Vero - Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Thain Wendell MacDowell

2025-10-05T18:14:13Z

2001:16B8:B410:B100:E058:583A:F199:38C8: Undid revision 1314560023 by 2607:FEA8:4BA1:F500:14DF:FB4:8E5E:F7B2 (talk)

{{Short description|Canadian soldier}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Thain Wendell MacDowell, [[Victoria Cross|VC]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]]
| image = Thain Wendell MacDowell.jpg
| caption = MacDowell, c. 1919
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1890|09|16}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1960|03|28|1890|09|16}}
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial = Oakland Cemetery, [[Brockville]]
| allegiance = {{flag|Canada|1868}}
| branch = [[Canadian Militia]] [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
| birth_place = [[Lachute]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]
| death_place = [[Nassau, The Bahamas|Nassau]], [[The Bahamas]]
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| serviceyears = 1914 - 1927
| rank = [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| servicenumber =
| unit = [[41st Regiment Brockville Rifles]] [[2nd Regiment Queen's Own Rifles of Canada]] [[38th Battalion, CEF]]
| commands = [[The Frontenac Regiment]]
| battles = [[First World War]]
* [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]
** [[Battle of the Somme]]
** [[Nivelle Offensive]]
*** [[Battle of Arras (1917)|Battle of Arras]]
**** [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] {{WIA}}
| battles_label =
| awards = [[Victoria Cross]] [[Distinguished Service Order]]
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}

'''Thain Wendell MacDowell,''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] (September 16, 1890 – March 28, 1960), was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] soldier. MacDowell was a recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

==Overview==

Thain Wendell MacDowell was born in [[Lachute]], [[Quebec]] on 16 September 1890. His early days were spent in the [[Brockville, Ontario]] area, where he was educated at [[Brockville Collegiate Institute]] and joined the [[41st Regiment Brockville Rifles]]. He later attended the [[University of Toronto]], where he joined the Canadian Officer Training Corps as an Officer Cadet of [[The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada]] for four months. After graduating with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 1914, he enlisted and was commissioned in the [[38th Battalion (Ottawa), CEF|38th (Ottawa) Canadian Infantry Battalion]] (now perpetuated as [[The Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh's Own)]]).

During service in France in 1916, he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] on the Somme, and the following year, promoted to Major, he was conferred the Victoria Cross for gallantry at Vimy Ridge on 9 April.

===Victoria Cross===

One of four soldiers to earn the Victoria Cross in the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]], one of two to survive the battle and the only one to survive the war, (the others were [[Ellis Wellwood Sifton]], [[William Johnstone Milne]] and [[John George Pattison]]), MacDowell was 26 years old, and a [[Captain (land and air)|captain]] in the [[38th Battalion, CEF|38th (Ottawa) Battalion]], [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] during the [[First World War]] when he was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]].

On 9 April 1917 at [[Vimy Ridge]], [[France]], Captain MacDowell, with the assistance of two runners (company orderlies, Pvts. James T. Kobus and Arthur James Hay, both of whom were awarded the [[Distinguished Conduct Medal|DCM]] for their part) reached the German position ahead of his company. After destroying one machine-gun nest he chased the crew from another. MacDowell then spotted one German going into a tunnel. At the base of the tunnel, MacDowell was able to bluff the Germans to think he was part of a much larger force, resulting in the surrendering of two German officers and 75 German soldiers. He sent the prisoners up out the tunnel in groups of 12 so that Kobus and Hay could take them back to the Canadian line. Seeing that he had been fooled, a German prisoner grabbed a rifle and tried to shoot one of the runners. The German was then shot and killed.

Although wounded in the hand, MacDowell continued for five days to hold the position gained, in spite of heavy shellfire, until eventually relieved by his battalion. He was promoted to the rank of Major following his actions at Vimy Ridge.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30122 |date=8 June 1917 |page=5702 |supp=y }}</ref>

==Later life==

He later achieved the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel of the [[Frontenac Regiment]] from [[Napanee, Ontario]]. After the war, Colonel MacDowell served as an executive of several mining and chemical companies, and from 1923 to 1928, he acted as private secretary to the [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|Minister of National Defence]]. He was placed on the retired list as a Lieutenant-Colonel.

In July 1929, he married Norah Jean Hodgson, of Montreal. They first lived in Toronto, but moved to Montreal in 1931. He had two sons, Thain W., who died in 2015, and Angus J., who died in 2018. His wife (Norah Jean MacDowell) died on 1 November 1983. He also had three grand children: A. Stuart, Patricia E, And Kenneth R.

He died in Nassau, the Bahamas, on 28 March 1960. Colonel MacDowell is buried at Oakland Cemetery (R.R.3, Brockville, Ontario, Canada. Anglican Section 3. Lot 112), in the Richardson family plot. The grave is marked by a headstone.

==Legacy==

The Director of National Defence erected a memorial range at the [[Connaught Ranges and Primary Training Centre]]
in [[Ottawa, Ontario]] which was named in honour of LCol Thain Wendell MacDowell VC, DSO (1890-1960).<ref>{{cite web
| title =Memorial Range
| work =National Inventory of Military Memorials
| publisher =National Defence Canada
| date =2008-04-16
| url =http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=8434
| accessdate = May 20, 2014
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140521215507/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=8434
| url-status =dead
| archivedate =2014-05-21}}</ref>

Colonel MacDowell's Victoria Cross is on display at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. There is a plaque in his honour on corner of Highway 2 and Church Street in [[Maitland, Ontario]].


