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P45 (tax)

2025-09-18T13:28:34Z

2001:4479:901:3300:B802:84A4:9CD4:C549: Minor fixes to this section

{{Short description|Tax reference code}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
In the [[United Kingdom]], and formerly in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], a '''P45''' is the reference code of a document titled ''Details of employee leaving work''. The term is used in [[British slang|British]] and Irish slang as a [[Metonymy|metonym]] for [[Involuntary termination of employment|termination of employment]]. The equivalent slang term in the [[United States]] is "[[Termination of employment|pink slip]]".

A P45 is issued by the employer when an employee leaves work.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/working/forms/paye-forms.htm | title=PAYE forms - P45, Starter Checklist, P60 and P11D | publisher=HM Revenue & Customs | access-date=2013-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/payerti/employee/employee-leaves.htm | title=When an employee leaves or retires | publisher=HM Revenue & Customs | access-date=2013-05-18}}</ref>

A P45 is also issued by a pension provider when one claims their pension savings held with the pension provider. When one takes out their entire pension fund as a lump sum, a part of this amount will be considered taxable earnings, and this will need to be reported to HMRC. In such cases, one receives a P45 from the pension provider for their record. This can also be passed on to a new employer if the person continues to work.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://support.autoenrolment.co.uk/en/articles/5981592-help-guide-on-p45-s | title=Help guide on P45's | publisher=Smart Pension | access-date=2023-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gov.uk/hmrc-internal-manuals/paye-manual/paye93080 | title=PAYE93080 - Reconcile individual: end of year reconciliation: small pension taken as a lump sum payment (formerly known as trivial commutation payments) | publisher=HM Revenue & Customs | access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref>

==In the United Kingdom==
In the UK, the front section, Part 1, is given by the old employer to [[HM Revenue and Customs]], who then record the pay and tax details on to the individual's taxpayer record. Part 1A is to be retained by the employee, Part 2 retained by the new employer, and Part 3 taken by the new employer and sent to their tax office. The P45 contains details of earnings and [[tax]] paid during the tax year (tax paid in previous years is detailed on the [[P60]] for that year).<ref>{{Cite web |title=P45 Form: United Kingdom Tax Form, What it is, How it Works |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/p45-tax.asp |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref>

A P45 is a document issued by UK employers when an employee leaves a job. It records the employee’s earnings and tax paid during the current tax year. Copies are provided to [[HM Revenue and Customs|HMRC]], the employee, and the new employer or job centre. The form is valid only for the tax year in which it is issued.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kyalo |first=Joy |date=2025-02-03 |title=What Happens If You Don't Give Your New Employer Your P45? |url=https://businassist.com/blog/what-happens-if-you-dont-give-your-new-employer-your-p45/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=BusinAssist Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>

The "P" code refers to documents in the [[Pay-as-you-earn tax|PAYE]] series, in the same way that self-assessment documents are prefixed "SA" (e.g., SA100 – Individual tax return) and [[tax credit]]s paperwork is prefixed "TC" (e.g., TC600 – Tax credits application).{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

==In the Republic of Ireland==
In the Republic of Ireland, P45 was also used as a reference to a form used by the [[Revenue Commissioners]] with the same function. The administrative procedures in this area were similar; however, the form itself was different in design from the UK version. The form was eliminated from 1 January 2019, having been replaced by a real-time reporting of tax details to Revenue.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reddan|first=Fiona|title=Bye bye P45: Revenue moves to modernise PAYE|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/bye-bye-p45-revenue-moves-to-modernise-paye-1.3036308|access-date=2020-07-05|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
On 27 June 2007, the day of his resignation as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], [[Tony Blair]] jokingly remarked during his final [[Prime Minister's Questions]] about receiving his P45:<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 June 2007|title=Tony Blair's last Prime Minister's Questions: 27 June 2007|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJpp7BSKd54&t=1277 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/HJpp7BSKd54 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-18|website=[[YouTube]]|at=21 minutes, 17 seconds|type=Video}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hansard: The Prime Minister |date=27 June 2007 |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2007-06-27/debates/07062782000011/PrimeMinister#contribution-07062782000180}}</ref>

{{blockquote|''I received the following communication by urgent letter yesterday:''

''"Details of employee leaving work: Surname Blair. First name T"—''

''"It actually says 'Mr., Mrs., Miss or other'"—''

''"This form is important to you. Take good care of it. P45."''|Tony Blair|''Official Report (Hansard)''}}

On 4 October 2017, at the annual [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] conference in [[Manchester]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Theresa May]] was handed a P45 form by prankster [[Simon Brodkin]] as a stunt claiming to be from then-[[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]] [[Boris Johnson]]. Brodkin was arrested, but no charges were brought.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Elgot, Jessica Elgot |author2=Grierson, Jamie |date=4 October 2017|title=Security inquiry after prankster Simon Brodkin disrupts May speech|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/oct/04/prankster-simon-brodkin-hands-may-p45-during-conference-speech-lee-nelson}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-41500965|title=Conservative conference: May handed P45|publisher=BBC News|date=8 October 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Taxation in the United Kingdom]]
*[[United Kingdom labour law]]
*[[P60]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.gov.uk/paye-forms-p45-p60-p11d PAYE forms: P45, P60, P11D] GOV.UK information
*[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20111030133159/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/MoneyTaxAndBenefits/Taxes/WorkingAndPayingTax/DG_10013512 PAYE forms: P45, P46, P60, P11D] Directgov pages in the UK National Archives
*[http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/helpsheets/e13.pdf E13 Day to Day Payroll] Additional United Kingdom information
*{{cite web |url=http://www.revenue.ie/leaflets/employers-guide-to-paye.pdf |title=Employers Guide to PAYE |pages=§12.1: Form P45 (cessation certificate) pp.71–3; §12.3: Completing form P45 pp.73–5 |author=Revenue Commissioners |date=October 2007 |access-date=2007-11-01 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071119032948/http://www.revenue.ie/leaflets/employers-guide-to-paye.pdf  |archive-date = 2007-11-19 |author-link= Revenue Commissioners}} Republic of Ireland information
*{{cite web |url=http://www.revenue.ie/pdf/p45v3_ff.pdf |title=Document Type Definition P45 |author=Revenue Online |date=2005-07-04 |access-date=2007-11-01 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071119153642/http://www.revenue.ie/pdf/p45v3_ff.pdf  |archive-date = 2007-11-19}} [[Document type definition|DTD]] for [[Form (HTML)|online submission]] of P45 in [[XML]] format

{{DEFAULTSORT:P45 (Tax)}}
[[Category:Taxation in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Taxation in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:United Kingdom labour law]]
[[Category:British English]]
[[Category:Slang]]
[[Category:Tax forms]]
[[Category:Irish slang]]

History of Melbourne

2025-09-17T11:02:49Z

2001:4479:901:3300:B802:84A4:9CD4:C549: /* "Australia's capital": 1901-1927 */ minor fixes to this section

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Australian English|date=March 2018}}
{{History of Australia}}
The '''history of Melbourne''' details the city's growth from a fledgling settlement into a modern commercial and financial centre as Australia's second largest city, [[Melbourne]], in the state of [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]].

