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Billy Rose

2025-10-19T02:18:04Z

2001:268:9BF0:398:899E:5BF5:84B3:DC8A: Uncited

{{Short description|American impresario, theatrical showman and lyricist (1899–1966)}}
{{for|the Canadian curler|Billy Rose (curler)}}
{{More citations needed |date=June 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Billy Rose
| image = Billy Rose 1948.jpg
| caption = Rose in 1948
| birth_name = William Samuel Rosenberg
| alias = Billy Rose
| birth_date = {{birth date|1899|9|6|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1966|2|10|1899|9|6}}
| death_place = [[Montego Bay]], Jamaica
| occupation = [[Impresario]], [[theatrical]] [[showman]], [[lyricist]] and [[columnist]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Fanny Brice]]|1929|1938|end=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[Eleanor Holm]]|1939|1954|end=divorce}}
* {{marriage|Joyce Mathews|1956|1959|end=divorce}}{{marriage||1961|1963|end=divorce}}
* {{marriage|Doris Warner Vidor|1964}}
}}
}}
'''Billy Rose''' (born '''William Samuel Rosenberg'''; September 6, 1899 – February 10, 1966)<ref name=NFO/> was an American [[impresario]], [[theatrical]] [[showman]], [[lyricist]] and [[columnist]]. For years both before and after [[World War II]], Billy Rose was a major force in entertainment, with shows such as ''Billy Rose's Crazy Quilt'' (1931), ''[[Jumbo (musical)|Jumbo]]'' (1935), ''[[Billy Rose's Aquacade]]'' (1937), and ''[[Carmen Jones]]'' (1943).<ref name=NFO/> As a lyricist, he is credited with many songs, notably "[[Don't Bring Lulu]]" (1925), "[[Tonight You Belong To Me]]" (1926), "[[Me and My Shadow]]" (1927), [[More Than You Know (Youmans, Rose and Eliscu song)|"More Than You Know"]] (1929), "[[Without a Song]]" (1929), "[[It Happened in Monterrey]]" (1930), and "[[It's Only a Paper Moon (song)|It's Only a Paper Moon]]" (1933).<ref name=NFO/>

Rose is also known as the husband of comedian and singer [[Fanny Brice]].

==Life and work==
Rose was born to a [[Jew]]ish family in [[New York City]]. He attended Public School 44, where he was the 50-yard dash champion.<ref name=NFO/> While in high school, Billy studied [[shorthand]] under [[John Robert Gregg]], the inventor of the [[Gregg Shorthand|Gregg System]] for shorthand notation. He won a dictation contest using Gregg notation, taking over 150 words per minute, and writing forward or backward with either hand.<ref name=NFO/>

Billy Rose began his career as a [[stenographic]] clerk to [[Bernard Baruch]] of the [[War Industries Board]] during [[World War I]], and became head of the clerical staff.<ref name=NFO/> Later he became a lyricist. In this role, he is best known as the credited writer or co-writer of the lyrics to "Me and My Shadow," "Great Day" (with Edward Eliscu), "Does the Spearmint Lose Its Flavor on the Bedpost Overnight" (with Marty Bloom),<ref name=NFO/> "I Found a Million Dollar Baby" (with [[Mort Dixon]]) and "It's Only a Paper Moon" (with [[Yip Harburg|E. Y. Harburg]]).

Most of Rose's lyrical credits were collaborations. Biographer Earl Conrad said, "Nobody clearly knew what he wrote or didn't write.... Publishers tend to credit him with writing the songs known to bear his name as a lyricist.... But tales rumble on ... that Billy could feed and toss in a remark and monkey around, but that others did most of the writing." Lyricists might have been willing to tolerate a Rose credit grab because Rose was very successful at promoting "his" songs.

He went on to become a [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] producer, and a theatre/nightclub owner. In June 1934, he opened [[Billy Rose's Music Hall]] at [[52nd Street (Manhattan)|52nd Street]] and Broadway in New York City with the first [[Benny Goodman Orchestra]]. He produced ''[[Jumbo (musical)|Jumbo]]'', starring [[Jimmy Durante]], at the New York [[Hippodrome Theatre]]. For the [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth Frontier Centennial]] (1936–37),<ref name=NFO/> he constructed the huge elaborate dinner theatre [[Casa Mañana]] which featured celebrated fan-dancer [[Sally Rand]] and the world's largest revolving stage. He produced the [[Billy Rose's Aquacade|Aquacade]] at the [[Great Lakes Exposition]] in [[Cleveland, Ohio]] in 1937.<ref name="NFO">{{cite web| title=Composers – Lyricists Database – 'R' entries page 7 | date=2007 | url=http://nfo.net/cal/tr7.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051229213832/http://nfo.net/cal/tr7.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=2005-12-29 }}</ref><ref>[http://ech.case.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=GLE "GREAT LAKES EXPOSITION"] in ''Encyclopedia of Cleveland History''. Case Western Reserve University</ref><ref>DeMarco, Laura. "Greatness on the Lake." Sun News [Cleveland] July–Aug. 2016, Life sec.: 1. Print.</ref>

