List of things named after Carl Friedrich Gauss

2025-07-14T17:17:27Z

198.102.58.250: /* Gaussian function and topics named for it */

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[[File:Carl Friedrich Gauss 1840 by Jensen.jpg|thumb|200px|Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855)]]

[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] (1777–1855) is the [[eponym]] of all of the topics listed below.
There are over 100 topics all named after this German mathematician and scientist, all in the fields of mathematics, physics, and astronomy. The English eponymous adjective ''Gaussian'' is pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|g|au|s|i|@n}}.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Wells |editor-first=John |editor-link=John C. Wells |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |publisher=Pearson Longman |edition=3rd |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref>

== Mathematics ==
[[Image:Gaussian curvature.svg|thumb|Various Gaussian curvatures]]

=== [[Algebra]] and [[linear algebra]] ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*[[Gaussian elimination]], also known as ''row reduction'' or ''Gaussian method''
*[[Gauss–Jordan elimination]]
*[[Gauss–Seidel method]]
*[[Cyclotomic polynomial#Gauss's formula|Gauss's cyclotomic formula]]
*[[Gauss's lemma (polynomial)|Gauss's lemma]] in relation to [[polynomial]]s
*[[Gaussian binomial coefficient]], also called ''Gaussian polynomial'' or ''Gaussian coefficient''
* [[Gauss transformation]], also called ''Frobenius matrix''
}}
=== [[Geometry]] and [[differential geometry]] ===
[[Image:Gauss map.svg|thumb|218x218px|Gauss map]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*[[Gauss–Newton line#Theorem 3|Gauss–Bodenmiller theorem]] – described on [http://users.math.uoc.gr/~pamfilos/eGallery/problems/GaussBodenmiller.html website of University of Crete]
*[[Gauss–Bolyai–Lobachevsky space]], a [[hyperbolic geometry]]
*[[Gauss–Bonnet theorem]], a theorem about curvature in [[differential geometry]] for 2d surfaces
**[[Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem]] in differential geometry, [[Shiing-Shen Chern]]'s generalization of the above theorem to higher dimensions
*[[Gauss's braid]] in [[braid theory]] – a four-strand braid
*[[Gauss–Codazzi equations]]
*[[Gauss–Manin connection]], a connection on a vector bundle over a family of algebraic varieties
*[[Gauss–Newton line]] – described in [http://www.math.sjsu.edu/~alperin/11PointConic.pdf Journal for Geometry and Graphics], see also [[Newton line]]
*[[Gauss's area formula]]
*[[Gauss's lemma (Riemannian geometry)|Gauss's lemma]] in [[Riemannian geometry]]
*[[Gauss map]] in differential geometry
*[[Gaussian curvature]], defined in his [[Theorema egregium]]
* [[Gauss circle problem]]
}}

=== [[Number theory]] ===
[[File:Gaussian moat 15x15.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Gaussian moat]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*[[Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing constant]], a constant in [[number theory]]
*[[Gauss's constant]], the [[Multiplicative inverse|reciprocal]] of the [[arithmetic–geometric mean|AGM]] of 1 and <math>\scriptstyle\sqrt{2}</math>
*[[Gauss's digamma theorem]], a theorem about the [[digamma function]]
*[[Wilson's theorem#Gauss's generalization|Gauss's generalization of Wilson's theorem]]
*[[Gauss's lemma (number theory)|Gauss's lemma]] in [[number theory]]
*[[Gauss composition law]] – described on [http://www.dms.umontreal.ca/~andrew/PDF/AlgTalkSlides.pdf website of University of Université de Montréal]
*[[Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing operator#The Gauss map|Gauss map]] in number theory
*[[Gaussian moat]]
*[[class number problem|Gauss class number problem]]
*[[Multiplication theorem#Gamma function–Legendre formula|Gauss's multiplication formula]]
}}
==== [[Cyclotomic field]]s ====
*[[Gaussian period]]
*[[Gaussian rational]]
*[[Gauss sum]], an [[exponential sum]] over [[Dirichlet character]]s
**[[Elliptic Gauss sum]], an analog of a [[Gauss sum]]
**[[Quadratic Gauss sum]]