==Pre-European settlement==
[[File:Merri Creek Plenty Ranges-Troedel.jpg|thumb|''Aborigines on [[Merri Creek]]'' by [[Charles Troedel]]]]
The area around [[Port Phillip]] and the [[Yarra River|Yarra]] valley, on which the city of Melbourne now stands, was the home of the [[Kulin nation]], an alliance of several language groups of [[Aboriginal Australians]], whose ancestors had lived in the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years.<ref>Gary Presland, ''The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region'', (revised edition), Harriland Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-646-33150-7}}. Presland says on page 1: "There is some evidence to show that people were living in the Maribyrnong River valley, near present day Keilor, about 40,000 years ago."</ref> At the time of European settlement the population of [[Aboriginal Victorians|Indigenous inhabitants of what is now Victoria]] was estimated to be under 20,000,<ref name="rbg.vic.gov.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1062/Indig.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831065331/http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1062/Indig.pdf|archive-date=2007-08-31|title=Indigenous connections to the site}}</ref> drawn from three peoples: the [[Wurundjeri]], [[Bunurong|Boonwurrung]] (Bunurong) and [[Wathaurong]].<ref name=presland1994>Gary Presland, ''Aboriginal Melbourne: The Lost Land of the Kulin People'', Harriland Press (1985), Second edition 1994, {{ISBN|0-9577004-2-3}}. This book describes in some detail the archaeological evidence regarding Aboriginal life, culture, food gathering and land management, particularly the period from the flooding of Bass Strait and Port Phillip from about 7–10,000 years ago, up to the European colonisation in the nineteenth century.</ref>

The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin, as well as a vital source of food, water and a sheltered Bay Area for clan meetings and annual events.<ref name="settlement">{{cite web|title=Foundation of the Settlement|work=History of the City of Melbourne|publisher=[[City of Melbourne]]|year=1997|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutMelbourne/History/Pages/SettlementtoCity.aspx|access-date=13 July 2010|archive-date=24 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524032643/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ABOUTMELBOURNE/HISTORY/Pages/SettlementtoCity.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="merrimerri">Isabel Ellender and Peter Christiansen, ''People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days'', Merri Creek Management Committee, 2001 {{ISBN|0-9577728-0-7}}</ref> The Kulin lived by fishing, hunting and gathering, and made a good living from the rich food sources of Port Phillip and the surrounding grasslands.<ref name=presland1994/>

Many of the Aboriginal people who live in Melbourne today are descended from Aboriginal groups from other parts of Victoria and Australia. However, there are still people who identify as Wurundjeri and Bunurong descendants of the original people who occupied the area of Melbourne prior to European settlement. While there are few overt signs of the Aboriginal past in the Melbourne area, there are a wealth of [[Wurundjeri#Places of significance|sites of cultural and spiritual significance]].<ref>Meyer Eidelson, ''The Melbourne Dreaming. A Guide to the Aboriginal Places of Melbourne'', pp8-9, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, 1997. Reprint 2000. {{ISBN|0-85575-306-4}}</ref><ref>See also Meyer Eidelson, ''The Footballer, First in the league'', in ''[http://home.vicnet.net.au/~hsosk/downloads/ppwalks.pdf Walks in Port Phillip. A guide to the cultural landscapes of a City] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031001033811/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~hsosk/downloads/ppwalks.pdf |date=1 October 2003 }}'', Accessed 1 November 2008</ref>

In June 2021, the boundaries between the land of two of the [[traditional owner]] groups, the Wurundjeri and Bunurong, were agreed after being drawn up by the [[Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council]]. The borderline runs across the city from west to east, with the [[Melbourne central business district|CBD]], [[Richmond, Victoria|Richmond]] and [[Hawthorn, Victoria|Hawthorn]] included in Wurundjeri land, and [[Albert Park, Victoria|Albert Park]], [[St Kilda, Victoria|St Kilda]] and [[Caulfield, Victoria|Caulfield]] on Bunurong land.<ref name=boundaries>{{cite web|last=Dunstan|first=Joseph|title=Melbourne's birth destroyed Bunurong and Wurundjeri boundaries. 185 years on, they've been redrawn|publisher=ABC News|location=Australia|date=26 June 2021|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-26/melbourne-aboriginal-traditional-owners-bunurong-wurundjeri/100236480|access-date=30 June 2021}}</ref>

==Arrival of the penal colony==
[[File:The Enterprise at the founding of Melbourne, 29 August 1835.jpg|thumb|The Enterprize, the ship of John Pascoe Fawkner landing at Melbourne]]

In 1797 [[George Bass]], in an open whaleboat with a crew of six, was the first European to enter what came to be called [[Bass Strait]], the passage between the Australian mainland and [[Van Diemen's Land]] ([[Tasmania]]).<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Bowden|first=Keith Macrae|title=Bass, George (1771–1803)|url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bass-george-1748|work=Australian Dictionary of Biography|place=Canberra|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|language=en|access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref> He sailed westwards along what is now the coast of the [[Gippsland]] region of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], as far west as [[Western Port]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1802, [[John Murray (Australian explorer)|John Murray]] in the {{HMS|Lady Nelson|1798|2}} entered [[Port Phillip]] to conduct early mappings and exploration of the region,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Logbooks of the Lady Nelson|url=https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks/e00066.html|access-date=2023-01-22|via=Project Gutenberg Australia}}</ref> and he was followed shortly after by [[Matthew Flinders]].

In 1803, [[Charles Grimes (surveyor)|Charles Grimes]], the deputy surveyor-general of New South Wales, was sent to Port Phillip to survey the area.<ref name=Fleming>{{citation|first=James|last=Fleming|editor-first=John|editor-last=Currey|title=A journal of Grimes' survey: the Cumberland in Port Phillip January–February 1803|place=Malvern, Victoria|publisher=Banks Society Publications|year=2002|page=43|isbn=0-949586-10-2}}
</ref> Sailing on {{HMS|Cumberland|1803|2}}, under the command of Acting Lieutenant [[Charles Robbins (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Robbins]], the party entered Port Phillip on 20 January 1803. On 30 January, Grimes and his party landed at [[Frankston, Victoria|Frankston]] and met around thirty of the local inhabitants. A plaque at the site marks the event. On 2 February, he entered the mouth of the [[Yarra River]]. On the next day, Grimes rowed up the river in a boat and explored what is now the [[Maribyrnong River]] for several miles. Returning to the Yarra he explored the river for several miles until he reached [[Dights Falls]] on 8 February. The journal<ref name=Fleming/> of another member of the party, James Flemming, has been preserved, and in it he several times refers to finding good soil.
Although it was evidently a dry season Flemming, who was described by King as "very intelligent", thought from the appearance of the herbage that "there is not often so great a scarcity of water as at present". He suggested that the "most eligible place for a settlement I have seen is on the Freshwater (Yarra) River". Grimes returned to Sydney on 7 March 1803 and, in spite of Flemming's opinions, reported adversely against a settlement at Port Phillip.

Later in 1803 the British [[Governor of New South Wales]], Captain [[Philip Gidley King]], fearful that the French might try to occupy the Bass Strait area, sent Colonel [[David Collins (lieutenant governor)|David Collins]] with a party of 300 convicts to establish a settlement at Port Phillip. Collins arrived at the site of [[Sorrento, Victoria|Sorrento]], on the [[Mornington Peninsula]], in October 1803, but was put off by the lack of fresh water.<ref>{{cite news|last=Button|first=James|title=Secrets of a forgotten settlement|newspaper=The Age|date=4 October 2003|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/03/1064988393029.html?from=storyrhs|access-date=19 October 2008|location=Melbourne}}</ref> In May 1804 Collins moved the settlement to Tasmania, establishing [[Hobart]]. The northern shores of Bass Strait were then left to a few whalers and sealers. Among the convicts at Sorrento was a boy called [[John Pascoe Fawkner]], who would later come back to settle in the Melbourne area.

In 1824 [[Hamilton Hume]] and [[William Hovell]] came overland from New South Wales, failing to find Western Port, their destination, but instead reaching [[Corio Bay]], where they found good grazing land. But it was another ten years before [[Edward Henty]], a Tasmanian grazier, established an illegal sheep-run on [[crown land]] at [[Portland, Victoria|Portland]], in what is now western Victoria, in 1834.

