Spanish treasure fleet

2025-11-02T03:00:29Z

2400:ADCC:124:7200:7C3D:9844:7938:2164:

{{short description|Convoy system used by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790}}
[[File:16th century Portuguese Spanish trade routes.png|thumb|right|500px|Spanish galleon routes (white): West Indies or trans-atlantic route begun in 1492, [[Manila galleon]] or trans-pacific route begun in 1565 (Blue: Portuguese routes, operational from 1498 to 1640).]]
The '''Spanish treasure fleet''', or '''West Indies Fleet''' ({{langx|es|Flota de Indias}}, also called '''silver fleet''' or '''plate fleet'''; from the {{langx|es|label=Spanish|plata}} meaning "silver"), was a [[convoy]] system of sea routes organized by the [[Spanish Empire]] from 1566 to 1790, which linked [[Spain]] with its [[Spanish Empire|territories]] in the [[Americas]] across the [[Atlantic]]. The convoys were general purpose cargo fleets used for transporting a wide variety of items, including agricultural goods, [[lumber]], various metal resources such as [[silver]] and [[gold]], [[Gemstone|gem]]s, [[pearl]]s, [[spice]]s, [[sugar]], [[tobacco]], [[silk]], and other exotic goods from the overseas territories of the [[Spanish Empire]] to the [[Peninsular Spain|Spanish mainland]]. Spanish goods such as [[oil]], [[wine]], [[textile]]s, [[book]]s and [[tool]]s were transported in the opposite direction.<ref>Marx, Robert: ''Treasure lost at sea: diving to the world's great shipwrecks.'' Firefly Books, 2004, page 66. {{ISBN|1-55297-872-9}}</ref><ref>Marx, Robert: ''The treasure fleets of the Spanish Main.'' World Pub. Co., 1968</ref>

The West Indies fleet was the first permanent transatlantic trade route in history. Similarly, the related [[Manila galleons|Manila galleon trade]] was the first permanent trade route across the Pacific. The Spanish West and East Indies fleets are considered among the most successful naval operations in history<ref>Walton, p. 189</ref><ref>Konstam, Angus and Cordingly, Daviv (2002).''The History of Pirates''. The Lyons Press, p. 68. {{ISBN|1-58574-516-2}}</ref> and, from a commercial point of view, they made possible key components of today's [[World economy|global economy]].<ref>Walton, p. 191</ref>

==History==
===Origin===
[[File:Pedro menendez de Aviles.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[Pedro Menéndez de Avilés]], admiral and designer of the treasure fleet system]]
Spanish ships had carried goods from the [[New World]] since [[Christopher Columbus]]'s first expedition of 1492. The organized system of convoys dates from 1564, but Spain sought to protect shipping prior to that by organizing protection around the largest Caribbean island, [[Cuba]], and the maritime region of southern Spain and the [[Canary Islands]] because of attacks by pirates and foreign navies.<ref>John R. Fisher, "Fleet System (Flota)", in ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 2, p. 575.</ref> In the 1560s, the Spanish government created a system of convoys in response to the sacking of [[Havana]] by French [[privateer]]s.

The main procedures were established on the recommendations of [[Pedro Menéndez de Avilés]], an experienced admiral and personal adviser of King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]].<ref name="auto">Walton, pp. 46–47</ref> The treasure fleets sailed along two sea lanes. The main one was the [[Caribbean]] [[Spanish West Indies]] fleet or ''Flota de Indias'', which departed in two convoys from [[Seville]], where the ''[[Casa de Contratación]]'' was based, bound for ports such as [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]], [[Portobelo]] and [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] before making a rendezvous at [[Havana]] in order to return together to Spain.<ref>Nolan, Cathal: ''The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization.'' [[Greenwood Publishing Group]], 2006, page 177. {{ISBN|0-313-33733-0}}</ref> A secondary route was that of the [[Manila Galleon]]s or ''Galeón de Manila'', which linked the [[Philippines]] to [[Acapulco]] in [[Mexico]] across the [[Pacific Ocean]]. From Acapulco, the Asian goods were [[transhipped]] by [[mule|mule train]] to [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]] to be loaded onto the Caribbean treasure fleet for shipment to Spain.<ref>Borrell, Miranda: ''The Grandeur of Viceregal Mexico: treasures from the Museo Franz Mayer.'' [[University of Texas Press]], 2002, page 23. {{ISBN|0-89090-107-4}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> To better defend this trade, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and [[Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz|Álvaro de Bazán]] designed the definitive model of the [[galleon]] in the 1550s.<ref>Walton, p. 57</ref>

