ref>Holmes, Rachel. ''Eleanor Marx: A Life.'' London: Bloomsbury. 2014. pg. 408</ref> Eleanor Marx's biographer, Rachel Holmes, writes: "Tussy's childhood intimacy with [Marx] whilst he wrote the first volume of ''Das Kapital'' provided her with a thorough grounding in British economic, political and social history. Tussy and ''Capital'' grew up together".<ref>Holmes, Rachel. ''Eleanor Marx: A Life.'' London: Bloomsbury. 2014. pg 48</ref>

At the age of sixteen, Eleanor became her father's secretary and accompanied him around the world to socialist conferences.<ref name=SE/> A year later, she fell in love with [[Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray]], a journalist and participant in the [[Paris Commune]], who had fled to London after the Commune's suppression.<ref name=Brodie/> Although he agreed with the man politically, Karl Marx disapproved of the relationship because of the age gap between the two, Lissagaray being 34 years old. In May 1873, Eleanor moved away from home to [[Brighton]] working as a [[schoolteacher]]. She lived at [[Vernon Terrace, Brighton|6 Vernon Terrace]] in the suburb of [[Montpelier, Brighton|Montpelier]],<ref name="NEB75">{{Cite book |last=Collis |first=Rose |title=The New Encyclopaedia of Brighton |publisher=Brighton & Hove Libraries |others=(based on the original by Tim Carder) |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-9564664-0-2 |edition=1st |location=Brighton |page=75}}</ref> returning to London in September 1873.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wheen |first=Francis |title=Karl Marx |publisher=Fourth Estate |year=1999 |isbn=9781841151144 |edition=1st |location=London |page=352}}</ref>

In 1876, Eleanor helped Lissagaray write ''[[Histoire de la Commune de 1871|History of the Commune of 1871]]'', and translated it into English.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lissagaray |first=Prosper-Olivier |title=History of the Commune of 1871. Translated by E. M. Aveling Marx |publisher=British Library Historical Print Editions |year=2011 |isbn=978-1241456542}} Introduction</ref> Her father liked the book but was still disapproving of his daughter's relationship with its author. By 1880, Karl changed his view of the situation, and allowed her to marry him. By then, however, Eleanor herself was having second thoughts, and she terminated the relationship in 1882.<ref name=SE/>

[[File:Eleanor-Marx.jpg|left|thumb|Eleanor Marx, pencil drawing by Grace Black (aka [[Grace Human]]) in 1881]]

In the early 1880s, she nursed her aging parents. Her mother died in December 1881 but, from August 1882, she also cared for her young nephew [[Jean Longuet]] for several months, easing the burden on her elder sister, [[Jenny Longuet]], who died in January 1883 of bladder cancer. Her father died two months later, in March 1883.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wheen |first=Francis |title=Karl Marx |publisher=Fourth Estate |year=1999 |isbn=9781841151144 |edition=1st |location=London |pages=377–381}}</ref> After that, Eleanor and [[Edward Aveling]], overseen by [[Friedrich Engels]], prepared the first English language edition of ''Das Kapital'' volume I, published in 1887.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |title=Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey, & Co, London |year=1887}}</ref> On Engels' death in 1895, she and Aveling sorted and stored her father's extensive papers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wheen |first=Francis |title=Karl Marx |publisher=Fourth Estate |year=1999 |isbn=9781841151144 |edition=1st |location=London |page=385}}</ref>

Marx identified strongly with her [[Jewish heritage]]. In a reversal of her paternal grandparents' abandonment of [[Judaism]] and [[conversion to Christianity]], she proudly declared: "I am a [[Jewess]]". Her interest in her Jewish heritage was sparked by her interactions with working-class Jewish [[sweatshop]] workers involved in social justice struggles in the [[East End of London]], and also by the [[Dreyfus affair]] in [[France]]. Her earliest Jewish engagement was in October 1890, when she attended a meeting of a group of Jewish socialist workers in London in order to protest against [[antisemitic]] persecution in [[Russian Empire|Czarist Russia]]. She learned [[Yiddish]] and sometimes delivered lectures in the language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eleanor Marx: 'I Am a Jewess' |url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/jewish/marx-daughter.htm |publisher=Marxists.org |accessdate=16 July 2021}}</ref>

