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Forssa

2025-09-27T16:43:28Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:E49B:4AF6:DACD:F7A0: /* Transport */addong picture

{{Distinguish|Forsa (disambiguation){{!}}Forsa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Forssa
|official_name = {{lang|fi|Forssan kaupunki}} {{lang|sv|Forssa stad}}
|settlement_type = Town
|image_skyline = Forssa072.jpg
|image_caption = By the [[Loimijoki|River Loimijoki]]
|image_shield = Forssan vaakuna.svg
|shield_size = 120x80px
|image_map = Forssa sijainti Suomi.svg
|map_caption = Location of Forssa in Finland
|coordinates = {{coord|60|49|N|023|37.5|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Finland}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Finland|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Kanta-Häme]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Sub-regions of Finland|Sub-region]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Forssa sub-region|Forssa]]
|leader_title = [[Town manager]]
|leader_name = Jari Kesäniemi<ref>{{cite web |title=Forssa sai uuden kaupunginjohtajan Koskelta: "Yhdessä olemme enemmän" |url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9363503 |website=Yle Uutiset |date=20 December 2016 |access-date=28 October 2020 |language=fi}}</ref>
|established_title = [[Charter]]
|established_date = 1923
|established_title2 = [[Town privileges]]
|established_date2 = 1964
|area_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|area_footnotes|Forssa}}
|area_total_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_total_km2|Forssa}}
|area_land_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_land_km2|Forssa}}
|area_water_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_water_km2|Forssa}}
|area_rank = {{Data Finland municipality|area_rank|Forssa}}
|population_as_of = {{Data Finland municipality|population_as_of|Forssa}}
|population_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|population_footnotes|Forssa}}
|population_total = {{Data Finland municipality|population_total|Forssa}}
|population_density_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|population_density_km2|Forssa}}
|population_rank = {{Data Finland municipality|population_rank|Forssa}}
|demographics_type1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type1|Forssa}}
|demographics1_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|population_footnotes|Forssa}}
|demographics1_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title1|Forssa}}
|demographics1_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info1|Forssa}}
|demographics1_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title2|Forssa}}
|demographics1_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info2|Forssa}}
|demographics1_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title3|Forssa}}
|demographics1_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info3|Forssa}}
|demographics1_title4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title4|Forssa}}
|demographics1_info4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info4|Forssa}}
|demographics_type2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type2|Forssa}}
|demographics2_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_footnotes|Forssa}}
|demographics2_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title1|Forssa}}
|demographics2_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info1|Forssa}}
|demographics2_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title2|Forssa}}
|demographics2_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info2|Forssa}}
|demographics2_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title3|Forssa}}
|demographics2_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info3|Forssa}}
|blank_name = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_name|Forssa}}
|blank_info = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_info|Forssa}}
|timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset = +02:00
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +03:00
|website = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''Forssa''' is a [[Cities of Finland|town]] and [[municipalities of Finland|municipality]] of [[Finland]]. It is located almost in the centre of a triangle defined by the three largest major cities in Finland ([[Helsinki]], [[Turku]] and [[Tampere]]), in the [[Kanta-Häme|Kanta-Häme region]], and which is crossed by [[Finnish national road 2|Highway 2]] between [[Pori]] and Helsinki and [[Finnish national road 10|Highway 10]] between Turku and [[Hämeenlinna]]. The town has a population of {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Forssa}}}} ({{#time: j F Y|{{Data Finland municipality/population count|sourcedate}} }})<ref name="population_count" /> and covers an area of {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/total area|Forssa}}|km2}} of which {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/waters area|Forssa}}|km2|abbr=on}} is water.<ref name="total_area" /> The [[population density]] is {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/population density|Forssa|round=2}}|PD/km2}}. Only a little part of the surface area of Forssa is water, but the river [[Loimijoki]] forms an important element in the cityscape, with the city being located at its starting point. Other notable water areas in Forssa include the lake [[Kaukjärvi]] and the lake [[Koijärvi]], known as the birthplace of the [[Green League]].<ref>[http://www.vihrealanka.fi/node/10988 Muistojemme Koijärvi elää], ''Vihreä lanka'' 5 March 2012. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref>

The municipality is unilingually [[Finnish language|Finnish]]. However, the name Forssa comes from the Swedish word "fors", meaning rapids.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hamewiki.fi/wiki/Forssa|title=Forssa - Häme-Wiki|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101031235/http://www.hamewiki.fi/wiki/Forssa|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Forssa is the central locality of the [[Forssa sub-region]]. The city is bordered with [[Jokioinen]] to the west, [[Tammela, Finland|Tammela]] to the east and south and [[Humppila]] and [[Urjala]] to the north. As well as Forssa, the Forssa sub-region includes Jokioinen, Tammela, Humppila and [[Ypäjä]].<ref>[http://www.tilastokeskus.fi/meta/luokitukset/kunta/001-2012/luokitusavain_seutukunta.html Luokitukset - Kunnat 2012 / Seutukunnat 2012 - Luokitusavain], [[Statistics Finland]] 2012. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref> Forssa is the smallest of the three cities in Kanta-Häme, with a population of about 16,500, and in terms of population Forssa is the 67th largest municipality in Finland.<ref name="väestörakenne">[https://statfin.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vamuu/statfin_vamuu_pxt_11lj.px/ Väestörakenteen ennakkotiedot alueittain, 2022M01*-2022M06*], [[Statistics Finland]] 30 June 2022. Accessed on 11 August 2022.</ref> The population in Forssa has concentrated on the Forssa central conurbation in the southern part of the municipality, which also spreads over to the municipalities of Jokioinen and Tammela. The area of the former municipality of [[Koijärvi]] in the northern part of the city is a sparsely populated rural area.

Forssa grew and developed in the 19th century when the textile industry grew. In the 20th century the city barely grew at all between the two [[World war]]s. A new growth phase began in the 1960s, sped by construction industry. The population of Forssa was as its highest in the middle 1980s when the city had a bit over 20 thousand inhabitants for two years. The growth of the city since stopped as the industry started diminishing. By 1994 the population had decreased by a few hundred people, but after that the decrease in population grew. By late 2005 Forssa had lost over two thousand people compared to its highest point. In 2008 the population of Forssa increased for the first time since 1993. After 2010 population has again decreased, with the population in 2016 being about 17,300.<ref name="väestö">[http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_004.px Väestö iän (1-v.) ja sukupuolen mukaan alueittain 1972 - 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228172208/http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_004.px |date=28 December 2017 }}, [[Statistics Finland]]. Accessed on 28 December 2017.</ref> Today the food industry is a notable employer.

The location of Forssa, in the middle of the triangle formed by the cities of [[Helsinki]], [[Turku]] and [[Tampere]], is sometimes seen as ideal, as commute trips to the largest cities in the country are fast. The distance to Helsinki is 110 kilometres, the distance to Tampere is 87 kilometres and the distance to Turku is 88 kilometres.<ref name="välimatkoja">[http://alk.tiehallinto.fi/www2/valimatkat/index.htm Paikkakuntien välimatkoja Suomessa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420025031/http://alk.tiehallinto.fi/www2/valimatkat/index.htm |date=20 April 2010 }}, Finnish Transport Bureau. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref>

==History==
The development of Forssa into an industrial conurbation started when industrialist [[Axel Wilhelm Wahren]] founded a spinning mill on the shore of the river Loimijoki in 1847. Today the Forssa industrial community has been classified as a notable constructed cultural environment in Finland.<ref>[http://www.rky.fi/read/asp/r_kohde_det.aspx?KOHDE_ID=1881 Forssan teollisuusyhdyskunta], Finnish Museum Board.</ref>

In 1903 a party meeting of the Finnish Workers' Party, known as the Forssa meeting, was held in Forssa, where the party was renamed as the [[Social Democratic Party of Finland]] and a new party program was accepted into use.<ref>[http://yle.fi/vintti/yle.fi/satavuottaeduskuntavaaleja/index.php?36 Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222065040/http://yle.fi/vintti/yle.fi/satavuottaeduskuntavaaleja/index.php?36 |date=22 February 2014 }}, ''Sata vuotta eduskuntavaaleja'', [[YLE]]. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref>

Forssa only became an independent municipality in 1923 when it was separated from the municipality of Tammela into its own [[market town]]. Forssa received city privileges in 1964.<ref name="perustietoja">[http://www.forssa.fi/Forssa_tietoa/perustietoja/ Perustietoja] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606122905/http://www.forssa.fi/Forssa_tietoa/perustietoja/ |date=6 June 2012 }}, city of Forssa. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref> The depression in the early 1990s had a large impact on Forssa, resulting in economic problems and an unemployment rate that still remains high today.

===Coat of arms===
[[File:Forssa.vaakuna.1962.svg|thumb|right|The former coat of arms of Forssa, in use from 1947 to 1962]]
The current coat of arms of Forssa was designed by [[Olof Eriksson]] in 1962. Its heraldic description reads: ''A silver waterwheel on a blue shield''. The coat of arms depicts water power and the river [[Loimijoki]] running through the city. The coat of arms was taken into use on 29 August 1962.

The former coat of arms of Forssa was designed by [[Arne Wilhelm Rancken]] in 1947. The coat of arms had a wavy division with a silver waterwheel on a blue background at the bottom part, and three blue wavy lines and a red letter F on a silver background at the top part. This coat of arms was later discontinued as unheraldic.

