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Andrei Sinyavsky

2025-09-30T06:00:23Z

176.195.201.62: /* External links */

{{Short description|Soviet Russian literary critic, writer and dissident}}
{{family name hatnote|Donatovich|Sinyavsky|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Andrei Donatovich Sinyavsky
| native_name = Андрей Донатович Синявский
| image = Andrei Sinyavsky (1975).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Sinyavsky in [[Amsterdam]], 29 November 1975
| pseudonym = Abram Tertz
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1925|10|08}}
| birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1997|02|25|1925|10|08}}
| death_place = [[Fontenay-aux-Roses]], [[France]]
| alma_mater = [[Moscow State University]]
| occupation = [[Writer]], [[publisher]], [[literary critic]]
| nationality = [[Russians|Russian]]
| genre =
| movement = [[Magic realism]]
| spouse = [[Maria Rozanova]]
| children = [[Iegor Gran]]
| signature = Siniavski-april-1983.jpg
}}
'''Andrei Donatovich Sinyavsky''' ({{langx|ru|Андре́й Дона́тович Синя́вский}}; 8 October 1925 – 25 February 1997) was a Russian [[writer]] and [[Soviet dissident]] known as a defendant in the [[Sinyavsky–Daniel trial]] of 1965.

Sinyavsky was a [[literary critic]] for ''[[Novy Mir]]'' and wrote works critical of [[Culture of the Soviet Union|Soviet society]] under the [[pseudonym]] '''Abram Tertz''' ({{lang|ru|Абрам Терц}}) published in the [[Western world|West]] to avoid [[censorship in the Soviet Union]]. Sinyavsky and [[Yuli Daniel]] were convicted of [[Anti-Soviet agitation]] in a [[show trial]], becoming the first Soviet writers convicted solely for their works and for [[fiction]], and served six years at a labour camp. Sinyavsky emigrated to [[France]] in 1973 where he became a professor of [[Russian literature]] and published numerous [[autobiographical]] and [[retrospective]] works.

==Early life and education==
Andrei Donatovich Sinyavsky was born on 8 October 1925 in [[Moscow]], the son of Donat Evgenievich Sinyavsky, a [[Russians|Russian]] nobleman from [[Syzran]] who became a member of the [[Left Socialist-Revolutionaries]], and a mother of a Russian [[peasant]] background. Donat was arrested several times by the [[Bolsheviks]] after the [[October Revolution]] as an "[[enemy of the people]]", and during his last stay in jail the medical authorities took his [[electroencephalographic]] reading. Sinyavsky described his father's experiences in the [[autobiographical]] novel ''Goodnight!''

Sinyavsky's family was evacuated to Syzran following the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]] in 1941, where he graduated from school in 1943. Sinyavsky was drafted into the [[Red Army]] after graduation and served as a [[radio engineer]] at an airfield. In 1945, Sinyavsky became a [[philology]] student at [[Moscow State University]], becoming a full-time student following his [[demobilization]] from the Red Army the next year, and studied the works of [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]]. Sinyavsky graduated in 1949 and attended [[graduate school]] where he successfully defended his [[thesis]] in 1952. Sinyavsky worked at the [[Gorky Institute of World Literature]] in Moscow and taught at Moscow State University's [[MSU Faculty of Journalism|Faculty of Journalism]] and the [[Moscow Art Theatre School]]. By the end of 1960, he was admitted into the [[Union of Soviet Writers]].

Sinyavsky became one of the leading [[literary critic]]s of the ''[[Novy Mir]]'' magazine, at the time headed by [[Aleksandr Tvardovsky]]. In the early 1960s, ''Novy Mir'' was considered the most [[Liberalism|liberal]] legal publications in the Soviet Union, and Sinyavsky began leaning towards a [[Soviet dissidents|dissident]] position. In November 1962, ''Novy Mir'' became famous for publishing [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]'s groundbreaking ''[[One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich]]'', a [[novella]] about a prisoner of the [[Gulag]]. Sinyavsky, a protégé of [[Boris Pasternak]], described the realities of Soviet life in short fiction stories which were often critical in nature. Sinyavsky published his novels in the [[Western world|West]] under the [[pseudonym]] Abram Tertz, derived from the name of a historical Russian [[Jew]]ish [[gangster]], although Sinyavsky himself was not Jewish. Sinyavsky's works were naturally rejected for publication by the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU) during a time of extreme [[censorship in the Soviet Union|censorship]].

==Sinyavsky–Daniel trial==
{{main|Sinyavsky–Daniel trial}}

On 4 September 1965, Sinyavsky was arrested along with fellow-writer and friend [[Yuli Daniel]], and tried in the first Soviet [[show trial]] during which writers were openly convicted solely for their literary work. Sinyavsky and Daniel were arrested as part of widespread [[political repression in the Soviet Union]] due to their works critical of Soviet life being published abroad. Legally, Sinyavsky and Daniel could not be charged for their publications outside the Soviet Union, and instead were charged under Article 70 of the Russian SFSR Criminal Code for producing materials labeled as "[[Anti-Soviet agitation]]". This was the first time anti-Soviet laws were applied to works of fiction. Dozens of Soviet writers and intellectuals came to the defence of Sinyavsky and Daniel, and on 5 December 1965 held the [[Glasnost meeting]] in Moscow, the first spontaneous public [[political demonstration]] in the Soviet Union after the Second World War. The Sinyavsky–Daniel trial was accompanied by harsh [[Propaganda in the Soviet Union|propaganda]] campaigns in the [[Soviet media]], perceived as a sign of demise of the [[Khrushchev Thaw]] which had allowed greater freedoms of expression during the late 1950s and early 1960s.

On 14 February 1966, Sinyavsky was sentenced to seven years on charges of "[[Anti-Sovietism|anti-Soviet activity]]" for the opinions of his fictional characters. After the trial, 63 supporters of Sinyavsky and Daniel signed a petition requesting their release. In response to the petition, members of the Secretariat of the Union of Soviet Writers spoke out against Sinyavsky and Daniel. As historian Fred Coleman writes, "Historians now have no difficulty pinpointing the birth of the modern Soviet dissident movement. It began in February 1966 with the trial of Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel, two Russian writers who ridiculed the Communist regime in satires smuggled abroad and published under pen names... Little did they realize at the time that they were starting a movement that would help end Communist rule."<ref name="fall">{{cite book
| last =Coleman
| first =Fred
| date =August 15, 1997
| title =The Decline and Fall of Soviet Empire : Forty Years That Shook The World, From Stalin to Yeltsin
| publisher =St. Martin's Griffin
| isbn =978-0-312-16816-2 |page=95
}}</ref>

Sinyavsky was forced to work as a [[stevedore]] at the [[Dubravlag]], a [[labor camp]] ([[katorga]]) of the [[Gulag]] system located near [[Yavas]], [[Mordovian ASSR]]. Sinyavsky was released early in 1971 as part of an initiative by [[Yuri Andropov]], the [[List of chairmen of the KGB|Chairman]] of the [[KGB]] and the future [[General Secretary of the CPSU]].