===Career===
[[Image:Eleanor Marx-9.1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Eleanor Marx (middle) with [[Wilhelm Liebknecht]] (left) and [[Edward Aveling]] (right) photographed in New York during their tour to America in 1886]]

In 1884, Eleanor joined the [[Social Democratic Federation]] (SDF), led by [[Henry Hyndman]], and was elected to its executive. During her work in the SDF, she met Edward Aveling, with whom she would spend the rest of her life, despite his faithlessness, alleged thievery from the movement, and mental cruelty.<ref>Feuer, Lewis S., "Marxian Tragedies: A Death in the Family," Encounter magazine, November 1962, pp. 23-32.</ref>

====Socialist League====
In 1885, after some bitter polemics, there was a split in the SDF. Eleanor Marx and some others left it and founded the rival [[Socialist League (UK, 1885)|Socialist League]].

The split had two root causes: personality problems, as Hyndman was accused of leading the SDF in a dictatorial fashion,<ref name="SE" /> and disagreements on the issue of internationalism. At that point, Marx, among others, accused Hyndman of nationalist tendencies. He was, for example, opposed to Marx's idea of sending delegates to the [[French Workers' Party]], calling the proposal a "family manoeuvre", given that Eleanor Marx's sister [[Laura Marx|Laura]] and her husband [[Paul Lafargue]] were members of that party. Therefore, both Marx and Aveling became founding members of the Socialist League, the most prominent member of which was [[William Morris]].<ref name="Brodie" />

Other leaders of the Socialist League were [[Ernest Belfort Bax]], [[Sam Mainwaring]], and [[Tom Mann]], the latter two being representatives of the working class. [[Annie Besant]] was also an active member.

Marx wrote a regular column, called "Record of the Revolutionary International Movement", for the Socialist League's monthly newspaper, ''[[Commonweal (United Kingdom)|Commonweal]].''<ref>[[Yvonne Kapp]], ''Eleanor Marx: Volume 2.'' New York: Pantheon Books, 1976; p. 66.</ref>

In 1884, Marx met [[Clementina Black]], a painter and trade unionist, and became involved in the [[Women's Trade Union League (UK)|Women's Trade Union League]]. She would go on to support numerous strikes, including the [[Bryant & May strike]] of 1888 and the [[London Dock Strike of 1889]]. She spoke to the Silvertown strikers at an open meeting in November 1889, alongside her friends [[Edith Ellis]] and [[Honor Brooke]]. She helped organise the [[National Union of Gas Workers and General Labourers|Gasworkers' Union]] and wrote numerous books and articles.<ref name="SE" />

In 1885, she helped organise the International Socialist Congress in Paris.<ref name="SE" /> The following year, she toured the United States, along with Aveling and the German socialist [[Wilhelm Liebknecht]], raising money for the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]].<ref name="EoM" />

By the late 1880s, the Socialist League was deeply divided between those advocating political action and its opponents, who were themselves split between those, such as William Morris, who felt that parliamentary campaigns represented inevitable compromises and corruptions, and an [[anarchism|anarchist]] wing which opposed all electoral politics as a matter of principle. Marx and Aveling, as firm advocates of the principle of participation in political campaigns, found themselves in an uncomfortable minority in the party. At the 4th Annual Conference of the Socialist League, the Bloomsbury branch, to which Marx and Aveling belonged, moved that a meeting of all socialist bodies should be called to discuss the formation of a united organisation. That resolution was voted down by a substantial margin, as was another put forward by the same branch in support of contesting seats in both local and parliamentary elections. Moreover, at that meeting, the Socialist League suspended the 80 members of the Bloomsbury branch on the grounds that the group had put up candidates jointly with the SDF, against the policy of the party. The Bloomsbury branch thus exited the Socialist League for a new, albeit brief, independent existence as the [[Bloomsbury Socialist Society]].<ref>Kapp, ''Eleanor Marx: Volume 2,'' pp. 264–265.</ref>