Rose was diminutive in stature. When he attended a show, his practice was to book four seats: one for himself, one for his date, and the two in front of those so he would have an unobstructed view.

In 1929, he married Fanny Brice, who went on to star in the 1931 Broadway production of ''Billy Rose's Crazy Quilt''. The marriage ended in divorce in 1938.

In 1938, he opened [[Sony Hall|Billy Rose's Diamond Horseshoe]], a nightclub in New York City's [[Times Square]] in the basement of the [[Paramount Hotel]]. It initially opened with a version of his Fort Worth show. The Diamond Horseshoe operated under that name until 1951.

At the [[1939 New York World's Fair]], ''[[Billy Rose's Aquacade]]''<ref name=NFO/> starred Olympian [[Eleanor Holm]] in what the fair program called "a brilliant girl show of spectacular size and content." Future [[MGM]] star [[Esther Williams]] and [[Tarzan]] star [[Johnny Weissmuller]] were both ''Aquacade'' headliners. Rose began an affair with the then-married Holm, who left her husband for Rose. The couple married in 1939.

Following the 1939 World's Fair, Rose asked [[John Murray Anderson]], who had staged the ''Aquacade'', to recommend a [[choreographer]] for a new show at the Horseshoe. Anderson recommended [[Gene Kelly]], then performing in [[William Saroyan]]'s ''One for the Money''. Rose objected that he wanted someone who could choreograph "tits and asses," not "soft-soap from a crazy [[Armenians|Armenian]]" (Yudkoff, 2001). However, after seeing Kelly's performance, he gave Kelly the job, an important step in Kelly's career.

In 1943, he produced ''[[Carmen Jones]]'' with an all-black cast. An adaptation of [[Georges Bizet]]'s opera ''[[Carmen]],'' the story was transplanted to [[World War II]] America by lyricist and [[librettist]] [[Oscar Hammerstein II]]. It was an instant hit. The ''New York Telegraph'' called it "far and away the best show in New York"; ''The New York Times'' said it was "beautifully done ... just call it wonderful." The ''New York Herald Tribune'' said that [[Oscar Hammerstein II]] "must be considered one of the greatest librettists of our day" and that ''Carmen Jones'' was "a masterly tour de force." It was made into a motion picture in 1954, for which [[Dorothy Dandridge]] received an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] nomination.

In 1946, Rose's memoir, ''Wine, Women and Words'', dedicated to Rose's early patron [[Bernard M. Baruch]], was published in New York by [[Simon & Schuster]]. The book was illustrated, including the cover of the numbered and signed first edition of 1,500 copies, by [[Salvador Dalí]] whom Rose met while producing events at the 1939 World's Fair.

Following the publication of ''Wine, Women and Words'' Rose appeared on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine on June 2, 1947.

In 1946, he began publishing a series of ads for the Diamond Horseshoe in the ''[[New York Daily News]]''.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news/127351165/ "Kickoff", Billy Rose, ''Daily News'', December 4, 1940]</ref> This led to a [[syndicated column]], ''Pitching Horseshoes'', that Rose produced until December, 1950. At its height, it reached 2,000 newspapers.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news/127350875/ "Bye Bye ByLine", Billy Rose, ''Daily News'', December 4, 1940]</ref>

Rose and Holm divorced in 1954. On July 2, 1956, he married showgirl Joyce Mathews (1919–1999), and they divorced July 23, 1959. They then remarried on December 29, 1961, only to divorce again on February 10, 1964, exactly two years before he died. (In the 1940s, Mathews had twice married and twice divorced comedian [[Milton Berle]].) Later in 1964, Rose married Doris Ruth Vidor (née Warner; 1912–1978), who was the widow of film director [[Charles Vidor]].