==Population==
[[File:Market of Forssa 30.12.2015.jpg|thumb|right|The Forssa market square on 30 December 2015]]
[[File:Forssan kirkko1.jpg|thumb|right|The Forssa church]]
The population development in Forssa from 1847 to 1990 has been researched in the 1995 annual of the Homestead and museum association of Southwestern Tavastia<ref name="laine">Laine, Jari: ''Forssan väestönkehitys ja -rakenne 1847–1990'', pp. 7-68. Annual of the Homestead and museum association of Southwestern Tavastia #64, 1995.</ref> and in the book ''Forssan historia'' by Risto O. Peltovuori, published in 1993. After Forssa became an independent municipality in 1923, its population in 1925 was 7,681. The development of population was modest until 1945; at that time the population was 8,045.<ref name="peltovuori">Peltovuori, Risto O.: ''Forssan historia''. Forssa press, 1993. {{ISBN|951-9026-31-2}}.</ref>{{rp|259–260}} After this, the increase in population sped up: Forssa reached 9,000 inhabitants in 1952, 10,000 inhabitants in 1957, 11,000 inhabitants in 1962, 12,000 inhabitants in 1966 and 13,000 inhabitants in 1968 with a population of 13,157.<ref name="peltovuori"/>{{rp|259–260}} The annexation of Koijärvi to Forssa in 1969 raised the population to over 15,000.<ref name="perustietoja"/> In 1971 the [[Lempää]] area of about 9 square kilometres was annexed to Forssa from Tammela, raising the population by about a hundred.<ref>[http://www.tammela.fi/tietoa_tammelasta/historiaa/ Historiaa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204053158/http://www.tammela.fi/tietoa_tammelasta/historiaa/ |date=4 February 2015 }}, municipality of Tammela. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref>

Forssa grew rapidly in the 1970s, but in the middle 1980s this growth stopped. The city population was at its highest at 20,074 in late 1985. After the middle 1990s the population of the city and of the entire region started to decrease rapidly. From 2005 to 2010 the population settled at about 17,900 people, but after that it started to decrease again with the population at late 2016 being about 17,300.<ref name="väestö"/>

90 percent of the population of Forssa live in the urban central conurbation of Forssa, where population is dense. In the rural areas in central and northern Forssa both the population and the population density are low. The Forssa central conurbation also reaches over to [[Jokioinen]] and [[Tammela, Finland|Tammela]].<ref>[http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/213_05.xls 2.1.3 Taajamien pinta-ala, väestö ja asukastiheys v. 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120821/http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/213_05.xls |date=4 March 2016 }}, Statistics portfolio of municipal planning, Regional Council of Häme 22 August 2011. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref> Of the entire population of the Forssa region, the population of Forssa proper is about one half.<ref name="väestö"/>

Population concentration spots of the Forssa industrial community are the Kalliomäki wooden house area to the north of the river Loimijoki and the wooden house areas of Vanha Kuhala, Uusikylä and Yliskylä to the south of the river. Throughout the decades, new city districts have been built around this historical centre. The Viksberg apartment building suburb was mostly built in the 1970s and the suburb of Tölö in the 1970s and 1980s, but their population has been decreasing. Recently the population has increased in the city outskirts through construction of detached houses and also in the city centre through construction of apartment buildings.<ref name="väestö2000">[http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/215_11.xls 2.1.5 Väestö osa-alueittain 2000, 2005, 2010 ja ikärakenne 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231811/http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/215_11.xls |date=2 December 2013 }}, Statistics portfolio of municipal planning, Regional Council of Häme 20 April 2012. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref>

In late 2011, about 13.5 percent of the population of Forssa belonged to the age bracket of 0 to 14 years, 63.2 percent to the bracket of 15 to 64 years and 23.3 percent to the bracket of over 64 years.<ref name="väestö"/> In the long run, both the absolute number and the proportion of children have significantly decreased. The elderly are the only age group to increase in either absolute number or proportion. In 1997 the number of children fell below the number of the elderly.<ref name="väestö"/>

Most of the children live in new small house areas on the edge of the central conurbation. Most of the elderly live in Korkeavaha and the city centre, where the proportion of people of 64 years or older is 40 percent.<ref name="väestö2000"/>

From 1980 to 2010 the language distribution in Forssa has remained fairly stable. The absolute number of [[Finnish language]] speakers has decreased by about 1,900 people, but the proportion has only decreased by a little from 99.6 percent to 97.1 percent. The number of [[Swedish language]] speakers has decreased by about a third. The most significant increase has been in the group of people speaking other languages than Finnish or Swedish, which has increased manifold.<ref>[http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_011.px Väestö kielen mukaan sekä ulkomaan kansalaisten määrä ja maa-pinta-ala alueittain 1980 - 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617142223/http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_011.px |date=17 June 2018 }}, [[Statistics Finland]]. Accessed on 28 December 2017.</ref>

===Congregations===
[[File:Helluntaiseurakunta, Pentecostal church, магазин , market - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|The Pentecostal church of Forssa next to the S-Market grocery store in 2010]]
In 2023, the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland|Evangelical Lutheran Church]] was the largest religious group with 70.9% of the population of Forssa. Other religious groups accounted for 2.3% of the population. 26.8% of the population had no religious affiliation.<ref>[https://pxdata.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11ra.px Key figures on population by region, 1990-2023] Statistics Finland</ref>

According to the 2018 division Forssa includes its own congregation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church.<ref name="evl">[https://evl.fi/yhteystiedot Yhteystiedot - Suomen evankelis-luterilainen kirkko] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210520/https://evl.fi/yhteystiedot |date=23 August 2018 }}. Accessed on 23 August 2018.</ref> The former congregation of Koijärvi was annexed to the congregation of Forssa in 2007.<ref name="evl"/> The city has an activity centre of the Hämeenlinna Orthodox congregation,<ref>[http://www.ort.fi/haemeenlinna/haemeenlinnan-seurakunnan-pyhaekoet Hämeenlinnan seurakunnan pyhäköt], Orthodox Church of Finland. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref> a [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] Kingdom Hall, a Pentecostal Salem church and activity of the Evangelical Free Church of Finland. The Evangelical Free Church has its premises in the ''Kerhola'' building commissioned by the Forssa company. Forssa also has a cemetery of the [[Union of Freethinkers of Finland]].<ref>[http://www.ateistit.fi/uutiset/uuti130511.html Forssan rauhanmaa] 11 May 2013.</ref>

The Pentecostal Church of Finland has its own congregation in Forssa<ref>[https://suomenhelluntaikirkko.fi/seurakunnat/ Seurakunnat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906183526/https://suomenhelluntaikirkko.fi/seurakunnat/ |date=6 September 2021 }}, Pentecostal Church of Finland. Accessed on 6 September 2021.</ref> and the Evangelical Free Church of Finland also has its own free congregation in Forssa.<ref>[https://www.svk.fi/seurakunnat/ Seurakunnat], Evangelical Free Church of Finland. Accessed on 19 July 2022.</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Kalliomäen puutaloalue3.JPG|thumb|right|Wooden buildings in Kalliomäki]]

===Development of population===
====From 1847 to 1946====
The first planned constructed areas in Forssa were Wahreninkatu and the buildings at Viksberg. Kalliomäki with its lines was born starting from the 1870s after Wahren had ordered a zoning plan in the area.<ref name="kehitys">[https://archive.today/20130429161526/http://www.forssa.fi/palvelut/kaavoitus/kaavat/kaupungin_kehitys/ Kaupungin kehitys], city of Forssa. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref> In addition to Kalliomäki, the oldest inhabited areas in Forssa include Vanha Kuhala to the south of the river Loimijoki, Uusikylä between Rautatienkatu and Räynynoja and Yliskylä, also known as ''Ameriikka'', slightly to the west of Uusikylä.

According to Helga Keränen's 1930 research, the market town of Forssa was divided into ten physiognomical areas, including the Kalliomäki area, the greater population area of Hämeentie, the Puisto area, the Forssa industrial area, the Viksberg industrial area, the Forssa business centre, the smaller population area of Keski-Forssa, "Amerikka" and the new population area of Yliskylä.<ref>Keränen, Helga: Kolmen vuosikymmenen takainen Forssa. ''Annual of the homestead and museum association of southwestern Tavastia'', issue XXVII 1958, pp. 30-32. {{ISSN|0359-1832}}.</ref> This division only concerned the tightly built areas in Forssa, not the rural areas around them.

Until 1946, the area of tightly-built wooden houses was fairly small compared to the conurbated area of today. A large part of the currently populated areas were still fields. As well as the aforementioned areas, there was inhabitation in Kekkala, a little in Pispanmäki and some buildings on the lands of the Viksberg manor. The construction of Rantalanmäki had already started at this point.

====From the 1950s to the 1980s====
New apartment buildings were built at the Kartanonkatu and Forssa market square area, as well as Viksberg, in the 1960s.<ref name="kehitys"/> Many old wooden buildings were dismantled to make way for new construction. Afterwards, the dismantling of many old buildings has been met with criticism. Perhaps the most famous dismantled building was the "Gingerbread House" located at the intersection between Säästöpankinkatu and Hämeentie. Construction of new apartment buildings continued in the 1970s, when construction of Tölö started, new red brick apartment buildings were built along Pekolanraitti and construction of Viksberg continued.

The expanding industry in the city spread to the lands of the old Viksberg manor. [[Parma (company)|Parma]] constructed its element factory and [[Ahlstrom|Ahlström]] built its steel wool factory at Pispanmäki to the west of National Road 2.

Small house areas slowly spread to the edges of the city. After Talsoila, new detached houses were built in the north at Lamminranta, Ojalanmäki, Kaikula and Vieremä. Construction of Paavola started in the 1980s and today the area is almost completely built up. Paavola hosted the Asuntomessut apartment fair in 1982.<ref name="kehitys"/>

====From the 1990s to today====
Expansion of Forssa has been fairly slow, as the decrease of population has also led to a decrease in demand for new apartments. However, some new detached houses have been constructed. Most of the new houses are located in Kuusto in the eastern part of the city, and some are located in Pikkumuolaa, Paavola and the northwestern part of Vieremä. During the last couple of years, some new apartment buildings have been built in Makasiiniranta.

