Joan of Flanders, Countess of Montfort

2025-06-14T05:12:36Z

218.152.206.78:

{{Short description|Duchess of Brittany from 1341 to 1345}}
{{distinguish|Joan, Countess of Flanders}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty|consort=yes
| name = Joan
| succession = [[Duchess consort of Brittany]]
| reign = 30 April 1341–16 September 1345
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse = [[John of Montfort]]
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[John IV, Duke of Brittany]]
*[[Joan of Brittany, Baroness of Drayton|Joan, Baroness of Drayton]]}}
| house = [[House of Dampierre|Dampierre]]
| father = [[Louis I, Count of Nevers]]
| mother = [[Joan, Countess of Rethel]]
| birth_date = {{Circa|1295}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = September 1374 (aged 78–79)
| death_place =
| place of burial=
||image=File:Jean of Montfort as cropped from Jan z Montfortu.png}}

'''Joan of Flanders'''{{efn|The subject is known by various names depending on the source and the language of the source. Some sources call her Jeanne de Flandre, Countess of Montfort, others Joan of Flanders, Joanna of Flanders, or Jeanne la Flamme.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sumption |first=Jonathan |title=Trial by Battle |date=1990 |publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=978-0-571-20095-5 |series=The Hundred Years' War |volume=I |location=London |author-link=Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=DeVries |orig-year=1996 |date=1998 |first=Kelly |title=Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century |publisher=Boydell Press |place=Woodbridge, Suffolk |isbn=978-0-85115-567-8 |author-link=Kelly DeVries}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarpy |first1=Julie |title=Joanna of Flanders: Heroine and Exile |date=2019 |publisher=[[Amberley Publishing Limited]] |page=title page |isbn=978-1-4456-8855-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gduYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1 |access-date=February 19, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Joanna of Flanders |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG217687 |publisher=[[British Museum]] |access-date=February 19, 2025 |quote=primary name: Joanna of Flanders, other name: Jeanne de Flandre, other name: Jeanne la Flamme, other name: Jeanne, other name: Jehanne de Montfort, other name: Joanna}}</ref>}} ({{c.}} 1295 – September 1374) was [[List of consorts of Brittany|duchess of Brittany]] by her marriage to [[John of Montfort]]. Much of her life was taken up in defense of the rights of her husband to the duchy, and, later, her son's rights to the duchy, which was challenged by the [[House of Blois]] during the [[War of the Breton Succession]]. Known for her fiery personality, Joan led Montfort's cause after her husband had been captured by [[Philip VI of France]], and began the fight back. There, she displayed considerable skill as a military leader and gained the respect of her people. Shortly after taking refuge in England, she was confined to [[Tickhill Castle]] by order of [[King Edward III]].

Joan was highly praised by the chronicler [[Jean Froissart]] for her courage and energy. She may have been an inspiration to [[Joan of Arc]] and was a role model to Victorian feminists. Because of her feats of leadership, historian [[David Hume]] described her as "the most extraordinary woman of the age".

==Life==

=== Family ===
Joan was the daughter of Count Louis I of Nevers and Countess Joan of Rethel.{{sfn|Morvan|2009|loc=n2}} Her brother, [[Louis I, Count of Flanders|Louis]], became the count of Flanders, Nevers, and Rethel. She married John of Monfort in March 1329. John of Monfort claimed the [[Duchy of Brittany]], although his claim was contested by his niece [[Joan of Penthièvre]] and her husband, [[Charles of Blois]]. Joan of Flanders and John had two children:

* [[John IV, Duke of Brittany]] (1339–1399){{sfn|Morvan|2009|loc=n2}} with his life marred by the War of Breton Succession, John was taken into the household of [[Edward III]] before he returned to reinforce his claim as the duke of Brittany.
* [[Joan of Brittany, Baroness of Drayton]] (1341 – aft. 20 October 1399), born at the onset of the [[War of the Breton Succession]]. When her brother returned to defend his claim as the duke of Brittany, Joan of Brittany stayed in England. She was married before 21 October 1385 to [[Ralph Basset, 3rd Baron Basset of Drayton|Ralph Basset]], Baron [[Basset family|Basset]] de [[Drayton House|Drayton]]{{sfn|Morvan|2009|loc=n2}}