==References==

{{reflist}}
{{More footnotes|date=April 2009}}
* "On the Battlefields", From the archives of "Maclean's Magazine", Edited by Michael Benedict, Penguin Canada, 2002 {{ISBN|0-14-301341-6}}, page 100

==External links==

* [http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=146350 Thain Wendell MacDowell's digitized service file]
* [http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/gal/vcg-gcv/bio/macdowell-tw-eng.asp Thain Wendell MacDowell biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110010116/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/gal/vcg-gcv/bio/macdowell-tw-eng.asp |date=2010-11-10 }} on DND's Directorate of History and Heritage
* [http://data2.collectionscanada.ca/e/e040/e000976976.jpg Despatch written by Capt. MacDowell describing the events]
* [http://www.brockvillemuseum.com/military/images/Warheroes/macdowell-plaque.jpg MacDowell Plaque]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060222112100/http://www.legionmagazine.com/features/victoriacross/04-11.asp Legion Magazine article on Thain Wendell MacDowell]
* {{Find a Grave|7032972}}
* Also see University of Toronto "Soldier's Tower": https://web.archive.org/web/20051027141348/http://www.alumni.utoronto.ca/groups/tower.htm#memorial

{{DEFAULTSORT:MacDowell, Thain Wendell}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Canadian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Canadian Anglicans]]
[[Category:People from Lachute]]
[[Category:Canadian Militia officers]]
[[Category:Canadian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]
[[Category:Anglophone Quebec people]]
[[Category:Queen's Own Rifles of Canada]]
[[Category:Queen's Own Rifles of Canada officers]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force officers]]
[[Category:Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa]]
[[Category:Lieutenant colonels]]

Liquidambar styraciflua

2025-10-05T17:50:26Z

2001:16B8:B410:B100:E058:583A:F199:38C8: Clean up

{{Short description|Species of tree in North America}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = American sweetgum
| image = 2014-11-02 13 06 29 Sweet Gum during autumn along Lower Ferry Road in Ewing, New Jersey.JPG
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Beech, E. |author2=Crowley, D. |author3=Rivers, M.C. |author4=Wilson, B. |date=2018 |title=''Liquidambar styraciflua'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T33966A67700725 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T33966A67700725.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Liquidambar
| species = styraciflua
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| range_map = Liquidambar styraciflua range map 4.png
| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''L. styraciflua''
| synonyms =
* ''Liquidambar gummifera'' Salisb. nom. superfl.
* ''Liquidambar barbata'' Stokes
* ''Liquidambar macrophylla'' Oerst.
* ''Liquidambar tuberculata'' Silba
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:430718-1 ''Liquidambar styraciflua'' L.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'', Kew Science. Accessed 9 February 2023.</ref>
}}

'''''Liquidambar styraciflua''''', commonly known as the '''American sweetgum''' among other names,{{efn|Also known as '''liquidambar''', '''American storax''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''hazel pine''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordreference.com/2012/all_dictionaries.aspx?dict=enit&w=hazel+pine+Liquidambar+styraciflua+American+sweetgum |title= hazel pine Liquidambar styraciflua American sweetgum – Dizionario inglese-italiano WordReference|website=Wordreference.com|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref> '''bilsted''',<ref name=Small>{{cite book|author=Small, J.K. |year=1933 |title= Manual of the southeastern flora: being descriptions of the seed plants growing naturally in Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, eastern Louisiana, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill, N.C. |isbn= 0-02-852410-1}}</ref> '''redgum''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''satin-walnut''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''star-leaved gum''',<ref name=Small/> '''alligatorwood''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''gumball tree''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nolan |first=Jessica |last2=Expert |first2=Gardening |date=2021-04-14 |title=Sweetgum Trees (Gumball Tree): Types, Leaves - Identification (Pictures) |url=https://leafyplace.com/sweetgum-trees/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Leafy Place |language=en-US}}</ref> or '''sweetgum'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date = 11 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book |title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants |year=2008 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-4053-3296-5 |page=1136}}</ref>}} is a [[deciduous]] [[tree]] in the genus ''[[Liquidambar]]'' native to warm temperate areas of eastern [[North America]] and tropical montane regions of [[Mexico]] and [[Central America]]. Sweetgum is one of the main valuable forest trees in the southeastern [[United States]], and is a popular ornamental tree in [[temperate zone|temperate climates]]. It is recognizable by the combination of its five-pointed star-shaped leaves (similar to [[maple]] leaves) and its hard, spiked fruits. It is currently classified in the plant [[family (biology)|family]] [[Altingiaceae]], but was formerly considered a member of the [[Hamamelidaceae]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Cafferty |first=Steve |title=Taxonomy |url=http://eol.org/data_objects/12496421 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Life |publisher=Natural History Museum |access-date=26 September 2012}}</ref>

==Names==
This plant's [[genus]] name ''Liquidambar'' was first given by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in 1753 from the Latin {{lang|la|liquidus}} ('fluid') and the Arabic {{Transliteration|ar|ambar}} ('amber'), in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice or gum which exudes from the tree. Its [[botanical name|specific epithet]] ''styraciflua'' is an old generic name meaning 'flowing with storax' (a plant resin).<ref name=Grimm /> The name "[[storax balsam|storax]]" has long been confusingly applied to the aromatic gum or resin of this species, that of ''[[Liquidambar orientalis|L. orientalis]]'' of Turkey, and to the resin better known as [[benzoin resin|benzoin]] from various tropical trees in the genus ''[[Styrax]]''.
[[File:Amberboom (Liquidambar styraciflua) 14-04-2025 (d.j.b.) 02.jpg|thumb|260px| Developing leaves and flower buds of a Sweetgum (''Liquidambar styraciflua'').]]
The sweetgum has a [[Nahuatl]] name, ''Ocotzocuahuitl'', which translates to 'tree that gives pine resin' from ''ocotl'' ('pine'), ''tzotl'' ('resin'), ''cuahuitl'' ('tree'), which refers to the use of the tree's resin.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qgPCEiI4WMC|title=Florida Ethnobotany|last=Austin|first=Daniel F.|date=2004-11-29|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-49188-1|page=407|language=en}}</ref>