===Bodies of water===
Of the total surface area of Forssa only 4.61 square kilometres are bodies of water,<ref>[http://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/sites/default/files/alat12_sv_nimet.xls Suomen pinta-ala kunnittain 1.1.2012], Finnish geography bureau 1 January 2012. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref> which is 1.8 percent of the total surface area. In the central conurbation area, the only bodies of water are part of lake [[Kaukjärvi]] in the east, the river [[Loimijoki]] flowing through the city, the nearly filled-up lake [[Loimalammi]] flowing to the river, lake [[Linikkalanlammi]] in Linikkala and lake [[Mäkilammi]] in Vieremä. The largest lake in the region is lake [[Pyhäjärvi (Tammela)|Pyhäjärvi]] in neighbouring Tammela.

The river [[Jänhijoki]], a side river of Loimijoki, flows through the central parts of the area of dispersed settlement in Forssa. Bodies of water at the river's starting point include the lakes [[Kiimalammi]] and [[Luomalammi]], located in the north near the border of Tammela, belonging to the chain of small forest lakes in [[Mustiala]] in Tammela.

The bird lake of [[Koijärvi]] is located in the northern part of the area of dispersed settlement. The river [[Koijoki]] (also known as Kojonjoki or Koenjoki), the largest side river of Loimijoki, starts at the lake, flowing past Matku to the west along the border to Jokioinen and Humppila. Another starting lake of this river is [[Valijärvi]] near the border to Tammela. Bodies of water near Pyhäjärvi in Tammela include lake [[Lunkinjärvi]] near the border to Tammela. Near the border to Urjala, bodies of water partly located in Forssa at the starting point of the river [[Tarpianjoki]] flowing through Urjala included the lakes of [[Kokonjärvi]], [[Särkijärvi (Urjala)|Särkijärvi]] and [[Matkunjärvi]].

===Parks===
[[File:Forssan ankkalammi.jpg|thumb|right|The Ankkalammi park on the southern edge of the Forssa market square]]
There are 110 [[park]]s in Forssa, with a combined area of 303 hectares. Some of the most notable parks include:<ref>[http://www.forssa.fi/palvelut/viherlaitos/puistot/ Puistokaupunki Forssa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102839/http://www.forssa.fi/palvelut/viherlaitos/puistot/ |date=4 March 2016 }}, city of Forssa. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref>
* Ankkalammi park: Located to the south of the market square. The park was renewed during the renovation of the market square.
* Yhtiönpuisto park: A park located near the old spinning mill, sometimes also referred to as the Wahren park.
* Central park: The next natural park along the river Loimijoki after the Yhtiönpuisto park, also has a football field.
* Talsoila park: A partly built, partly natural park in Talsoila, made as a public park open to everyone in contrast to the previously closed Yhtiönpuisto park.
* Rantapuisto park: A park located opposite the Central park on the river shore in Rantalanmäki.
* Harjupuisto park: A forest park with pine trees, on the border between Kaikula and Vieremä.
* Mäkilammi park: A forest park with pine trees, bordering Mäkilammi in Vieremä.
* Lamminranta park: A park around Lamminranta.
* Paavola park: A partly built, partly forest park in the district of Paavola.
* Siurila park: A park in the centre of the Viksberg residential area, with two ponds, an artificial brook and a fountain.
* Salmistonmäki and Loimalammi: A natural area located at the eastern park of Haudankorva right next to the border to Tammela.
Many of the parks are natural greenspaces and not actively tended "parade parks".

====National urban park====
The city of Forssa has been built on area alternating between forest and field landscapes. Three areas in the city have received the position of a national urban park.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forssa.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/tekniset-palvelut/kadut-ja-puistot/puistot-ja-yleiset-alueet/kansallinen-kaupunkipuisto/ | title=Forssan kansallinen kaupunkipuisto | Forssan kaupunki }}</ref><ref>Hakala, Sirja; Hannula, Hanna; Tirkkonen, Elina: [http://kaupunkipuisto.synergiafoxy.fi/nykyanalysointi_osat.htm Kaupunkipuiston kolme erityyppistä osa-aluetta], ''Forssa national urban park'', autumn 2005. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref>
* The Haudankorva and Kuusto field areas as ''agrarian landscape'' areas
* The old industrial buildings and some old districts (such as Kalliomäki, Kuhala and Rantalanmäki) as ''industrial heritage'' areas
* Hunnari in Vieremä, the area next to the cemetery in Kaikula and the area around the pond in Lamminranta as ''esker areas''.

===Climate===
Forssa has a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfb'')
{{Weather box
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| single line = y
| location = Jokioinen (adjacent to Forssa), 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1959 -present
| Jan mean C =-4.8
| Feb mean C =-5.4
| Mar mean C =-1.9
| Apr mean C =3.9
| May mean C =10.0
| Jun mean C =14.3
| Jul mean C =17.0
| Aug mean C =15.5
| Sep mean C =10.6
| Oct mean C =4.9
| Nov mean C =0.7
| Dec mean C =-2.6
| Jan high C =-2.1
| Feb high C =-2.0
| Mar high C =2.0
| Apr high C =9.0
| May high C =15.8
| Jun high C =19.7
| Jul high C =22.1
| Aug high C =20.8
| Sep high C =15.3
| Oct high C =8.0
| Nov high C =2.7
| Dec high C =0.0
| Jan record high C =8.2
| Feb record high C =9.4
| Mar record high C =16.3
| Apr record high C =23.5
| May record high C =29.2
| Jun record high C =32.1
| Jul record high C =32.3
| Aug record high C =31.8
| Sep record high C =27.6
| Oct record high C =18.4
| Nov record high C =13.3
| Dec record high C =10.8
| Jan low C =-7.8
| Feb low C =-8.3
| Mar low C =-5.8
| Apr low C =-0.8
| May low C =3.9
| Jun low C =8.7
| Jul low C =11.4
| Aug low C =10.5
| Sep low C =6.4
| Oct low C =2.0
| Nov low C =-1.6
| Dec low C =-4.8
| Jan record low C =-36.7
| Feb record low C =-39.3
| Mar record low C =-29.0
| Apr record low C =-20.9
| May record low C =-7.0
| Jun record low C =-3.1
| Jul record low C =0.8
| Aug record low C =-1.5
| Sep record low C =-8.8
| Oct record low C =-16.4
| Nov record low C =-24.5
| Dec record low C =-33.4
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm =47
| Feb precipitation mm =35
| Mar precipitation mm =31
| Apr precipitation mm =32
| May precipitation mm =38
| Jun precipitation mm =68
| Jul precipitation mm =74
| Aug precipitation mm =72
| Sep precipitation mm =54
| Oct precipitation mm =63
| Nov precipitation mm =56
| Dec precipitation mm =51
| Jan sun =36
| Feb sun =68
| Mar sun =144
| Apr sun =190
| May sun =259
| Jun sun =259
| Jul sun =264
| Aug sun =214
| Sep sun =140
| Oct sun =77
| Nov sun =28
| Dec sun =22
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days =11
| Feb precipitation days =9
| Mar precipitation days =8
| Apr precipitation days =8
| May precipitation days =7
| Jun precipitation days =10
| Jul precipitation days =10
| Aug precipitation days =10
| Sep precipitation days =9
| Oct precipitation days =11
| Nov precipitation days =11
| Dec precipitation days =12
| Jan humidity = 91
| Feb humidity = 89
| Mar humidity = 81
| Apr humidity = 72
| May humidity = 66
| Jun humidity = 70
| Jul humidity = 74
| Aug humidity = 78
| Sep humidity = 84
| Oct humidity = 89
| Nov humidity = 93
| Dec humidity = 93
| year humidity = 82
| source 1 =
| source 2 = Record highs and lows<ref name="FMI open data">{{cite web
| url = https://kilotavu.com/asema-taulukko.php?asema=101104
| title = FMI open data
| publisher = FMI
| access-date = 17 January 2025}}</ref>
| source = FMI climatological normals 1991-2020<ref name="FMI">{{cite web|url=https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ilmastollinen-vertailukausi |title=FMI normals 1991-2020|publisher=fmi.fi |access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>
}}

===Transport===
[[File:Autokeidas truck stop, Forssa, Finland.jpg|thumb|The Autokeidas [[truck stop]] on the intersection of highways [[Finnish national road 2|2]] and [[Finnish national road 10|10]]]]
====Transport connections====
Roads passing through the centre of Forssa include:
* [[Finnish national road 2]] from Helsinki via Forssa to [[Pori]]
* [[Finnish national road 10]] from Turku via Forssa to [[Hämeenlinna]]
* [[Finnish regional road 282]] from [[Somero]] to Forssa
* [[Finnish regional road 284]] from [[Urjala]] via the Koijärvi church to Forssa
* [[Finnish connecting road 2804]] from the centre of Jokioinen to Forssa (named ''Jokioistentie'' in Forssa)
* [[Finnish connecting road 2821]] from the centre of Tammela to Forssa (named ''Tammelantie'' in Forssa, also known as ''Tammelansuora'')

The poor condition of national road 2 has been seen as a factor slowing down the development of Forssa. The [[highways in Finland|highways]] starting from Helsinki have been changed to [[controlled-access highway]]s, but the national road 2, with a smaller amount of traffic, is still a conventional two-laned highway. The national road 2 was improved in the vicinity of Forssa from 2006 to 2009 by building the new Paavola bridge and a bypass lane in Jokioinen, which also serves as a reserve landing strip for the Finnish Air Force.<ref>[https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/1074142686 Kakkostie remonttiin kahdeksi vuodeksi ], ''[[Turun Sanomat]]'' 26 August 2006. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref><ref>[http://portal.liikennevirasto.fi/portal/page/portal/C0100611CC9200FDE040B40A1B011C8C Liikennemääräkartat, Koko maa 2011]{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Finnish Traffic Bureau. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref>

The [[Turku–Toijala railway]] passes through [[Matku]], but the trains no longer stop there, and the old station building in Matku has been dismantled. The railway structures in the centre of Forssa were dismantled in the 1970s and the city thus no longer has railway connections of its own. The nearest passenger traffic station is in [[Humppila]]. There have been suggestions for building a railway to the city. These suggestions have included a railway from Helsinki via Forssa and Humppila to Pori.<ref>[http://yle.fi/uutiset/helsinki-forssa-pori-rautatieyhteys_sopii_hyvin_henkiloliikenteelle/1543801 Helsinki-Forssa-Pori-rautatieyhteys sopii hyvin henkilöliikenteelle], [[YLE]] 19 March 2010. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref> This project could be started in the middle 2020s at the earliest.<ref>[http://yle.fi/uutiset/helsinki-pori-rata_siintaa_kymmenien_vuosien_paassa/1481004 Helsinki-Pori-rata siintää kymmenien vuosien päässä ], [[YLE]] 25 February 2010. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref> Another suggestion is the construction of a railway from [[Riihimäki]] via Forssa to [[Loimaa]].