=== [[Analysis]], [[numerical analysis]], [[vector calculus]] and [[calculus of variations]] ===
[[File:Comparison Gaussquad trapezoidal.svg|thumb|upright=2|alt=Comparison between 2-point Gaussian and trapezoidal quadrature.|Comparison between 2-point Gaussian and trapezoidal quadrature.]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*[[Gaussian quadrature]]
*[[Gauss–Hermite quadrature]]
*[[Gauss–Jacobi quadrature]]
*[[Gauss–Kronrod quadrature formula]]
*[[Gauss–Newton algorithm]]
*[[Gauss–Legendre algorithm]]
*[[Multiplication algorithm#Complex multiplication algorithm|Gauss's complex multiplication algorithm]]
*''Gauss's theorem'' may refer to the [[divergence theorem]], which is also known as the ''Ostrogradsky–Gauss theorem''
*[[Gauss pseudospectral method]]
*[[Gauss transform]], also known as Weierstrass transform.
}}
==== [[Complex analysis]] and [[convex analysis]] ====
*[[Gauss–Lucas theorem]]
*[[Gauss's continued fraction]], an analytic continued fraction derived from the hypergeometric functions
*[[Gauss's test|Gauss's criterion]] – described on [https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Gauss_criterion Encyclopedia of Mathematics]
*[[Gauss's hypergeometric theorem]], an identity on [[hypergeometric series]]
*[[Gauss plane]]

=== Statistics ===
[[File:Copula gaussian.svg|thumb|Gaussian copula]]
*[[Gauss–Kuzmin distribution]], a [[discrete probability distribution]]
*[[Gauss–Markov process]]
*[[Gauss–Markov theorem]]
*[[Copula (probability theory)#Gaussian copula|Gaussian copula]]
*[[Gaussian measure]]
**[[Gaussian correlation inequality]]
**[[Gaussian isoperimetric inequality]]
* [[Gauss's inequality]]
* [[Gauss-Helmert model]]

==== Gaussian function and topics named for it ====
[[Image:Gaussian 2d.svg|thumb|300px|Gaussian curve with a 2-dimensional domain]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*The [[normal distribution]], also known as the Gaussian distribution, the most common bell curve in statistics
*The [[Gaussian function]], the function used in the normal distribution, but also used elsewhere
*The [[exponentially modified Gaussian distribution]] or function, used for description of peak shape in many techniques
*[[Error function|Gauss error function]]
*[[Gaussian process]]
*[[Gaussian filter]]
*[[Gauss iterated map]] ([[dynamical systems]])
*[[Additive white Gaussian noise]]
*[[Gaussian beam]]
*[[Gaussian blur]], a technique in [[image processing]]
*[[Gaussian fixed point]]
*[[Gaussian random field]]
**[[Gaussian free field]]
*[[Gaussian integral]]
*[[Variogram#Variogram models|Gaussian variogram model]]
*[[Mixture model#Gaussian mixture model|Gaussian mixture model]]
*[[Gaussian network model]]
*[[Gaussian noise]]
*[[Gaussian smoothing]]
*[[Gaussian splatting]]
*The [[inverse Gaussian distribution]], also known as the Wald distribution
}}

=== Knot theory ===
[[Image:3D-Link.PNG|thumb|right|Linking integral]]
*[[Gauss code]] – described on [https://www.math.toronto.edu/drorbn/Students/GreenJ/gausscode.html website of University of Toronto]
*[[Gauss linking integral]] ([[knot theory]])