Rose founded the Billy Rose Sculpture Garden at the [[Israel Museum]] in [[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]].<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/billy-rose-dead-gave-part-of-his-art-collection-to-jerusalem-museum Billy Rose dead, gave part of his art collection to Israel Museum]</ref> His legendary pragmatism is illustrated by a seeming minor event at the sculpture garden opening ceremony, which Rose attended personally. When asked by one of the many distinguished guests what, in the event of war, Rose would have Israel do with these artworks, many of which were modern, steel abstracts, Rose unsmilingly replied, "Melt them down for bullets."

From 1949 until 1955, Rose was the owner-operator of the [[Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)|Ziegfeld Theatre]]. During that time, the theater housed four [[Musical theatre|musicals]] and five plays. In 1965, he sold the theater to be demolished to make way for a new skyscraper, the [[Fisher Brothers]]' [[1345 Avenue of the Americas|Burlington House]].

Rose was a board member of [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]] (ASCAP). ASCAP often slandered rock-and-roll songs. Because rock-and-roll performers increasingly wrote the music and lyrics themselves, professional songwriters lost their dominance in the music industry. As an ASCAP member, Billy Rose labeled rock-and-roll songs "junk" and was quoted as saying, "in many cases they are obscene junk much on the level with dirty comic magazines."<ref>David P. Szatmary, ''Rockin' in Time'', 8th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2014), p. 25.</ref>

==Later years and death==
[[File:David Ben Gurion Billy Rose1960.jpg|thumb|Billy Rose (standing) visiting [[David Ben-Gurion]] in 1960]]
[[Image:Billy Rose 800.jpg|thumb|300px|Billy Rose's mausoleum in [[Westchester Hills Cemetery]]]]
From 1959 until his death in 1966, he was also the owner–operator of the [[Nederlander Theatre|Billy Rose Theater]]. During that time the theater housed four plays, one musical, one [[revue]], three ballets, and twenty-nine concert performances. After his death, the theater retained its name, and remained in the ownership of his estate until 1978, when it was renamed. Today, it is the [[Nederlander Theatre]].

In 1965, Rose was offered, but declined, the role to oversee the [[1964 New York World's Fair]] towards its conclusion.

Rose was a wealthy man when he died of [[lobar pneumonia]] at his vacation home in [[Montego Bay, Jamaica]], at the age of 66. At the time of his death, his fortune was estimated at $42 million (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|CA|42000000|1966}}}} in {{Inflation-year|CA}} dollars),{{inflation-fn|US}} which he left entirely to the Billy Rose Foundation (for the support of fine and performing arts),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roberts|first=Ken Schwencke, Mike Tigas, Sisi Wei, Alec Glassford, Andrea Suozzo, Brandon|date=2013-05-09|title=Billy Rose Foundation Inc - Nonprofit Explorer|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/136165466|access-date=2022-01-10|website=ProPublica|language=en}}</ref> disowning both of his sisters. He is interred at [[Westchester Hills Cemetery]] in [[Hastings-on-Hudson, New York]].

In 1970, Rose was inducted into the [[Songwriters Hall of Fame]].

==Depictions==
Rose was a leading character in the 1975 musical film ''[[Funny Lady]],'' a sequel to ''[[Funny Girl (film)|Funny Girl]]'', which continues the story of Fanny Brice, again played by [[Barbra Streisand]]. Despite physical dissimilarities, actor [[James Caan]] was cast as Rose.

The 1962 film ''[[Billy Rose's Jumbo]]'', starring [[Doris Day]], depicted the original Broadway show staged by Rose. Although he was not involved in the making of the film, a contractual stipulation made it mandatory that his name appear in the title.

Saul Bellow's novella, ''[[The Bellarosa Connection]]'', depicts Billy Rose as a benevolent figure helping Jewish people to escape the Nazis in Europe.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==Work on Broadway==
* ''Charlot Revue'' (1925) – revue – featured co-lyricist for "A Cup of Coffee, a Sandwich and You" with [[Al Dubin]], music by [[Joseph Meyer (songwriter)|Joseph Meyer]]
* ''Padlocks of 1927'' (1927) – revue – lyricist
* ''Harry Delmar's Revels'' (1927) – revue – co-lyricist
* ''[[Sweet and Low (musical)|Sweet and Low]]'' (1930) – revue – composer, lyricist, and producer
* ''Billy Rose's Crazy Quilt'' (1931) – revue – producer, librettist, and director
* ''The Great Magoo'' (1932) – play – producer<ref>League, The Broadway. [https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-great-magoo-11690 "The Great Magoo – Broadway Play – Original | IBDB"]. ''www.ibdb.com''.</ref>
* ''[[Ziegfeld Follies]] of 1934'' (1934) – revue – featured lyricist for "Soul Saving Sadie", "Suddenly", "Countess Dubinsky", and "Sarah, the Sunshine Girl"
* ''[[Jumbo (musical)|Jumbo]]'' (1935) – musical – producer
* ''[[Clash by Night (play)|Clash by Night]]'' (1941) – play – producer
* ''[[Carmen Jones]]'' (1943) – musical – producer
* ''Seven Lively Arts'' (1944) – revue – producer
* ''Concert Varieties'' (1945) – [[vaudeville]] – producer
* ''Interplay'' (1945) – [[ballet]] – producer
* ''[[The Immoralist (play)|The Immoralist]]'' (1954) – play – producer
* ''[[The Wall (play)|The Wall]]'' (1960) – play – co-producer