The [[Forssa Airfield]] is located in the district of [[Haudankorva]]<ref>[http://www.lentopaikat.net/effo.shtml Forssa - EFFO], Lentopaikat.net. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref> and is used for hobby aviation. The nearest [[airport]]s for commercial passenger aviation are located in [[Helsinki Airport|Helsinki]], [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport|Tampere]] and [[Turku Airport|Turku]].

====Internal transport====
The transport in the centre of Forssa has been seen as problematic. For example the Kauppakatu street was forbidden for heavy-duty car transport in early 2008.<ref>[https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/1074220650 Forssa rajoittaa raskasta liikennettä], ''[[Turun Sanomat]]'' 14 August 2007. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref> There have also been long-time plans for a so-called "Eastern beltway", which would allow traffic to bypass the city centre of Forssa from national road 2 to national road 10 and possibly onwards to Tampereentie. As a part of this plan, the street Loimalammintie was built as new southern entryway to the city and the connection from Helsingintie, the previous entryway, to national road 2 was removed.

There have been plans for an extension of the Yhtiönkatu street from the current end of Yhtiönkatu to the start of Tampereentie, along line I past the church, for decades. The planned street was marked into the zoning plan in 1969, and there is a new street connection between Yhtiönkatu and Tampereentie in the new regional plan. The zoning plan is seen as outdated, and there have been frequent discussions about renewing it. There has been support both for various solutions about constructing a road connection and for leaving the street unbuilt. The project has been very controversial, and sometimes there has been much discussion about it in the readers' column in the ''[[Forssan Lehti]]'' newspaper. The [[administrative law]] court of Hämeenlinna rejected the plan for the area including the street and Forssa complained about this decision, but the [[Supreme Administrative Court of Finland]] rejected this complaint.<ref>[http://yle.fi/uutiset/kho_piti_yhtionkatu-paatoksen_voimassa/6155248 KHO piti Yhtiönkatu-päätöksen voimassa], [[YLE]] 8 May 2010. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref>

There have also been plans for a renovation of the Kartanonkatu street for a long time. Renovation of the street started in July 2012 and was completed in late 2012.<ref>[http://yle.fi/uutiset/forssa_kunnostaa_vihdoin_kartanonkadun/6205449 Forssa kunnostaa vihdoin Kartanonkadun], [[YLE]] 4 July 2012. Accessed on 19 August 2012.</ref> Failures in speed bump construction had to be repaired for several times.

==Districts==
[[File:Forssan kehräämöalue.jpg|thumb|right|Spinning mill buildings on the shore of Kuhalankoski. The [[HAMK Häme University of Applied Sciences]] has its premises in these buildings.]]
[[File:Kalliomäen puutaloalue1.JPG|thumb|right|Wooden houses in Kalliomäki]]
In statistics related to basic statistical units, the city of Forssa is divided into three major districts, twenty statistical districts and thirty minor districts. The three major districts are ''Keskustaajama'' (the part of the central conurbation going over the municipal boundaries and its surrounding countryside), ''Parkkiaro'' (a rural area in the middle of Forssa) and ''Entinen Koijärvi'' (the core areas of the former municipality of Koijärvi). The villages of [[Kokko, Koijärvi|Kokko]] and [[Matku]], partly annexed to [[Urjala]], are not part of the Entinen Koijärvi major district.<ref name="seurakunta">[http://www.evl.fi/srk/forssa/frkoipaa.htm Koijärven seurakunta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030214507/http://www.evl.fi/srk/forssa/frkoipaa.htm |date=30 October 2004 }}, congregation of Forssa. Accessed on 19 August 2012.</ref><ref name="väestö2000"/> On the other hand, the southern part of the statistical district of [[Kojo, Forssa|Kojo]], part of the major district, was not part of the municipality of Koijärvi but instead the market town of Forssa. The statistical district of Kojo also includes the Lempää area, formerly part of the municipality of Tammela.<ref name="laine"/>

The districts according to the basic statistical units are not necessarily exactly the same as the districts according to the [[National Land Survey of Finland]], because the statistical units can include for example areas classified in the country register. In articles about districts they have been identified with the correspondingly named statistical units. The name of the statistical unit differs from the name of the district in two cases, where the name given by the National Land Survey is used:<ref name="kunta">[http://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/sites/default/files/kunnat_ja_sijaintialueet_2013.xls Kunta- ja sijaintialueluettelo 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113542/http://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/sites/default/files/kunnat_ja_sijaintialueet_2013.xls |date=4 March 2016 }}, National Land Survey of Finland. Accessed on 4 April 2013.</ref>
* The Kuhala district is the Tölö statistical unit
* The Linikkala district is the Kalliomäki statistical unit
Also the name of Pikku-Muolaa is often spelled ''Pikkumuolaa''.

===The Keskustaajama major district===
The 16 districts in the Keskustaajama major district are listed alphabetically here. The numbers in parentheses are the official order numbers of the National Land Survey.<ref name="kunta"/><ref name="väestö2000"/>
* [[Haudankorva]] (6.)
* [[Järvenpää, Forssa|Järvenpää]] (11.)
* [[Kaikula]] (9.)
* [[Keskusta, Forssa|Keskusta]] (1.)
* [[Kivimäki, Forssa|Kivimäki]] (10.)
* [[Korkeavaha]] (4.)
* [[Kuhala]] (7.)
* [[Kuusto]] (12.)
* [[Lamminranta]] (3.)
* [[Linikkala]] (5.)
* [[Ojalanmäki]] (2.)
* [[Paavola, Forssa|Paavola]] (15.)
* [[Pikku-Muolaa]] (13.)
* [[Pispanmäki]] (14.)
* [[Talsoila]] (8.)
* [[Vieremä, Forssa|Vieremä]] (16.)

===The Parkkiaro major district===
The district of Parkkiaro forms a major district by itself, and is one of the districts (statistical units) of Forssa. The number in parentheses is an official number of the National Land Survey.<ref name="kunta"/><ref name="väestö2000"/>
* [[Parkkiaro]] (17.)

===The Entinen Koijärvi major district===
The major district of Entinen Koijärvi consists of three statistical units, which are not considered as districts.
* [[Kojo, Forssa|Kojo]] (477 inhabitants) consists of the central area of the former municipality of Koijärvi. Kojo includes the former church area of [[Koijärvi]], which does not constitute a conurbation. The [[Koijärvi church]] and the Kojo school are located in Kojo.
* [[Matku]] (523 inhabitants) is located in the western part of the former municipality of Koijärvi. The railway between [[Turku]] and [[Toijala]] goes through Forssa at the district of Matku, which was formerly its own conurbation. Matku is no longer considered a conurbation after its population fell below 200.<ref>[http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/216.xls 2.1.6 Taajama- ja haja-asutusväestön kehitys 1960-2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313113702/http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/216.xls |date=13 March 2016 }}, ''Statistics portfolio of municipal planning'' 20 October 2008. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref> The Matku railway station has been dismantled and there has not been station traffic in the area for a long time.
* [[Suonpää]] (217 inhabitants) consists of the northern areas of the former municipality of Koijärvi.<ref name="väestö2000"/>

==Villages==
The land register villages listed here do not have borders conforming to the borders of the districts or statistical units listed above. The villages are divided based on whether they were part of the Forssa market town or the municipality of Koijärvi before the 1969 annexation. The numbers in parentheses after the names are index numbers announced by the National Land Survey.<ref name="kunta"/>

===Forssa market town area===
Villages located in the Forssa market town area were:<ref>[http://digi.narc.fi/digi/hak_view.ka?hakid=1747 Maanmittaushallituksen uudistusarkisto: Uudistushakemistot: Uudistushakemisto: Hämeen lääni (Asikkala-Hausjärvi)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904025606/http://digi.narc.fi/digi/hak_view.ka?hakid=1747 |date=4 September 2011 }}, ''Digital archive of the national archive of Finland''. Accessed on 4 February 2011.</ref>
* [[Haudankorva]] (401)
* [[Järvenpää, Forssa|Järvenpää]] (402)
* [[Kuhala]] (405)
* [[Kuusto]] (406)
* [[Linikkala]] (408)
* [[Lunttila]] (409)
* [[Talsoila]] (413)
* [[Vieremä, Forssa|Vieremä]] (414)

===Koijärvi area===
Villages located in the municipality of Koijärvi, annexed to Forssa, were:<ref>[http://digi.narc.fi/digi/hak_view.ka?hakid=1749 Maanmittaushallituksen uudistusarkisto: Uudistushakemistot: Uudistushakemisto: Hämeen lääni (Kangasala-Kärkölä)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222090825/http://digi.narc.fi/digi/hak_view.ka?hakid=1749 |date=22 December 2015 }}, ''Digital archive of the national archive of Finland''. Accessed on 4 February 2011.</ref>
* [[Kojo, Koijärvi|Kojo]] (403)
* [[Kokko, Koijärvi|Kokko]] (404)
* [[Kölli]] (407)
* [[Matku]] (410)
* [[Menonen]] (411)
* [[Raitoo]] (412)

===Inconsistencies with the municipal division===
The area of the former market town of Forssa also contains parts of the villages of Jokioinen (415) and Kaukjärvi (416), but these villages are mainly located in the neighbouring municipalities of [[Jokioinen]] and [[Tammela, Finland|Tammela]]. However, Tammela also contains parts of the villages of Haudankorva, Linikkala and Lunttila, but these villages are mainly located in Forssa.