====Bloody Sunday====
Along with many other leading Socialists, Eleanor Marx took an active role in organizing the London demonstration of 13 November 1887, which was violently suppressed in what became known as [[Bloody Sunday (1887)|Bloody Sunday]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women fighters and revolutionaries: Eleanor Marx |url=https://www.socialistparty.org.uk/socialistwomen/sw12.htm |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=[[Socialist Party (England and Wales)|Socialist Party]]}}</ref> Several other demonstrations followed in the aftermath, with Eleanor urging the radical line.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=E.P. |year=1976 |title=Eleanor Marx |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/thompson-ep/1976/eleanor-marx.htm |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=New Society |publisher=www.marxists.org}}</ref> In the aftermath of Bloody Sunday, Marx wrote a report on the brutal treatment of women activists and protesters at the hands of police, decrying their actions in targeting women.<ref name="Bernstein-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Bernstein |first=Susan David |date=2007 |title=Radical Readers at the British Museum: Eleanor Marx, Clementina Black, Amy Levy |url=http://www.ncgsjournal.com/issue32/New%20PDFs/NCGS%20Journal%20Issue%203.2%20-%20Radical%20Readers%20at%20the%20British%20Museum%20-%20Susan%20David%20Bernstein.pdf |journal=Nineteenth-Century Gender Studies |volume=3 |issue=2 |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=23 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423055639/http://www.ncgsjournal.com/issue32/New%20PDFs/NCGS%20Journal%20Issue%203.2%20-%20Radical%20Readers%20at%20the%20British%20Museum%20-%20Susan%20David%20Bernstein.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1893, [[Keir Hardie]] founded the [[Independent Labour Party]] (ILP). Marx attended the founding conference as an observer, while Aveling was a delegate. Their goal of shifting the ILP's positions towards Marxism failed, however, and the party remained under a strong [[Christian socialism|Christian socialist]] influence. In 1897, Marx and Aveling re-joined the Social Democratic Federation, like most former members of the Socialist League.<ref name="Brodie" />

==== Translation work ====
After acquiring admission to the Reading Room of the British Museum, Eleanor first began work as a paid translator during the late 1870s. She spent many days there, researching information and working on her translations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berstein |first=Susan David |title=Roomscape: Women Writers in the British Museum from George Eliot to Virginia Woolf |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-7486-4065-2 |location=Edinburgh, United Kingdom |pages=33–73}}</ref> In the late 1880s, she accomplished the first English translation of [[Gustave Flaubert]]'s ''[[Madame Bovary]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Rachel |title=Eleanor Marx: A Life |publisher=Bloomsbury Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-62040-970-1 |location=United Kingdom |pages=xii}}</ref> Additionally, Eleanor translated ''Reuben Sachs'', by Amy Levy, into German.<ref name="Bernstein-2007"/> Eleanor was involved as a translator or editor in 14 known works.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blunden |first=Andy |author-link=Andy Blunden |title=Eleanor Marx Archive |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/eleanor-marx/index.htm |website=marxists.org}}</ref>

===Involvement in theatre===
In the 1880s, Eleanor Marx became more interested in theatre and took up acting, believing in its potential for promulgating socialism.<ref name=SE/> In 1886, she performed a groundbreaking, if critically unsuccessful, reading of [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s ''[[A Doll's House]]'' in London, with herself as [[Nora Helmer]], Aveling as Torvald Helmer, and [[George Bernard Shaw]] as Krogstad.<ref name="Florence">Ronald Florence, ''Marx's Daughters'', New York: Dial Press, 1975</ref>

She learned Norwegian in order to translate Ibsen's plays into English and, in 1888, was the first to translate [[An Enemy of the People|''An Enemy of Society'']]. Two years later, the translation was revised by [[William Archer (critic)|William Archer]] and renamed ''[[An Enemy of the People]]''. Marx also translated Ibsen's ''[[The Lady from the Sea]]'' in 1890.<ref name="Roomscape">{{Cite book |last=Bernstein |first=Susan David |title=Roomscape: Women Writers in the British Museum from George Eliot to Virginia Woolf |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2013 |pages=47–48}}</ref><ref>[https://www.marxists.org/archive/eleanor-marx/index.htm Eleanor Marx bibliography] on marxists.org. Retrieved 23 April 2007.</ref>

===Death and legacy===
[[File:ELEANOR MARX - 7 Jews Walk Sydenham London SE26 6PJ.jpg|thumb|Marx's final home at 7 Jews Walk, [[Sydenham, London|Sydenham]], London]]

In 1898, Eleanor discovered that the ailing Edward Aveling had secretly married a young actress, to whom he remained committed. His illness seemed to her to be terminal, and Eleanor was deeply depressed by the faithlessness of the man she loved.