===Question of succession===
When Duke [[John III of Brittany]] died childless in 1341, he left behind a contentious succession dispute. For many years he tried to find means to ensure that the children of his stepmother, [[Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland|Yolande of Dreux]] would not inherit the duchy, including trying to have her marriage to his father annulled. At this time, he declared his heir to be his niece, [[Joan of Penthièvre]].

Shortly before dying, Duke John III reconciled with his estranged half-brother, John of Montfort, with Duke John naming Montfort as his heir. Once John III died, a succession crisis became imminent as two rival factions formed:

* The [[House of Montfort-Brittany|House of Montfort]], headed by John of Montfort and Joan of Flanders. Their legitimacy came from Duke John III's reconciliation with John shortly before his death. This claim was backed by the king of England, Edward III, who would benefit from the House of Montfort taking control of Brittany.
* The [[House of Blois]], the house of [[Charles of Blois]] and his wife, Joan of Penthièvre. Their legitimacy came from the Duke's previous declaration that his heir would be Joan. Only shortly before the duke's death did he change who his successor would be, which raised questions of legitimacy directed at the House of Montfort. This claim was backed by the king of France, [[Philip VI of France|Philip VI]], who benefited from his nephew Charles and the House of Blois controlling Brittany.

==== Diplomacy ====
In an attempt to resolve this question of succession, John of Montfort, Joan's husband, reached out to King Philip VI. Philip, the uncle of Charles of Blois. Due to the association of the House of Montfort with the English, and the House of Blois' association to the French, historians understand that John was working to avoid starting a conflict between the English and French. Philip promised John safe conduct and invited him to Paris to be heard. Once in Paris, John was quickly imprisoned and the French courts declared Joan of Penthièvre and her husband Charles of Blois to be the heirs of Brittany. This move spurred Joan's vengeance.

With her husband locked away, Joan announced her son—still an infant at the time—the rightful heir and leader of her faction. Mustering an army, she led her soldiers into the start of the War of Breton Succession.

=== War of Breton Succession ===
Beginning the war with a march on [[Redon, Ille-et-Vilaine|Redon]], Charles of Blois arrived in 1342 and besieged the town [[Hennebont]], where Joan was residing for the time being. At the same time, her enemy Charles of Blois besieged Joan and the House of Montfort. She responded by sending Amaury de Clisson to ask King [[Edward III of England]] for aid. Edward, in dire need to become allies with Brittany, found this opportunity impossible to ignore, and sent supplies to Joan to help relieve the siege.

Edward was eager to render aid, as he had been claiming the French crown for himself, and was therefore at odds with Philip. If he could get [[Duchy of Brittany|Brittany]] as an ally, it would be of great advantage for future campaigns. He prepared ships under the command of [[Walter de Manny, 1st Baron Manny|Sir Walter Manny]] to relieve the siege.<ref name="pie">Butler, Pierce (1907) ''Women of Medieval France'', Chapter IX. London: Barrie.</ref>

====Siege of Hennebont====
In the siege of Hennebont, she took up arms and, dressed in armor, conducted the defense of the town, encouraging the people to fight, and urging the women to "cut their skirts and take their safety in their own hands". When she looked from a tower and saw that the enemy camp was almost unguarded, she led three hundred men on a charge, burned down Charles' supplies and destroyed his tents. After this she became known as "'''Jeanne la Flamme'''". When the Blois faction realized what was happening, they cut off her retreat to the town, but she and her knights rode to [[Château de Brest|Brest]], drawing a portion of the Blois force with them. Having secured Brest, she gathered together extra supporters and secretly returned to Hennebont, evading the Blois forces and re-entering the town with her reinforcements.<ref name = "pie"/>