'''Posthumous credits'''
* ''[[Ain't Misbehavin' (musical)|Ain't Misbehavin']]'' (1978) – revue – featured lyricist for "[[I've Got a Feeling I'm Falling]]" from film ''[[Applause (1929 film)|Applause]]'' (1929)
* ''[[Big Deal (musical)|Big Deal]]'' (1986) – musical – featured lyricist for "[[Me and My Shadow]]"
* ''[[Fosse (musical)|Fosse]]'' (1999) – revue – featured lyricist for "Dancin' Dan ([[Me and My Shadow]])"

==Further reading==
* Yudkoff, Alvin (2001): ''Gene Kelly'' p. 65 Watson-Guptill, {{ISBN|0-8230-8819-7}}
* ''Wine, Women and Words'', Billy Rose, Simon & Schuster, 1946
* ''Billy Rose, Manhattan Primitive'', Earl Conrad; World Publishing Company, 1968
* ''Billy Rose Presents Casa Mañana'', Jan Jones; TCU Press, 1999

==See also==
* [[List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame]]
* [[The Bellarosa Connection]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Yudkoff, Alvin (2001): ''Gene Kelly'' p. 65 Watson-Guptill, {{ISBN|0-8230-8819-7}}
* ''Wine, Women and Words'', Billy Rose, Simon & Schuster, 1946
* ''Billy Rose, Manhattan Primitive'', Earl Conrad; World Publishing Company, 1968
* ''Billy Rose Presents Casa Mañana'', Jan Jones; TCU Press, 1999

==External links==
{{Commons category|Billy Rose}}
* {{IMDb name|0741269}}
* {{IBDB name|16019}}
* [https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/104074 Billy Rose recordings] at the [[Discography of American Historical Recordings]].

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rose, Billy}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century American Jews]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American memoirists]]
[[Category:20th-century American philanthropists]]
[[Category:20th-century American songwriters]]
[[Category:American art patrons]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American entertainment company founders]]
[[Category:American impresarios]]
[[Category:American male biographers]]
[[Category:American male lyricists]]
[[Category:American musical theatre producers]]
[[Category:American newspaper journalists]]
[[Category:ASCAP composers and authors]]
[[Category:Broadway theatre producers]]
[[Category:Burials at Westchester Hills Cemetery]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Manhattan]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Jamaica]]
[[Category:Jewish American journalists]]
[[Category:Jewish American memoirists]]
[[Category:Jewish American songwriters]]
[[Category:Journalists from New York City]]
[[Category:Memoirists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Musicians from Manhattan]]
[[Category:New York Daily News people]]
[[Category:Nightclub owners]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Songwriters from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Theatre owners]]
[[Category:Writers from Manhattan]]
[[Category:20th-century American male journalists]]

