Hermes Trismegistus

2025-10-19T17:06:20Z

2001:16B8:B42C:4400:DC7E:4776:E430:9A07: /* Islamic tradition */ efn

{{Short description|Legendary author of the Hermetica}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
[[File:Hermes Trismegistus Sienna Cathedral Mosaic.jpg|thumb|16th century European depiction of Hermes Trismegistus as an old sage and teacher]]
{{Hermeticism|expand=Hermetic writings}}
{{Special characters}}'''Hermes Trismegistus''' (from {{langx|grc|Ἑρμῆς ὁ Τρισμέγιστος}}, "Hermes the Thrice-Greatest") is a legendary [[Hellenistic period]] figure that originated as a [[Syncretism|syncretic combination]] of the Greek god [[Hermes]] and the Egyptian god [[Thoth]].{{efn|
A survey of the literary and archaeological evidence for the background of Hermes Trismegistus as the Greek god [[Hermes]] and the Egyptian god [[Thoth]] may be found in {{harvp|Bull|2018}}.
}} He is the purported author of the ''[[Hermetica]]'', a widely diverse series of ancient and medieval [[pseudepigraphica]] that laid the basis of various philosophical systems known as [[Hermeticism]].

The wisdom attributed to this figure in antiquity combined a knowledge of both the material and the spiritual world, which rendered the writings attributed to him of great relevance to those who were interested in the interrelationship between the material and the divine.<ref>{{cite book |last1=van den Broek |first1=Roelof |author-link1=Roel van den Broek |year=2006 |chapter=Hermes Trismegistus I: Antiquity |editor-last=Hanegraaff |editor-first=Wouter J. |title=Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism |location=Leiden, NL |publisher=Brill |pages=474–478 |isbn=9789004152311 }}</ref>

The figure of Hermes Trismegistus can also be found in both [[Islam|Muslim]] and [[Baháʼí]] writings. In those traditions, Hermes Trismegistus has been associated with the prophet [[Idris (prophet)|Idris]] (the Biblical [[Enoch]]).

==Origin and identity==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Hermes Ingenui Pio-Clementino Inv544.jpg
| caption1 = Hermes depicted with a winged [[caduceus|kerykeion]], a [[kithara]], a [[petasos]] and [[chlamys]].
| total_width = 200
| caption2 = Ancient Egyptian statue of the ibis-headed Thoth.
| image2 = Striding Thoth MET DP240843 crop.jpg
| align = left
}}

Hermes Trismegistus may be associated with the [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek god]] [[Hermes]] and the [[Ancient Egyptian deities|Egyptian god]] [[Thoth]].<ref name=Bull_2018>{{cite book |last=Bull |first=Christian H. |year=2018 |chapter=The Myth of Hermes Trismegistus |title=The Tradition of Hermes Trismegistus: The Egyptian priestly figure as a teacher of Hellenized wisdom |location=Leiden, NL / Boston, MA |publisher=Brill |pages=31–96 |series=Religions in the Graeco-Roman World |volume=186 |doi=10.1163/9789004370845_003 |isbn=978-90-04-37081-4 |s2cid=172059118 |issn=0927-7633 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Budge |first=E.A. Wallis |year=1904 |title=The Gods of the Egyptians |volume=1 |pages=414–415 |url=https://archive.org/stream/godsofegyptianso00budg#page/414/mode/2up |via=[[Internet Archive]] (archive.org) }}</ref> Greeks in the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]] of Egypt recognized the equivalence of Hermes and Thoth through the {{lang|la|[[interpretatio graeca]]}}.<ref name=Hart>{{cite book |editor-last=Hart |editor-first=G. |year=2005 |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses |edition=2nd |place=Oxford, UK |publisher=Routledge |page=158 }}</ref> Consequently, the two gods were worshiped as one, in what had been the Temple of Thoth in Khemenu, which was known in the [[Hellenistic period]] as [[Hermopolis]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bailey |first=Donald |year=2012 |section=Classical architecture |editor-last=Riggs |editor-first=Christina |title=The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=192 }}</ref>