==Later years and death==
In 1973, Sinyavsky was allowed to emigrate to [[France]] at the invitation of Claude Frioux, a professor at the [[University of Paris VIII|University of Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis]] specializing in Russia. Sinyavsky became a professor of [[Russian literature]] at [[Sorbonne University]], co-founded the Russian-language [[almanac]] ''[[Sintaksis]]'' with his wife [[Maria Rozanova]], and actively contributed to [[Radio Liberty]].<ref>[http://hoorferl.stanford.edu/rlexhibit/people-other-sinyavsky.php Andrei Sinyavsky] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717091953/http://hoorferl.stanford.edu/rlexhibit/people-other-sinyavsky.php |date=July 17, 2007 }} RADIO LIBERTY: 50 YEARS OF BROADCASTING. Hoover Inst, Stanford University</ref> Sinyavsky and Rozanova's son, [[Iegor Gran]], graduated from [[École Centrale Paris]] and became a novelist.

On 17 October 1991, Sinyavsky was featured in a report received by ''[[Izvestia]]'' on the review of convictions for several prominent Soviet individuals due to lack of ''[[corpus delicti]]'' in their actions. Sinyavsky, Yuli Daniel, [[Kārlis Ulmanis]], [[Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky]] were considered for "[[Rehabilitation (Soviet)|rehabilitation]]" only two months before the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].

In early 1996, Sinyavsky suffered a [[heart attack]], and later that year was diagnosed with [[lung cancer]] with [[metastases]] in the [[brain]]. Sinyavsky underwent unsuccessful operations and [[radiotherapy]] at the [[Curie Institute (Paris)|Curie Institute]]. Sinyavsky died in 1997 in [[Fontenay-aux-Roses]], near [[Paris]], and was buried there by the [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] priest and writer Vladimir Vigilyansky with [[Andrei Voznesensky]] in attendance.

[[Image:Andrei Sinyavsky's grave.jpg|right|thumb|Andrei Sinyavsky's grave (Cimetière communal de [[Fontenay-aux-Roses]], Rue des Pierrelais 18)]]
Sinyavsky was the catalyst for the formation of the Russian-English translation team of [[Larissa Volokhonsky]] and [[Richard Pevear]], who have translated a number of works by [[Mikhail Bulgakov]], [[Anton Chekhov]], [[Fyodor Dostoyevski]], [[Nikolai Gogol]], and [[Leo Tolstoy]]. Volokhonsky, who was born and raised in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), first visited the United States in the early 1970s and happened across Pevear's ''Hudson Review'' article about Sinyavsky. At the time, Pevear believed Sinyavsky was still in a Russian prison; Volokhonsky had just helped him immigrate to Paris. Pevear was surprised and pleased to be mistaken: "Larissa had just helped Sinyavsky leave Russia," Pevear recalled. "And she let me know that, while I'd said he was still in prison, he was actually in Paris. I was glad to know it."