Andrey Markov

2025-10-19T00:39:33Z

2001:268:9BF0:398:899E:5BF5:84B3:DC8A: Uncited

{{short description|Russian mathematician (1856–1922)}}
{{Other people}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Andrey Markov
| native_name = Андрей Марков
| native_name_lang = ru
| image = Andrei Markov.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Markov in 1886
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1856|6|14}}
| birth_place = [[Ryazan]], Russia
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1922|7|20|1856|6|14}}
| death_place = [[Petrograd]], Russia
| field = [[Mathematics]], specifically [[probability theory]] and [[statistics]]
| known_for = [[Markov chain]]s <br /> [[Markov process]]es <br /> [[Stochastic process]]es
| work_institutions = [[St. Petersburg University]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Petersburg University]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]]
| doctoral_students = {{Plainlist|
* [[Abram Besicovitch]]
* [[Nikolai Günther]]
* [[Veniamin Kagan]]
* [[Vsevolod Ivanovich Romanovsky|V. I. Romanovsky]]
* [[Jacob Tamarkin]]
* [[J. V. Uspensky]]
* [[Georgy Voronoy]]
}}
| children = [[Andrey Markov Jr.]]
| prizes =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Andrey Andreyevich Markov'''{{efn|({{langx|ru|link=no|Андре́й Андре́евич Ма́рков}}, first name also spelled "Andrei", in older works also spelled '''Markoff'''<ref>E.g. {{cite journal |author=Shannon, Claude E. |author-link=Claude Shannon |title=A Mathematical Theory of Communication |url=http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf|journal=Bell System Technical Journal |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=379–423 |date=July–October 1948 |access-date=29 August 2012 |archive-date=10 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810102533/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf |doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x|bibcode=1948BSTJ...27..379S |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4314-2 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>)}} ({{OldStyleDate|14 June|1856|2 June}} – 20 July 1922) was a Russian mathematician celebrated for his pioneering work in [[stochastic processes]]. He extended foundational results—such as the [[law of large numbers]] and the [[central limit theorem]]—to sequences of dependent random variables, laying the groundwork for what would become known as [[Markov chains]]. To illustrate his methods, he analyzed the distribution of vowels and consonants in [[Alexander Pushkin]]'s ''[[Eugene Onegin]]'', treating letters purely as abstract categories and stripping away any poetic or semantic content.

He was also a strong chess player.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

Markov and his younger brother [[Vladimir Markov (mathematician)|Vladimir Andreyevich Markov]] (1871–1897) proved the [[Markov brothers' inequality]]. His son, another [[Andrey Markov Jr.|Andrey Andreyevich Markov]] (1903–1979), was also a notable mathematician, making contributions to [[constructive mathematics]] and [[Recursion#Functional recursion|recursive function]] theory.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Драгалин [transliteration: "Dragalin"] |title=(in Russian) Математический интуиционизм. Введение в теорию доказательств (English translation: "Mathematical Intuitionism: An Introduction to Proof Theory") |publisher=Наука|year=1979|pages=256}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Andrey Markov was born on 14 June 1856 in [[Ryazan]], Russia. He attended the St. Petersburg Grammar School, where some teachers saw him as a rebellious student. In his academics he performed poorly in most subjects other than mathematics. Later in life he attended [[Saint Petersburg Imperial University]]. Among his teachers were [[Yulian Sokhotski]] (differential calculus, higher algebra), [[Konstantin Posse]] (analytic geometry), Yegor Zolotarev (integral calculus), [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]] ([[number theory]] and probability theory), [[Aleksandr Korkin]] (ordinary and partial differential equations), Mikhail Okatov (mechanism theory), [[Osip Somov]] (mechanics), and Nikolai Budajev (descriptive and higher geometry).

He completed his studies at the university and was later asked if he would like to stay and have a career as a mathematician. He later taught at high schools and continued his own mathematical studies. In this time he found a practical use for his mathematical skills.

In 1913, he conducted a study on the distribution of vowels and consonants in the first 20,000 letters of [[Alexander Pushkin]]'s ''[[Eugene Onegin]]'', treating the text as a sequence of symbols and analyzing the statistical relationships between them. By classifying each letter as either a vowel or a consonant and analyzing the probabilities of transitions between these categories, Markov demonstrated that chains of dependent events could be rigorously modeled. This was the first empirical application of what are now called [[Markov chains]].

He died at age 66 on 20 July 1922.

== Timeline ==
In 1877, Markov was awarded a gold medal for his outstanding solution of the problem:

''About Integration of Differential Equations by [[continued fraction|Continued Fractions]] with an Application to the Equation'' <math> (1+x^2) \frac{dy}{dx} = n (1+y^2)</math>.

During the following year, he passed the candidate's examinations, and he remained at the university to prepare for a lecturer's position.

In April 1880, Markov defended his [[master's degree|master's thesis]] "On the Binary Square Forms with Positive Determinant", which was directed by Aleksandr Korkin and Yegor Zolotarev. Four years later in 1884, he defended his doctoral thesis titled "On Certain Applications of the Algebraic Continuous Fractions".

His [[pedagogy|pedagogical]] work began after the defense of his master's thesis in autumn 1880. As a [[privatdozent]] he lectured on differential and integral calculus. Later he lectured alternately on "introduction to analysis", probability theory (succeeding Chebyshev, who had left the university in 1882) and the calculus of differences. From 1895 through 1905 he also lectured in [[differential calculus]].