Hermes, the Greek god of interpretive communication, was combined with Thoth, the Egyptian god of wisdom. The Egyptian priest and [[polymath]] [[Imhotep]] had been deified long after his death, and therefore assimilated to Thoth in the [[Classical Greece|classical]] and [[Hellenistic period]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Artmann |first=Benno |date=22 November 2005 |title=The mathematical conquest of the third dimension |department=About the cover |series=New Series |page=231 |volume=43 |number=2 |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society]] |doi=10.1090/S0273-0979-06-01111-6 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2006-43-02/S0273-0979-06-01111-6/S0273-0979-06-01111-6.pdf |access-date=7 August 2016 }}</ref> The renowned scribe [[Amenhotep, son of Hapu|Amenhotep]] and a wise man named Teôs were coequal deities of wisdom, science, and medicine; and, thus, they were placed alongside Imhotep in shrines dedicated to Thoth–Hermes during the Ptolemaic Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |first=Patrick |last=Boylan |year=1922 |title=Thoth or the Hermes of Egypt: A study of some aspects of theological thought in ancient Egypt |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=166–168 }}</ref>

[[Cicero]] enumerates several deities referred to as "Hermes":
* "fourth [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]] (Hermes) was the son of the Nile, whose name may not be spoken by the Egyptians"
* "the fifth, who is worshiped by the people of [[Pheneus]] [in [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]]], is said to have killed [[Argus Panoptes]], and for this reason to have fled to Egypt, and to have given the Egyptians their laws and alphabet: It is him whom the Egyptians call [[Thoth|Theyt]]"<ref name=Cicero/>{{rp|style=ama|loc=bk. III, ch. 56}}
The most likely interpretation of this passage is as two variants on the same [[syncretism]] of Greek Hermes and Egyptian Thoth (or sometimes other gods): The fourth (where Hermes turns out "actually" to have been a "son of the Nile", (i.e. a native Egyptian god) is the Egyptian perspective, the fifth (who went from Greece to Egypt) is the Arcadian Greek perspective. Both of these early references in Cicero (the oldest Trismegistus material is from the early {{nobr|centuries {{sc|ce}})}} corroborate the view that Thrice-Great Hermes originated in Hellenistic Egypt through syncretism between Greek and Egyptian gods (the ''Hermetica'' refer most often to [[Thoth]] and [[Amun]]).<ref name=Cicero>{{cite book |last=Cicero |first=Marcus Tullius |author-link=Cicero |title=De Natura Deorum |lang=la |trans-title=On the Nature of the Gods |title-link=De Natura Deorum |section=book III |via=Thelatinlibrary.com |section-url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/nd3.shtml#56 |access-date=2015-06-25 }}</ref>

The Hermetic literature of the Egyptians was concerned with conjuring spirits and animating statues, the newly developed practice of [[alchemy]], and informs the oldest Hellenistic writings on Greco-[[Babylon]]ian [[astrology]].{{sfnp|Fowden|1993| pp=65–68}} In a parallel tradition, [[Hermetic philosophy]] rationalized and systematized religious [[cult|cult practices]] and offered the adept a means of personal ascension from the constraints of physical being. This latter tradition has led to the conflation of Hermeticism with the contemporaneously developing, but distinct, [[Gnosticism]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Stages of ascension in Hermetic rebirth |url=http://www.esoteric.msu.edu/Merkur.html |via=Esoteric.msu.edu |access-date=2015-06-25 }}</ref>

==The epithet "thrice great"==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Louvre Hermes-Thoth EDITED without handles.jpg
| caption1 = Youthful, athletic Hermes-Thoth, identified by [[Maat]] feather between his headdress-wings.<ref>{{harvnb|Furtwangler|1906|pp=198f}}; {{harvnb|Furtwangler|1898|p=103}}.</ref>
| total_width = 400
| caption2 = Traditional depiction of Thoth as the [[ibis]] with said Feather of Truth.
| image2 = Inlay depicting Thoth as the ibis with a maat feather MET DP234740 crop.jpg
| align = right
}}

Fowden asserts that the first datable occurrences of the epithet "thrice great" are in the ''Legatio'' of [[Athenagoras of Athens]] and in a fragment from [[Philo of Byblos]], {{circa|{{nobr|64–141 {{sc|ce}}}}}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fowden |first=G. |year=1987 |title=The Egyptian Hermes |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge, UK |page=216 }}</ref> However, in a later work, Copenhaver reports that this epithet is first found in the minutes of a meeting of the council of the [[Ibis]] [[cult]], held in 172 BCE near [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] in Egypt.<ref name=Copenhaver_1992>{{cite book |last=Copenhaver |first=B.P. |author-link=Brian Copenhaver |year=1992 |title=Hermetica |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages={{mvar||xiv}}, {{mvar|xli}}, {{mvar|xlviii}} }}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p= {{mvar|xiv}} }} Hart explains that the epithet is derived from an epithet of Thoth found at the Temple of [[Esna]], "Thoth the great, the great, the great."<ref name=Hart/>