Likewise, of the villages located in the former municipality of Koijärvi, Kojo is partly located in Tammela and Matku is partly located in [[Urjala]]. In the annexation, the village of Kojo was mainly annexed to Urjala and the village of Menonen is also partly located in Urjala.<ref name="kunta"/>

==Urban areas==
In late 2017 Forssa had a population of 17,185, of which 15,518 lived in [[urban areas in Finland|urban areas]], 1,511 in sparsely populated areas and 156 at unknown locations. The proportion of urban areas in Forssa is 91.1%.<ref>[http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_025.px Taajama-aste alueittain 31.12.2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716153808/http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_025.px |date=16 July 2019 }}, Statistics Finland 28 September 2017. Accessed on 2 December 2018.</ref> The municipality has only one urban area, the Forssa central urban area.<ref name="taajama">[http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_026.px {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714130747/http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_026.px/ |date=14 July 2019 }} Taajama- ja haja-asutusalueväestö iän ja sukupuolen mukaan kunnittain 31.12.2017[, Statistics Finland 28 September 2017. Accessed on 2 December 2018.</ref> In addition to Forssa, the central urban area spreads over to the municipalities of Jokioinen and Tammela.<ref name="taajama"/> The Forssa central urban area has a total population of 21,236 and a surface area of 37,14 square kilometres.<ref>[http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_027_fi.px Taajamat väkiluvun ja väestöntiheyden mukaan 31.12.2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222220027/http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_027_fi.px |date=22 December 2017 }}, Statistics Finland 28 September 2017. Accessed on 2 December 2018.</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:Forssan kaupungintalo.jpg|thumb|right|The Forssa city hall]]
Up to the 1992 election, Forssa has had a characteristic left-wing majority in its city council. In parliamentary elections, Forssa has been historically a left-wing majority municipality, and in elections from 1983 to 2011 SDP has been the largest party up to 2007, when it fell to second place. Also in presidential elections the SDP candidate has received the most votes.

Today the [[Parliament of Finland]] has one member from Forssa:<ref>[https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/search/Sivut/peopleresults.aspx Haku: Kansanedustajat], Parliament of Finland. Accessed on 6 November 2011.</ref>
* [[Sanni Grahn-Laasonen]] (National Coalition Party), member of parliament since 2011, minister of the environment from 2014 to 2015, minister of education and culture from 2015 to 2017, minister of education from 2017 to 2019.

Previously there have been more members of parliament from Forssa.

The city council of Forssa has 43 seats. In the season from 2021 to 2025 the largest party is SDP, holding 13 seats.<ref name="kuntavaalit">[https://tulospalvelu.vaalit.fi/KV-2021/fi/kutulos_061.html Kuntavaalit 2021, Forssa], Finnish Ministry of Justice. Accessed on 6 November 2021.</ref>

==Business==
[[File:Finlayson buildings, Forssa, Finland.jpg|thumb|right|The former spinning mill now hosts a CityMarket grocery store and companies in the service industry.]]

===Employment structure===
In 2009 Forssa had 8,724 jobs, which were divided among the business sectors as follows:<ref>[http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/2222b09_tol_2008.xls 2.2.2.2.b Kanta-Hämeessä työssäkäyvät elinkeinoittain v. 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102459/http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/2222b09_tol_2008.xls |date=4 March 2016 }}, Regional Council of Häme 6 October 2011. Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref>
* agriculture and forestry: 184 (2.1%)
* secondary sector: 2,953 (33.8%)
* services: 5,530 (63.4%)
* unknown: 57 (0.7%)

The [[secondary sector of the economy]] is still a significant business, but its proportion of the jobs has decreased noticeably. The proportion of the secondary sector was at its highest at 55.7% in 1975. The total number of jobs in Forssa had also decreased, the number of jobs was at its highest at 11,000 in 1990. During the [[early 1990s depression in Finland]], the city lost about 2,000 jobs by 1995.<ref>[http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/3111.xls 3.1.1.1 Työpaikat kunnittain 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000 ja 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313133543/http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/3111.xls |date=13 March 2016 }}, Regional Council of Häme 17 September 2010. Accessed on 18 August 2011.</ref> Agriculture is practised in Forssa mainly in the area of the former municipality of [[Koijärvi]].

The textile industry started by Wahren in the 19th century was the largest employer in the city up to the 1970s. After this, the construction industry rose to the largest industry thanks to the increase of activity of the company Rakennusvalmiste Oy founded by [[Armas Puolimatka]]. The third [[mineral wool]] factory of A. Ahlström (now known as [[Saint-Gobain Isover]]) was officially inaugurated at [[Pilvenmäki]] on 13 Octobner 1971. The factory had been undergoing test runs for a month before this.

Today the food industry is the largest industry in Forssa. [[HKScan|HK Ruokatalo Oy]] has concentrated a large part of its activity in Forssa. The company [[Atria (company)|Atria]] also has activities in the city after it bought the local company [[Liha ja Säilyke]]. The product label [[Forssan]] still remains on the market. The meat refinery company [[Hakala Oy]] represents the local food industry.

===Largest companies===
Notable employers in Forssa include:
* the city of Forssa
* [[HKScan]]
* [[Atria (company)|Atria]]
* [[Punamusta]]
* [[Parma (company)|Parma]]
* [[Parmarine]]
* [[Saint-Gobain Isover]]
* [[Vansco Electronics]]
* [[Tambest Glass Solutions]]
* [[DA-Group]]
* [[Aste Finland]]
* the wellbeing consortium of the Forssa region (FSHKY)

===Employment situation===
Forssa has traditionally been self-sufficient in employment. According to a 2009 statistic, the self-sufficiency rate was 125.5%.<ref>[http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/2223_09.xls 2.2.2.3 Kanta-Hämeen työvoima työllisten asuinalueen ja työpaikan sijainnin mukaan kunnittain v. 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313200808/http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/2223_09.xls |date=13 March 2016 }}, Regional Council of Häme 26 October 2011. Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref> There are 3,444 outside people employed in Forssa, of which 2,299 are from the Forssa region and 1,145 from elsewhere. 39.5% of the jobs employ people living outside Forssa.<ref>[http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/2224_09.xls 2.2.2.4 Työssäkäynti asuinalueen, (sukupuolen) ja elinkeinon mukaan v. 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313134543/http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/2224_09.xls |date=13 March 2016 }}, Regional Council of Häme 4 January 2012. Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref> According to a 2009 statistics 6,950 people from Forssa were employed. The most of them were employed in Forssa and 1,670 were employed elsewhere. Of the people employed outside Forssa, 737 people were employed in the Forssa region and 933 elsewhere in Finland. Thus 24.0% of the employed people in Forssa were employed outside their home city.<ref>[http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/2225_09.xls 2.2.2.5 Työllisten työssäkäynti suunnan ja elinkeinon mukaan v. 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313132855/http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/2225_09.xls |date=13 March 2016 }}, Regional Council of Häme 2 November 2011. Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref>

In 1990 the unemployment rate in Forssa was only 5.2%. During the following years, employment increased rapidly, coming to its highest in 1993. At the time a quarter of the people were unemployed. After this employment started to decrease, but increased again in 2008. Even at its lowest, the employment rate in Forssa was about twice as high as before the early 1990s depression.<ref>[http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__tyokay/statfin_tyokay_pxt_001.px Väestö pääasiallisen toiminnan ja sukupuolen mukaan 1987-2016 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228172625/http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__tyokay/statfin_tyokay_pxt_001.px |date=28 December 2017 }}, Statistics Finland. Accessed on 28 December 2017.</ref> In 2018 the unemployment rate in Forssa was 12.8%, the highest in Kanta-Häme.<ref name="avainluvut">[https://www.stat.fi/tup/alue/kuntienavainluvut.html#?year=2017&active1=2020MK05&active2=061 Kuntien avainluvut], Statistics Finland. Accessed on 30 April 2019.</ref> The unemployment rate has been decreasing since 2016. The unemployment situation in Forssa is more serious than in Kanta-Häme or the [[Hämeenlinna]] and [[Riihimäki]] regions.<ref>[http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/dokumentit/Tilastot/2241_12_0.xls 2.2.4.1 Työttömät ja lomautetut kuukausittain v. 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228172041/http://hameenliitto.fi/sites/default/files/dokumentit/Tilastot/2241_12_0.xls |date=28 December 2017 }}, Statistical portfolio of municipal planning, Regional Council of Häme 31 July 2012. Accessed on 17 August 2012.</ref><ref name="avainluvut"/>