[[John Batman]], a successful farmer in northern Tasmania, also desired more grazing land. He entered Port Phillip Bay on 29 May 1835, landing at [[Indented Head]]. Over the next week, he explored the area around the Bay, first at Corio Bay, near the present site of [[Geelong]], and later moving up the Yarra and Maribyrnong rivers at the north of the Bay. He explored a large area in what is now the northern suburbs of Melbourne.

==Foundation of town==
{{main|Foundation of Melbourne}}
[[File:Batman signs treaty artist impression.jpg|thumb|right|1880s Artist impression of Batman's Treaty being signed]]
[[File:Melbourne 1839.JPG|thumb|Collins Street, Melbourne, 1839. Watercolour by W. Knight]]
[[File:Landing at melbourne 1840.jpg|thumb|Melbourne Landing,1840; watercolor by W. Liardet (1840)]]
[[File:Melbourne in 1862 from Princes Bridge.jpg|thumb|Lithograph of Melbourne from Princes Bridge in 1862.]]

On 6 June 1835, Batman, as part of a Tasmanian business syndicate known as the [[Port Phillip Association]], signed a [[Batman's Treaty|treaty]] with eight Wurundjeri elders<ref name="settlement" /><ref name="merrimerri" /> in which he purported to buy {{convert|600000|acre|km2}} of land around Melbourne and another {{convert|100000|acre|km2}} around [[Geelong]] on Corio Bay to the south-west. On 8 June he wrote in his journal: "So the boat went up the large river... and... I am glad to state about six miles up found the River all good water and very deep. This will be the place for a village." The last sentence later became famous as the "founding charter" of Melbourne.

Batman returned to [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]] in [[Tasmania]] (then known as [[Van Diemen's Land]]) and began plans to mount a large expedition to establish a settlement on the Yarra. But [[John Fawkner]], by now a businessman in Launceston, had the same idea. Fawkner bought a ship, the schooner ''[[Enterprize (1829)|Enterprize]]'', which sailed on 4 August, with a party of intending settlers. When Batman's party reached the Yarra on 2 September, they were dismayed and angry to find Fawkner's people already in possession.

The two groups decided that there was plenty of land for everybody, and when Fawkner arrived on 16 October with another party of settlers, they agreed to parcel out land and not dispute who was there first. Both Batman and Fawkner settled in the new town.

[[Batman's Treaty]] with the Aborigines was annulled by the [[New South Wales]] government (which at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia) on 26 August 1835 (and the annulment confirmed by the Colonial Office on 10 October 1835), but provided for compensation to the Association.<ref name="settlement" /> Although this meant the settlers were now trespassing on Crown land, the government reluctantly accepted the settlers' ''fait accompli'' and allowed the town to remain.

In September 1836, Governor [[Richard Bourke]] established the [[Port Phillip District]] of New South Wales, though the borders had still not been determined, with the settlement as its administrative centre. (Bourke was authorised by London to establish a settlement in April 1836.) Bourke also appointed Captain [[William Lonsdale (colonist)|William Lonsdale]] as police magistrate, chief agent of the government and commandant of the district. [[William Hobson|Captain William Hobson]] (later Governor of New Zealand) was instructed to accompany Lonsdale, his family and public officers to Port Phillip. The presence of a warship together with the Governor's agent indicated the Governor's intention to re-take control of the situation in Port Phillip. Lonsdale arrived at Port Phillip with his wife Martha, 7-month-old daughter Alice and his one assigned servant, on board {{HMS|Rattlesnake|1822|6}}, commanded by Hobson. They anchored at the south end of the Bay on 27 September 1836, where Hobson despatched a cutter for survey work, and by the 29th had proceeded north and anchored off [[Point Gellibrand]], [[Hobsons Bay]], near the mouth of the [[Yarra River]]. Lonsdale landed unofficially, distributing the official proclamation of the establishment of the new settlement, and did the same the next day. On 1 October 1836 Lonsdale was formally rowed up the Yarra River and was met by John Batman and Dr Thompson and other assembled settlers.<ref>B. R. Penny, [https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lonsdale-william-2368 'Lonsdale, William (1799–1864)'], ''[[Australian Dictionary of Biography]]'', Volume 2, Melbourne University Press, 1967, pp 124–126</ref>

Bourke also commissioned [[Robert Hoddle]] to make the first plan for the town, completed on 25 March 1837, which came to be known as the [[Hoddle Grid]].<ref name="COM2">{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=53|title=City of Melbourne — Roads — Introduction|publisher=City of Melbourne|access-date=29 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220130459/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=53|archive-date=20 February 2011}}</ref> The surveys were intended to prepare for land sales by [[public auction]]. Bourke visited Port Phillip in March 1837, confirmed Lonsdale's choice of a site for the new town and named it Melbourne on 10 April 1837<ref>New South Wales Government Gazette, 12 April 1837 (No.271), p. 303.</ref> after the then British prime minister [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne]], who resided in the village of [[Melbourne, Derbyshire|Melbourne]] in Derbyshire. The General Post Office opened under that name on 13 April 1837.<sup>[[History of Melbourne#cite note-PostOffice-16|[16]]]</sup> Before being officially named, the town had several interim names – including Batmania, Bearbrass, Bareport, Bareheep, Barehurp and Bareberp.<ref>Bill Wannan, ''Australian folklore: a dictionary of lore, legends and popular allusions'', Lansdowne, 1970, p.42</ref><ref>Alexander Wyclif Reed, ''Place names of Australia'', Reed, 1973, p.149</ref><ref>[http://melbourne.metblogs.com/2007/06/13/batmania/ "Batmania" ''Melbourne Metblogs'' by Neil, 13 June 2007]. Accessed 7 July 2008</ref> Public auctions for land began in June 1837. The compensation of the Port Phillip Association were only recognised to the extent of £7,000, allowed as a reduction on the purchase price of land bought by the association. Most of the members sold their entitlements to [[Charles Swanston]].

[[George Gipps]] became Governor of New South Wales in 1838. In October 1839, he appointed [[Charles La Trobe]] as Superintendent of the district. He was a gifted man with artistic and scientific interests who did much to lay the foundations of Melbourne as a real city. La Trobe's most lasting contribution to the city was to reserve large areas as public parks: today these are the [[Treasury Gardens, Melbourne|Treasury Gardens]], the [[Carlton Gardens]], the [[Flagstaff Gardens]], [[Royal Park, Melbourne|Royal Park]] and the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne|Royal Botanic Gardens]].

A Separation Association had been formed in 1840 wanting Port Phillip District to become a separate colony, and the first petition for the separation was drafted by [[Henry Fyshe Gisborne]] and presented by him to Governor Gipps. The entire population of Port Philip in 1841 was 11,738.<ref name=CathEnc>[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Melbourne|Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Melbourne]]</ref>

On 12 August 1842, Melbourne was incorporated as a "town" by Act 6 Victoria No. 7 of the Governor and Legislative Council of New South Wales.<ref name=vmd>{{cite book|title=Victorian Municipal Directory|year=1992|publisher=Arnall & Jackson|location=[[Brunswick, Victoria|Brunswick]]|pages=275–278}} Accessed at [[State Library of Victoria]], La Trobe Reading Room.</ref> On 25 June 1847, the [[City of Melbourne]] was declared by [[letters patent]] of [[Queen Victoria]].<ref name="MilesLewis25">{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Miles|title=Melbourne: the city's history and development|edition=2nd|publisher=[[City of Melbourne]]|location=Melbourne|year=1995|page=25|isbn=0-949624-71-3}}</ref>

In December 1842 Charles Dowling arrived in Melbourne and would soon be a merchant concentrating on 'the settlers' trade', providing merchandise for the squatters and buying their produce which he would ship to England. [[Richard Goldsbrough]], a woolstapler, came to Melbourne in 1847. He bought a weatherboard building on the corner of [[William Street, Melbourne|William Street]] and [[Flinders Lane]], and set up a business as a classer and packer of wool for sale in England. In 1850 he set up the first regular wool auction in [[Bourke Street]].