The common name "sweetgum" refers to the species' "sweetish gum",<ref name=Werthner>{{cite book|last=Werthner|first=William B.|title=Some American Trees: An intimate study of native Ohio trees|year=1935|publisher=The Macmillan Company|location=New York|pages=xviii + 398 pp}}</ref> contrasting with the [[Nyssa sylvatica|blackgum (''Nyssa sylvatica'')]], only distantly related, with which the sweetgum overlaps broadly in range. The species is also known as the "redgum", for its reddish bark.<ref name=Werthner />

== History ==
The earliest known published record of ''L. styraciflua'' is in a work by [[Spain|Spanish]] [[natural history|naturalist]] [[Francisco Hernández de Toledo|Francisco Hernández]] published posthumously in 1615, in which he describes the species as a large tree producing a fragrant gum resembling liquid amber, whence the genus name ''Liquidambar.'' In [[John Ray]]'s ''Historia Plantarum'' (1686) it is called ''Styrax liquida''.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Liquidambar|volume=16|page=744}}</ref> However, the first mention of any use of the amber is described by Juan de Grijalva, the nephew of the governor of Cuba, in the year 1517.
Juan de Grijalva tells of gift exchanges with the Mayas "who presented them with, among other things, hollow reeds of about a span long filled with dried herbs and sweet-smelling liquid amber which, when lighted in the way shown by the natives, diffused an agreeable odour."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Corti|first1=Count|title=A History of Smoking|date=1931|publisher=George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd.|location=london|page=44}}</ref>
The species was introduced into Europe in 1681 by [[John Banister (naturalist)|John Banister]], the missionary collector sent out by [[Henry Compton (bishop)|Bishop Compton]], who planted it in the palace gardens at [[Fulham]] in [[London]], [[England]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

===Fossil record===
An ancestor of ''Liquidambar styraciflua'' is known from [[Tertiary period|Tertiary]]-aged fossils in [[Alaska]], [[Greenland]], and the mid-continental plateau of North America, much farther north than ''Liquidambar'' now grows. A similar plant is also found in [[Miocene]] deposits of the Tertiary of Europe.<ref name=Keeler />

== Description ==


=== Size ===
''L. styraciflua'' is a medium-sized to large tree, growing anywhere from {{convert|50|-|70|ft|m|order=flip|round=5|abbr=on}} in cultivation and up to {{convert|150|ft|m|order=flip|round=5|abbr=on}} in the wild,<ref name=Firefly /> with a trunk up {{convert|2|-|3|ft|cm|-1|order=flip|abbr=on}} in diameter on average.<ref name=Illick /> Trees may live to 400 years.<ref name="Cal Poly">{{cite web|title=Liquidambar styraciflua: American sweet gum |url=http://www.plantconservatory.calpoly.edu/Tree/Liquidambar_styraciflua.html |publisher=Cal Poly Plant Conservatory |access-date=26 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328055045/http://www.plantconservatory.calpoly.edu/Tree/Liquidambar_styraciflua.html |archive-date=28 March 2012 }}</ref> The tree is a symmetrical shape and crowns into an egg shape when the branches get too heavy after its first two years of cultivation.<ref name=Grimm />

=== Bark and branches ===
The bark attaches itself to these in plates edgewise instead of laterally, and a piece of the leafless branch with the aid of a little imagination readily takes on a reptilian form; indeed, the tree is sometimes called "alligatorwood".<ref name=Keeler />
The bark is a light brown tinged with red and sometimes gray with dark streaks and has a density of {{convert|37|lb/cuft|kg/m3|order=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Illick>{{cite book|last=Illick|first=Joseph|title=Pennsylvania Trees|year=1928|publisher=Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters|location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|pages=168–169}}</ref> It is deeply fissured with scaly ridges.<ref name=Keeler /> The branches carry layers of cork.<ref name=Liquidambar>{{citation|title=Liquidambar styraciflua|work=The Macquarie Dictionary of Trees and Shrubs|publisher=The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. |location=South Yarra}}</ref> The branchlets are pithy, many-angled, winged, and at first covered with rusty hairs, finally becoming red brown, gray or dark brown.<ref name=Keeler /> As an ornamental tree, the species has a drawback—the branches may have ridges or "wings" that cause more surface area, increasing weight of snow and ice accumulation on the tree. However, the wood is heavy and hard with an interlocking grain,<ref name=Grimm>{{cite book|last=Grimm|first=William|title=Familiar Trees of America|year=1967|publisher=Harper & Row|location=New York|pages=153–154}}</ref> but is difficult to season.<ref name=New-Hall />

<gallery>
File:Liquidambar styraciflua, Arnold Arboretum - IMG 5993.JPG|Small branches with edgewise plates of bark
File:American Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua Bark Horizontal.JPG|Deeply ridged bark
</gallery>