The [[Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment]] named Forssa as an area of sudden structure change from 2008 to 2009 because of layoffs concerning over 500 employees. This was because of layoffs in the following companies:<ref>Hytönen, Jukka; Mlla, Ilkka; Pousi, Anu: [http://www.tem.fi/files/31132/Rakennemuutos_2007-2011.pdf Äkillisen rakennemuutoksen alueet 2007-2011], Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment November 2011. Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref>
* [[Finlayson (company)|Finlayson-Forssa]] announced layoffs and closed its unprofitable plastic factory in 2007.<ref>[http://www.hs.fi/talous/artikkeli/Finlayson+Forssa+lopettaa+muovitehtaan/1135224517724 Finlayson Forssa lopettaa muovitehtaan], ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'' 23 January 2007. Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref> In 2008 the company went bankrupt.<ref>[http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/talous/finlayson-forssa-hakeutuu-konkurssiin/338896/ Finlayson Forssa hakeutuu konkurssiin], ''[[Kaleva (newspaper)|Kaleva]]'' 21 November 2008. Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref>
* [[Helkama|Helkama Forste]] closed its factory in Forssa in 2008, moving production to [[Hungary]] and [[Russia]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20130429192751/http://www.savonsanomat.fi/uutiset/talous/helkama-forste-lopettaa-tuotannon-suomessa/1126304 Helkama Forste lopettaa tuotannon Suomessa], ''[[Savon Sanomat]]'' 3 January 2008 (updated 6 February 2012). Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref>
* In October 2008 [[Novart]] closed its kitchen utensil factory in Forssa, concentrating production in [[Nastola]].<ref>[http://www.ess.fi/?article=213751 Novart keskittää Nastolaan, Forssan tehdas loppuu], ''[[Etelä-Suomen Sanomat]]'' 30 October 2008. Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref>

Other layoffs in the past years have included:
* The [[Neova|Vapo Timber]] sawmill in Forssa closed in 2006.<ref>Nissinen, Jarkko: [http://www.demari.fi/arkisto?id=7748 Puualan työttömyys kolminkertaistunut Hämeessä], ''Uutispäivä Demari'' 22 October 2009. Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref>
* The food industry companies [[HKScan|HK Ruokatalo]]<ref>[https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/1074129202 HK irtisanoo puolen sataa työntekijää Forssasta], ''[[Turun Sanomat]]'' 22 June 2006. Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref> and [[Atria (company)|Atria]] have laid some of their workers off.<ref>Kärki, Tuula: [http://www.kansanuutiset.fi/uutiset/kotimaa/1999987/atria-laittaa-vakea-pihalle Atria laittaa väkeä pihalle], ''[[Kansan Uutiset]]'' 28 September 2009. Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref>
* [[Finlayson (company)|Finlayson]] closed its Forssa factory in March 2009.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130429220320/http://www.savonsanomat.fi/uutiset/talous/finlayson-lopettaa-forssan-tehtaan/991765 Finlayson lopettaa Forssan tehtaan], ''[[Savon Sanomat]]'' 2 March 2009 (updated on 4 February 2012). Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref>
* In August 2012 [[Fenestra (company)|Fenestra]] closed its window factory in Forssa.<ref>Murtasaari, Jussi: [http://www.savonsanomat.fi/uutiset/talous/fenestra-keskittaa-ikkunatuotannon-kuopioon/1236742 Fenestra keskittää ikkunatuotannon Kuopioon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823081627/http://www.savonsanomat.fi/uutiset/talous/fenestra-keskittaa-ikkunatuotannon-kuopioon/1236742 |date=23 August 2012 }}, ''[[Savon Sanomat]]'' 20 August 2012. Accessed on 20 August 2012.</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Forssan yhteislyseo.JPG|thumb|right|The Forssa Common Lyceum]]
There are currently eight [[primary school]]s in Forssa.<ref>[http://www.forssa.fi/lapset_ja_nuoret/perusopetus/ Perusopetus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223054310/http://www.forssa.fi/lapset_ja_nuoret/perusopetus/ |date=23 December 2014 }}, city of Forssa. Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref> The Haudankorpi lower stage primary school was discontinued in spring 1998. The Keskuskoulu and Kuhala school were formed into comprehensive primary schools containing all grades when the pupils from the Haudankorpi lower stage school were moved to Kuhala and the Linikkala upper stage primary school was merged into the Keskuskoulu school. At the same time, the Kuhala gymnasium was discontinued and gymnasium education was concentrated on the Linikkala gymnasium, which was renamed the Forssa Common Lyceum.

===Lower stage schools (grades 1 to 6)===
There are four lower stage primary schools in Forssa.<ref>[http://www.forssa.fi/lapset_ja_nuoret/perusopetus/alakoulut_1-6/ Alakoulut 1-6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223051451/http://www.forssa.fi/lapset_ja_nuoret/perusopetus/alakoulut_1-6/ |date=23 December 2014 }}, city of Forssa. Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref> Children from the northern part of the central urban area study at the Koijärvi school.
* Heikka school
* Koijärvi school
* Talsoila school
* Vieremä school

===Comprehensive schools (grades 1 to 9)===
There are two [[comprehensive school]]s in Forssa.<ref>[http://www.forssa.fi/lapset_ja_nuoret/perusopetus/yhtenaiskoulut_1-9/ Yhtenäiskoulut Kuhala ja Keskuskoulu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223054201/http://www.forssa.fi/lapset_ja_nuoret/perusopetus/yhtenaiskoulut_1-9/ |date=23 December 2014 }}, city of Forssa. Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref> Here the term comprehensive school refers to a school with all primary school grades 1 to 9.
* Keskuskoulu school
* Akvarelli all-activity house (primary school grades and early education)<ref>[https://www.forssa.fi/kasvatus-ja-opetus/monitoimikeskus-akvarelli/ MONITOIMIKESKUS AKVARELLI], city of Forssa. Accessed on 3 December 2021.</ref>

===Higher education===
The Forssa Common Lyceum provides secondary education in Forssa, continuing the traditions of the oldest countryside secondary school in Finland.<ref>Leppä, Piia (ed.): [http://www.forssanyhteislyseo.fi/upload/tiedostot/1/110-vuotisjuhlajulkaisu_nordman.pdf Forssan yhteislyseo 1899–2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092158/http://www.forssanyhteislyseo.fi/upload/tiedostot/1/110-vuotisjuhlajulkaisu_nordman.pdf |date=22 December 2015 }}, 110th anniversary of the Forssa Common Lyceum. Accessed on 18 August 2012.</ref>

Vocational education is provided by the education council of southwestern Tavastia. The council has combined the Forssa vocational institute (FAI) with the Faktia institute providing adult vocational education. Both youth and adult vocational education are located in the same premises except for the crane training in Faktia. Faktia is the only institute in Finland to provide tower and mobile crane training.<ref>[https://www.lhkk.fi/ Forssan ammatti-instituutti – Faktia Oy – Lounais-Hämeen koulutuskuntayhtymä (etusivu)], educational council of southwestern Tavastia. Accessed on 8 June 2019.</ref>

Higher vocational education is provided by the Forssa branch of the [[HAMK Häme University of Applied Sciences]].<ref>[http://portal.hamk.fi/portal/page/portal/HAMK/hakutulokset?q=toimipisteet HAMK - Hämeen ammattikorkeakoulu, Forssa]{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, HAMK Häme University of Applied Sciences.</ref>

==Other services==
Forssa belongs to the service area of the Rescue Department of Kanta-Häme and has a fire station staffed by a permanent fire brigade. The same fire station also hosts the Forssa semi-permanent fire brigade. There are three voluntary fire brigades in Forssa: Forssan VPK, Matkun VPK and Suonpään VPK.<ref>[https://www.pelastuslaitos.fi/tietoa-pelastuslaitoksesta/sopimuspalokunnat/ Sopimuspalokunnat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921025535/https://www.pelastuslaitos.fi/tietoa-pelastuslaitoksesta/sopimuspalokunnat/ |date=21 September 2020 }}, Rescue Department of Kanta-Häme. Accessed on 1 October 2020.</ref>

==Culture and events==
[[File:Teatteritalo, Torikatu 8, Forssa - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Forssa Theatre (''Teatteritalo'')]]
The Forssa cultural centre is located in a historical spinning mill area. The city hosts several museums and a theatre.

Forssa is known for its annual big events like in the first weekend of August held Holjat Festival as well as car enthusiasts get together in Pick-Nick, the biggest event in Northern Europe. A tradition is also annual Suvi-ilta Maraton - the second biggest marathon event in Finland. Suvi-ilta Maraton takes place a weekend before Midsummer. There is also a fairly popular [[harness racing]] track in Forssa. During the late summer and early autumn, the annual [[silent film]] festivals are held in Forssa.<ref>[https://www.forssasilentmovie.com/ Forssan mykkäelokuvafestivaalit] (in English)</ref>

==Sports==
The town was co-host of the [[1982 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women]].

==Notable people==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
* [[Aarne Ervi]] (1910–1977)
* [[Pentti Niinivuori]] (1931–1988)
* [[Asko Parpola]] (born 1941)
* [[Kalevi Aho]] (born 1949)
* [[Juha Jyrkkiö]] (born 1959)
* [[Mika Helkearo]] (born 1960)
* [[Juuso Nevalainen]] (born 1997)
* [[Miia Nuutila]] (born 1972)
* [[Jonna Tervomaa]] (born 1973)
* [[Johanna Paasikangas-Tella]] (born 1974)
* [[Tuukka Kotti]] (born 1981)
* [[Kirsi Perälä]] (born 1982)
* [[Jussi Heikkilä]] (born 1983)
* [[Sanni Grahn-Laasonen]] (born 1983)
* [[Juuse Saros]] (born 1995)

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland}}

===Twin towns — Sister cities===
Forssa is [[town twinning|twinned]] with:
*{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Södertälje]], Sweden
*{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Sarpsborg]], Norway
*{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Struer, Denmark|Struer]], Denmark
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Serpukhov]], Russia
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Gödöllő]], Hungary
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario|Sault Ste. Marie]], Canada

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Forssa}}
{{commons category-inline|Forssa}}
*[https://www.forssa.fi/ Town of Forssa] – Official website

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Forssa
| N = [[Urjala]] ([[Pirkanmaa]])
| E = [[Tammela, Finland|Tammela]]
| S = [[Tammela, Finland|Tammela]]
| W = [[Humppila]] [[Jokioinen]]
}}
{{TavastiaProper}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Forssa| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Finland]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Kanta-Häme]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1923]]