Many Christian writers, including [[Lactantius]], [[Augustine]], [[Marsilio Ficino]], [[Tommaso Campanella|Campanella]], and [[Giovanni Pico della Mirandola]], as well as [[Giordano Bruno]], considered Hermes Trismegistus to be a wise [[pagan]] prophet who foresaw the coming of [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Heiser |first=James D. |year=2011 |title=Prisci Theologi and the Hermetic Reformation in the Fifteenth Century |publisher=Repristination Press |place=Malone, TX |isbn=978-1-4610-9382-4 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref name=Jafar_2015>{{cite journal |last = Jafar |first = Imad |date = Winter 2015 |title = Enoch in the Islamic tradition |journal = Sacred Web: A Journal of Tradition and Modernity |volume = 36 |page=37 ff |issn=1480-6584 |url=http://www.sacredweb.org/online_articles/sw36_jafar_sample.pdf |via=sacredweb.org |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-09-28 }}</ref> They believed in the existence of a ''[[prisca theologia]]'', a single, true theology that threads through all religions. It was given by God to man in antiquity<ref name=Yates_1964>{{cite book |last=Yates |first=F.A. |author-link=Frances Yates |year=1964 |title=Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition |title-link=Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition |publisher=Routledge |place=London, UK |isbn=0-226-95007-7 |pages=14–18, 433–434 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hanegraaff |first=W.J. |year=1998 |title=New Age Religion and Western Culture |publisher=SUNY |page=360 }}</ref> and passed through a series of prophets, which included [[Zoroaster]] and [[Plato]]. In order to demonstrate the verity of the ''prisca theologia,'' Christians appropriated the Hermetic teachings for their own purposes. By this account, Hermes Trismegistus was either a contemporary of [[Moses]],<ref name=Yates_1964/>{{rp|style=ama|pp= 27, 293}} or the third in a line of men named Hermes, i.e. [[Enoch]], [[Noah]], and the Egyptian priest king who is known to us as Hermes Trismegistus<ref name=Yates_1964/>{{rp|style=ama|p= 52}} on account of being the greatest priest, philosopher, and king.<ref name=Copenhaver_1992/>{{rp|style=ama|p= {{mvar|xlviii}} }}<ref name=Yates_1964/>{{rp|style=ama|p= 52}}

Another explanation, in the ''[[Suda]]'' (10th century), is that "He was called 'Trismegistus' on account of his praise of the trinity, saying there is one divine nature in the trinity."<ref name=Copenhaver_1992/>{{rp|style=ama|p= {{mvar|xli}} }}

==Hermetic writings==
{{main|Hermetica}}
During the [[Middle Ages]] and the [[Renaissance]], the ''Hermetica'' enjoyed great prestige and were popular among alchemists. Hermes was also strongly associated with astrology, for example by the influential Islamic astrologer [[Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi]] (787–886).<ref>{{harvp|van Bladel|2009|loc=122 ff}}</ref> The "Hermetic tradition" consequently refers to alchemy, magic, astrology, and related subjects. The texts are usually divided into two categories:
:{|
|-
| ''philosophical hermetica'' &emsp; || deals mainly with [[philosophy]] and [[Ancient Near Eastern cosmology|cosmology]]
|-
| ''technical hermetica'' || concerns practical [[magic (supernatural)#Greco_Roman_anchor|magic]], [[potion]]s, and [[alchemy]]
|}
The expression ''[[hermetically sealed]]'' comes from the alchemical procedure to make the [[Philosopher's Stone]]. This required a mixture of materials to be placed in a glass vessel which was sealed by melting and fusing the neck closed, a procedure known as the "Seal of Hermes". The vessel was then heated for 30–40 days.<ref name=Principe>{{cite book |last=Principe |first=L.M. |year=2013 |title=The Secrets of Alchemy |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=123 }}</ref>