==Bibliography==
;Books
* ''[[On Socialist Realism]]'' (1959) criticised the poor quality of the drearily positive-toned, conflict-free structures in the style of the state-backed [[socialist realism]], and called for a return to the fantastic in Soviet literature, the tradition, Sinyavsky said, of [[Gogol]] and [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]]. This work also drew connections between socialist realism and [[classicism]]. It asserted that greater similarities exist between Soviet literature and that predating the 19th century than exist between Soviet (socialist realist) literature and the intellectual skepticism plaguing the protagonists of 19th-century Russian novels.
* ''[[The Trial Begins (novel)|The Trial Begins]]'' (1960) is a short novel with characters reacting in different ways to their roles in a totalitarian society, told with elements of the fantastic.
* ''[[The Makepeace Experiment]]'' (1963) is an [[allegory|allegorical]] novel of Russia where a leader uses non-rational powers to rule.
* ''[[Fantastic Stories]]'' (1963) is a collection of short stories, such as "The Icicle". The stories are mostly culled from the 1950s and 1960s and are written in the [[Fantastique|fantastic]] tradition of Gogol, [[E. T. A. Hoffmann]], and [[Yevgeny Zamyatin]].
* ''[[A Voice from the Chorus]]'' (1973) is a collection of scattered thoughts from the [[Gulag]], composed in letters he wrote to his wife. It contains snippets of literary thoughts as well as the comments and conversations of fellow prisoners, most of them criminals or even German war prisoners.
* ''[[Goodnight!]]'' (1984) is an autobiographical novel.
* ''[[Soviet Civilization: A Cultural History]]'' (1990).
* ''Кошкин дом. Роман дальнего следования'' (1998).
* ''Strolls with Pushkin'' (Columbia University Press, The Russian Library, 2016) (translated by Catherine Theimer Nepomnyashchy and Slava I. Yastremski).
* ''In Gogol's Shadow'' (Columbia University Press, The Russian Library, 2021) (translated by Josh Billings)
;Articles
* {{cite journal|author1=Sinyavsky, Andrei |author2=Tikos, Laszlo |author3=Ellert, Frederick |title=On Robert Frost's poems|journal=[[The Massachusetts Review]]|date=Summer 1966|volume=7|issue=3|pages=431–441|jstor=25087444}}
* {{cite book|author=Sinyavsky, Andrei|chapter=Boris Pasternak (1965)|editor1=Davie, Donald |editor2=Livigstone, Angela |title=Pasternak|date=1969|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0312032258|pages=154–219|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-15303-9_10}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sinyavsky, Andrei|title=Father Boris Zalivako|journal=Religion in Communist Lands|date=May 1974|volume=2|issue=3|pages=16–17|doi=10.1080/09637497408430673}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sinyavsky, Andrei|title=The Jews and the Devil|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=15 April 1976|volume=23 |issue=6 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1976/04/15/the-jews-and-the-devil/}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sinyavsky, Andrei|title=Emigré|journal=[[Encounter (magazine)|Encounter]]|date=September 1978|volume=51|issue=3|pages=79–80}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sinyavsky, Andrei|title=Andrei Sinyavsky on dissidence|journal=[[Encounter (magazine)|Encounter]]|date=April 1979|volume=52|issue=4|pages=91–93}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Sinyavsky, Andrei |author2=Andreyev Carlisle, Olga |title=Solzhenitsyn and Russian nationalism: an interview with Andrei Sinyavsky|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=22 November 1979|volume=26 |issue=18 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1979/11/22/solzhenitsyn-and-russian-nationalism-an-interview-/}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sinyavsky, Andrei|title=Samizdat and the rebirth of literature|journal=[[Index on Censorship]]|date=August 1980|volume=9|issue=4|pages=8–13|doi=10.1080/03064228008533086|s2cid=144564086|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Aksenov, Vasily |author2=Etkind, Efim |author3=Grigorenko, Pyotr |author4=Grigorenko, Zinaida |author5=Kopelev, Lev |author6=Litvinov, Pavel |author7=Litvinov, Maya |author8=Mihajlov, Mihajlo |author9=Proffer, Carl |author10=Proffer, Ellendea |author11=Synyavsky, Andrey |author12=Shraginet, Boris |title=Help the Poles|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=4 February 1982|volume=29 |issue=1 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1982/02/04/help-the-poles/|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sinyavsky, Andrei|title=Dissent as a personal experience|journal=Dissent|date=Spring 1984|volume=31|issue=2|pages=152–161}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sinyavsky, Andrei|title=My life as a writer|journal=[[Index on Censorship]]|date=June 1986|volume=15|issue=6|pages=7–14|doi=10.1080/03064228608534110|doi-access=}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sinyavsky, Andrei|title=The space of prose|journal=[[Index on Censorship]]|date=May 1988|volume=17|issue=5|pages=20–36|doi=10.1080/03064228808534414|s2cid=145113890 }}
* {{cite magazine|author=Sinyavsky, Andrei|title=Would I move back?|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=10 April 1989|issue=15|pages=75–77|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,957440,00.html}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sinyavsky, Andrei|title=A trip to Moscow|journal=[[Index on Censorship]]|date=November 1989|volume=18|issue=10|pages=7–10|doi=10.1080/03064228908534730|s2cid=142996985}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Sinyavsky, Andrei |author2=Peterson, Dale |title=Russian nationalism|journal=[[The Massachusetts Review]]|date=Winter 1990|volume=31|issue=4|pages=475–494|jstor=25090205}}
* {{cite book|author=Sinyavsky, Andrei|chapter=Rozanov|editor1=Freeborn, Richard |editor2=Grayson, Jane |title=Ideology in Russian literature|date=1990|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0312032258|pages=116–133|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-10825-1_6}}
* {{cite journal|script-title=ru:Переписка Андрея Синявского с редакцией серии "Библиотека поэта": изменение советского литературного поля|trans-title=Andrei Sinyavsky's correspondence to the editors of "Poet's Library" series: the change of the Soviet literary field|journal=Новое литературное обозрение|date=2005|issue=71|url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2005/71/perep9.html|language=ru |last1=Костырко |first1=С. }}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|author=Artz, Martine|title=Literature in the dock: the trial against Andrej Sinjavskij|journal=Russian Literature|date=15 May 1995|volume=37|issue=4|pages=441–450|doi=10.1016/0304-3479(95)91600-T}}
* {{cite journal|author=Borden, Richard|title=Andrei Sinyavsky: in memoriam|journal=The Slavic and East European Journal|date=Autumn 1998|volume=42|issue=3|pages=372–376|jstor=309673}}
* {{cite book|author=Chapple, Richard|chapter=Criminals and criminality according to the Soviet dissidents–works of Andrey Sinyavsky and Yuly Daniel|editor=Fox, Vernon|title=Proceedings of the 21st annual Southern conference on corrections|date=February 1976|volume=21|pages=149–158|publisher=Florida State University|location=Tallahassee}}
* {{cite book|author=Genis, Aleksandr|chapter=Archaic postmodernism: the aesthetics of Andrei Sinyavsky|editor1=Epstein, Mikhail|editor2=Genis, Aleksandr|editor3=Vladiv-Glover, Slobodanka|title=Russian postmodernism: new perspectives on post-Soviet culture|date=1999|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1571810281|pages=[https://archive.org/details/russianpostmoder0000epst/page/185 185–196]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pciFcaGXR0C&pg=PA185|url=https://archive.org/details/russianpostmoder0000epst/page/185}}
* {{cite book|author=Fenander, Sara|title=Andrei Sinyavsky's fantasies of subversion|date=1993|publisher=Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Stanford University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9VEAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Frank, Joseph|title=The triumph of Abram Tertz|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=27 June 1991|volume=38|issue=12|pages=35–43|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1991/06/27/the-triumph-of-abram-tertz/}}
* {{cite journal|author=Glenny, Michael|title=Sinyavsky and Daniel on Trial|journal=Survey|date=January 1968|pages=145–146}}
* {{cite journal|author=Haber, Erika|title=My personal strolls with Tertz|journal=The Slavic and East European Journal|date=Autumn 1998|volume=42|issue=3|pages=381–384|doi=10.2307/309675|jstor=309675}}
* {{cite book|author=Hayward, Max|title=On trial: the Soviet State versus "Abram Tertz" and "Nikolai Arzhak"|url=https://archive.org/details/ontrialsovietsta008800rich|url-access=registration|date=1966|publisher=Harper & Row|asin=B000BF3EIE}}
* {{cite journal|author=Jacobson, Dan|title=Observations: Sinyavsky's art|journal=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]|date=1 November 1976|volume=62|issue=5|pages=66|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/ccbffa7fa429d35a9fef07fb97e56838/1?}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kolonosky, Walter|title=Andrei Siniavskii: the chorus and the critic|journal=Canadian-American Slavic Studies|date=1975|volume=9|issue=3|pages=352–360|doi=10.1163/221023975X00126}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kolonosky, Walter|title=Andrei Sinyavsky: puzzle maker|journal=The Slavic and East European Journal|date=Autumn 1998|volume=42|issue=3|pages=385–388|doi=10.2307/309676|jstor=309676}}
* {{cite book|author=Kolonosky, Walter|title=Literary insinuations: sorting out Sinyavsky's irreverence|date=2003|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0739104880|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeOZAIXkMHEC}}
* {{cite book|author=Lourie, Richard|title=Letters to the future: an approach to Sinyavsky–Tertz|url=https://archive.org/details/letterstofuturea00lour|url-access=registration|date=1975|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, New York|isbn=978-0801408908}}
* {{cite journal|author=Matich, Olga|title=Spokojnoj noči: Andrej Sinjavskij's rebirth as Abram Terc|journal=The Slavic and East European Journal|date=Spring 1989|volume=33|issue=1|pages=50–63|doi=10.2307/308383|jstor=308383}}
* {{cite book|author=Murav, Harriet|chapter=Siniavskii, libel, and the author's liability|title=Russia's legal fictions|date=1998|publisher=University of Michigan Press|location=Michigan|isbn=978-0472108794|pages=193–232|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdJ3c3E1nGIC&pg=PA193}}
* {{cite journal|author=Nepomnyashchy, Catharine|title=Andrei Sinyavsky's "You and I": a modern day fantastic tale|journal=Ulbandus Review|date=Fall 1982|volume=2|issue=2|pages=209–230|jstor=25748080}}
* {{cite journal|author=Nepomnyashchy, Catharine|title=Sinyavsky/Tertz: the evolution of the writer in exile|journal=Humanities in Society|date=1984|volume=7|issue=3/4|pages=123–142|url=http://www.cathynepomnyashchy.com/uploads/2/4/4/5/24452532/nepomnyashchy_sinyavsky_tertz.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412204703/http://www.cathynepomnyashchy.com/uploads/2/4/4/5/24452532/nepomnyashchy_sinyavsky_tertz.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|author=Nepomnyashchy, Catharine|title=Andrei Sinyavsky's 'return' to the Soviet Union|journal=Formations|date=Spring 1991|volume=6|issue=1|pages=24–44}}
* {{cite book|author=Nepomnyashchy, Catharine|title=Abram Tertz and the poetics of crime|date=1995|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven & London|isbn=978-0300062106}}
* {{cite journal|author=Nepomnyashchy, Catharine|title=Andrei Donatovich Sinyavsky (1925–1997)|journal=The Slavic and East European Journal|date=Autumn 1998|volume=42|issue=3|pages=367–371|doi=10.2307/309672|jstor=309672}}
* {{cite journal|author=Parthé, Kathleen|title=Sinyavsky on his way to tomorrow|journal=The Slavic and East European Journal|date=Autumn 1998|volume=42|issue=3|pages=394–398|doi=10.2307/309678|jstor=309678}}
* {{cite book|author=Pearson, John|title=Techniques of alienation in the fiction of Andrey Sinyavsky|date=1972|publisher=Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Stanford University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5tFAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Pevear, Richard|title=Sinyavsky in two worlds|journal=[[The Hudson Review]]|date=Autumn 1972|volume=25|issue=3|pages=375–402|doi=10.2307/3850088|jstor=3850088}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Phillips, William |author2=Shragin, Boris |author3=Aleshkovsky, Yuz |author4=Kott, Jan |author5=Siniavski, Andrei |author6=Aksyonov, Vassily |author7=Litvinov, Pavel |author8=Dovlatov, Sergei |author9=Nekrassov, Viktor |author10=Etkind, Efim |author11=Voinovich, Vladimir |author12=Kohak, Erazim |author13=Loebl, Eugen |title=Writers in exile III: a conference of Soviet and East European dissidents|journal=[[The Partisan Review]]|date=Winter 1984|volume=51|issue=1|pages=11–44}}
* {{cite journal|author=Woronzoff, Alexander|title=The writer as artist and critic: the case of Andrej Sinjavskij|journal=Russian Language Journal|date=Winter–Spring 1983|volume=37|issue=126/127|pages=139–145|jstor=43659908}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt5j49p7nv/ Andrei Siniavskii Papers] at the [http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives/ Hoover Institution Archives]
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-andrei-sinyavsky-1280852.html Obituary: Andrei Sinyavsky], ''[[The Independent]]'', February 27, 1997
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050501213611/http://www.literature-guide.com/browse-tertz_abram-2311-1.html Literary Guide Avram Tertz]
*{{in lang|ru}} [http://antology.igrunov.ru/authors/synyavsky/ Sinyavsky/Tertz]. Anthology of Samizdat
*{{in lang|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070101211257/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/14/sinyavskii14.shtml Sinyavsky/Tertz: Face, Image, Mask]. [[Toronto Slavic Quarterly]]
*{{in lang|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20061005003346/http://www.belousenko.com/wr_Tertz.htm Sinyavsky/Tertz]. Alexander Belousenko's Electronic Library

