General Motors 54° V6 engine

2025-01-11T05:14:17Z

2001:14BB:1C4:9C91:9683:C4FF:FE1A:EC73: 3.2 never received steel crankshaft

{{Refimprove|date=June 2008}}
{{Infobox automobile engine
| image = 3.0_V6.jpg
| name = General Motors 54° V6
| aka = Ellesmere V6
| manufacturer = [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]]
| production = 1994–2004
| predecessor = [[Opel cam-in-head engine|Opel CIH]]
| successor = [[GM High Feature engine|High Feature V6]]
| configuration = 54° [[V6 engine|V6]]
| block = [[Cast iron]]
| head = [[Aluminium]]
| valvetrain = [[Overhead camshaft#Dual overhead camshaft|DOHC]] [[Multi-valve#Four valves|4 valves × cyl.]]
| fuelsystem = [[Sequential multi-port fuel injection]]
| fueltype = [[Gasoline]]
| oilsystem = [[Wet sump]]
| coolingsystem = [[Radiator (engine cooling)|Water-cooled]]
| management = {{Unbulleted list|[[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] [[Motronic#2.8|Motronic 2.8]]|[[Saab Automobile|Saab]] [[Trionic T7]]}}
| idle = 450–1,030
| redline = 6,600
| turbocharger = [[Garrett AiResearch|Garrett]] GT15 (in 1997–2003 [[Saab 9-5]])
| displacement = {{Unbulleted list|{{convert|2498|cc|L cuin|1|order=flip|abbr=on}}|{{convert|2597|cc|L cuin|1|order=flip|abbr=on}}|{{convert|2962|cc|L cuin|1|order=flip|abbr=on}}|{{convert|3175|cc|L cuin|1|order=flip|abbr=on}}}}
| bore = {{Unbulleted list|{{convert|81.6|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}|{{convert|83.2|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}|{{convert|86|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}|{{convert|87.5|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}}}
| stroke = {{Unbulleted list|{{convert|79.6|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}|{{convert|85|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}|{{convert|88|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}}}
| power = {{convert|168-220|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
| torque = {{convert|227-310|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}
| compression = 10.0:1, 10.8:1, 11.5:1
| emissions control = [[Secondary air injection]], [[EGR Valve]]
}}
[[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]]' [[Opel]] subsidiary in Europe designed a compact [[V6 engine]] with an unusual 54° vee angle. It was an iron block/aluminum head [[Overhead camshaft#DOHC|DOHC]] design with four valves per cylinder. All 54° engines were assembled at [[Ellesmere Port]] in [[England]].

==History==

In the early 1990s, Opel identified the need for a modern, lightweight, and compact power plant to replace its aging [[straight-six engine]] range. These engines have a [[cast iron|cast-iron]] [[engine block]] with [[casting|cast]] [[aluminium alloy]] [[cylinder head]]s. The cylinder heads contain [[Multi-valve#Four valves|four valves per cylinder]] actuated by [[dual overhead camshaft]]s which are driven by a [[timing belt (camshaft)|timing belt]]. These engines, however, differed from many modern [[V6 engine]]s in that it has a 54-degree [[cylinder bank]] angle as opposed to the more conventional 60-degree or 90-degree setup. This added to the engines' compactness which was needed to allow its use in [[front-wheel drive|front-wheel-drive]] applications, as well as [[rear-wheel drive|rear-wheel-drive]] [[automobile|cars]]. Other features of these engines included an oil-to-water [[heat exchanger]] mounted within the V of the engine block, [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] [[Motronic]] [[engine management system]] with full [[sequential fuel injection]], knock control on each bank, [[Distributorless Ignition System]] (DIS), and closed-loop [[lambda sensor]] control.

Minor changes were made to the unit during its production, including an uprated [[oil pump (internal combustion engine)|oil pump]] around mid-1997, with the addition of larger oilways in the head machining (T-vents), and modified [[tappet|valve lifters]] to reduce top-end valve noise, at which point the [[cam belt]] arrangement also changed with the lower idler moving. Around 1998, the spin-on metal canister [[filter (oil)|oil filter]] was changed to a disposable paper element.