Paavo Talvela

2025-09-21T06:10:23Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:E49B:4AF6:DACD:F7A0: /* Winter War and Continuation War */

{{Short description|Finnish general}}
{{Infobox military person
| image = File:Paavo Talvela.png
| name = Paavo Talvela
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1897|02|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Helsingin maalaiskunta]], [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1973|09|30|1897|01|19|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]
| placeofburial = [[Kulosaari Cemetery]]
| allegiance = {{plainlist |
* {{flag|German Empire}} (1916–1918)
* {{flag|Finland}} (1918–1946)
}}
| branch = {{plainlist |
* {{army|German Empire}}
* [[Finnish Jäger troops]]
* {{army|Finland}}
}}
| serviceyears = 1916–1946
| rank = [[General|General of the Infantry]] (1966)
| commands = {{plainlist |
* Commander-in-chief, [[Aunus expedition]]
* Savo Jäger Regiment (1926–1927)
* [[Group Talvela]] (1939–1940)
* [[Finnish III Corps (Winter War)|III Corps]] (1940)
* [[Finnish II Corps (Continuation War)|II Corps]] (1941)
* [[Finnish VI Corps (Continuation War)|VI Corps]] (1941–1942)
* [[Aunus Group]] (1944)
}}
| awards = {{plainlist |
* [[Mannerheim Cross]]
* [[Order of the Cross of Liberty]]
* [[Order of the White Rose]]
* [[Iron Cross]]
* [[German Cross]] in Gold
* [[Order of Merit of the German Eagle]]
* [[Order of the Sword]]
* [[Order of Vasa]]
* [[Order of the Crown of Italy]]
* [[Order of St. Olav]]
}}
| battles =
{{tree list}}
* [[World War I]]
** [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]]
* [[Finnish Civil War]]
* [[Heimosodat|Kinship Wars]]
** [[Aunus expedition]]
** [[Viena expedition]]
* [[World War II]]
** [[Winter War]]
*** [[Battle of Tolvajärvi]]
** [[Continuation War]]
*** [[Finnish invasion of Ladoga Karelia|Invasion of Ladoga Karelia]]
*** [[Svir–Petrozavodsk offensive]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}

'''Paavo Juho Talvela''' (born '''Paavo Juho Thorén'''; 19 February 1897 – 30 September 1973) was a [[Finland|Finnish]] [[general of the branch|general of the infantry]], [[Knight of the Mannerheim Cross]] and a member of the [[Jäger movement]]. He participated in the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front of World War I]], the [[Finnish Civil War]], the Finnish [[Heimosodat|Kinship Wars]], the [[Winter War]] and the [[Continuation War]].

Talvela was also active in Finnish far-right politics, being involved in both the founding of the [[Academic Karelia Society]] and in the [[Lapua Movement]]. In 1940, he was also involved in talks with Germany about forming a Finnish Jäger battalion as part of the [[Wehrmacht]].

== Early life ==

Paavo Juho Talvela (originally Thorén) was born 19 January 1897 to farmer parents Johan Fredrik Thorén and Helena Uino in [[Helsingin maalaiskunta]]. One of eleven children, Talvela enrolled in secondary education, but became involved in the [[Jäger Movement]],{{sfn|Uola|2001}} where Finnish volunteers received military training in [[German Empire|Germany]],{{sfn|Tuunainen|2015|p=91}} leaving for Germany in 1916.{{sfn|Uola|2001}} While in Germany, the Finnish volunteers formed the [[27th Jäger Battalion (Finland)|27th Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion]], fighting for the [[Imperial German Army]] on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front of World War I]].{{sfn|Tuunainen|2015|p=91}} During this time, Talvela saw combat in battles in the regions of [[Misa (river in Latvia)|Misa]] and [[Gulf of Riga]], but was sent to Sweden and Finland for "special tasks" in 1917. He was arrested on the Finno-Swedish border and detained by Swedish authorities for multiple months. In late 1917, Talvela was able to enter Finland by traveling to [[Turku]] via [[Åland]]. In December 1917, Talvela moved from Turku to [[Vimpeli]], where he would act as a military instructor. During 1918, Talvela took part in the [[Finnish Civil War]] on the side of the [[Whites (Finland)|Whites]] under the [[pseudonym]] Strömsten.{{sfn|Uola|2001}} In 1918, Talvela was promoted from the [[Private (rank)|private]]-equivalent rank of [[Jäger (infantry)#Jäger as rank|jäger]] directly to a [[lieutenant]] of the [[Finnish Army]].{{sfn|Leskinen|Juutilainen|2005|p=209}}

Talvela was promoted to a [[Major (rank)|major]] after the civil war, briefly commanding both a battalion and a regiment, but resigned in 1919 to participate as a regimental commander in [[Heimosodat|the Kinship Wars of the 1920s]]. Talvela became the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Aunus expedition]] after it had reached [[Petrozavodsk]]. After the failure of the Aunus expedition, Talvela re-joined the Finnish Army, but continued to view efforts to integrate [[East Karelia]] to Finland as crucial for both the security and the economy of the newly-independent Finland. As such, Talvela resigned again in 1921 to command a battalion during the [[Viena expedition]] which also failed. Following the failed military expeditions, Talvela joined the Finnish army the third time in 1922.{{sfn|Uola|2001}}{{sfn|Nenye|Munter|Wirtanen|Birks|2016|p=75}} He was also involved behind-the-scenes in the founding of the [[Academic Karelia Society]], a student association that was also the first Finnish radical nationalistic movement.{{sfn|Silvennoinen|Tikka|Roselius|2016|pp=114–115}}

Having returned to service, Talvela graduated from the English Coast Artillery School in 1923 before acting as the chief of coastal artillery in 1925. In 1926, he graduated from the [[War College (Finland)|Finnish War College]], taking on the duties of commander of the Savo Jäger Regiment in 1926–1927. Following a 1925 promotion to [[lieutenant colonel]], he was promoted a [[colonel]] in 1928. In 1930, he acted as the head of the Finnish General HQ's [[Operations (military staff)|Operations]] Section, but conflicts with the head of the Finnish General Staff [[Martti Wallenius]] led to Talvela's third resignation.{{sfn|Uola|2001}}{{sfn|Nenye|Munter|Wirtanen|Birks|2016|p=75}}

Following his resignation, Talvela became politically active. He was a member of the [[electoral college]] for the [[President of Finland]] in 1931.{{sfn|Uola|2001}} He also became active in the radically nationalistic and "fascist-style" [[Lapua Movement]],{{sfn|Silvennoinen|2015|p=135}} organizing the [[Peasant March]].{{sfn|Uola|2001}} The movement was disbanded in the wake of the [[Mäntsälä Rebellion]]. Talvela ran for parliament as a member of [[Kokoomus]] in 1936 but was not elected. Talvela was also active in various economic affairs, working as the deputy director of [[Suomi-Filmi]] from 1929 to 1932 and the Finnish state alcohol monopoly [[Alko|Oy Alkoholiliike Ab]] from 1932 to 1937, following the end of the [[Prohibition in Finland|Finnish prohibition]]. From 1937 to 1939, Talvela worked as the deputy director of {{ill|Suomen selluloosayhdistys|fi|}}, the association of Finnish [[cellulose]] producers. Concurrently with these duties, Talvela continued his activities in national defense, working as the chair of the Jäger Union to 1934 and in the governmental Defense Council.{{sfn|Uola|2001}}

== Winter War and Continuation War ==

The Finno-Soviet [[Winter War]] broke out on the morning of 30 November 1939 with a Soviet assault over the Finno-Soviet border on the [[Karelian Isthmus]].{{sfn|Edwards|2006|p=116}} In the lead-up to the war, Talvela had been promoted to a [[major general]] and became a member of the war materiel council, but just two days after the start of the war he approached the Finnish [[commander-in-chief]] [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] asking for a field command. Talvela proposed that he should be given command of a regiment of the [[Finnish 7th Division (Winter War)|7th Division]], which was being held as commander-in-chief's reserve. On 6 December, Mannerheim ordered that the [[Finnish IV Corps (Winter War)|Finnish IV corps]] would be split into two commands, with one being given to Talvela. Talvela's orders were to halt and throw back the Soviet advance in the area of [[Tolvajärvi]].{{sfn|Nenye|Munter|Wirtanen|Birks|2016|p=75}}{{sfn|Edwards|2006|pp=178–180}}

The Finnish position in the Tolvajärvi region was in severe danger, and upon arriving in his area of operations Talvela's first task was to halt the retreat of Infantry Regiment 16.{{sfn|Edwards|2006|pp=178–180}} The following [[Battle of Tolvajärvi]] resulted in a Soviet retreat and the first Finnish victory of the war: The Soviet [[139th Rifle Division]] lost its headquarters and most of its artillery.{{sfn|Edwards|2006|pp=184–185}} The 139th Division was replaced with the 75th Division, which was also forced to retreat just a few days later.{{sfn|Edwards|2006|p=185-187}} Following these victories, the area saw only limited action to the end of the war. In February, Talvela was given command of the [[Finnish III Corps (Winter War)|III Corps]] on the Karelian Isthmus in the area of [[Vuoksi]] and [[Lake Sukhodolskoye]].{{sfn|Uola|2001}}

During the [[Interim Peace]], in 1940, Talvela took part in the Finno-[[Nazi Germany|German]] negotiations regarding weapons shipments and the movement of German troops through Finland. He was made the chair of Suomen Aseveljien Liitto, the Union of Finnish Brothers-in-Arms.{{sfn|Uola|2001}}{{sfn|Nenye|Munter|Wirtanen|Birks|2016|p=75}} Talvela was also involved in 1940 talks about establishing a Finnish jaeger battalion within the German [[Wehrmacht]].{{sfn|Pajunen|Karjalainen|2019|p=7}} While these talks didn't lead to results, the Germans recruited some 1400 Finnish volunteers into the [[Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS]] between 1941 and 1943.{{sfn|Pajunen|Karjalainen|2019|p=1}}