In 1843 there was a panic which was attributed to an influx of British capital being used for land speculations, with the money being deposited in banks at interest, lent to squatters, and its sudden withdrawal for the purpose of remitting to London in payment for immigration and other demands. The panic was also caused by low wool prices and the cessation of transportation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13433936|title=BANKING ABUSES.—II.|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=5 May 1879|access-date=2 February 2012|page=3|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

==Early colonisation and displacement==
Melbourne began as a collection of tents and huts on the banks of the [[Yarra River]]. The river was used for bathing and drinking water. The river had by the 1850s become quite polluted and was the cause of an epidemic of typhoid fever which hit the town resulting in many deaths.<ref name=MCB>[http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/melbournecitybaths/AboutMCB/Pages/History.aspx Melbourne City Baths]</ref> Though the Melbourne City Council opened the first [[Melbourne City Baths]] on 9 January 1860,<ref>[http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00162b.htm Melbourne City, Past and Present]</ref> people continued to swim and drink the river water.

Until the building boom which followed the [[gold rush]]es, most of Melbourne was built of timber, and almost nothing from this period survives. Two exceptions are [[St James Old Cathedral]] (1839) in Collins Street (now relocated to King Street opposite the Flagstaff Gardens), and [[St Francis Catholic Church (Melbourne)|St Francis Catholic Church]] (1841) in Elizabeth Street. Suburban development had already begun. The first sale of Crown lands in [[St Kilda, Victoria|St Kilda]] took place on 7 December 1842, and the wealthy began building houses by the seashore, and a port developed at [[Williamstown, Victoria|Williamstown]]. In 1844, a bridge was built to span the [[Yarra River]] at [[Swanston Street]]. The bridge replaced the privately operated [[Cable ferry|punts]]. The bridge was a privately built wooden [[Trestle bridge|trestle]] toll bridge.<ref name="MVGA">"[http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/rsrc/PDFs/History/Historydates.pdf Some significant dates in the History of the City of Melbourne] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060919010325/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/rsrc/PDFs/History/Historydates.pdf |date=19 September 2006 }}", ''[http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au City of Melbourne]''</ref> In 1850, a government-built sandstone free bridge replaced the wooden bridge.

In 1848, [[Charles Perry (bishop)|Charles Perry]] became the first [[Anglican Diocese of Melbourne|Anglican bishop for Melbourne]],<ref name=adb>A. de Q. Robin, [https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/perry-charles-4391 'Perry, Charles (1807–1891)'], ''[[Australian Dictionary of Biography]]'', Vol. 5, Melbourne University Press, 1974, pp 432-436. Retrieved 5 November 2009</ref> and [[James Alipius Goold]] became the Catholic Bishop of Melbourne.

With the arrival of Europeans in the area, the local indigenous people were hard hit by introduced diseases, and their decline was hastened by mistreatment, alcohol and venereal disease.<ref name="merrimerri"/> There were also frontier conflicts such as the [[Battle of Yering]] in 1840,<ref>Kath Gannaway, ''[http://www.starnewsgroup.com.au/story/33683 Important step for reconciliation] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120918032709/http://www.starnewsgroup.com.au/story/33683 |date=18 September 2012 }}'' Star News Group, 24 January 2007. Accessed 1 November 2008</ref><ref>Isabel Ellender and Peter Christiansen, pp65-67 ''People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days'', Merri Creek Management Committee, 2001 {{ISBN|0-9577728-0-7}}</ref> and the subsequent enforced removal of Aboriginal people from the Melbourne township during the [[Lettsom raid]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Standfield|first1=Rachel|title='The vacillating manners and sentiments of these people': Mobility, civilisation and dispossession in the work of William Thomas with the Port Phillip Aboriginal Protectorate|journal=Law Text Culture|date=2011|volume=15|issue=9|pages=162–184|url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/ltc/vol15/iss1/9/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cannon|first1=Michael|title=Black Land, White Land|date=1993|publisher=Minerva|location=Port Melbourne|isbn=978-1-863-30315-6}}</ref> [[Simon Wonga]] made moves to reclaim land for Kulin people to settle on in 1859, but they were not successful until 1863 when the surviving members of the [[Wurundjeri]] and other [[Woiwurrung]] speakers were given 'permissive occupancy' of [[Coranderrk]] Station, near [[Healesville]] and forcibly resettled.<ref name="merrimerri" />

In July 1851 the successful agitation of the Port Phillip settlers led to the establishment of Victoria as a separate colony, and La Trobe became its first Lieutenant-Governor. In 1851 the white population of the whole Port Phillip District was still only 77,000, and only 23,000 people lived in Melbourne. Melbourne had already become a centre of Australia's wool export trade.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

A few months after separation, gold was discovered at several locations around the colony, most notably at [[Ballarat]] and [[Bendigo]]. The [[Victorian gold rush|ensuing gold rush]] radically transformed Victoria, and particularly Melbourne. During land speculation of the 1850s many stone and brick public and financial buildings were built.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==1850s gold rush==
{{see also|Victorian gold rush}}
[[File:Melbourne and its suburbs, shewing (sic) a district embracing seventeen parishes, 1858.jpg|thumb|[[Cadastre|Cadastral map]] of Melbourne, 1858]]
[[File:Melbourne map 1855.jpeg|thumb|left|Map of Melbourne in 1855]]
[[File:Motor vehicles lining Flinders Lane, Melbourne, Vic.tif|thumb|left|Looking down [[Flinders Lane]], ca. 1891 – ca. 1914]]
[[File:Melbourne China Town.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chinatown, Melbourne]] was founded by Chinese immigrants during the [[Victorian gold rush]]]]
The discovery of gold led to a huge influx of people to Victoria, most of them arriving by sea at Melbourne. The town's population doubled within a year. In 1852, 75,000 people arrived in the colony and this, combined with a very high birthrate, led to rapid population growth. The concurrent dispossession of the Aboriginal populations in those areas of inland Victoria which had not already been cleared for sheep runs was equally rapid.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

In 1853 work began on the [[Yan Yean Reservoir]] to provide water for Melbourne. Piped water started to flow in 1857. Victoria's population reached 400,000 in 1857 and 500,000 in 1860. As the easy gold ran out many of these people flooded into Melbourne or became a pool of unemployed in cities around Ballarat and Bendigo. There arose a huge wave of social unrest urging the opening of the lands in rural Victoria for small yeoman farming. In 1857 a Land Convention was held in Melbourne. Later a provisional government was formed by land hungry miners demanding land reform.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

The accelerated population growth and the enormous wealth of the goldfields fuelled a [[Boom and bust|boom]] which lasted for forty years, and ushered in the era known as "marvellous Melbourne." The city spread eastwards and northwards over the surrounding flat grasslands, and southwards down the eastern shore of Port Phillip. Wealthy new suburbs like [[South Yarra]], [[Toorak, Victoria|Toorak]], [[Kew, Victoria|Kew]] and [[Malvern, Victoria|Malvern]] grew up, while the working classes settled in [[Richmond, Victoria|Richmond]], [[Collingwood, Victoria|Collingwood]] and [[Fitzroy, Victoria|Fitzroy]].