===''Casa de Contratación''===
[[File:Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Spain claimed most of the Pacific Ocean as its ''[[mare clausum]]'' during the [[Age of Discovery]].]]
Spain controlled the trade through the ''[[Casa de Contratación]]'' based in [[Seville]], a river port in southern Spain. By law, the colonies could trade only with Seville, the one designated port in the mother country.<ref>Walton, page 30</ref> [[Maritime archaeology]] has shown that the quantity of goods transported was sometimes higher than that recorded at the ''[[Archivo General de Indias]]''. Spanish merchants and Spaniards acting as fronts (''cargadores'') for foreign merchants sent their goods on these fleets to the New World. Some resorted to [[contraband]] to transport their cargoes untaxed.<ref>Carrasco González, María Guadalupe: ''Comerciantes y casas de negocios en Cádiz, 1650–1700.'' Servicio Publicaciones UCA, 1997, pp. 27–30. {{ISBN|84-7786-463-2}} {{in lang|es}}</ref> The [[Crown of Spain]] taxed the wares and precious metals of private merchants at a rate of 20%, a tax known as the ''[[quinto real]]'' or royal fifth.<ref>Walton, page 226</ref>

By the end of the 16th century, Spain became the richest country in Europe.<ref>Danbom, David B.: ''Born in the Country: a history of rural America.'' [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 2006, page 20. {{ISBN|0-8018-8458-6}}</ref> Much of the wealth from this trade was used by the Spanish [[Habsburg]]s to finance armies to protect its European territories in the 16th and 17th centuries against the [[Ottoman Empire]] and most of the major European powers. The flow of precious metals in and out of Spain also stimulated the European economy as a whole.<ref>{{cite book |first=R. B. |last=Wernham |title=The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 3, Counter-Reformation and Price Revolution, 1559-1610 |date=1968 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=0521045436 |pages=24–28}}</ref>

The flow of precious metals made many traders wealthy, both in Spain and abroad. As a result of the discovery of precious metals in Spanish America, Spain's money supply increased tenfold.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021|title=Reconstruction of the Spanish money supply, 1492–1810|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001449832100019X|journal=Explorations in Economic History|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2021.101401|issn=0014-4983|hdl=10451/48810|hdl-access=free|last1=Chen|first1=Yao|last2=Palma|first2=Nuno|last3=Ward|first3=Felix|volume=81|article-number=101401|s2cid=235315822}}</ref> The increase in gold and silver on the Iberian market caused high [[price revolution|inflation in the 17th century]], affecting the Spanish economy.<ref>Walton, pp. 84–85</ref> As a consequence, the Crown was forced to delay the payment of some major debts, which had negative consequences for its creditors, mostly foreign bankers. By 1690 some of these creditors could no longer offer financial support to the Crown.<ref>Walton, page 145</ref> The Spanish [[monopoly]] over its West and East Indies colonies lasted for over two centuries.

===Decline, revival and abolition===
The economic importance of exports later declined with the drop in production of the American precious metal mines, such as [[Potosí#History|Potosí]].<ref>Walton, page 136</ref> However, the growth in trade was strong in the early years. Numbering 17 ships in 1550, the fleets expanded to more than 50 much larger vessels by the end of the century. By the second half of the 17th century, that number had dwindled to less than half of its peak.<ref>Walton, page 138</ref> As economic conditions gradually recovered from the last decades of the 17th century, fleet operations slowly expanded again, once again becoming prominent during the reign of the [[Bourbons]] in the 18th century.<ref>Walton, page 177</ref>

The Spanish trade of goods was sometimes threatened by its colonial rivals, who tried to seize islands as bases along the [[Spanish Main]] and in the [[Spanish West Indies]]. However, the Atlantic trade was largely unharmed. The English acquired small islands like [[Saint Kitts and Nevis|St Kitts]] in 1624; expelled in 1629, they returned in 1639 and seized [[Jamaica]] in 1655. French pirates established themselves in [[Saint-Domingue]] in 1625, were expelled, only to return later, and the Dutch occupied [[Curaçao]] in 1634. Other losses to foreign powers came later. In 1713 as part of the [[Peace of Utrecht|Treaty of Utrecht]] after the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], the Spanish crown was forced to make concessions which included granting trading privileges to Britain that ended the previous Spanish monopoly on legal trade to its colonial holdings.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Burkholder|first1=Mark A.|title=Colonial Latin America|last2=Johnson|first2=Lyman L.|year=2019|isbn=978-0-19-064240-2|edition=Tenth|location=New York|oclc=1015274908}}</ref> In 1739 during the [[War of Jenkins' Ear|War of Jenkin's Ear]],<ref name=":0" /> the British admirals [[Francis Hosier]] and later [[Edward Vernon]] [[Blockade of Porto Bello|blockaded Portobello]] in an attempt to prevent the return sailing of the treasure fleet. In 1741 Vernon's [[Battle of Cartagena de Indias|campaign against Cartagena de Indias]] ended in defeat, with high losses of men and ships. Spain dealt with the temporary British seizures of [[Havana]] and [[Manila]] (1762–4), during the [[Seven Years' War]], by using a larger number of smaller fleets visiting a greater variety of ports.