=== Leaves ===
The [[leaf|leaves]] usually have five (but sometimes three or seven) sharply pointed palmate lobes.<ref name=Firefly /> They are {{convert|3-5|in|cm|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} wide on average and have three distinct bundle scars.<ref name=Leopold>{{cite book|last=Leopold|first=Donald|title=Trees of the Central Hardwood Forests of North America: An Identification and Cultivation Guide|year=1998|publisher=Timber|location=Portland, Oregon|pages=235–237}}</ref>

They are long and broad, with a {{convert|6|–|10|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} petiole. The rich dark green, smooth, shiny, star-shaped leaves generally turn brilliant yellow, orange, red, and purple colors in the autumn.<ref name=Grimm /> Its reds and yellows compare to those of the [[maple]]s (''Acer''), and in addition it has the dark purples and smoky browns of the [[Fraxinus|ash]] (''Fraxinus'').<ref name=Keeler>{{cite book
| last =Keeler
| first =Harriet L.
| title =Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them
| url =https://archive.org/details/ournativetreesa02keelgoog
| publisher =Charles Scribner's Sons
| year =1900
| location =New York
| pages =[https://archive.org/details/ournativetreesa02keelgoog/page/n189 160]–164 }}</ref> However, in the northern part of its range, and where planted in colder areas, the leaves are often killed by frost while still green. On the other hand, in the extreme southern or tropical parts of its range, some trees are [[evergreen]] or semi-evergreen, with negligible fall color. The base is truncate or slightly heart-shaped.<ref name=Keeler /> They contain tannin and when bruised give a resinous fragrance.<ref name=New-Hall>{{cite book|last=New-Hall|first=Charles|title=The Trees of North-eastern America|year=1890|publisher=Knickerbocker|location=New York|pages=130–131}}</ref>

While the starry five-pointed leaves of ''Liquidambar'' resemble those of some [[maple]]s (''Acer''), ''Liquidambar'' is easily distinguished from ''Acer'' by its glossy, leathery leaves that grow in an [[alternate leaf|alternate]] pattern, and not in pairs on the stems. [[Luna moth|Luna]] and [[Callosamia promethea|promethea moth]] caterpillars feed on the leaves.<ref name=Rhoads />

<gallery>
File:Liquidambar feuilles FR 2013.jpg|Summer foliage
File:2014-11-02 13 07 00 Sweet Gum foliage during autumn along Lower Ferry Road in Ewing, New Jersey.JPG|Autumn foliage
</gallery>

=== Flowers ===
[[File:Liquidambar styraciflua bloom.JPG|thumbnail|Flower of sweetgum]]
The flowers typically appear in spring and persist into autumn, with some persisting into winter. They are typically about {{convert|1|–|1+1/2|in|mm|order=flip|round=5|abbr=on}} in diameter and are covered with hairs.<ref name=Illick /> The flowers are unisexual<ref name=Rhoads /> and greenish in color. Staminate flowers in terminal racemes {{convert|2-3|in|cm|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} long, the pistillate in a solitary head on a slender peduncle borne in the axil of an upper leaf. Staminate flowers destitute of calyx and corolla, but are surrounded by hairy bracts. Stamens indefinite; filaments short; anthers introrse. Pistillate flowers with a two-celled, two-beaked ovary, the carpels produced into a long, recurved, persistent style. The ovaries all more or less cohere and harden in fruit. There are many ovules but few mature.<ref name=Keeler />

=== Fruit ===
The distinctive compound [[fruit]] is hard, dry, and globose, {{convert|1|–|1+1/2|in|mm|order=flip|round=5|abbr=on}} in diameter, composed of numerous (40–60) [[capsule (fruit)|capsules]].<ref name=Illick /> Each capsule, containing one to two small [[seed]]s, has a pair of terminal spikes (for a total of 80–120 spikes). When the fruit opens and the seeds are released, each capsule is associated with a small hole (40–60 of these) in the compound fruit.

Fallen, opened fruits are often abundant beneath the trees; these have been popularly nicknamed "burr (or bir) balls",<ref name="Cal Poly" /> "gum balls",<ref>[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/c116/liquidambar-styraciflua.aspx Missouri Botanical Garden: ''Liquidambar styraciflua'']</ref> "space bugs", "sticker balls",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usna.usda.gov/PhotoGallery/AnswerGallery/ImageAnswer_110308.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115230339/http://www.usna.usda.gov/PhotoGallery/AnswerGallery/ImageAnswer_110308.html|archive-date=15 January 2009|title=US National Arboretum Picture of the Week Answer -|first=Ramon|last=Jordan|website=Usna.usda.gov|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref> "spike balls", or "monkey balls".<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Paul |title=The Book of Seeds: A Lifesize Guide to Six Hundred Species from Around the World |date=February 2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFhbDwAAQBAJ |page=253 |publisher=[[Ivy Press]] |isbn=978-1-78240-681-5 |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://canr.udel.edu/udbg/?plant=liquidambar-styraciflua |title=Liquidambar styraciflua |website=University of Delaware Botanic Gardens |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref>

The fruit is a multicapsular spherical head and hangs on the branches during the winter. The woody capsules are mostly filled with abortive seeds resembling sawdust.<ref name=Keeler /> The seeds are about {{convert|1/4|in|mm|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} thick, winged, and wind-dispersed. Goldfinches, purple finches, squirrels, and chipmunks eat the seeds of the tree.<ref name=Rhoads /> The seeds stratify within 30–90 days at {{convert|33–41|F|C|order=flip}} or soaked in water for 15–20 days.<ref name=Leopold />
The long-stemmed fruit balls of ''Liquidambar'' resemble those of the [[American sycamore]] or buttonwood (''Platanus occidentalis''), but are spiny and remain intact after their seeds are dispersed; the softer fruits of ''Platanus'' disintegrate upon seed dispersal. The long-persisting fallen spiked fruits can be unpleasant to walk on; sweet gum is banned in some places for this reason.<ref name="Cal Poly" /> In abundance, they can leave a lawn lumpy. The winter buds are yellow brown, {{convert|1/4|in|mm|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} long, acute. The inner scales enlarge with the growing shoot, becoming {{convert|1/2|in|mm|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} long, green tipped with red.<ref name=Keeler />