=== Other mathematical areas ===

* Gauss's algorithm for [[determination of the day of the week#Gauss's algorithm|determination of the day of the week]]
* [[Gauss's Easter algorithm]]
*[[Gaussian brackets]] – described on [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GaussianBrackets.html WolframMathWorld]
*Gaussian's [[modular arithmetic]] 
*[[Gaussian integer]], usually written as {{math|'''Z'''[''i'']}}
:*[[Gaussian prime]]
* [[Gaussian logarithm]]s (also known as addition and subtraction logarithms)
* [[Gauss congruence]] for integer sequences

== Cartography ==
[[Image:NCEP_T62_gaussian_grid.png|thumb|alt=NCEP T62 Gaussian grid points|240px|right|Gaussian grid points]]
*[[Gauss–Krüger coordinate system]]
*[[Gaussian grid]]

== Physics ==
=== [[Optics]] ===
* [[Gauss lens]]
* [[Double-Gauss lens]]
*[[Gaussian optics]]

=== [[Classical mechanics]] ===
*[[Gauss's principle of least constraint]]
*For [[orbit determination]] in [[orbital mechanics]]:
**[[Gauss's law for gravity]]
**[[Gaussian gravitational constant]]
**[[Gaussian year]]
**[[Gauss's method]]

=== [[Quantum mechanics]] ===
*[[Gaussian orbital]]

=== [[Electromagnetism]] ===
[[File:Coilgun animation.gif|thumb|Gauss rifle]]
*[[Gaussian units]]
*[[Gauss (unit)|gauss]], the [[Centimetre gram second system of units|CGS unit]] for [[magnetic flux density]]
*[[Degaussing]], to demagnetize an object
*[[Coilgun|Gauss rifle]] or coilgun
*[[Gauss's law for magnetism]]
*[[Gaussian surface]]
**[[Gauss's law]], giving the relationship between [[flux]] through a closed surface and the enclosed source

*[[Gauss gun]]

== Awards and recognitions ==
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss Prize]], a mathematics award
*[[Gauss Lectureship]], a mathematical distinction
* The Gauss Mathematics Competition in Canadian junior high schools, an annual national mathematics competition administered by the [[Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing]]

== Other things named for him ==
=== Biology ===
[[file:Gaussia_maya4.jpg|thumb|160px|[[Gaussia maya]]]]
* ''[[Gaussia (plant)|Gaussia]]'', a palm genus described by [[Hermann Wendland]] with the then new species ''[[Gaussia princeps (plant)|Gaussia princeps]]'', collected by [[Charles Wright (botanist)|Charles Wright]] in western Cuba. Named in "memoriam astronomi Caroli Friderici Gauss".<ref>Wendland, H., 1865. Ueber die neue Palmengatung Gaussia. Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 1865.</ref>
* ''[[Gaussia (crustacean)|Gaussia]]'', a genus of [[copepod]]s

=== Informatics ===
*[[Gaussian (software)|Gaussian]], a computational chemistry software program
*[[GAUSS (software)|GAUSS]]{{fact|date=February 2023}}, a matrix programming language for mathematics and statistics

== Place names and expedition named in his honour ==
[[File:Braunschweig Gaussberg von Suedwesten (2011).JPG|thumb|upright|The Gaussberg in [[Braunschweig|Braunschweig, Germany]] with the Gauss memorial in front]]
'''Terrestrial'''
*The [[Gauss expedition]], the first German expedition to Antarctica (1901–1903)
** The ship ''[[Gauss (ship)|Gauss]]'', used in the [[Gauss expedition]] to the Antarctic
* [[Gaussberg]] in Antarctica, an extinct volcano discovered by the Gauss expedition
* [[Mount Gauss]], in Antarctica
* [[Gauss Peninsula]], East Greenland
* Gaussberg, a hill in [[Braunschweig]]

'''Celestial'''
* Crater [[Gauss (crater)|Gauss]] on the [[Moon]]<ref>Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A., (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097.</ref>
* [[Asteroid]] [[1001 Gaussia]]