On 31 March 1898, Eleanor sent her maid to the local [[pharmacist|chemist]] with a note on which she signed the initials of the man the chemist knew as "Dr. Aveling", asking for [[chloroform]] (some sources say "padiorium") and a small quantity of [[hydrogen cyanide]] (then called "prussic acid") for her dog.<ref>Kapp, ''Eleanor Marx: Volume 2,'' p. 696.</ref><ref name="InsideStory">{{Cite news |last=Gwyther |first=Matthew |date=23 September 2000 |title=Inside story: 7 Jew's Walk |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/4810864/Inside-story-7-Jews-Walk.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914081723/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/4810864/Inside-story-7-Jews-Walk.html |archive-date=14 September 2012}}</ref> On receiving the package, Eleanor signed a receipt for the poisons and sent the maid back to the chemist to return the receipt book. Eleanor then retired to her room, wrote two brief suicide notes, undressed, got into bed, and swallowed the poison.<ref name="Kapp, pp. 696-697">Kapp, ''Eleanor Marx: Volume 2,'' pp. 696–697.</ref>

When the maid returned, she discovered Eleanor in bed, scarcely breathing. A doctor was called for, but Eleanor had died by the time he arrived. She was aged 43. A post mortem examination determined the cause of death to have been poison,<ref name="Kapp, pp. 696-697" /> and a subsequent coroner's inquest delivered a verdict of "suicide while in a state of temporary insanity", clearing Aveling of criminal wrongdoing. However, he was widely reviled throughout the socialist community as having caused Eleanor to take her life.<ref name=InsideStory/>

A funeral service was held in a room at the [[London Necropolis railway station]] at [[Waterloo, London|Waterloo]] on 5 April 1898, attended by a large throng of mourners. Speeches were made by Aveling, [[Robert Banner (socialist)|Robert Banner]], [[Eduard Bernstein]], [[Pete Curran]], [[Henry Hyndman]] and [[Will Thorne]]. Following the memorial, Eleanor Marx's body was taken by rail to [[Woking Crematorium|Woking]] and [[cremation|cremated]].<ref>Kapp, ''Eleanor Marx: Volume 2,'' pp. 702–703.</ref> An urn containing her ashes was subsequently kept safe by a succession of left-wing organisations, including the Social Democratic Federation, the [[British Socialist Party]], and the [[Communist Party of Great Britain]], before finally being buried alongside the remains of Karl Marx and other family members in the [[tomb of Karl Marx]] at [[Highgate Cemetery]] in London in 1956.<ref>Kapp, ''Eleanor Marx: Volume 2,'' pp. 703–704.</ref>

[[File:Gravestone - Karl Marx grave - Highgate East Cemetery - North London, England.jpg| thumb|The headstone at the [[tomb of Karl Marx]] in Highgate Cemetery]]

On 9 September 2008, an English Heritage [[blue plaque]] was placed on the house at 7 Jews Walk, [[Sydenham, London|Sydenham]], south-east London, where Eleanor spent the last few years of her life.<ref name="blueplaque">{{cite web |title=Marx, Eleanor (1855-1898) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/eleanor-marx/ |website=Blue Plaques |publisher=English Heritage |access-date=2023-09-10}}</ref>

[[File:ELEANOR MARX 1855-1898 Socialist Campaigner lived and died here.jpg|thumb|Close up of [[blue plaque]] on the wall of 7 Jews Walk, Sydenham, London]]

==Publications by Eleanor Marx==
===Writings===
* ''The Factory Hell.'' With Edward Aveling. London: Socialist League Office, 1885.
* ''The Woman Question.'' With Edward Aveling. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1886.
* ''Shelley's Socialism: Two Lectures.'' With Edward Aveling. London: privately printed, 1888.
* Israel Zangwill / Eleanor Marx: "A doll's house" repaired. London (Reprinted from: ''Time'', March 1891).
* ''The Working Class Movement in America.'' With Edward Aveling. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1891.
* ''The Working Class Movement in England: A Brief Historical Sketch Originally Written for the "Voles lexicon" Edited by Emmanuel Wurm.'' London: Twentieth Century Press, 1896.