{{Soviet dissidents}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinyavsky, Andrei}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Moscow State University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Moscow]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian writers]]
[[Category:Soviet short story writers]]
[[Category:Soviet novelists]]
[[Category:Soviet dissidents]]
[[Category:Soviet prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Soviet emigrants to France]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Paris]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Moscow Art Theatre School]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia]]
[[Category:Russian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Russian satirists]]
[[Category:Russian satirical novelists]]
[[Category:Soviet military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Dubravlag detainees]]

List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Moscow

2025-09-25T17:55:10Z

176.195.201.62: /* Patriarchs of Moscow and all Rus' (restored, 1917–present) */

{{Short description|None}}
{{Expand Russian|Список предстоятелей Русской православной церкви|date=August 2016}}
{|style="float: right;"
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|[[File:Monogram Patriarchy Moskiewskiego i całej Rusi, Cyryla..svg|thumb|Monogram of the current [[Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus']], [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow|Kirill]].]]
|-
|[[File:Dvenadsatapostolov2.jpg|thumb|[[Church of the Twelve Apostles]], [[Cathedral Square, Moscow|Cathedral Square]], [[Kremlin]] – cathedral church of the Patriarchs of Moscow.]]
|-
|{{Eastern Orthodox sidebar}}
|}
This article lists the '''metropolitans and [[Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'|patriarchs of Moscow]]''', spiritual heads of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. Since 1308, there have been 59.

== History ==
{{main|History of the Russian Orthodox Church}}
The [[Russian Orthodox Church]] traces its beginnings to the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus']] at [[Kiev]] in 988 AD. In 1316 the [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] of Kiev changed his [[Episcopal see|see]] to the city of [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]], and in 1322 moved again to [[Moscow]]. In 1589, the see was elevated to a [[Patriarch]]ate. The Patriarchate was abolished by the [[Church reform of Peter the Great]] in 1721 and replaced by the [[Most Holy Synod|Most Holy Governing Synod]], and the Bishop of Moscow came to be called a Metropolitan again. The Patriarchate was restored by the [[1917–18 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church|1917–18 Local Council]] and suspended by the [[Government of the Soviet Union|Soviet government]] in 1925. It was reintroduced for the last time by the [[1943 Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church|1943 Bishops' Council]], during [[World War II]] by the initiative of [[List of leaders of the Soviet Union|Soviet leader]] [[Joseph Stalin]].
To this date, 19 of the Metropolitans have been [[Glorification|glorified]] in the Russian Orthodox Church.