During the [[Renaissance]], it was accepted that Hermes Trismegistus was a contemporary of [[Moses]]. However, after [[Isaac Casaubon]]'s demonstration in 1614 that the Hermetic writings must postdate the advent of Christianity, the whole of Renaissance Hermeticism collapsed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hanegraaff |first=Wouter J. |author-link=Wouter J. Hanegraaff |year=1996 |title=New Age Religion and Western Culture |place=Leiden, NL |publisher=Brill |pages=390–391 }}</ref> As to their actual authorship:

{{blockquote|... they were certainly not written in remotest antiquity by an all wise Egyptian priest, as the Renaissance believed, but by various unknown authors, all probably Greeks, and they contain popular Greek philosophy of the period, a mixture of [[Platonism]] and [[Stoicism]], combined with some Jewish and probably some Persian influences.<ref name=Yates_1964/>{{rp|style=ama|pp= 2–3}} }}

The French [[figurist]] [[Jesuit missions to China|Jesuit missionary to China]] [[Joachim Bouvet]] thought that Hermes Trismegistus, [[Zoroaster]] and the Chinese cultural hero [[Fuxi]] were actually the Biblical patriarch [[Enoch]].{{sfnp|Mungello|1989|p=321}}

Various critical editions of the Hermetica have been published in modern academia, such as ''Hermetica'' by [[Brian Copenhaver]].

==Islamic tradition==
{{See also|Idris (prophet)}}
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Ibn Umayl Hermes Crop.jpg
| caption1 = Statue of "the Sage", Hermes Trismegistus, from a 14th century Arabic manuscript.
| total_width = 400
| caption2 = [[Idris (prophet)|Idris]] teaching in Paradise from a 1577 [[Qisas al-Anbiya]] manuscript.
| image2 = Berlin, Pertsch Persisch 1016 fol 20v Idris teaching in paradise crop.jpg
| align = right
}}

{{harvp|Faivre|1995}} has pointed out that Hermes Trismegistus has a place in the [[Islam]]ic tradition, although the name Hermes does not appear in the [[Qur'an]].<ref>{{cite book |first=A. |last=Faivre |author-link=Antoine Faivre |year=1995 |title=The Eternal Hermes: From Greek god to alchemical magus |translator-first=Joscelyn |translator-last=Godwin |place=Grand Rapids, MI |publisher=Phanes Press |isbn=0-933999-53-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/antoine-faivre-the-eternal-hermes |via=[[Internet Archive]] |access-date=2025-09-28 }} {{isbn|978-0-933-999-52-7}}</ref> [[Hagiographer]]s and chroniclers of the first centuries of the Islamic [[Hijrah]] quickly identified Hermes Trismegistus with [[Idris (prophet)|Idris]],{{efn|
"Abu Mas'har’s biography of Hermes, written approximately between 840 and 860, would establish it as common knowledge."{{harvp|van Bladel|2009|p=168}}
}} the [[Prophets of Islam|Islamic prophet]] of [[sura]]hs 19.57 and 21.85, whom Muslims also identified with [[Enoch (ancestor of Noah)|Enoch]] (cf. Genesis 5:18–24). According to the account of the Persian astrologer [[Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi]] (787–886), Idris / Hermes was termed "Thrice-Wise" Hermes Trismegistus because he had a threefold origin. The first Hermes, comparable to [[Thoth]], was a "civilizing hero", an initiator into the mysteries of the divine science and wisdom that animate the world; he carved the principles of this sacred science in [[Egyptian hieroglyph|hieroglyphs]]. The second Hermes, in [[Babylon]], was the initiator of [[Pythagoras]]. The third Hermes was the first teacher of [[alchemy]]. Islamicist [[Pierre Lory]] writes:
: "A faceless prophet, Hermes {{grey|[Trismegistus]}} possesses no concrete or salient characteristics, differing in this regard from most of the major figures of the Bible and the Quran."{{sfnp|Faivre|1995|pp=19–20}}

The [[star-worship]]ping sect known as the [[Sabians of Harran]] also believed that their doctrine descended from Hermes Trismegistus.<ref name=stapleton>{{cite journal |last1=Stapleton |first1=Henry E. |author1-link=Henry Ernest Stapleton |last2=Azo |first2=R.F. |last3=Hidayat Husain |first3=M. |year=1927 |title=Chemistry in Iraq and Persia in the Tenth Century A.D. |journal=Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=VIII |issue=6 |pages=317–418 |oclc=706947607 |url=http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.100203/231270 }}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|pp= 398–403}}