At the start of the [[Continuation War]] in 1941, Talvela commanded the [[Finnish II Corps (Continuation War)|II Corps]], but immediately following the start of the hostilities he was given command of the [[Finnish VI Corps (Continuation War)|VI Corps]].{{sfn|Uola|2001}} Under his command, the VI Corps participated in the [[Finnish invasion of Ladoga Karelia]]. As part of the [[Army of Karelia]], VI Corps surrounded parts of the [[7th Army (Soviet Union)|Soviet 7th Army]] north of Lake Ladoga.{{sfn|Sotatieteen laitos|1988|p=261}} On 3 August 1941, Talvela was granted the [[Mannerheim Cross]].{{sfn|Uola|2001}} The VI Corps reached [[Svir]] in September 1941,{{sfn|Uola|2001}} with the Finnish forces forming a 100 kilometer wide, 20 kilometer deep bridgehead over the river, thus cutting the [[Murmansk railroad]].{{sfn|Leskinen|Juutilainen|2005|p=144}} The Finns' refusal to advance further from Svir caused strain in the Finno-German relations, as German forces were able to reach a point some 80 kilometers to the southwest of the Finnish positions. The Germans had even moved the German 163rd Division to the Svir to help in securing the flanks for the "handshake at the Svir". The issue resolved itself once Soviet counter-attacks pushed the Germans further from the Svir in the south.{{sfn|Leskinen|Juutilainen|2005|pp=144–146}} In January 1942, Talvela was removed from his position as the commander of VI Corps{{sfn|Leskinen|Juutilainen|2005|p=217}} and transferred to Germany, where he was the representative of the Finnish army in the German high command.{{sfn|Uola|2001}}

Talvela was recalled to Finland in February 1944. Having been promoted to [[lieutenant general]] in 1942,{{sfn|Uola|2001}} he was given command of the [[Aunus Group]],{{sfn|Leskinen|Juutilainen|2005|p=219}} which was in charge of the Finnish forces along the Svir.{{sfn|Leskinen|Juutilainen|2005|p=343}} Following a [[Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive#Tuloksa landing operation|Soviet landing in Tuloksa]] as part of the Soviet [[Svir–Petrozavodsk Offensive]] in 1944, the Finnish IV Corps, part of Talvela's Aunus Group, was in danger of being cut off. When the commander of VI Corps, general [[Aarne Blick]], requested permission to pull back, Talvela refused and ordered the corps to instead conduct a delaying action. Blick ignored the orders, pulling VI Corps back, causing significant strain in the two commanders' personal relations. The animosity resulted in the replacement of Blick on 6 July.{{sfn|Leskinen|Juutilainen|2005|pp=219–222}}<ref name="iltalehti">{{cite web|url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/11233dea-608b-4468-a4ae-615f9d176028|title=Uutuuskirja: Nämä sanat saivat Mannerheimin tulistumaan täysin – "Tuskin kukaan oli puhunut sotamarsalkalle niin karkeasti"|trans-title=A new book: These words made Mannerheim completely furious – "Hardly anyone had spoken so rudely to the Field Marshal"|first=Matti|last=Tanner|work=[[Iltalehti]]|date=18 September 2025|access-date=21 September 2025|language=fi}}</ref>

On 16 July 1944, the Aunus Group was disbanded and Talvela was ordered to return to Germany.<ref name="iltalehti"/> He would stay in Germany until the Finno-Soviet cease-fire and the breaking of the Finno-German relations, both of which came as a surprise to him. Before leaving Germany, Talvela was approached by [[Himmler]], who requested that Talvela would lead Finnish armed resistance. Talvela indicated that he would be willing to lead a resistance movement, but only under orders from Mannerheim.{{sfn|Leskinen|Juutilainen|2005|pp=223–224}}

== Later life and legacy ==

Talvela left the army in September 1944, returning to his job as the director of [[Pohjolan Liikenne]] which he had taken during the Interim Peace.{{sfn|Uola|2001}} As a result of the time he had spent in Germany during the war, he found working in Finland difficult,{{sfn|Leskinen|Juutilainen|2005|p=224}} and lived in [[Rio de Janeiro]] selling [[cellulose]] between 1946 and 1949. Talvela returned to Finland in 1949, serving as a member of the [[City Council of Helsinki]] between 1954 and 1960. In 1958, he was the head consul for [[Philippines]].{{sfn|Uola|2001}} He continued to be active in various activities related to paper production until his retirement. Talvela received his final promotion to the rank of general of the infantry ({{langx|fi|jalkaväenkenraali|link=no}}) in 1966.{{sfn|Uola|2001}}

Talvela married twice during his life. His first marriage with Martta Sofia Nikoskelainen ran from 1919 to 1922, ending in a divorce. He remarried in 1923 to Karin Johanna Tengman. During his marriages, Talvela had a total of four children, born between 1919 and 1926.{{sfn|Uola|2001}} He secretly had a fifth child born out of wedlock, Swedish writer [[Gunilla Boëthius]] in 1945; this was not discovered until long after his death.<ref name="dn">{{cite news |last1=Bodin |first1=Anna |title=Gunilla Boëthius: Så jävlig kunde väl inte mamma ha varit? Så inpiskat lögnaktig? |url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/gunilla-boethius-sa-javlig-kunde-val-inte-mamma-ha-varit-sa-inpiskat-lognaktig/ |access-date=5 August 2022 |work=[[Dagens Nyheter]] |date=23 September 2021}}</ref> Talvela died on 30 September 1973 in [[Helsinki]].{{sfn|Uola|2001}} He is buried in the [[Kulosaari Cemetery]] in Helsinki.{{sfn|Nupponen|2020}}

During his career, Talvela was granted several awards. The most notable of these is the [[Mannerheim Cross]], which Talvela was the second to receive. He also received the Finnish [[Order of the Cross of Liberty]] and the [[Order of the White Rose]]. He also received the German [[Iron Cross]] (both 1st and 2nd class), [[German Cross]] in Gold and the [[Order of Merit of the German Eagle]]; the Swedish [[Order of the Sword]] and [[Order of Vasa]]; the [[Order of the Crown of Italy]]; and the Norwegian [[Order of St. Olav]].{{sfn|Uola|2001}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
| last=Edwards
| first=Robert
| title=White Death: Russia's War on Finland 1939–40
| year=2006
| publisher=Weidenfel & Nicolson
| location=London
| isbn=0-297-84630-2
}}
* {{cite book
| editor-last1=Leskinen
| editor-first1=Jari
| editor-last2=Juutilainen
| editor-first2=Antti
| title=Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen
| year = 2005
| publisher=Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö
| location=Helsinki
| isbn=95-1028690-7
| language=Finnish
}}
* {{cite book
| author-last1=Nenye
| author-first1=Vesa
| author-last2=Munter
| author-first2=Peter
| author-last3=Wirtanen
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| author-last4=Birks
| author-first4=Chris
| title=Finland at War: The Continuation and Lapland Wars 1941–45
| year = 2016
| publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing
| isbn=978-1-47-281528-6
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1=Pajunen
| first1=Jussi
| last2=Karjalainen
| first2=Mikko
| year=2019
| title=Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen SS in 1941–1943 and Related Finnish studies
| journal=Finno-German Yearbook of Political Economy
| volume=2
| url=https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/176983/1.%20Pajunen-Karjalainen-FINAL.pdf
| archive-date=2021-10-19
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019024106/https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/176983/1.%20Pajunen-Karjalainen-FINAL.pdf
| url-status=live
}}
* {{cite journal
| last=Silvennoinen
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| year=2015
| title=‘Home, Religion, Fatherland’: Movements of the Radical Right in Finland
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| doi=10.1163/22116257-00402005
| doi-access=free
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}}
* {{cite book
| author1-last=Silvennoinen
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| author3-first=Aapo
| year=2016
| title=Suomalaiset fasistit - mustan sarastuksen airuet
| trans-title=Finnish Fascists - Heralds of a Black Dawn
| isbn=978-951-0-40132-3
| publisher=Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö
| location=Porvoo
| language=Finnish
}}
* {{cite book
| editor=Sotatieteen laitos
| title=Jatkosodan historia 1
| series=Sotatieteen laitoksen julkaisuja XXV
| volume=1
| year = 1988
| publisher=Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö
| location=Porvoo
| isbn=951-0-15327-3
| language=Finnish
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Tuunainen
|first=Pasi
|title=The transfer of military knowledge and the Finnish Civil War: The Finnish volunteers in the Royal Prussian Jaeger Battalion 27 as adopters and disseminators of the German art of war, 1915–1918
|journal=Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte
|volume=28
|issue=1
|year=2015
|pages=91–97
|doi=10.13109/kize.2015.28.1.91
|jstor=24574785
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
| last=Uola
| first=Mikko
| year=2001
| title=Talvela, Paavo (1897–1973)
| encyclopedia=Kansallisbiografia
| series=Studia Biographica
| volume=4
| url=https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/1761
| access-date=24 October 2021
| publisher=The Finnish Literature Society
| issn=1799-4349
| language=Finnish
}}
* {{cite news
| last=Nupponen
| first=Sakari
| title=Kulosaaren hautausmaa on Helsingin "piilopuisto" – sinne on haudattu mahtimies, joka toi hampurilaiset Suomeen
| work=Helsingin Uutiset
| date=24 August 2020
| url=https://www.helsinginuutiset.fi/paikalliset/3115957
| access-date=23 October 2021
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Finnish far right}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talvela, Paavo}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Vantaa]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Uusimaa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)]]
[[Category:Finnish fascists]]
[[Category:Finnish generals]]
[[Category:Finnish military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Knights of the Mannerheim Cross]]
[[Category:Jägers of the Jäger Movement]]