== Metropolitans of Kiev and all Rus' (permanent residence in Moscow, 1325–1441) ==
''For a list of metropolitans before the seat of the [[Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'#Reunification of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'|Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus']] was moved to Moscow, see [[List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Kyiv]].''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!No.
!Primate
!Portrait
!Reign
!Notes
|-
|1
|'''[[Peter of Moscow|St. Peter]]'''
|[[File:Mitropolit petr of Moscow.jpg|70px]]
|1308–1326
|
|-
|colspan="5" style="background:#B9B9B9" |'''''Seat vacant 1326–1328'''''
|-
|2
|'''[[Theognostus of Kiev|St. Theognostus]]'''
|[[File:Metropolitan Theognost - wooden figure.jpg|70px]]
|1328–1353
|
|-
|3
|'''[[Alexius, Metropolitan of Kiev|St. Alexius]]'''
|[[File:Dionisius 002.jpg|70px]]
|1354–1378
|
|-
|
|''[[Mikhail (Mityay)]]'' ([[:ru:Михаил (наречённый митрополит Киевский)|ru]])
|[[File:No image.png|70px]]
|1378–1379
|''Locum tenens''
|-
|colspan="5" style="background:#B9B9B9" |'''''Seat vacant 1379–1381'''''
|-
|4
|'''[[Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev|St. Cyprian]]'''
|[[File:Kyprian.jpg|70px]]
|1381–1382
|First tenure
|-
|5
|'''[[Pimen, Metropolitan of Kiev|Pimen]]'''
|[[File:No image.png|70px]]
|1382–1384
|In opposition
|-
|6
|'''[[Dionysius, Metropolitan of Kiev|St. Dionysius I]]'''
|[[File:Dionisiy.jpg|70px]]
|1384–1385
|In opposition
|-
|colspan="5" style="background:#B9B9B9" |'''''Seat vacant 1385–1390'''''
|-
|
|'''[[Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev|St. Cyprian]]'''
|[[File:Kyprian.jpg|70px]]
|1390–1406
|Second tenure
|-
|colspan="5" style="background:#B9B9B9" |'''''Seat vacant 1406–1408'''''
|-
|7
|'''[[Photius (Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus')|St. Photius]]'''
|[[File:Photiy.jpg|70px]]
|1408–1431
|
|-
|colspan="5" style="background:#B9B9B9" |'''''Seat vacant 1431–1433'''''
|-
|8
|'''[[Gerasim, Metropolitan of Moscow|Gerasim]]''' ([[:ru:Герасим (митрополит Киевский)|ru]])
|[[File:No image.png|70px]]
|1433–1435
|
|-
|9
|'''[[Isidore of Kiev]]'''
|[[File:Isidore of Kiev.jpg|70px]]
|1436–1441
|Deposed by the [[Grand Prince of Moscow]], [[Vasily II of Moscow|Vasily II]], over his acceptance of the [[Council of Florence]]. The deposition was not recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
|-
|colspan="5" style="background:#B9B9B9" |'''''Seat vacant 1441–1448''''' (according to the Grand Duke of Moscow)
|-
|}

[[File:Holy Metropolitans of Moscow - Peter, Alexis, Jonah and Phili (1730-40s, priv.coll).jpg|200px|thumb|right|Five Holy Metropolitans (Peter, Alexius, Jonah, Philip). 18th century [[icon]]]]

Isidore of Kiev, who was of Greek origin, submitted to the articles of the [[Bull of Union with the Greeks]] which united the Orthodox Church in Russia with the [[Latin Church]]. Following his acceptance of the [[Council of Florence]], Isidore returned to Moscow in 1441 as a [[Ruthenia]]n [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]]. He was arrested by the [[Prince of Moscow|Grand Prince of Moscow]] — [[Vasily II of Moscow|Vasily II]], and accused of [[Apostasy in Christianity|apostasy]]. The Grand Duke deposed Isidore and in 1448 installed his own candidate as Metropolitan of Kiev — [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]]. This was carried out without the approval of Patriarch [[Gregory III of Constantinople]]. When Isidore died in 1458, the Orthodox [[diocese]]s within the territory of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], including Kiev, were reorganized. The metropolitan see was moved to [[Vilnius]], the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A [[List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Kyiv#Metropolitans of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia|parallel succession]] to the title ensued between Moscow and Vilnius.

== Metropolitans of Moscow and all Rus' (1448–1589) ==
The Grand Prince of Moscow voided the Union of Florence and imprisoned Metropolitan Isidore for some time. Following that incident, the Grand Prince removed Isidore from office and appointed his own man — [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]]. These decisions were not recognised by Patriarch [[Gregory III of Constantinople]] who continued to recognise Isidore as the [[Canon law|canonical]] metropolitan. As a result, in 1448, Jonah unilaterally changed his title to "Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus' " which was tantamount to a declaration of [[Autocephaly|independence]] of the Church in eastern Rus' from the Patriarchate of Constantinople. All sixteen successive hierarchs of the Metropolis of Moscow and all Rus' were selected by the civil power and installed without the approval of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Successive patriarchs continued to recognize Isidore and his successors as hierarchs of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!No.
!Primate
!Portrait
!colspan="2"|Reign
!Notes
|-
|1
|'''[[Jonah of Moscow|St. Jonah]]'''
|[[File:Jonah Metropolitan.jpg|70px]]
|1448
|1461
|Installed without the approval of Patriarch [[Gregory III of Constantinople]] who continued to recognize Isidore until his death in 1458.
|-
|2
|'''[[Theodosius, Metropolitan of Moscow|Theodosius]]'''
|[[File:No image.png|70px]]
|3 May 1461
|13 September 1464
|Became the second Metropolitan to be appointed by the Grand Duke of Moscow. He was not recognised by the Patriarch of Constantinople.
|-
|3
|'''[[Philip I, Metropolitan of Moscow|St. Philip I]]'''
|[[File:Philip of Moscow.jpeg|70px]]
|11 November 1464
|5 April 1473
|
|-
|4
|'''[[Gerontius, Metropolitan of Moscow|St. Gerontius]]'''
|[[File:Митрополит Геронтий.jpg|70px]]
|29 June 1473
|28 May 1489
|
|-
|5
|'''[[Zosimus, Metropolitan of Moscow|Zosimus]]'''
|[[File:No image.png|70px]]
|26 September 1490
|17 May 1494
|Removed from the metropolitan throne on charges of [[Heresy of the Judaizers|heresy]]
|-
|6
|'''[[Simon, Metropolitan of Moscow|Simon]]'''
|[[File:Elena Voloshanka's pelena - detail 08.jpg|70px]]
|22 September 1495
|30 April 1511
|
|-
|7
|'''[[Varlaam, Metropolitan of Moscow|Varlaam]]'''
|[[File:No image.png|70px]]
|3 August 1511
|18 December 1521
|
|-
|8
|'''[[Daniel, Metropolitan of Moscow|Daniel]]''' {{small|1492–1547}}
|[[File:Metropolitan Daniel of Moscow Engraving.png|70px]]
|27 February 1522
|2 February 1539
|Deposed by the [[Shuysky]]s after the death of de facto regent [[Elena Glinskaya]] and the fall of her favorite Ivan Ovchina-Telepnev.
|-
|9
|'''[[Joasaphus, Metropolitan of Moscow|St. Joasaphus]]''' {{small|Skripitsyn died 1555}}
|[[File:No image.png|70px]]
|6 February 1539
|January 1542
|Deposed by the Shuysky
|-
|10
|'''[[Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow|St. Macarius]]'''
|[[File:Metropolitan Macarius.jpg|70px]]
|19 March 1542
|31 December 1563
|
|-
|11
|'''[[Athanasius, Metropolitan of Moscow|Athanasius]]''' {{small|died 1575}}
|[[File:No image.png|70px]]
|5 March 1564
|16 May 1566
|
|-
|12
|'''''[[Herman of Kazan and Svyazhsk|St. Herman]]''''' {{small|Grigory Sadyrev-Polyev}}
|[[File:German of Kazan.jpg|70px]]
|colspan=2|July 1566
|Metropolitan-elect. Expelled from Moscow after a dispute with [[Ivan the Terrible|Ivan IV]]
|-
|13
|'''[[Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow|St. Philip II]]''' {{small|Feodor Kolychyov 1507–1569}}
|[[File:Filipp, mitropolitt of Moscow.jpg|70px]]
|25 July 1566
|4 November 1568
|Deposed and believed to have been later killed by Ivan IV's officials
|-
|14
|'''[[Cyril, Metropolitan of Moscow|Cyril III]] (IV)''' {{small|1492–1572}}
|[[File:No image.png|70px]]
|11 November 1568
|8 February 1572
|
|-
|15
|'''[[Anthony, Metropolitan of Moscow|Anthony]]'''
|[[File:No image.png|70px]]
|May 1572
|1581
|
|-
|16
|'''[[Dionysius, Metropolitan of Moscow|Dionysius II]]''' {{small|died 1591}}
|[[File:No image.png|70px]]
|1581
|13 October 1587
|Deposed
|-
|17
|'''[[Patriarch Job of Moscow|St. Job]]'''
|[[File:Patriarch Job of Moscow.jpg|70px]]
|11 December 1587
|23 January 1589
|Elevated to "Patriarch of Moscow"
|-
|}