Charles of Blois tried to starve the people in Hennebont. During a long meeting the bishop of Leon tried to persuade Joan to surrender, but from the window she saw Walter Manny's fleet from England sailing up. Hennebont was strengthened with the English forces and held out.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Perfect King The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation | last=Mortimer | first=Ian | author-link=Ian Mortimer (historian) | pages=204–205 | year=2008 | publisher=Vintage }}</ref> Charles was forced to retreat, but tried to isolate Joan by taking other towns in Brittany. On his return he again failed to capture Hennebont.<ref name = "pie"/>

Joan began to move away from her sieges and began to focus more onto her fleet. Her focus on naval warfare gave her a newfound title: [[Women in piracy|pirate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klausmann |first1=Ulrike |title=Women pirates and the politics of the Jolly Roger |last2=Meinzerin |first2=Marion |last3=Kuhn |first3=Gabriel |date=1997 |publisher=Black Rose Books |isbn=978-1-55164-059-4 |location=Montréal}}</ref>

====Fighting at sea====
Joan sailed to England to seek further reinforcements from King Edward, which he provided, but the English fleet was intercepted on its way to Brittany by Charles of Blois' ally, [[Luis de la Cerda|Louis of Spain]]. In a hard-fought battle, the sailors and knights grappled in hand-to-hand combat as Louis' men attempted to board Joan's ship. According to Froissart, Joan fought in person "with the heart of a lion, and in her hand she wielded a sharp [[glaive]], wherewith she fought fiercely".<ref name = "pie"/> Eventually the English forces beat off Louis's ships and made harbor near Vannes. Her forces then captured Vannes, besieged Rennes and sought to break the siege of Hennebont.

Joan of Flanders slowly started stepping further back away from the war front, which would have been expected for women of her position. English warlords slowly began taking more and more leadership and acted in her place: a duchess avenging her husband. With neither side able to achieve a decisive victory, by the truce of Malestroit in 1343, her husband John was released and hostilities ceased for a period. He was later imprisoned once again, but escaped and resumed the conflict. In the wake of her husband's death, Joan stepped up once more and became the leader of the Montfort house once more to protect the title for her son from the House of Blois. In 1347, English forces acting on her behalf captured Charles of Blois in battle.

===Confinement===
By this time Joan and her son were living in England. After being initially welcomed with honor, she was later confined by order of King Edward III and spent the rest of her life under house arrest at [[Tickhill Castle]] and elsewhere. Edward entrusted her to the care of Sir William Frank (until 1346), Thomas Haukeston (1346–57), John Delves (d. 1370) and finally to his widow Isabella and Godfrei Foljambe. Arthur de la Borderie attributed her confinement to mental illness, but more recent research finds no evidence to support this.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarpey |first=Julie Marie |date=2016 |title=Keeping Rapunzel: The Mysterious Guardianship of Joan of Flanders the Case for Feudal Constraint |url=https://uh-ir.tdl.org/items/04ac1157-2166-490e-9fd4-acae903d8db4 }}</ref> Notably, it seems unlikely that "Warmer" (Warnier?) de Giston, assisted by his yeoman, would have risked gravely compromising himself by taking her out of the castle in 1347 and attempting to flee with her if she were mentally ill.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Famiglietti |first=R.C. |title=Audouin Chauveron |date=2015 |volume=2 |pages=86–87}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Joanna of Flanders : Heroine and Exile|last=Sarpy, Julie|publisher=Amberley Books|year=2019|location=Stroud|oclc=1104594605}}</ref> It is likely that Edward imprisoned her in order to increase his own power in Brittany.

She lived long enough to see the final victory of her son [[John IV, Duke of Brittany|John IV]] over the House of Blois in 1364, but she never returned to the duchy. The last mention made of the duchess and her guardian is 14 February 1374, thus she may have died in that year.