===Translations===
* [[Edward Bernstein]], ''Ferdinand Lassalle as a Social Reformer.'' London: [[Swan Sonnenschein & Co.]] 1893.
* [[Georgii Plekhanov|George Plechanoff]], ''Anarchism and Socialism.'' Twentieth Century Press, London 1895
* [[Gustave Flaubert]], ''[[Madame Bovary]]: Provincial Manners.'' Vizetelly & Co., London 1886
* [[Gustave Flaubert]], ''[[Salammbô]]''. London 1862
* [[Henrik Ibsen]], ''[[An Enemy of the People]].'' [[Walter Scott Publishing Co.]], London 1888
* Henrik Ibsen, ''[[The Lady from the Sea]].'' Fisher T. Unwin, London 1890
* Henrik Ibsen, ''[[The Pillars of Society]] and Other Plays.'' London: W. Scott, 1888.
* Henrik Ibsen, ''[[The Wild Duck]]: A Drama in Five Acts.'' W.H. Baker, Boston 1890
* [[Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray]], ''[[Histoire de la Commune de 1871|History of the Commune of 1871]].'' Reeves / Turner, London 1886

==Representation in film and television==
* In 1977, BBC Television broadcast a three part series "Eleanor Marx", with [[Jennie Stoller]] as Eleanor, [[Nigel Hawthorne]] as Engels, [[Patsy Byrne]] as Lenchen, Lee Montague as Karl Marx.

* Her life was portrayed in the feature film ''[[Miss Marx]]'' (2020) written and directed by Susanna Nicchiarelli.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Chūshichi Tsuzuki, ''The Life of Eleanor Marx, 1855–1898: A Socialist Tragedy.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
* John Stokes, ''Eleanor Marx (1855–1898): Life, Work, Contacts.'' Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.
* {{cite ODNB|id=40945|title=Marx, (Jenny Julia) Eleanor|year=2004|last=McLellan|first=David}}
* Olga Meier and Faith Evans (eds.), ''The Daughters of Karl Marx: Family Correspondence, 1866–1898.'' New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982.
* Philip Dawkins, ''Miss Marx or The Involuntary Side Effect of Living'' Dramatic Publishing, 2015
* Rachel Holmes, ''[[Eleanor Marx: A Life]].'' London: Bloomsbury, 2014.
* Yvonne Kapp, ''Eleanor Marx, Volume 2: The Crowded Years, 1884–1898.'' London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1976. Also: New York: Pantheon Books, 1976.
* [[Yvonne Kapp]], ''Eleanor Marx: Volume 1: Family Life, 1855–1883.'' London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1972. Also: New York: Pantheon Books, 1976.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060616104417/http://www.womenofbrighton.co.uk/eleanormarx.htm Eleanor Marx biography on Women of Brighton site]
* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/eleanor-marx/index.htm Eleanor Marx Internet Archive], at [[Marxists Internet Archive]].
* {{Librivox author |id=6570}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=902}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Eleanor Marx}}
* {{wikisource author-inline}}

{{Karl Marx}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marx, Eleanor}}
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:1898 suicides]]
[[Category:19th-century English translators]]
[[Category:19th-century English women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century English Jews]]
[[Category:People from Sydenham, London]]
[[Category:Burials at Highgate Cemetery]]
[[Category:English revolutionaries]]
[[Category:History of mental health in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Jewish socialists]]
[[Category:Social Democratic Federation members]]
[[Category:Socialist League (UK, 1885) members]]
[[Category:Karl Marx]]
[[Category:Suicides by poison]]
[[Category:Suicides in England]]
[[Category:English people of German-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:English people of German descent]]
[[Category:English people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Women of the Victorian era]]
[[Category:Yiddish-speaking people]]
[[Category:Literary translators]]
[[Category:Far-left politicians in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Activists against antisemitism]]
[[Category:Opposition to antisemitism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Jewish women activists]]
[[Category:Translators of Gustave Flaubert]]
[[Category:Women Marxists]]
[[Category:Female revolutionaries]]

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