[[File:AAMarkov.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Markov|Markov]]
One year after the defense of his doctoral thesis, Markov was appointed extraordinary professor (1886) and in the same year he was elected adjunct to the Academy of Sciences. In 1890, after the death of [[Viktor Bunyakovsky]], Markov became an extraordinary member of the academy. His promotion to an ordinary professor of St. Petersburg University followed in the fall of 1894.

In 1896, Markov was elected an ordinary member of the academy as the successor of [[Chebyshev]]. In 1905, he was appointed merited professor and was granted the right to retire, which he did immediately. Until 1910, however, he continued to lecture in the calculus of differences.

In connection with student riots in 1908, professors and lecturers of St. Petersburg University were ordered to monitor their students. Markov refused to accept this decree, and he wrote an explanation in which he declined to be an "agent of the governance". Markov was removed from further teaching duties at St. Petersburg University, and hence he decided to retire from the university.

Markov was an [[atheist]]. In 1912, he responded to [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s [[excommunication]] from the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] by requesting his own excommunication. The Church complied with his request.<ref>"Of course, Markov, an atheist and eventual excommunicate of the Church quarreled endlessly with his equally outspoken counterpart [[Pavel Nekrasov]]. The disputes between Markov and Nekrasov were not limited to mathematics and religion, they quarreled over political and philosophical issues as well." Gely P. Basharin, [[Amy Langville|Amy N. Langville]], Valeriy A. Naumov, [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20121218173228/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/meyn/www/spm_files/Markov-Work-and-life.pdf The Life and Work of A. A. Markov], page 6.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Naming Infinity: A True Story of Religious Mysticism and Mathematical Creativity|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03293-4|author1=Loren R. Graham|author2=Jean-Michel Kantor|page=69|quote=Markov (1856–1922), on the other hand, was an atheist and a strong critic of the Orthodox Church and the tzarist government (Nekrasov exaggeratedly called him a Marxist).}}</ref>

[[File:Literator Bridges Grave Markov.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Markov's headstone|Markov's [[headstone]]]]
In 1913, the council of St. Petersburg elected nine scientists honorary members of the university. Markov was among them, but his election was not affirmed by the minister of education. The affirmation only occurred four years later, after the [[February Revolution]] in 1917. Markov then resumed his teaching activities and lectured on probability theory and the calculus of differences until his death in 1922.

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[List of things named after Andrey Markov]]
* [[Chebyshev–Markov–Stieltjes inequalities]]
* [[Gauss–Markov theorem]]
* [[Gauss–Markov process]]
* [[Hidden Markov model]]
* [[Markov blanket]]
* [[Markov chain]]
* [[Markov decision process]]
* [[Markov's inequality]]
* [[Markov brothers' inequality]]
* [[Markov information source]]
* [[Markov random field|Markov network]]
* [[Markov number]]
* [[Markov property]]
* [[Markov process]]
* [[Stochastic matrix]] (also known as Markov matrix)
* [[Subjunctive possibility]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite Efron|Марков, Андрей Андреевич}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|author=Karl-Georg Steffens|title=The History of Approximation Theory: From Euler to Bernstein|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjFJNoq638kC&pg=PA98|date=28 July 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-8176-4475-8|pages=98–105}}
* А. А. Марков. "Распространение закона больших чисел на величины, зависящие друг от друга". "Известия Физико-математического общества при Казанском университете", 2-я серия, том 15, с. 135–156, 1906.
* A. A. Markov. "Extension of the limit theorems of probability theory to a sum of variables connected in a chain". reprinted in Appendix B of: R. Howard. ''Dynamic Probabilistic Systems, volume 1: Markov Chains''. John Wiley and Sons, 1971.
* {{cite news |last1=Pavlyk |first1=Oleksandr |title=Centennial of Markov Chains |url=http://blog.wolfram.com/2013/02/04/centennial-of-markov-chains/ |work=Wolfram Blog |date=February 4, 2013 |language=en}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Andrey Markov}}
* {{MathGenealogy|title=Andrei Andreyevich Markov}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Markov, Andrey}}
[[Category:1856 births|Markov, Andrei Andreyevich]]
[[Category:1922 deaths|Markov, Andrei Andreyevich]]
[[Category:19th-century mathematicians from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Russian atheists]]
[[Category:Former Russian Orthodox Christians]]
[[Category:Probability theorists]]
[[Category:Saint Petersburg State University alumni]]
[[Category:Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)]]
[[Category:People from Ryazan]]
[[Category:Russian statisticians]]
[[Category:Russian scientists]]