<gallery>
File:American Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua Fruit Leaves 2500px.jpg|Green fruit
File:Amberboom (Liquidambar styraciflua). Detail. (d.j.b.).jpg|Leaf buds and fruit
File:American sweetgum tree balls (spiny seed pods) -- Liquidambar styraciflua.jpg|American sweetgum tree ball (spiny [[seed pod]])
File:Liquidambar styraciflua MHNT.BOT.2006.0.1265.jpg|Mature fruit and seed
File:Liquidambar styraciflua seeds.jpg|Winged seeds
</gallery>

==Distribution==
Sweetgum is one of the most common [[hardwoods]] in the southeastern and [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic]] [[United States]], where it occurs naturally in lowlands from southwestern [[Connecticut]] south to central [[Florida]], through central [[Ohio]] and west to [[Illinois]], southern [[Missouri]], and eastern [[Texas]], but not colder highland areas of [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachia]] or the [[U.S. Midwest|Midwestern states]]. The species also occurs in [[Mexico]] from southern [[Nuevo León]] south to [[Chiapas]], as well as in [[Guatemala]], [[El Salvador]], [[Belize]], [[Nicaragua]] and [[Honduras]]. In Mexico and [[Central America]], it is a characteristic plant of [[cloud forests]], growing at middle elevations in various mountainous areas where the climate is humid and more temperate.<ref name=Grimm />

The US government distribution maps for this species are incorrect concerning the southern limit of distribution in Florida. This species occurs abundantly at [[Highlands Hammock State Park]] in [[Sebring, Florida|Sebring]], [[Highlands County, Florida]], and even southwest of [[Lake Okeechobee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant.aspx?id=3559|title=Liquidambar styraciflua – Species Details|website=Atlas of Florida Plants|access-date=30 December 2017 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}</ref>

==Uses==

=== Wood ===
[[File:Sweetgum.JPG|thumbnail|Lumber]]
[[File:Harvesting red gum trees, Richland County, South Carolina (1904).jpg|thumb|right|Harvesting redgum in [[Richland County, South Carolina]], 1904]]

Sweetgum ''(Liquidambar styraciflua)'' is one of the most important commercial [[hardwood]]s in the [[Southeastern United States]].{{sfn|Kormanik|1990}} Its wood is bright reddish brown (with the [[sapwood]] nearly white) and may have black grain in the [[heartwood]]; it is heavy, straight, satiny, and close-grained, but not strong. It takes a beautiful polish, but warps badly in drying. The wood has a [[specific gravity]] of 0.5910. It is too liable to decay for outdoor use.<ref name=Keeler /> 
In the carpentry industry, the timber is referred to as satin walnut<ref name=Firefly>{{cite book|last=Cafferty|first=Steve|title=Firefly Encyclopedia of Trees|year=2005|publisher=Firefly|location=Buffalo, NY|pages=116–117}}</ref> and is one of the most important materials for plywood manufacturers. It is used for furniture, interior trim, [[railroad tie]]s, [[cigar box]]es, crates, [[Wood flooring|flooring]], barrels, woodenware, and wood pulp.<ref name=Sweetgum>{{citation|title=Sweetgum|encyclopedia=McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology|publisher=McGraw-Hill |doi=10.2307/3761156|jstor=3761156|url=http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=biology|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Silvics |volume=2 |genus=Liquidambar |species=styraciflua |first=Paul P. |last=Kormanik}}{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFKormanik1990}}
* {{eFloras|1|220007687|Liquidambar styraciflua |family=Hamamelidaceae |first=Frederick G. |last=Meyer}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{PLANTS |symbol=LIQUI |name=Liquidambar styraciflua}}
* [https://plantmaps.com/nrm-liquidambar-styraciflua-sweetgum-native-range-map#google_vignette Interactive Distribution Map for ''Liquidambar styraciflua'']
* [http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=liquidambar University of Michigan – Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of ''Liquidambar styraciflua'']
* [http://landscaping.about.com/od/fallfoliagetrees/p/sweetgum_trees.htm Landscaping.about.com: American Sweetgum Trees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027045331/http://landscaping.about.com/od/fallfoliagetrees/p/sweetgum_trees.htm |date=27 October 2007 }}
* {{cite iucn |author1=Beech, E. |author2=Crowley, D. |author3=Rivers, M.C. |author4=Wilson, B. |year=2018 |title=''Liquidambar styraciflua'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T33966A67700725 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T33966A67700725.en |access-date=12 November 2021 }}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q469652}}

[[Category:Liquidambar|S]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Least concern flora of North America]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of Mexico]]
[[Category:Least concern flora of the United States]]
[[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Trees of Northern America]]
[[Category:Trees of Central America]]
[[Category:Flora of the Sierra Madre Oriental]]
[[Category:Cloud forest flora of Mexico]]

Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse

2025-10-05T17:13:31Z

2001:16B8:B410:B100:E058:583A:F199:38C8: /* Sources */ ]