The influx of educated gold seekers from England led to rapid growth of schools, churches, learned societies, libraries and art galleries. [[History of telegraphy in Australia|Australia's first telegraph line]] was erected between Melbourne and Williamstown in 1853. The first railway in Australia was built in Melbourne in 1854 between the city and [[Port Melbourne]], then known as Sandridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pmhps.org.au/2013/09/the-first-australian-railway/|title=The first Australian railway|work=Port Melbourne History|access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History of Rail in Australia|work=[[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]]|date=23 January 2018|access-date=26 April 2020|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/history-of-rail-in-australia}}</ref> Also in 1854, the government offered four religious groups land on which to build schools.<ref>''A Great Australian School: Wesley College Examined'', Andrew Lemon (2004) Helicon Press {{ISBN|0-9586785-8-8}}, p. 27</ref> These included the Wesleyan [[Methodist Church]],<ref>''Wesley College – The First Hundred Years'', Geoffrey Blainey, James Morrisey and S.E.K. Hulme (1967) Robertson & Mullens, p. 21</ref> and the [[Anglican Church of Australia|Anglican Church]].<ref name=HistoryMGS>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mgs.vic.edu.au/about/mgs_history_mgs.php|title=History of MGS|access-date=2 February 2008|work=About Us|publisher=Melbourne Grammar School|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501222626/http://www.mgs.vic.edu.au/about/mgs_history_mgs.php|archive-date=1 May 2008}}</ref> These resulted in [[Wesley College, Melbourne|Wesley College]] and [[Melbourne Grammar School]] being built on [[St Kilda Road]] a few years later. The [[University of Melbourne]] was founded in 1855 and the [[State Library of Victoria]] in 1856. The foundation stone of [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Patrick's Catholic Cathedral]] was laid in 1858 and that of [[St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Paul's Anglican Cathedral]] in 1880. The [[Philosophical Institute of Victoria]] received a Royal Charter in 1859 and became the [[Royal Society of Victoria]]. In 1860 this Society assembled Victoria's only organised attempt at inland exploration, the [[Burke and Wills expedition]], with other exploration being more ad hoc.
[[File:Parliament house plans.jpg|thumb|Lithograph of the original plans for [[Parliament House, Melbourne]] showing a grand dome which was not built.]]
A Melbourne Town Council had been created in 1847, and one by one other suburbs also gained town status, complete with town councils and mayors. In 1851 a party-elected [[Victorian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]], dominated by squatter interests, opposed the notion of universal suffrage and the role of the Legislative Assembly. In December 1854 discontent with the licensing system on the goldfields led to the rising at the [[Eureka Stockade]], one of only two armed rebellions in Australian history (the other being the [[Castle Hill convict rebellion]] of 1804).

In November 1856, Victoria was given a constitution and in the following year full [[responsible government]] with a bicameral [[Parliament of Victoria|Parliament]]. For Melbourne, the major consequence was the magnificent edifice of [[Parliament House, Melbourne]], which was started in December 1855 and extended to the present state between 1856 and 1929; it was not completed to the original design.

The boom fuelled by gold and wool lasted through the 1860s and '70s. Victoria suffered from an acute labour shortage despite its steady influx of migrants, and this pushed up wages until they were the highest in the world.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Wright|first=Tim Powell|date=2022-08-24|title=1860s|url=https://eng.unimelb.edu.au/about/history/1860s|access-date=2024-02-04|website=Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology|language=en}}</ref> Victoria was known as "the working man's paradise" in these years.<ref name=":1" /> The Stonemasons Union won the [[eight-hour day]] in 1856 and celebrated by building the enormous [[Melbourne Trades Hall]] in [[Carlton, Victoria|Carlton]].

==1880s and 1890s expansion==
[[File:Melbourne international exhibition 1880.jpg|thumb|Lithograph of the building hosting the [[World's Fair]] of 1880 showing the rear wings which no longer exist.]]
[[File:Federal Coffee Palace, Melbourne, Australia.jpg|thumb|upright|right|220px|The Federal Coffee Palace on Collins Street, a [[temperance hotel]] built in 1888.]]
[[File:Spencer Street tram, 1889.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Spencer Street]], 1889]]
[[File:Oriental Bank in Melbourne, Australia (1870s).jpg|thumb|The Oriental Bank, pictured here in the 1870s, was demolished after it went broke in 1884.]]
{{Wide image|Melbourne 1880 by Samuel Calvert.jpg|600px|''Melbourne 1880'', Samuel Calvert, showing an organised [[Hoddle Grid|grid layout]] of the city streets, 1880.}}
[[File:Melbourne MKL Bd. 11 1890 (128501136).jpg|thumb|left|A map dating from the 1880s showing the well-established suburbs of Melbourne.]]
Melbourne's population reached 280,000 in 1880 and 445,000 in 1889.<ref>The Statesman's Year-Book, 1891. p. 284</ref> For a time it was the second-largest city in the [[British Empire]], after London.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} During the boom, Melbourne had reputedly become the richest city in the world.<ref name="RobertCervero320">{{cite book|last=Cervero|first=Robert B.|title=The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry|publisher=Island Press|year=1998|location=Chicago|page=320|isbn=1-55963-591-6}}</ref> In terms of area, Melbourne was already one of the largest cities in the world. Rather than building high-density apartment blocks like European cities, Melbourne expanded in all directions in the characteristic Australian [[suburban sprawl]] so Australians were afforded their [[Australian Dream]] of a "quarter acre block" in the suburbs, much like the [[American Dream|American model]].

The middle classes<ref>http://gallery.slv.vic.gov.au/image.php?id=784 ''Doing the Block'', Collins St, 1880. State Library of Victoria collection.</ref> lived in detached villas on large blocks of land, while the working class lived in reasonably comfortable cottages in the northern and western suburbs, and older areas like Fitzroy and Collingwood became [[slum]]s. Most of the new heavy industry was concentrated in the western suburbs. The wealthy built huge mansions beside the sea or in the picturesque Yarra Valley.

The new suburbs were serviced by networks of trains and trams which were among the largest and most modern in the world. Melbourne's civic pride was demonstrated by the huge edifice of the [[Royal Exhibition Building]], built in 1880 to house the [[Melbourne International Exhibition (1880)|Melbourne International Exhibition]].

In the 1880s the long boom culminated in a frenzy of speculation and rapid inflation of land prices known as the Land Boom. Governments shared in the wealth and ploughed money into urban infrastructure, particularly railways. Huge fortunes were built on speculation, and Victorian business and politics became notorious for corruption. English banks lent freely to colonial speculators, adding to the mountain of debt on which the boom was built.

==1891 economic bust==
In 1891 the inevitable happened: a spectacular crash brought the boom to an abrupt end. Banks and other businesses failed in large numbers, thousands of shareholders lost their money, tens of thousands of workers were put out of work. Although there are no reliable statistics, there was probably 20 percent unemployment in Melbourne throughout the 1890s.

Melbourne had 490,000 people in 1890, and this figure scarcely changed for the next 15 years as a result of the crash and subsequent long slump. Immigration dried up, emigration to the goldfields of [[Western Australia]] and [[South Africa]] increased, and the high birthrate of the mid 19th century fell sharply and the city's growth continued, but very slowly.

=="Australia's capital": 1901–1927==
[[File:Melbourne Fish Markets.jpg|thumb|left|Fish Markets, Flinders Street, circa 1890]]
[[File:Opening of the first parliament.jpg|thumb|The opening of the first [[Parliament of Australia]] on 9 May 1901, painted by [[Tom Roberts]]]]
Melbourne's status as Australia's largest city lasted long enough, however, for it to become the seat of government of the new [[Commonwealth of Australia]] when the six colonies federated in 1901. Parliament House in Spring St was lent to the [[Parliament of Australia]], while Victoria's Parliament found temporary accommodation in the Royal Exhibition Building.