==Revision==

The engine was reworked substantially in 2000 in order to meet increasing emissions requirements, with the 2.5L and 3.0L being replaced by lower-compression 2.6L and 3.2L units. While displacement was changed the bore centers and deck height were retained. These later power plants had a revised engine management system setup, which used quad [[lambda sensor]] control, coil-per-plug [[ignition system]] and [[drive by wire|drive-by-wire]] throttles. As a result of these changes, the EGR and secondary air injection system were removed.

==Recalls==

In its 3.0 L form, this engine was notable for recalls of all units installed in [[Cadillac Catera]]s due to [[timing belt (camshaft)|timing belt]] tensioner bearing failures, which could cause catastrophic damage to the engine because of its [[interference engine|interference]] design.

==2.5{{Anchor|C25XE|X25XE|B258I}}==
[[File:1996 Holden Calibra (YE) V6 coupe (2005-08-14).jpg|left|thumb|2.5 litre GM V6 engine in a Holden Calibra mounted transverse]]
The '''C25XE''' or '''B258I''' has an {{convert|81.6x79.6|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} bore and stroke which displaces {{convert|2498|cc|L cuin|1|order=flip|abbr=on}}. It produces a ''[[Deutsches Institut für Normung]]'' (DIN) rated output of {{convert|125|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6,000 rpm, and generates {{convert|227|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 3,200 rpm of torque. It was introduced in the [[Opel Vectra#Vectra|Opel Vectra]]/[[Vauxhall Cavalier]] (both codenamed "Vectra-A") and [[Opel Calibra|Opel/Vauxhall Calibra]]. It features a Bosch [[Motronic#2.8|Motronic 2.8.1]] engine management system (Omega), with later examples featuring M2.8.3 (Calibra 1994, Vectra 1995) and a compression ratio of 10.8:1.

For 1994, in order to meet more stringent emissions requirements, a [[secondary air injection]] system and an [[Exhaust gas recirculation|EGR]] valve were added to the '''C25XE''' and it became the '''X25XE'''. The exception being the 1997 Calibras, which due to unavailability of '''C25XE''' engine blocks, were produced using the '''X25XE''' block but without modifications to the top end of the engine, and without addition of EGR. The '''X25XE''' also benefitted from a higher-volume oil pump. [[Firing order]] is 1-2-3-4-5-6.

The breakdown of the engine name<ref>Topbuzz, "Engine Codes Explained", ''Topbuzz Website'', 2002. Accessed 9 Dec 2006 [http://topbuzz.co.uk/info/engine_codes/engine_codes.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820012535/http://topbuzz.co.uk/info/engine_codes/engine_codes.htm|date=2019-08-20}}</ref> is as follows:

* '''X''' – Exhaust emissions level: 94/12/EC, stage 2
* '''25''' – Displacement: 2.5 litres
* '''X''' – Compression ratio: 10.0–11.5:1
* '''E''' – Mixture system: Injection
Applications:
* [[Holden VS Commodore]] (export only)
* 1993–1997 [[Opel Calibra]]
* 1994–2000 [[Opel Omega B]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.calibrawiki.com/index.php?title=C25XE | title = Calibra Wiki V6 information | work = Calibra Wiki | access-date = 2008-04-13}}</ref>
* 1993–1995 [[Opel Vectra#Vectra A|Opel Vectra A]]
* 1995–2000 [[Opel Vectra#Vectra B|Opel Vectra B]]
* 1993–1998 [[Saab 900 (NG)|Saab 900]]
* 1993–1995 [[Vauxhall Cavalier]]

===MSD version===
A special edition of the '''X25XE''' was worked by Motor Sports Developments (MSD); which includes reprofiled [[camshaft]]s, giving the engine an increase of {{convert|24|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed|date=April 2008}} This engine appeared in two special edition [[Opel Vectra|Vauxhall Vectras]]: first the Vectra ST200 (not the normal SuperTouring), and then the Vectra 2.5 GSi V6.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evolongtermtests/19911/vauxhall_vectra_gsi_v6.html|title=EVO Magazine Vectra GSi review|work=EVO magazine|access-date=2008-04-13}}</ref>

Applications:
* [[Opel Vectra#Vectra B|Vauxhall Vectra ST200]]
* [[Opel Vectra#Vectra B|Vauxhall Vectra 2.5 GSi]]