There are least twenty [[Hermetica#Arabic|Arabic ''Hermetica'']] extant. While some of these Arabic Hermetic writings were translated from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] or [[Middle-Persian]], some were originally written in Arabic.{{sfnp|Van Bladel|2009|loc=p. 17, note 42}} Hermetic fragments are also found in the works of [[Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world|Muslim alchemists]] such as [[Jabir ibn Hayyan]] (died {{circa|806}}–816, cited an early version of the ''[[Emerald Tablet]]'' in his {{Transliteration|ar|Kitāb Usṭuqus al-uss}}){{efn|
Jabir explicitly notes that the version of the ''Emerald Tablet'' quoted by him is taken from "Balīnās the Sage" (i.e., [[Pseudepigrapha|pseudo]]-[[Apollonius of Tyana]]), although it differs slightly from the (probably even earlier) version preserved in pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's [[Sirr al-khaliqa|''Sirr al-khalīqa'']] (''The Secret of Creation'').<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Zirnis |first=Peter |year=1979 |title=The Kitāb Usṭuqus al-uss of Jābir ibn Ḥayyān |type=Unpublished PhD diss. |publisher=New York University |place=New York, NY |pages=64–65, 90 }}</ref> See {{harvp|Weisser|1980|p=46}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Weisser |first=Ursula |editor-first1=Otto |editor-last1=Spies |year=1980 |title=Das "Buch über das Geheimnis der Schöpfung" von Pseudo-Apollonios von Tyana |lang=de |trans-title=The "Book on the Secret of Creation" by Pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |isbn=978-3-11-086693-3 |location=Berlin, DE |doi=10.1515/9783110866933 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZFZzxgiUqAC |via=Google}}</ref> [[Ibn Umayl]] {{circa|900|960}}, quoted and commented upon Hermetic sayings throughout his work, among them also a commentary on the ''Emerald Tablet'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stapleton |first1=H.E. |author1-link=Henry Ernest Stapleton |last2=Lewis |first2=G.L. |last3=Taylor |first3=F. Sherwood |author3-link=F. Sherwood Taylor |year=1949 |title=The sayings of Hermes quoted in the Māʾ al-waraqī of Ibn Umail |journal=Ambix |volume=3 |issue=3–4 |pages=69–90 |doi=10.1179/amb.1949.3.3-4.69 }}</ref>}}