The city's growth stalled, and by 1905 Sydney had resumed its place as Australia's largest city.

Economic growth slowly resumed from 1900, and Melbourne's population reached 670,000 by 1914. But the boom years did not return, and the level of wages remained far lower than it had been in the 1880s. As a result, urban poverty became a feature of city life, and the slum areas of the inner suburbs spread.

Due to long delays in establishing a permanent capital at [[Canberra]], Melbourne remained Australia's capital until 1927, when the parliament finally moved to the 'country capital'. Melbourne nevertheless remained the centre of the [[Australian Public Service|Commonwealth Public Service]], the [[Australian Defence Force]]s, and as the location of the [[High Court of Australia]] for some time afterwards.

==Interwar period==
[[File:Flinders Street Station, Melbourne, at the intersection of Swanston Street and Flinders Street, 1927 - Glass plate.jpg|thumb|[[Flinders Street railway station|Flinders Street station]], intersection of [[Swanston Street|Swanston]] and [[Flinders Street, Melbourne|Flinders]] Streets in 1927 when it was the world's busiest passenger station.]]
[[File:Melbourne, late 1930s.jpg|thumb|ca. 1936-39: A view of Melbourne's city centre along the Yarra from above Spencer Street bridge towards the Queen Street bridge.]]
Melbourne's mood was also darkened by the terrible sacrifices of World War I, in which 112,000 Victorians enlisted and 16,000 were killed. There were bitter political divisions during the war, with Melbourne's Irish-born Catholic Archbishop [[Daniel Mannix]] leading opposition to [[conscription]] for the war and the Labor Party suffering a traumatic split. Another 4,000 Victorians died in the [[Spanish flu]] epidemic which followed the war. There was a modest revival of prosperity in the 1920s,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29915106|title=ECONOMIC PROBLEMS.|date=3 July 1931|newspaper=[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]]|access-date=2 February 2012|via=National Library of Australia|location=Hobart, Tas.|page=10}}</ref> and the population reached 1 million in 1930, but in 1929 the [[Wall Street crash of 1929|Wall Street crash]] ushered in the [[Great Depression]], which lasted until a brief return to prosperity in the late 1930s, cut short by the outbreak of World War II.

In 1934 Melbourne celebrated its [[1934 Centenary of Melbourne|centenary]] and acquired another great landmark, the [[Shrine of Remembrance]] on [[St Kilda Road]]. The population stagnated again, and was still only 1.1 million in 1940.

[[File:Russell Street Melbourne, April 1932.jpg|thumb|centre|500px|Elevated view of [[Russell Street, Melbourne|Russell Street]], with the spire of [[Scots' Church, Melbourne|Scots' Church]] to the left, taken from the T & G Building circa April 1932.]]

==World War II==
{{main|Australian home front during World War II|Military history of Australia during World War II}}
[[File:A child watches the march, 1942 (3703752188).jpg|thumb|Members of the [[Australian Women's Army Service]] in Melbourne, 1942]]
During World War II, although Canberra was officially the capital, most of the military and civilian administration was centred in Melbourne, and the city's economy benefited from wartime full employment and the influx of American service personnel (including General [[Douglas MacArthur]], who briefly made his headquarters in Collins St before relocating to Brisbane).{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Post World War II==
[[File:Swanston Street in 1959.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Swanston Street from Princes Bridge in 1959]]
[[File:Orica House.jpg|thumb|[[ICI House]], built in 1955, was a powerful symbol of the [[1956 Summer Olympics|Olympic city]]'s [[Modernism|modern]] aspirations.]]

After World War II, a new era of increasing prosperity arrived, fuelled by high prices for Victoria's wool, increased government spending on transport and education, and the stimulus of renewed high immigration. Unlike prewar immigration, which had been mostly from the British Isles, the postwar program brought an influx of Europeans, at first mostly refugees from eastern and central Europe. A large proportion of these immigrants were [[Jews]], and the Jewish population of Melbourne became the largest population proportionally of any Australian city, at about 1.4% in 1970. [https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/melbourne-australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902021644/http://dbs.bh.org.il/place/melbourne-australia |date=2 September 2017 }} They were followed by migrants from Italy, Greece and the Netherlands.
[[File:View from Commonwealth offices 1960.jpg|thumb|View of Melbourne's City Centre before the height boom, 1960.]]
[[File:Melbourne Tram 1979.jpg|thumb|right|A tram travels down [[Brunswick Street, Melbourne|Brunswick Street]], 1979.]]
Later, in the 1960s, migrants came from [[Yugoslavia]], [[Turkey]], [[Hungary]] and [[Lebanon]]. These inflows rapidly transformed the city's demographic profile and many aspects of its life. This new growth required new spending on infrastructure such as roads, schools and hospitals, which had been neglected during the long decades of recession and low growth between 1890 and 1940. [[Henry Bolte]], Premier from 1955 to 1972, was responsible for much of this rapid development of infrastructure. Under Bolte, some of the old inner-city slums were bulldozed and the dislocated tenants were housed in high-rise blocks of state-owned apartments.

Since the 1970s, the pace of change in Melbourne has been increasingly rapid. The end of the [[White Australia Policy]] brought the first significant Asian migration to Melbourne since the gold rushes, with large numbers of people from [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]] and China arriving. For the first time, Melbourne acquired a large [[Muslim]] population, and the official policy of [[multiculturalism]] encouraged Melbourne's various ethnic and religious minorities to maintain and celebrate their identities. At the same time, the practice of mainstream [[Christianity]] largely declined, leading to a secularisation of public life.

State patronage of the arts led to a boom in festivals, theatre, music and the visual arts. [[Tourism in Melbourne|Tourism]] became a major industry, bringing still more foreign faces to Melbourne's streets. In 1956, the city became the first in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] to [[1956 Summer Olympics|host the Olympic Games]]. Two new universities opened, [[Monash University]] in 1961 and [[La Trobe University]] in 1967, followed by others in the 1980s, maintaining Melbourne's place as a leader in tertiary education.

===1980s–1990s===

Increasing urban sprawl spread from [[Werribee]] in the south-west to [[Healesville]] in the north-east and encompassing much of the [[Mornington Peninsula]] and [[Dandenong Ranges]] to the south and east. A program of freeway construction was fast tracked in the 1970s and 1980s, while the expansion of rail and tram networks were neglected, aside from the opening of the [[City Loop]] in 1981. These factors led to the rapid growth of the number and use of private cars.

===1989 financial crash===
High interest rates and poor governance contributed to a financial crash in 1989. The collapse of merchant bank Tricontinental, [[Pyramid Building Society]], businesses, property values and the forced sale of [[State Bank of Victoria]] led to a deep recession. Melbourne's population growth slowed during the early 1990s as employment contracted, with a rise in migration to other states such as [[Queensland]].

In turn this recession contributed to the fall of [[Joan Kirner]]'s Labor government and the election in 1992 of a radical free-market [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] government under [[Jeff Kennett]]. Kennett's team restored Victoria's finances by making sweeping cuts to public expenditure, closing many schools, privatising the tramways and electricity infrastructure, reducing the size of the public service, and local government restructuring. These reforms came at a high social cost, but ultimately restored confidence in Melbourne's economy and led to a resumption of growth. In 1999 Kennett was voted out of office, but key landmarks that his government commissioned, such as the [[Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre]] and the new [[Melbourne Museum]], remain, and many of his reforms have been maintained.