== Patriarchs of Moscow and all Rus' (1589–1721) ==
[[File:5patriarchs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First five Patriarchs (Job, Hermogenes, Philaret, Joasaphus I, Joseph). 19th century [[lubok]]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!No.
!Primate
!Portrait
!colspan="2"|Reign
!Notes
|-
|1
|'''[[Patriarch Job of Moscow|St. Job]]'''
|[[File:Patriarch Job of Moscow.jpg|70px]]
|23 January 1589
|June 1605
|
|-
|—
|'''''[[Ignatius of Moscow|Ignatius]]'''''
|[[File:Патриарх Игнатий.jpg|70px]]
|''30 June 1605''
|''16 May 1606''
|
|-
|2
|'''[[Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow|St. Hermogenes]]'''
|[[File:Patriarch Germogen (tsarskiy titulyarnik) 2.jpg|70px]]
|3 July 1606
|17 February 1612
|
|-
|colspan="6" style="background:#B9B9B9" |'''''Seat vacant 1612–1619'''''
|-
|3
|'''[[Patriarch Filaret of Moscow|Filaret]]''' {{small|Fyodor Romanov 1553–1633}}
|[[File:Philaret.jpg|70px]]
|24 June 1619
|1 October 1633
|Father of [[Michael of Russia]]
|-
|4
|'''[[Patriarch Joasaphus I of Moscow|Joasaphus I]]'''
|[[File:Joasaphus I from Tsarsky titulyarnik.jpg|70px]]
|6 February 1634
|28 November 1640
|
|-
|colspan="6" style="background:#B9B9B9" |'''''Seat vacant 1640–1642'''''
|-
|5
|'''[[Patriarch Joseph of Moscow|Joseph]]''' {{small|Ignaty Dyakov}}
|[[File:Patriarch Iosif.jpg|70px]]
|27 May 1642
|15 April 1652
|
|-
|6
|'''[[Patriarch Nikon of Moscow|Nikon]]''' {{small|Nikita Minin 1605–1681}}
|[[File:Portrait of Patriarch Nikon.jpg|70px]]
|25 July 1652
|12 December 1666
|
|-
|—
|''[[Patriarch Pitirim of Moscow|Pitirim]]''
|[[File:Pitirim.jpg|70px]]
|1658
|1667
|''locum tenens''
|-
|7
|'''[[Patriarch Joasaphus II of Moscow|Joasaphus II]]'''
|[[File:Joasaphus II from Tsarsky titulyarnik.jpg|70px]]
|31 January 1667
|17 February 1672
|
|-
|8
|'''[[Patriarch Pitirim of Moscow|Pitirim]]'''
|[[File:Pitirim.jpg|70px]]
|7 July 1672
|19 April 1673
|
|-
|9
|'''[[Patriarch Joachim of Moscow|Joachim]]''' {{small|Ivan Savyolov 1620–1690}}
|[[File:Icon 02044 Patriarh Ioakim Moskovskij 1620-1690. Neizv. hud. XVII v. Rossiya.jpg|70px]]
|26 July 1674
|17 March 1690
|
|-
|10
|'''[[Patriarch Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]]'''
|[[File:Patriarkh Adrian.jpg|70px]]
|26 August 1690
|16 October 1700
|
|-
|—
|''[[Stefan Yavorsky|Stefan]]''
|[[File:Stephen Yavorsky.jpg|70px]]
|1700
|1721
|''Locum tenens''
|-
|}