{{Short description|French noble (c. 1041–1105)}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Raymond IV
| image = Raymond St Gilles.jpg
| caption = Sketch of Raymond's seal
| succession = [[Count of Tripoli]]
| reign = 1102 – 1105
| successor = [[Alfonso Jordan]]
| succession1 = [[Count of Toulouse]]
| reign1 = 1094 – 1105
| predecessor1 = [[William IV, Count of Toulouse|William IV]]
| successor1 = [[Bertrand, Count of Toulouse|Bertrand]]
| regent =
| spouse = Daughter of Godfrey I of Arles Matilda of Sicily [[Elvira of Castile, Countess of Toulouse|Elvira of Castile]]
| issue = [[Bertrand, Count of Toulouse|Bertrand]] [[Alfonso Jordan]]
| house = [[House of Toulouse]]
| house-type =
| father = [[Pons, Count of Toulouse|Pons of Toulouse]]
| mother = [[Almodis de la Marche]]
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1041
| birth_place =
| death_date = 28 February {{death year and age|1105|1041}}
| death_place = [[Citadel of Tripoli|Citadel]] of [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], [[County of Tripoli]]
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| signature =
}}
'''Raymond of Saint-Gilles''' ({{circa}} 1041 – 28 February 1105), also called '''Raymond IV of Toulouse''' or '''Raymond I of Tripoli''', was the [[count of Toulouse]], [[duke of Narbonne]], and [[margrave of Provence]] from 1094, and one of the leaders of the [[First Crusade]] from 1096 to 1099. He spent the last five years of his life establishing the [[County of Tripoli]] in the [[Near East]].{{sfn|Barker|1911|pp=934-935}}{{sfn|Bréhier|1913}}{{sfn|Duncalf|1969|p=272}}

==Early years==
Raymond was a son of [[Pons of Toulouse]] and [[Almodis de La Marche]].{{sfn|Edgington|Sweetenham|2011|p=391}} He received [[Saint-Gilles, Gard|Saint-Gilles]] with the title of "count" from his father and displaced his niece [[Philippa, Countess of Toulouse|Philippa, Duchess of Aquitaine]], his brother [[William IV of Toulouse|William IV]]'s daughter, in 1094 from inheriting Toulouse.

In 1094, [[William Bertrand of Provence]] died and his margravial title to [[Provence]] passed to Raymond. A bull of Urban's dated 22 July 1096 names Raymond ''comes nimirum Tholosanorum ac Ruthenensium et marchio Provintie Raimundus'' ("Raymond, count of Toulouse and Rouergue, margrave of Provence").

==The First Crusade==
{{See also|Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Apamea}}

[[File:Map of First Crusade.png|thumb|left|The routes of the First Crusade leaders.]]
Raymond was deeply religious, and wished to die in the Holy Land, and so when the call was raised for the [[First Crusade]], he was one of the first to [[take the cross]]. He is sometimes called "the one-eyed" (''monoculus'' in Latin) after a rumour that he had lost an eye in a scuffle with the doorkeeper of the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] during an earlier pilgrimage to Jerusalem.{{sfn|Duncalf|1969|p=272}} The oldest and the richest of the crusaders, Raymond left Toulouse at the end of October 1096, with a [[Army of Raymond of Saint-Gilles|large army and company]] that included his wife [[Elvira of Castile, Countess of Toulouse|Elvira of Castile]], his infant son (who would die on the journey) and [[Adhemar of Le Puy|Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy]], the [[papal legate]]. He ignored requests by his niece, Philippa (the rightful heiress to Toulouse) to grant the rule of Toulouse to her in his stead; instead, he left Bertrand, his eldest son, to govern.

According to [[Raymond of Aguilers]]'s ''[[Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem]]'', after Raymond's forces took the route through the Alps and Northern Italy,{{sfn|Ilieva|Delev|1998|pp=153-171}} they reached ''Sclavonia'' ([[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Kingdom of Croatia]]) in winter of 1096. Described in biblical terms, for some 40 days passed through the mountains, forests and fog without trade and guide from native population who also attacked army's rear (at the time was a succession crisis in Croatia). To discourage their attacks, he ordered mutilation of six captive Slavs,{{sfn|Raymond of Aguilers|1968|pp=16-18}} and [[Peter Tudebode]] in ''Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere'' wrote that Raymond "lost many noble knights while passing through ''Sclavonia''".{{sfn|Budak|2022|p=93}}

After "strenuous passage across Sclavonia", they entered [[Shkodër]] the capital of the kingdom of [[Duklja]] where Raymond "affirmed brotherhood and bestowed many gifts upon the king of the Slavs" ([[Constantine Bodin]]), but once again were attacked by the Slavs. Then they marched to [[Durrës|Dyrrhachium]], and then east to [[Constantinople]] along the same route used by [[Bohemond I of Antioch|Bohemond of Taranto]]. Along the route they confronted [[Pecheneg]] and Byzantine mercenaries, capturing cities of Roussa and [[Tekirdağ|Rodosto]].{{sfn|Raymond of Aguilers|1968|pp=16-18}}

At the end of April 1097, he was the only crusade leader not to swear an oath of fealty to [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Alexios I Komnenos]]. Instead, Raymond swore an oath of friendship, and offered his support against Bohemond, mutual enemy of both Raymond and Alexios.