Partly as a result of the increasing difficulty of travelling across the city, the [[Melbourne central business district|central business centre]] declined, and satellite suburbs such as [[Frankston, Victoria|Frankston]], [[Dandenong]] and [[Ringwood, Victoria|Ringwood]], and further out [[Melton, Victoria|Melton]], [[Sunbury, Victoria|Sunbury]] and [[Werribee]], became centres of manufacturing, retailing and administration. As a result, industrial employment in the old working class inner suburbs declined, with these areas rapidly gentrifying in the 1990s and 2000s.

By the end of the 20th century Melbourne had a population of 3.8 million people.

==2000s==
[[File:Melbourne from above.jpg|thumb|Melbourne from above, 2005. The [[Eureka Tower]], Melbourne's tallest building from 2006 to 2019, is under construction on the far right.]]
[[File:Melbourne CBD aerial.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Melbourne's central business district]]
[[File:Melbourne yarra twilight.jpg|thumb|A view of the Yarra River at twilight, with Melbourne's central business district on the left and Southbank on the right]]
In the early years of the 21st century, Melbourne entered a new period of high economic and population growth under the more cautious [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] government of [[Steve Bracks]], which restored public expenditure on health and education. As the city's suburbs continued to sprawl outwards, the Bracks government sought to restrict new suburban growth to designated growth corridors and encourage higher-density apartment living in the city's main transport hubs.

The city's Central Business District experienced a major resurgence in the 2000s, aided by a large increase in inner-city apartment living, the opening of new public spaces such as [[Federation Square]] and the new [[Southern Cross railway station]], a determined marketing campaign by Lord Mayor [[John So]]'s City Council and continuing development of the [[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank]] and [[Docklands, Victoria|Docklands]] precincts.

Since the late 2000s, population growth in Melbourne has been accelerating. Since the early 20th century, the city has been expanding outwards with low-density suburban urban forms to accommodate population growth.
In 2009 the [[Victorian Government]] announced plans to extend the city's urban growth boundary, potentially rezoning [[Green belt|green wedge]]s and agricultural land for housing development.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/goahead-for-urban-sprawl-20081202-6ps9.html|location=Melbourne|work=The Age|title=Go-ahead for urban sprawl|first=Marc|last=Moncrief|date=3 December 2008}}</ref>

Since 1997, Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and [[Real estate|property market]]. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as [[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank]], [[Port Melbourne]], [[Docklands, Victoria|Docklands]] and [[South Wharf]]. According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city in the three years ended June 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Melbournes-population-booms/2005/03/23/1111525222758.html|title=Melbourne's population booms|date=24 March 2005|work=[[The Age]]|access-date=18 July 2008}}</ref>

Despite lack of a progressive economy, general lack of government funding for public services such as public transport, and continued unsustainable urban growth, the city has seen sustained growth in its cultural institutions such as art, music, literature, performance, etc., as many contributors to and patrons of the arts relocate to Melbourne amongst excellent independent community support structures such as press and radio and a thriving cultural community. In 2003, Melbourne was named as a [[UNESCO City of Literature]] and the city hosts the majority of Australia's contemporary festivals, events and institutions, new galleries, music venues, museums, of all shapes and sizes are opening across the city.

From 2006, the growth of the city extended into "green wedges" and beyond the city's [[Urban growth boundary]]. Predictions of the city's population reaching 5 million people pushed the state government to review the growth boundary in 2008 as part of its Melbourne @ Five Million strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vic.gov.au/planningmelbourne|title=Delivering Melbourne's newest sustainable communities|work=Victoria Online|publisher=State of Victoria|date=21 September 2006|access-date=21 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604005014/http://www.vic.gov.au/planningmelbourne|archive-date=4 June 2010}}</ref> Melbourne survived the [[2008 financial crisis]] better than any other Australian city. In 2009, more new jobs were created in Melbourne than any other Australian capital – almost as many as the next two fastest growing cities, Brisbane and Perth, combined.<ref name="The Age, 12 February 2010">The Age, 12 February 2010</ref> and Melbourne's property market remained strong,<ref>{{cite web|first=Tom|last=Ormonde|date=14 November 2009|url=http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/housing-the-bubble-that-no-one-dares-burst-20091113-iemr.html|title=Housing the bubble that no one dares burst|access-date=21 June 2010|work=The Age|location=Melbourne}}</ref> resulting in historically high property prices and widespread rent increases.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 February 2008|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/02/16/1202760669052.html|title=Rent crisis forces urgent action|work=The Age|location=Melbourne|access-date=21 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217035049/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/02/16/1202760669052.html|archive-date=2008-02-17}}</ref>

==2010s–2020s==
[[File:Recreational space underneath the elevated rail lines of Clayton railway station, Melbourne in 2023.jpg|alt=Recreational space created under Clayton railway station in Melbourne's east by the Level Crossing Removal Authority|thumb|Recreational space created under Clayton railway station in Melbourne's east by the [[Level Crossing Removal Project]]]]
Beginning in 2014 the State Government of [[Daniel Andrews]] initiated a number of major infrastructure projects designed to reduce congestion in Melbourne, improve public transport and encourage economic growth, including the [[Metro Tunnel]], the [[West Gate Tunnel]], the [[North East Link]], and the [[Suburban Rail Loop]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-21|title=What is Victoria's Big Build?|url=https://www.timeout.com/melbourne/things-to-do/everything-you-need-to-know-about-victorias-big-build|access-date=2023-10-24|website=Time Out Melbourne|language=en-AU}}</ref> The [[Level Crossing Removal Project]], a State Government program of works to remove 110 level crossings, reshaped suburbs across Melbourne by removing rail crossings, rebuilding stations and sometimes allowing for urban renewal.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Woodcock|first=Ian|date=Jan 2020|title=On track: Level Crossing Removal Project|url=https://architectureau.com/articles/level-crossing-removal-project/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222223923/https://architectureau.com/articles/level-crossing-removal-project/|archive-date=22 December 2022|access-date=20 September 2022|website=Architecture Australia|language=en}}</ref> Other major infrastructure initiatives included the [[Victorian School Building Authority]] and the rebuilding of [[Footscray Hospital]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carey|first=Adam|date=2022-10-13|title=School funding top-up comes with warning on costs blowout|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/school-funding-top-up-comes-with-warning-on-costs-blowout-20221010-p5bogp.html|access-date=2023-10-24|website=The Age|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Riley|first=Robyn|date=20 August 2023|title=Footscray Hospital a step closer as cranes come down|url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news-story%2F78a3a7c392b5db46a6414cf052d3f183}}</ref> Planning for a [[Melbourne Airport rail link]] was initiated in 2018 but paused in 2023 due to escalating costs.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-04-17|title=Deputy premier blames Melbourne Airport for delay in completion of airport rail|language=en-AU|publisher=ABC News|location=Australia|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-17/melbourne-airport-rail-link-delay/102230720|access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>

Melbourne was voted the [[World's most liveable cities|world's most liveable city]] for seven consecutive years from 2011 to 2017 by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]].<ref>{{cite news|date=16 August 2017|title=Melbourne named world's most liveable city, for fifth year running|newspaper=[[The Age]]|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-16/melbourne-named-worlds-most-liveable-city-for-seventh-year/8812196|access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref>