== Metropolitans and archbishops of Moscow (1721–1917) ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!No.
!Primate
!Portrait
!colspan=2|Reign
!width="50%"|Notes
|-
|1
|'''[[Stefan Yavorsky|Stefan]]''' {{small|Simeon Yavorsky (1658–1722)}}
|[[File:Stephen Yavorsky.jpg|70px]]
|1721
|1722
|''President of the [[Most Holy Synod]]''. Stefan refused to sign the Synod's documents, did not attend its meetings. [[Peter the Great|Peter I]] apparently appointed him only to give a certain sanction to the new institution.
|-
|2
|'''[[Theophan Prokopovich|Theophan]]''' {{small|Prokopovich (1681–1736)}}
|[[File:Feofan Prokopovich.jpg|70px]]
|1722
|1736
|Vice president of the Synod and its ''prime member'' since 15 July 1726
|-
|colspan="6" style="background:#B9B9B9" |'''''Seat vacant 1736–1742'''''
|-
|3
|'''[[Joseph Volchansky|Joseph]]''' ([[:ru:Иосиф (Волчанский)|ru]]) Volchansky
|[[File:Иосиф (Волчанский).jpg|70px]]
|1 September 1742
|10 June 1745
|Archbishop of Moscow and [[Diocese of Vladimir (Russian Orthodox Church)|Vladimir]] [http://drevo-info.ru/articles/11518.html]
|-
|4
|'''[[Plato Malinovsky|Plato I]]''' ([[:ru:Платон (Малиновский)|ru]]) Pavel Malinovsky
|[[File:No image.png|70px]]
|5 April 1748
|14 June 1754
|Archbishop of Moscow and [[Sevsk, Bryansk Oblast|Sevsk]] [http://biografija.ru/show_bio.aspx?id=106486]
|-
|
|''[[Hilarion of Krutitsy|Hilarion]]'' ([[:ru:Иларион (Григорович)|ru]]) Grigorovich (1696–1759)
|[[File:No image.png|70px]]
|colspan=2|1754–1757
|''Coadjutor''
|-
|5
|'''[[Timothy, Metropolitan of Moscow|Timothy]]''' ([[:ru:Тимофей (Щербацкий)|ru]]) Tikhon Shcherbatsky (1698–1767)
|[[File:Тимофей (Щербацкий).jpg|70px]]
|22 October 1757
|3 January 1767
|Metropolitan of Moscow and [[Kaluga]]
|-
|6
|'''[[Ambrose of Moscow|Ambrosius]]''' Andrey Sertis-Kamensky (1708–1771)
|[[File:Ambrosius of Moscow.jpg|70px]]
|18 January 1768
|16 September 1771
|Archbishop of Moscow. Murdered during the [[Moscow plague riot of 1771]]
|-
|
|''[[Samoel of Krutitsy|Samoel]]'' ([[:ru:Самуил (Миславский)|ru]])
|[[File:Самуил (Миславский).jpg|70px]]
|colspan=2|1771–1775
|''Coadjutor''
|-
|7
|'''[[Platon Levshin|Plato II]]''' Levshin (1737–1812)
|[[File:Mitropolit Platon.jpg|70px]]
|20 January 1775
|13 June 1812
|Metropolitan of Moscow and [[Kolomna]] since 1787
|-
|colspan=6 style="background:#B9B9B9" |'''''Seat vacant 1812–1818'''''
|-
|8
|'''[[Augustine, Metropolitan of Moscow|Augustine]]''' ([[:ru:Августин (Виноградский)|ru]]) Alexey Vinogradsky (1766–1819)
|[[File:Августин (Виноградский).jpg|70px]]
|19 February 1818
|15 March 1819
|Archbishop of Moscow and Kolomna
|-
|9
|'''[[Seraphim, Metropolitan of Moscow|Seraphim]]''' ([[:ru:Серафим (Глаголевский)|ru]]) Stefan Glagolevsky (1763–1843)
|[[File:Серафим (Глаголевский).jpg|70px]]
|15 March 1819
|19 June 1821
|Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna
|-
|10
|'''[[Philaret Drozdov|St. Philaret]]''' Vasily Drozdov (1783–1867)
|[[File:Filaret, Metropolitan of Moscow.jpg|70px]]
|15 July 1821
|2 December 1867
|Archbishop of Moscow and Kolomna, metropolitan since 1826
|-
|11
|'''[[Innocent of Alaska|St. Innocent]]''' Ivan Veniaminov (1797–1879)
|[[File:St Innocent of Alaska.JPG|70px]]
|5 January 1868
|12 April 1879
|
|-
|12
|'''[[Macarius Bulgakov|Macarius I]]''' Mikhail Bulgakov (1816–1882)
|[[File:Mitropolitan Macarius (Bulgakov).jpg|70px]]
|20 April 1879
|21 June 1882
|
|-
|13
|'''[[Joannicius, Metropolitan of Moscow|Joannicius]]''' ([[:ru:Иоанникий (Руднев)|ru]]) Ivan Rudnev (1826–1900)
|[[File:Иоанникий (Руднев).jpg|70px]]
|27 June 1882
|17 November 1891
|
|-
|14
|'''[[Leontius, Metropolitan of Moscow|Leontius]]''' ([[:ru:Леонтий (Лебединский)|ru]]) Ivan Lebedinsky (1822–1893)
|[[File:Леонтий (Лебединский).jpg|70px]]
|17 November 1891
|13 August 1893
|
|-
|15
|'''[[Sergius, Metropolitan of Moscow|Sergius]]''' ([[:ru:Сергий (Ляпидевский)|ru]]) Nikolay Lyapidevsky (1820–1898)
|[[File:Сергий (Ляпидевский).jpg|70px]]
|21 August 1893
|23 February 1898
|
|-
|16
|'''[[Vladimir Bogoyavlensky|St. Vladimir]]''' Vasily Bogoyavlensky (1848–1918)
|[[File:Владимир (Богоявленский).jpg|70px]]
|5 March 1898
|6 December 1912
|
|-
|17
|'''[[Macarius Nevsky|St. Macarius II]]''' Mikhail Nevsky (1835–1926)
|[[File:Metropolitan of Moscow Makariy Nevskiy.jpg|70px]]
|8 December 1912
|2 April 1917
|
|-
|}