He was present at the [[siege of Nicaea]] and the [[Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)|Battle of Dorylaeum]] in 1097, but his first major role came in October 1097 at the [[siege of Antioch]].{{sfn|Edgington|Sweetenham|2011|p=391}} The crusaders heard a rumour that [[Antioch]] had been deserted by the [[Seljuk Turks]], so Raymond sent his army ahead to occupy it, offending Bohemond of Taranto who wanted the city for himself. The city was, however, still occupied, and was taken by the crusaders only after a difficult siege in June 1098. Raymond took the ''palatium Cassiani'' (the palace of emir [[Yaghi-Siyan]]) and the tower over the Bridge Gate. He was ill during the second siege of Antioch by [[Kerbogha]] which culminated in a controversial rediscovery of the [[Holy Lance]] by a [[monk]] named [[Peter Bartholomew]].

The "miracle" raised the morale of the crusaders, and to their surprise they were able to rout Kerbogha outside Antioch. The Lance itself became a valuable relic among Raymond's followers, despite Adhemar of Le Puy's skepticism and Bohemond's disbelief and occasional mockery. Raymond also refused to relinquish his control of the city to Bohemond, reminding Bohemond that he was obligated to return Antioch to the court of Emperor Alexios, as he had sworn to do. A struggle then arose between Raymond's supporters and the supporters of Bohemond, partly over the genuineness of the Lance, but mostly over the possession of Antioch.

==Extending his territorial reach==
Many of the minor knights and foot soldiers preferred to continue their march to [[Jerusalem]], and they convinced Raymond to lead them there in the autumn of 1098. Raymond led them out to [[Siege of Ma'arra|besiege Maarat al-Numan]], although he left a small detachment of his troops in Antioch, where Bohemond also remained. As Adhemar had died in Antioch, Raymond, along with the prestige given to him by the Holy Lance, became the new leader of the crusade. Bohemond however, expelled Raymond's detachment from Antioch in January 1099. Raymond then began to search for a city of his own. He [[March from Antioch to Jerusalem during the First Crusade|marched]] from Maarat, which had been captured in December 1098, into the emirate of [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], and began the siege of [[Arqa]] on 14 February 1099, apparently with the intent of founding an independent territory in Tripoli that could limit the power of Bohemond to expand the [[Principality of Antioch]] to the south.

The siege of Arqa, a town outside Tripoli, lasted longer than Raymond had hoped. Although he successfully captured Hisn al-Akrad, a fortress that would later become the important [[Krak des Chevaliers]], his insistence on taking Tripoli delayed the march to [[Jerusalem]], and he lost much of the support he had gained after Antioch. Raymond finally agreed to continue the march to Jerusalem on 13 May, and after [[siege of Jerusalem (1099)|months of siege]] the city was captured on 15 July. Raymond was offered the crown of the new [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], but refused, as he was reluctant to rule in the city in which Jesus had suffered. He said that he shuddered to think of being called "King of Jerusalem". It is also likely that he wished to continue the [[siege of Tripoli]] rather than remain in Jerusalem. However, he was also reluctant to give up the [[Tower of David]] in Jerusalem, which he had taken after the fall of the city, and it was only with difficulty that [[Godfrey of Bouillon]] was able to take it from him.

Raymond participated in the [[battle of Ascalon]] soon after the capture of Jerusalem, during which an invading army from [[Egypt]] was defeated. However, Raymond wanted to occupy Ascalon himself rather than give it to Godfrey, and in the resulting dispute Ascalon remained unoccupied. It was not taken by the crusaders until 1153. Godfrey also blamed him for the failure of his army to capture [[Arsuf]]. When Raymond went north, in the winter of 1099–1100, his first act was one of hostility against Bohemond, capturing [[Latakia|Laodicea]] from him (Bohemond had himself recently taken it from Alexios). From Laodicea he went to [[Constantinople]], where he allied with Alexios I, Bohemond's most powerful enemy. Bohemond was at the time attempting to expand Antioch into Byzantine territory, and blatantly refused to fulfill his oath to the [[Byzantine Empire]].

==Crusade of 1101, siege of Tripoli, and death==
[[File:Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles|Mons Peregrinus]]]]
Raymond was part of the doomed [[Crusade of 1101]], where he was defeated at the [[Battle of Mersivan]] in [[Anatolia]]. He escaped and returned to Constantinople. In 1102, he travelled by sea from Constantinople to Antioch, where he was imprisoned by [[Tancred, Prince of Galilee|Tancred]], regent of Antioch during the captivity of Bohemond, and was only dismissed after promising not to attempt any conquests in the country between Antioch and [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. He immediately broke his promise, attacking and capturing [[Tartus]], and began to build a castle on the [[Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles|Mons Peregrinus]] ("Pilgrim's Mountain") which would help in his [[siege of Tripoli]]. He was aided by Alexius I, who preferred a friendly state in Tripoli to balance the hostile state in Antioch.

The ''[[qadi]]'' of Tripoli, [[Fakhr al-Mulk ibn Ammar]], led an attack on Mons Peregrinus in September 1104 and set a wing of the citadel on fire. Raymond himself managed to escape across a rooftop, but was badly burned and spent his final months in agony.{{sfn|Maalouf|1983|p=75}} He died of his injuries on February 28, 1105, before Tripoli was captured.

==Spouses and progeny==
Raymond IV of Toulouse was married three times, and twice excommunicated for marrying within forbidden degrees of [[consanguinity]]
by Pope Gregory VII in 1076 and in 1078. These excommunications were lifted in 1080, on the death of his first wife.{{sfn|Déjean|1988|pp=31-32}}

His first wife was the daughter of [[Geoffrey I of Provence|Godfrey I, Count of Arles]]. Married in 1066, she was repudiated in 1076. Their son was [[Bertrand of Toulouse|Bertrand]].{{sfn|William of Puylaurens|2003|p=17}}

His second wife was Matilda (Mafalda), the daughter of Count [[Roger I of Sicily]].{{sfn|Jansen|Drell|Andrews|2009|p=428}} Married in 1080, Mafalda died in 1094.