==Legacy==
[[File:Joanna-of-Flanders-History-of-France-Guizot-1869.jpg|thumb|Joanna of Flanders spots the English fleet arriving to relieve Hennebont, 1342<br />Illus. from [[François Guizot]]'s, ''History of France'', 1869]]

=== Legend ===
Joan became known as a prototype of the martial woman in [[Duchy of Brittany|Brittany]], and may have been an inspiration for [[Joan of Arc]].<ref>Richey, Stephen Wesley. (2003) ''Joan of Arc: The Warrior Saint'', Greenwood. p.116.</ref> [[Jean Froissart]] said she "had the courage of a man and the heart of a lion".<ref name="pie" /> [[David Hume]] described her as "the most extraordinary woman of the age".<ref name="pie" /> Victorian feminists also cited her as a role-model. [[Harriet Taylor Mill]] mentions her as one of the "heroic chatelaines" of the Middle Ages in her essay "The Enfranchisement of Women".<ref>John Stuart Mill, Alice S. Rossi, Harriet Taylor Mill. (1970) ''Essays on Sex Equality.'' University of Chicago Press. p.102.</ref> [[Amelia Bloomer]] also cites her as one of the "heroic women" of the era.<ref>Coon, Anne C. ed. (2004) ''Hear Me Patiently: The Reform Speeches of Amelia Jenks Bloomer.'' Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p.158.</ref>

Pierce Butler said that she is "known to us, through the enthusiastic record of Froissart, as an amazon, but hardly known at all as a woman". He concluded,

<blockquote>In those qualities admired by chivalry she was unquestionably an extraordinary woman: courageous and personally valiant, with a head to plan daring exploits and a heart to conduct her through the thick of the danger; impulsive and generous, a free-handed ruler and an admirer of those deeds of chivalrous daring in others which she was so willing to share in herself ... One cannot read her story without enthusiasm, yet one would like to know more of the woman before bestowing unreserved praise on the countess "who was worth a man in a fight" and "who had the heart of a lion".<ref name = "pie"/></blockquote>

Joan was later celebrated for her fiery exploits in Breton folklore, in particular in a ballad collected in [[Barzaz Breiz]], which relates her attack on the camp at Hennebont. In [[Jeanne Coroller-Danio]]'s [[Breton nationalist]] book ''Histoire de Notre Bretagne'' (1922), Joan is depicted as a heroine of Breton resistance to French occupation.

==See also==
{{Commons category|Joanna of Flanders, Duchess of Brittany}}
*[[Timeline of women's participation in warfare]]
*[[List of women warriors in folklore]]
*[[List of wartime cross-dressers]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |first=Frederic |last=Morvan |title=La Chevalerie bretonne et la formation de l'armee ducale |language=French |publisher=Presses Universitaires de Rennes |year=2009 }}
*{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Michael |title=The Creation of Brittany |publisher=The Hambledon Press |year=1988|ref=none}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Joan of Savoy]]}}
{{S-dis|title=[[Duchess consort of Brittany]]|years=1341–1345}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Mary of Waltham]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Breton royal consorts}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joanna Of Flanders}}
[[Category:1290s births]]
[[Category:1374 deaths]]
[[Category:Women in 14th-century warfare]]
[[Category:14th-century women regents]]
[[Category:14th-century regents]]
[[Category:Duchesses of Brittany]]
[[Category:Regents of Brittany]]
[[Category:Women in medieval European warfare]]
[[Category:Women in war in France]]
[[Category:14th-century French nobility]]
[[Category:14th-century Breton people]]
[[Category:14th-century Breton women]]
[[Category:People of the Hundred Years' War]]
[[Category:14th-century French women]]
[[Category:Mothers of French monarchs]]
[[Category:Daughters of counts]]
[[Category:Daughters of countesses regnant]]
[[Category:House of Dampierre]]

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Joan of Flanders, Countess of Montfort