==3.0{{Anchor|L81|X30XE|B308}}==
[[File:Cadillac 3.0 L DOHC V6 engine.jpg|left|thumb|Cadillac Catera 3.0 litre V6 engine, longitudinally mounted]]
The '''X30XE''', '''L81''', '''B308I''', or '''B308E''' has a {{convert|86x85|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} bore and stroke which displaces {{convert|2962|cc|L cuin|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} with a compression ratio between 9.5:1 and 10.8:1. The naturally-aspirated version of the engine produces between {{convert|170|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|177|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|210|PS|hp
kW|0|abbr=on}} @ 6,000 rpm with {{convert|184|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|199|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} @ 3,400 rpm. The '''B308E''' is a slightly modified '''X30XE''' used in the [[Saab 9-5]]. Engine management systems are Bosch Motronic M2.8.1, and later (approx. 2000) M2.8.3. Firing order is 1-2-3-4-5-6.

* '''X''' – Exhaust emissions level: 94/12/EC, stage 2
* '''30''' – Displacement: 3.0 litres
* '''X''' – Compression ratio: 10.0–11.5:1
* '''E''' – Mixture system: Injection
Applications:
* 1997–2001 [[Cadillac Catera]]
* 1996–2000 [[Opel Sintra]]
* 1994–2000 [[Opel Omega]]
* 1995–1997 [[Saab 9000]]
* 2000–2005 [[Saturn L-Series]]
* 2002–2003 [[Saturn Vue]]

===B308E===
For 1997, [[Saab Automobile|Saab]] introduced a [[turbocharged]] version called the '''B308E''' for its [[Saab 9-5|9-5]] model. The engine produced {{convert|200|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at 5000 rpm and {{convert|229|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque at 2500–4000 rpm. The engine was unique in that it used asymmetrical turbocharging, with the turbocharger driven by the exhaust gases from only one bank of cylinders. A charge pressure of {{convert|3.6|psi|bar|abbr=on}} was produced using a [[Garrett AiResearch|Garrett]] GT15 turbo. The engine was equipped with a special version of [[Saab Direct Ignition]] and used the [[Trionic T7]] engine management system. This turbocharged version of the engine weighs {{Convert|195|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.

Applications:
* 1997–2003 [[Saab 9-5]]

==2.6{{Anchor|Y26SE|LY9}}==

The '''Y26SE''' or '''LY9''' engine has a displacement of {{convert|2597|cc|L cuin|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} with a bore and stroke of {{convert|83.2x79.6|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}, developing a maximum power output of {{convert|180|hp|kW|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} and {{convert|177|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} of torque with a 10.0:1 compression ratio.

Applications:

* [[Opel Omega]] B
* [[Opel Vectra#Vectra B|Opel Vectra B]]
* [[Cadillac CTS]] (Europe)

==3.2{{Anchor|Y32SE|LA3}}==

The {{convert|3175|cc|L cuin|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} '''LA3''' or '''Y32SE''' is a complete redesign of the L81 for the [[Cadillac CTS]] and [[Opel Omega]] B.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} It had fixed (non-variable) valve timing, and a [[VLIM|variable length intake manifold]]. The engine has a {{convert|87.5x88|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} bore and stroke with a 10.0:1 compression ratio. This engine produced {{convert|220|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at 6000 rpm and {{convert|220|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 3400 rpm. Production started in July 2001, but the engine was replaced by the new [[GM High Feature engine]] starting in 2004.

Applications:
* 2003–2004 [[Cadillac CTS]]
* [[Opel Omega]] B
* [[Opel Vectra]] C
* [[Opel Signum]]

The '''Z32SE''' is a Y32SE modified for compliance with [[European emission standards|Euro 4]] emissions standards. It has a 10.0:1 compression ratio and {{convert|155|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|310|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}.

Applications:
* [[Opel Vectra]] C
* [[Opel Signum]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons cat}}
{{GM late engine timeline}}
{{Opel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gm 54-Degree V6 Engine}}
[[Category:Opel engines|54-degree V6]]
[[Category:V6 engines]]
[[Category:Gasoline engines by model]]
https://www.clubcalibra.net/v6calibra/V6_Calibra_Guide.htm

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General Motors 54° V6 engine