== Institutions and buildings named in his honour ==
* The ''Carl-Friedrich-Gauss Fakultät'' of [[Braunschweig University of Technology]]<ref>[https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/en/fk1 Carl-Friedrich-Gauß-Fakultät]</ref>
* Several schools in Germany named after Gauss
* Several buildings named "Gauss Haus" or "Gauss Building":
** [[Gauss Tower]], an observation tower in [[Dransfeld]], Germany
** The Gauss Building at the [[University of Idaho]] (College of Engineering)
** Gauss Haus, an [[Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR]] center at the [[University of Utah]]
** The 'Gauss House', a common room in the University of Sussex Mathematical and Physical Sciences department.
** A dormitory building is named after him in [[Crown College, University of California, Santa Cruz|University of California, Santa Cruz, in Crown College]]

== Monuments, busts, and memorial plaques ==
Gauss Monuments were erected in Brunswick and Göttingen (the last together with Weber). [[Bust (sculpture)|Bust]]s of Gauss were placed in the [[Walhalla (memorial)|Walhalla]] hall of fame near [[Regensburg]] and in the [[GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences|German Research Centre for Geosciences]] in [[Potsdam]]. Several places where Gauss has stayed in Germany are marked with plaques.

<gallery>
File:Carl.Friedrich.Gauss.Bueste.vor1900.GFZ.jpg|Bust by ''Hans Weddo von Glümer'' (1895) in the [[GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences|German Research Centre for Geosciences]] in [[Potsdam]]<ref>{{cite journal | last = Reich | first = Karin | title = Bessel, Gauß und Baeyer: Drei Büsten im ehemalig Königlich Geodätischen Institut Potsdam, heute Helmert-Haus, im 'Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein, Telegrafenberg Potsdam' | journal = Mitteilungen der Gauss-Gesellschaft | issue = 56 | pages = 67–74 | year = 2019 | language = de}}</ref>
File:Carl Friedrich Gauß, Büste von Friedrich Künkler, 001.jpg|Bust by Friedrich Künkler (1810)<ref>{{cite journal | last = Michling | first = Horst | title = Zur Gaußbüste von Friedrich Künkler | journal = Mitteilungen der Gauss-Gesellschaft | issue = 3 | pages = 3–4 | year = 1966 | language = de}}</ref>
File:Gauss Stein Wilseder Berg.jpg|Gauss memorial on the [[Wilseder Berg]], highest point in the [[Lüneburg Heath|Luneburg Heath]]
File:Walhalla wie Parthenon zu Ehren bedeutender Personen - erbaut 1842 - König Ludwig I - Foto Wolfgang Pehlemann DSCN2430.jpg|A bust of Gauss is placed in the Walhalla since 2007
</gallery>

== Other commemorations ==
Germany issued three postage stamps honoring Gauss, one in 1955 on the hundredth anniversary of his death and two others in 1977, the 200th anniversary of his birth.

<gallery>
File:DBP 1955 204 Carl Friedrich Gauß.jpg|Stamp (West Germany) 1955
File:DBP 1977 928 Carl Friedrich Gauß.jpg|Stamp (West Germany) 1977
File:Stamp Carl Friedrich Gauß.jpg|Stamp (East Germany) 1977
File:1856 Friedrich Brehmer Denkmünze auf Gauss nach Christian Heinrich Hesemann im Auftrag von Georg. V. von Hannover, Medaille Avers mit Portrait.jpg|Medal for Gauss (1856, front)
File:1856 Friedrich Brehmer Denkmünze auf Gauss nach Christian Heinrich Hesemann im Auftrag von Georg. V. von Hannover, Medaille Revers mit Efeukranz, Gipsmodell.jpg|Medal for Gauss (1856, back) "mathematicorum principi"
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of things named after mathematicians|Gauss]]
[[Category:Carl Friedrich Gauss|List of things]]

Vero - Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

List of things named after Carl Friedrich Gauss