Raymond's third wife was [[Elvira of Castile, Countess of Toulouse|Elvira]],{{sfn|Oviedo|2000|p=88 note91}} the illegitimate daughter of King [[Alfonso VI of León]]. They married in 1094. Together they had [[Alfonso Jordan]].{{sfn|Graham-Leigh|2005|loc=table 5}}

Following Raymond's death, his nephew [[William-Jordan]] in 1109, with the aid of King [[Baldwin I of Jerusalem]], finally captured Tripoli and established the [[County of Tripoli]]. William was deposed in the same year by Raymond's eldest son Bertrand, and the county remained in the possession of the counts of Toulouse throughout the 12th century.

Raymond of Toulouse seems to have been driven both by religious and material motives. On the one hand he accepted the discovery of the Holy Lance and rejected the kingship of Jerusalem, but on the other hand he could not resist the temptation of a new territory. [[Raymond of Aguilers]], a clerk in Raymond's army, wrote an account of the crusade from Raymond's point of view.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite EB1911||first=Ernest|last=Barker|wstitle=Raymund of Toulouse|volume=22|pages=934-935}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=The History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Hundred Years |year=1969 |title=The First Crusade: Clermont to Constantinople |url=https://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=History.CrusOne.i0023&id=History.CrusOne&isize=M |first=Frederic |last=Duncalf |pages=253–79 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |editor-first=Marshall W. |editor-last=Baldwin }}
* {{cite book |last1=Ilieva |first1=Annetta |last2=Delev |first2=Mitko |date=1998 |chapter=Sclavonia and Beyond: The Gate to a Different World in the Perception of Crusaders (c. 1104-c. 1208) |editor=[[Alan V. Murray]] |title=From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies 1095-1500|publisher=Brepols |page=153–171 |doi=10.1484/M.IMR-EB.3.4786 |isbn=978-2-503-50667-8}}
* {{cite book |editor1-first = Susan |editor1-last = Edgington |editor2-first=Carol |editor2-last=Sweetenham |title=The Chanson D'Antioche: An Old French Account of the First Crusade |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade |first=Elaine |last=Graham-Leigh |publisher=The Boydell Press |year=2005 }}
* {{cite book |title = Medieval Italy: Texts in Translation |editor-first1=Katherine L. |editor1-last = Jansen |editor2-first=Joanna |editor2-last = Drell |editor3-first = Frances |editor3-last = Andrews |translator1-first = G.A. |translator1-last = Loud |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2009 }}
* {{cite book|title=The Crusades Through Arab Eyes|author-first=Amin|author-last=Maalouf|year=1983|publisher=JC Lattes|isbn=0-8052-0898-4}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Chapter II:Chronicon Regum Legionensium |last=Oviedo |first=Bishop Pelayo |title=The World of El Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest |translator-first1=Simon |translator-last1=Barton |translator-first2=Richard |translator-last2=Fletcher |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2000 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: The Albigensian Crusade and its Aftermath |last=William of Puylaurens |translator1-first = W.A. |translator1-last = Sibley |translator2-first = M.D. |translator2-last = Sibley |publisher=The Boydell Press |year=2003}}
* {{cite book|last=Bréhier|first=Louis|chapter=[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Raymond IV, of Saint-Gilles|Raymond IV, of Saint-Gilles]]|editor-last=Herbermann|editor-first=Charles|title=Catholic Encyclopedia|year=1913|volume=12|publisher=Robert Appleton Company}}
* {{cite book |last=Budak |first=Neven |author-link=Neven Budak |date=2022 |chapter=Crusades and Crusading in High Medieval Dalmatia and Croatia - Failed, Abused, Imaginery |editor-last=Kersken| editor-first=Norbert|editor-last2=Srodecki|editor-first2=Paul |title=The Expansion of the Faith: Crusading on the Frontiers of Latin Christendom in the High Middle Ages |chapter-url= |publisher=Brepols|isbn=978-2-503-58880-3 |doi=10.1484/M.OUTREMER-EB.5.127515}}
* {{cite book |author=Raymond of Aguilers |translator=John Hugh Hill, Laurita I. Hill |year=1968 |title=Historia Francorum Qui Ceperunt Iherusalem |url=https://archive.org/details/raymond-of-aguilers/page/n1/mode/2up?q=sclavonia |location=Philadelphia |publisher=American Philosophical Society|page=16–18}}
* {{cite book|last=Déjean|first=Jean-Luc|title=The Counts of Toulouse (1050–1250)|orig-year=1979|year=1988|isbn=2213021880|url=https://archive.org/details/lescomtesdetoulo0000deje|publisher=Fayard}}
{{refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef |before = [[William IV of Toulouse|William IV]] }}
{{s-ttl |title = [[Count of Toulouse]] |years = 1094–1098 }}
{{s-aft |after = [[Philippa, Countess of Toulouse|Philippa]] }}
{{s-end}}
{{Toulouse Counts}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1040s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1105 deaths]]
[[Category:Counts of Tripoli]]
[[Category:Counts of Toulouse]]
[[Category:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Dukes of Narbonne]]
[[Category:Margraves of Provence]]
[[Category:Occitan nobility|Toulouse, Raymond IV of]]
[[Category:Christians of the First Crusade|Toulouse, Raymond IV of]]
[[Category:Christians of the Crusade of 1101]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:French royalty and nobility with disabilities]]
[[Category:House of Rouergue]]