New urban renewal zones were opened up in inner-city areas like [[Fishermans Bend, Victoria|Fisherman's Bend]] and [[Arden railway station, Melbourne|Arden]], while suburban growth continued on the urban periphery in Melbourne's outer west and east in suburbs like [[Wyndham Vale]] and [[Cranbourne, Victoria|Cranbourne]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stanley|first=Janet|last2=Stanley|first2=John|last3=Brain|first3=Peter|date=2019-05-19|title=Rapid growth is widening Melbourne's social and economic divide|url=http://theconversation.com/rapid-growth-is-widening-melbournes-social-and-economic-divide-117244|access-date=2023-10-24|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref> Middle suburbs like [[Box Hill, Victoria|Box Hill]] became denser as a greater proportion of Melburnians began living in apartments.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-11-16|title='It's not what we bought into': How high density living is changing the face of Australia's suburbs|language=en-AU|publisher=ABC News|location=Australia|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-17/how-skyscrapers-are-reshaping-australian-suburbs/11697614|access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref> A construction boom resulted in 34 new [[Skyscraper|skyscrapers]] being built in the central business district between 2010 and 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Remarkable 10-year change to city skyline|work=Herald Sun|url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/property/melbourne-city-skyline-adds-34-skyscrapers-in-10year-tower-boom/news-story/d7601d68e1bbdac2d207cb98266e16eb}}</ref> In 2020, Melbourne was classified as an Alpha city by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The World According to GaWC 2020|url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html|archive-date=24 August 2020|access-date=31 August 2020|website=GaWC – Research Network|publisher=Globalization and World Cities}}</ref>[[File:Police in 6th Lockdown Melbourne.jpg|thumb|left|Police presence in Melbourne following a [[COVID-19 protests in Australia|COVID-19 protest]] on 5 August 2021, upon the announcement of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria|sixth lockdown]] of the city.]]The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] recorded its first [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia|Australian case]] in Melbourne on 25 January 2020.<ref name="Case1">{{cite web|date=25 January 2020|title=First confirmed case of novel coronavirus in Australia|url=https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/first-confirmed-case-of-novel-coronavirus-in-australia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215171557/https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/first-confirmed-case-of-novel-coronavirus-in-australia|archive-date=15 February 2020|access-date=3 March 2020|website=Australian Government Department of Health}}</ref> Out of all major Australian cities, Melbourne was the worst affected by the pandemic and spent a long time under lockdown restrictions,<ref>{{cite web|last=Liu|first=Donna|date=28 May 2021|title=Bad luck or bad management: why has Victoria had so many Covid outbreaks?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/may/28/bad-luck-or-bad-management-why-has-victoria-had-so-many-covid-outbreaks|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531105209/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/may/28/bad-luck-or-bad-management-why-has-victoria-had-so-many-covid-outbreaks|archive-date=31 May 2021|access-date=1 June 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> with Melbourne experiencing six lockdowns totalling 262 days.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Boaz|first1=Judd|date=3 October 2021|title=Melbourne passes Buenos Aires' world record for time spent in COVID-19 lockdown|publisher=ABC News|location=Australia|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-03/melbourne-longest-lockdown/100510710|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004005924/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-03/melbourne-longest-lockdown/100510710|archive-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> The public health policies led to anti-lockdown protests and civil unrest in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Melbourne descends into chaos as police arrest 62 and fire rubber pellets at anti-lockdown protesters|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/sep/21/victoria-covid-update-melbourne-descends-into-chaos-as-police-fire-rubber-pellets-at-anti-lockdown-protestors|work=The Guardian|date=21 September 2021|access-date=12 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tensions flare as Melbourne is set to become most locked down city|url=https://9now.nine.com.au/a-current-affair/coronavirus-antilockdown-protests-amid-melbournes-approaching-world-lockdown-record/92908be5-4fc3-45d9-aa37-48519c0fbb9f|date=31 December 2021|publisher=[[Nine News]]|access-date=12 January 2023}}</ref> While this contributed to a net outflow of migration causing a slight reduction in Melbourne's population over the course of 2020 to 2022, Melbourne is projected to be the fastest growing capital city in Australia from 2023–24 onwards, overtaking Sydney as the nation's largest city in 2029–30 at just over 5.9 million, exceeding 6 million people the following year.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 December 2021|title=2021 Population Statement|url=https://population.gov.au/publications/statements/2021-population-statement|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105121600/https://population.gov.au/publications/statements/2021-population-statement|archive-date=5 January 2023|access-date=5 January 2023|website=Centre For Population, Australian Government}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Melbourne to become Australia's biggest city|date=2023-01-05|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-05/melbourne-australia-biggest-city/101831068|access-date=2023-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105132759/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-05/melbourne-australia-biggest-city/101831068|url-status=live|publisher=ABC News|location=Australia|language=en-AU|archive-date=5 January 2023}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Aboriginal sites of Victoria]]
*[[Culture of Melbourne]]
*[[History of Australia]]
*[[History of Victoria]]
*[[Timeline of Melbourne history]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Briggs, Asa. ''Victorian cities'' (1965) pp 283–320.
* Casey, Maie, ed. ''Early Melbourne Architecture: 1840 to 1888'' (Melbourne, Oxford U. P, 1963)

* [[Graeme Davison|Davison, Graeme]]. ''The Rise and Fall of Marvellous Melbourne'' (2nd ed 2004), a major scholarly history. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rise_And_Fall_Of_Marvellous_Melbourne/OwWODwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Melbourne.+Dissertation.&pg=PA8&printsec=frontcover online at Google Books]

* [[Graeme Davison|Davison, Graeme]]. "Public Utilities and the Growth of Melbourne" ''Australian Economic History Review'' 10#2, 1970, pp.169–89.
* [[Graeme Davison|Davison, Graeme]]. "R. E. N. Twopeny and Town Life in Australia", ''Historical Studies'',16#63, Oct. 1974, pp. 292–305.

* Davison, Graeme, David Dunstan, and Chris McConville. ''The outcasts of Melbourne: essays in social history'' (Allen & Unwin, 1985)

* Deery, Phillip. " 'A Calculating Blow': The 1937 Melbourne Stay-In Strike" ''Labour History'' 128: 1-27. [https://liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/abs/10.3828/labourhistory.2025.3?ai=aqo1&ui=cymc&af=T online]
* Dingle, A. E., and Merrett, D. T. "Home Owners and Tenants in Melbourne, 1891–1911" ''Australian Economic History Review'' 12#1, 1972, pp. 21–35.

* Flannery, Tim, ed. ''The Birth of Melbourne'' (Text Publishing, 2010)
* Frost, Lionel, and Seamus O'Hanlon. "Urban history and the future of Australian cities." ''Australian Economic History Review'' 49.1 (2009): 1–18.
* Hall, Alan Ross. ''The Stock Exchange of Melbourne and the Victorian Economy 1852-1900'' (Australian National University Press, 1968)
* Lewis, Miles Bannatyne. ''Melbourne: the city's history and development'' (City of Melbourne, 1995).
* Lockwood, Rupert. ''Ship to Shore: A History of Melbourne's Waterfront and its Union Struggles'' (Hale & Iremonger, 1990)
* Logan, William S. ''The gentrification of inner Melbourne: a political geography of inner city housing'' (Univ. of Queensland Press, 1985)
* Sandercock, Leonie. "Property, Politics and Power : A History of City Planning in Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney Since 1900" (PhD dissertation, The Australian National University; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 1974. 28820333).
* Selby, Isaac. ''The Old Pioneers' Memorial History of Melbourne: From the Discovery of Port Phillip Down to the World War'' (Old Pioneers' Memorial Fund, 1924)

* Shaw, Mary T. ''Builders of Melbourne: the Cockrams and Their Contemporaries 1853–1972'' (1972).

* Whitehead, Georgina. ''Civilising the City: A History of Melbourne's Public Gardens'' (State Library of Victoria, 1997)

==External links==
* [http://shawfactor.com/gazetteer/victoria/melbourne-city/ Local History of the city of Melbourne]
*http://www.whitehat.com.au
*http://www.museum.vic.gov.au
*http://www.enterprize.org.au
{{commons category|History of Melbourne}}
{{Wikivoyage|Melbourne}}

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