== Patriarchs of Moscow and all Rus' (restored, 1917–present) ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!No.
!Primate
!Portrait
!Election
!colspan="3"|Reign
!Notes
|-
|11
|'''[[Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow|St. Tikhon]]''' {{small|Vasily Bellavin (1865–1925)}}
|[[File:Tikhon of Moscow.jpg|70px]]
|[[1917–18 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church|1917–18]]
|4 December 1917<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1917/11/25/archives/tikhon-russian-patriarch-former-head-of-the-church-in-america.html|title=Tikhon Russian Patriarch|date=25 November 1917|work=The New York Times|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|7 April 1925<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1925/04/09/archives/patriarch-tikhon-dies-near-moscow-deposed-head-of-russian-church.html|title=Patriarch Tikhon Dies Near Moscow|date=9 April 1925|work=The New York Times|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Age in years, months and days|1917|12|4|1925|4|7}}
|
|-
|- bgcolor="#dddddd"
|—
|''[[Peter of Krutitsy|Peter]] {{small|Pyotr Polyansky (1862–1937)}}''
|[[File:Митрополит Крутицкий Петр (Полянский). 1925.jpg|70px]]
|—
|12 April 1925
|''December 1925 / 11 September 1936''
|{{Age in years|1925|1936}} years
|Metropolitan of Krutitsy, ''locum tenens''
|-
|- bgcolor="#dddddd"
|rowspan=2|—
|rowspan=2|''[[Patriarch Sergius of Moscow|Sergius]] {{small|Ivan Stragorodsky (1867–1944)}}''
|rowspan=2|[[File:Митрополит Сергий (ЖМП).jpg|70px]]
|rowspan=2|—
|December 1925
|27 December 1936
|rowspan=2|{{Age in years and months|1925|12|1|1943|9|12}}
|Metropolitan of Nizhny Novgorod, acting ''locum tenens''
|-
|- bgcolor="#dddddd"
|27 December 1936
|12 September 1943
|Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna, ''locum tenens''
|-
|12
|'''[[Patriarch Sergius of Moscow|Sergius]]''' {{small|Ivan Stragorodsky (1867–1944)}}
|[[File:Патриарх Сергий.jpg|70px]]
|[[1943 Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church|1943]]
|12 September 1943<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1943/09/14/archives/the-russian-patriarch.html|title=The Russian Patriarch|date=14 September 1943|work=The New York Times|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|15 May 1944<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1944/05/16/archives/ergiuspatriarci-of-russia-dies-78-became-the-orthodox-primate-when.html|title=Sergius, Patriarch of Russia, Dies 78|date=16 May 1944|work=The New York Times|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Age in years, months and days|1943|9|12|1944|5|15}}
|
|-
|13
|'''[[Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow|Alexy I]]''' {{small|Sergey Simansky (1877–1970)}}
|[[File:Патриарх Алексий I.jpg|70px]]
|[[1945 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church|1945]]
|4 February 1945<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1945/02/03/archives/alexei-is-elected-russian-patriarch-vote-is-unanimous-at-meeting-of.html|title=Alexei Is Elected Russian Patriarch|date=3 February 1945|work=The New York Times|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|17 April 1970<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/19/archives/patriarch-a-lexis-is-lead-at-92-led-russian-orthodox-church.html|title=Patriarch Alexis Is Dead at 92|date=19 April 1970|work=The New York Times|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Age in years, months and days|1945|2|4|1970|4|17}}
|
|-
|14
|'''[[Patriarch Pimen I of Moscow|Pimen]]''' {{small|Sergey Izvekov (1910–1990)}}
|[[File:Patriarch Pimen of Moscow and all Rus'.jpg|70px]]
|[[1971 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church|1971]]
|3 June 1971<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/03/archives/metropolitan-pimen-elected-patriarch-of-russian-orthodox-church.html|title=Metropolitan Pimen Elected Patriarch of Russian Orthodox Church|date=3 June 1971|work=The New York Times|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|3 May 1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/04/obituaries/patriarch-pimen-79-the-leader-of-the-russian-church-since-71.html|title=Patriarch Pimen, 79, the Leader Of the Russian Church Since '71|date=4 May 1990|author=[[Bill Keller]]|work=The New York Times|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Age in years, months and days|1971|6|3|1990|5|3}}
|During Pimen's reign the [[1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus']] was celebrated, and the [[1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church|1988 Local Council]] was held in connection with the celebration.
|-
|15
|'''[[Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow|Alexy II]]''' {{small|Aleksei Ridiger (1929–2008)}}
|[[File:Tema Pühadus Moskva ja kogu Venemaa Patriarh Aleksius II.jpeg|70px]]
|[[1990 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church|1990]]
|10 June 1990
|5 December 2008
|{{Age in years, months and days|1990|6|10|2008|12|5}}
|
|-
|16
|'''[[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow|Kirill]]''' {{small|Vladimir Gundyayev (born 1946)}}
|[[File:Патриарх Кирилл 2022.jpg|70px]]
|[[2009 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church|2009]]
|1 February 2009
|Incumbent
|{{Age in years, months and days|2009|2|1}} {{small|(as of {{FULLDATE|type=dmy}})}}
|
|-
|}

== Timeline of patriarchs ==
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:12
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:30 right:135 left:20
AlignBars = early

Define $now = {{#time:Y}}

DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:1589 till:{{#expr:{{#time:Y}}+1}}
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:50 start:1600
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:10 start:1590

Colors =
id:canvas value:rgb(0.97,0.97,0.97)
id:PT value:rgb(1,0.8,0)

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BarData =
barset:Popes

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width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
barset:Popes

from: 1589 till: 1605 color:PT text:"[[Patriarch Job of Moscow|St. Job]]"
from: 1606 till: 1612 color:PT text:"[[Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow|St. Hermogenes]]"
from: 1619 till: 1633 color:PT text:"[[Patriarch Filaret of Moscow|Filaret]]"
from: 1634 till: 1640 color:PT text:"[[Patriarch Joasaphus I of Moscow|Joasaphus I]]"
from: 1642 till: 1652 color:PT text:"[[Patriarch Joseph of Moscow|Joseph]]"
from: 1652 till: 1666 color:PT text:"[[Patriarch Nikon of Moscow|Nikon]]"
from: 1667 till: 1672 color:PT text:"[[Patriarch Joasaphus II of Moscow|Joasaphus II]]"
from: 1672 till: 1673 color:PT text:"[[Patriarch Pitirim of Moscow|Pitirim]]"
from: 1674 till: 1690 color:PT text:"[[Patriarch Joachim of Moscow|Joachim]]"
from: 1690 till: 1700 color:PT text:"[[Patriarch Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]]"
from: 1917 till: 1925 color:PT text:"[[Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow|St. Tikhon]]"
from: 1943 till: 1944 color:PT text:"[[Patriarch Sergius of Moscow|Sergius]]"
from: 1945 till: 1970 color:PT text:"[[Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow|Alexy I]]"
from: 1971 till: 1990 color:PT text:"[[Patriarch Pimen I of Moscow|Pimen]]"
from: 1990 till: 2008 color:PT text:"[[Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow|Alexy II]]"
from: 2009 till: $now color:PT text:"[[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow|Kirill]]"

barset:skip

}}

== See also ==
* [[Russian Orthodox Church]]
** [[Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus']]
* [[List of heads of the Russian Orthodox Church]]
* [[List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Kyiv]]
* [[List of current popes and patriarchs]]
* [[List of current Christian leaders]]
* [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
* [[Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Primates of the Russian Orthodox Church}}
{{Russian Orthodox Church}}
{{Lists of Russians}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Metropolitans And Patriarchs Of Moscow}}
[[Category:Metropolitans and patriarchs of Moscow|*List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs]]
[[Category:Lists of Eastern Orthodox bishops and archbishops|Moscow]]
[[Category:Lists of patriarchs|Moscow]]
[[Category:Lists of Russian people|Metropolitans and Patriarchs]]