==Baháʼí writings==
[[Bahá'u'lláh]], founder of the [[Baháʼí Faith]], identifies [[Idris (prophet)|Idris]] with Hermes in his ''[[Baháʼí literature|Tablet on the Uncompounded Reality]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hermes Trismegistus and Apollonius of Tyana in the writings of Bahá'u'lláh |url=http://bahai-library.com/brown_hermes_apollonius |via=Bahai-library.com |access-date=2015-06-25}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|25em|small=yes}}
* Aufrère, Sydney H. (2008, in French) ''Thot Hermès l'Egyptien: De l'infiniment grand à l'infiniment petit''. Paris, FR: L'Harmattan. {{isbn|978-2296046399}}.
* Bull, Christian H. (2018) ''The Tradition of Hermes Trismegistus: The Egyptian priestly figure as a teacher of hellenized wisdom''. Leiden, NL: Brill. — the standard reference work on the subject.
* Caciorgna, Marilena & Guerrini, Roberto (2004, in Italian) "Il pavimento del duomo di Siena" in ''L'arte della tarsia marmorea dal XIV al XIX secolo fonti e simologia''. Siena, IT.
* {{cite conference |last=Caciorgna |first=Marilena |date=27–28 September 2002 |title=Studi interdisciplinari sul pavimento del duomo di Siena |lang=it |trans-title=Interdisciplinary studies on the floor of the Siena Cathedral |conference=El convegno internazionale di studi chiesa della SS. Annunziata 27 e 28 settembre 2002 [The International Conference on Studies of the Church of the Holy Annunciation, 27–28 September 2002, Siena] |place=Siena, IT |series=Collana di studi e ricerche (Opera della Metropolitana di Siena) |volume=2 |publication-date=2005 |publication-place=Siena, IT |publisher=Cantagalli |isbn=978-8-8827-2214-2 |oclc=60390508 }}
* Copenhaver, Brian P. (1995) ''Hermetica: The Greek Corpus Hermeticum and the Latin Asclepius in a new English translation, with notes and introduction''. Cambridge, UK / New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, {{isbn|0-521-42543-3}}.
* Ebeling, Florian (2007) ''The secret history of Hermes Trismegistus: Hermeticism from ancient to modern times'' [translated from the German by David Lorton]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, {{isbn|978-0-8014-4546-0}}.
* Festugière, A.-J. (1981, in French) ''La révélation d'Hermès Trismégiste''. 2e éd. Paris, FR.
* Furtwangler, Adolf (1906, in German) ''Noch einmal zu Hermes-Thot und Apis''. Bonner Jahrbücher 114–115, 198 ff.
* Furtwangler, Adolf (1898, in German) ''Römische Bronzen aus Deutschland''. Bonner Jahrbücher p. 103.
* Fowden, Garth (1986) ''The Egyptian Hermes: A historical approach to the late pagan mind''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (1993 reprint Princeton University Press) — deals with Thoth (Hermes) from his most primitive known conception to his later evolution into Hermes Trismegistus, as well as the many books and scripts attributed to him.
* Hornung, Erik (2001) ''The Secret Lore of Egypt: Its impact on the west''. Translated by David Lorton. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. {{isbn|0801438470}}.
* Lupini, Carmelo (2010, in Italian) see "Ermete Trismegisto" in ''Dizionario delle Scienze e delle Tecniche di Grecia e Roma'', vol. 1. Roma, IT.
* Merkel, Ingrid & [[Allen G. Debus|Debus, A.G.]] (1988) ''Hermeticism and the Renaissance: Intellectual history and the occult in early modern Europe''. Washington, DC: [[Folger Shakespeare Library]], {{isbn|0-918016-85-1}}.
* {{cite book |last=Mungello |first=D.E. |author-link=David Emil Mungello |year=1989 |title=Curious Land: Jesuit accommodation and the origins of sinology |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |place=Honolulu, HI |isbn=0-8248-1219-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wb4yPw4ZgZQC |via=Google }}
* {{cite book |last=van Bladel |first=Kevin |year=2009 |title=The Arabic Hermes: From pagan sage to prophet of science |place=Oxford, UK |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-537613-5 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195376135.001.0001 |url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195376135.001.0001/acprof-9780195376135}} (the standard reference for Hermes in the Arabic-Islamic world)
* van den Kerchove, Anna (2012, in French) ''La voie d’Hermès: Pratiques rituelles et traités hermétiques''. Leiden, NL: Brill.
* [[Frances Yates|Yates, F.A.]] (1964) ''[[Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition]]''. University of Chicago Press, {{isbn|0-226-95007-7}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{Wikisource|el|Ερμής ο Τρισμέγιστος|Ἑρμῆς ὁ Τρισμέγιστος}}
* [http://www.gnosis.org/library/hermet.htm ''Corpus Hermeticum''] along with the complete text of G.R.S. Mead's classic work, ''Thrice Greatest Hermes''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040729235829/http://www.hermeticresearch.org/ Hermetic Research] is a portal on Hermetic study and discussion
* [http://www.esoteric.msu.edu/Merkur.html Dan Merkur, "Stages of Ascension in Hermetic Rebirth"]
* [http://www.aussagenlogik.org/asclepius-mercurii-trismegisti-dialogus/ Asclepius] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117122532/http://www.aussagenlogik.org/asclepius-mercurii-trismegisti-dialogus/ |date=2007-01-17 }}— Latin text of the edition Paris: Henricus Stephanus 1505.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070107064230/http://www.aussagenlogik.org/mercurii-trismegisti-liber-de-potestate-dei-i-ix/ Pimander]—Latin translation by Marsilio Ficino, Milano: Damianus de Mediolano, 1493.
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/pym/index.htm THE DIVINE PYMANDER of Hermes Mercurius Trismegistus in English]
* [http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//01Ancient/HermesTrismegistus/ Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries]—High resolution images of works by Hermes Trismegistus in JPEG and TIFF format.

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Hermes Trismegistus