The end of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713 marked the beginning of the rule of the Bourbon dynasty over the Spanish Empire, which brought with it the [[Bourbon Reforms]]. These reforms, designed to halt Spain's decline and increase tax revenue, resulted in a series of changes to the fleet system throughout the 18th century.<ref name=":0" /> [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] began the reforms by sending investigators to report on conditions in Spanish America, who brought back evidence of fraud.<ref name=":0" /> He and following Bourbon kings, notably including [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]], would make a concerted effort to centralize the administration of Spanish America and more efficiently tax profits from overseas trade.<ref name=":0" /> One of these reforms was the granting of trading monopolies for certain regions to trading companies ran by [[peninsulares]], such as the [[Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas|Guipuzcoan Company]].<ref name=":0" /> Another involved the increased use of registered ships, or ''navíos de registro'', traveling solo outside the fleet system to transport goods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moutoukias|first=Zacarias|date=1988|title=Power, Corruption, and Commerce: The Making of the Local Administrative Structure in Seventeenth-Century Buenos Aires|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2515681|journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=68|issue=4|pages=771–801|doi=10.2307/2515681|jstor=2515681|issn=0018-2168|url-access=subscription}}</ref> These reforms gradually decreased reliance on the escorted convoys of the fleet system.<ref name=":0" /> In the 1780s, Spain opened its colonies to freer trade.<ref>Buckle, Thomas: ''History of civilization in England.'' Parker, Son, and Bourn, 1861, v. 2, pp. 93–94</ref> In 1790, the ''[[Casa de Contratación]]'' was abolished, bringing to an end the great general purpose cargo convoys. Thereafter small groups of naval frigates were assigned specifically to transferring [[bullion]] as required.<ref>Walton, page 180</ref>

==The fleets==
[[File:Amaro Pargo.jpg|thumb|The Spaniard [[Amaro Pargo]], a corsair and merchant, participated in the West Indies Fleet.]]
Every year, two fleets left Spain loaded with European goods in demand in Spanish America; they were guarded by military vessels. Valuable cargo from the Americas, most significantly silver from [[New Spain|Mexico]] and [[Peru]], were sent back to Spain. Fleets of fifty or more ships sailed from Spain, one bound for the Mexican port of Veracruz and the other for Panama and Cartagena.<ref>[[Charles Gibson (historian)|Gibson, Charles]]. ''Spain in America''. New York: Harper & Row, 1966, p. 102.</ref> From the Spanish ports of Seville or [[Cádiz]], the two fleets bound for the Americas sailed together down the coast of Africa, and stopped at the Spanish territory of the [[Canary Islands]] for provisions before the voyage across the Atlantic. Once the two fleets reached the Caribbean, the fleets separated. The [[New Spain]] fleet sailed to [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]] in Mexico to load not only silver and the valuable red dye [[cochineal]], but also porcelain and silk shipped from China on the [[Manila galleon]]s. The Asian goods were carried overland from [[Acapulco]] to Veracruz by mule train.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Seijas|first=Tatiana|date=2016-01-02|title=Inns, mules, and hardtack for the voyage: the local economy of the Manila Galleon in Mexico|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10609164.2016.1180787|journal=Colonial Latin American Review|volume=25|issue=1|pages=56–76|doi=10.1080/10609164.2016.1180787|s2cid=163214741|issn=1060-9164|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The ''[[Province of Tierra Firme|Tierra Firme]]'' fleet, or galeones, sailed to [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] to load South American products, especially silver from [[Potosí]]. Some ships went to [[Portobelo, Colón|Portobello]] on the Caribbean coast of Panama to load [[Peru]]vian silver. This had been shipped from the Pacific coast port of [[Callao]] and transported across the isthmus of Panama by mule. Other ships went to the Caribbean [[island of Margarita]], off the coast of [[Venezuela]], to collect [[pearl]]s which had been harvested from offshore oyster beds. After loading was complete, both fleets sailed for [[Havana]], Cuba, to rendezvous for the journey back to Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 1733 Spanish Galleon Trail – Plate Fleets|url = http://info.flheritage.com/galleon-trail/plateFleets.cfm|website = info.flheritage.com|access-date = 2015-05-13}}</ref>

The overland journey by mule train, as well as supplies provided by local farmers to prepare the fleets for long ocean voyages, invigorated the economy of colonial Spanish America. Preparation and the transport of goods required porters, innkeepers, and foodstuffs to help facilitate travel.<ref name=":1" /> However, in Mexico in 1635, there was an increase of the [[alcabala|sales tax]] levied to finance the fleet, the Armada de Barlovento.<ref>John Jay TePaske, "Alcabalas" in ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'' vol. 1, p. 44. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons 1996.</ref>

Between 1703 and 1705 Spanish corsair [[Amaro Pargo]] began to participate in the West Indies Fleet. In this period he was the owner and captain of the frigate ''El Ave María y Las Ánimas'', a ship which he sailed from the [[port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] to [[Havana]]. He reinvested the benefits of the Canarian-American trade in his estates, devoted to the cultivation of the grapevines of [[Malvasía]] and [[Vidueño]], whose wine products (mainly Vidueño) were sent to [[America]].<ref name="DocsAmaro">{{Cite book| publisher = Archivo Histórico Provincial de Santa Cruz de Tenerife| isbn = 978-84-7947-637-3| last1 = De Paz Sánchez| first1 = Manuel| last2 = García Pulido| first2 = Daniel| others = Francisco Javier Macías Martín (ed.)| title = El corsario de Dios. Documentos sobre Amaro Rodríguez Felipe (1678-1747)| location = Canarias| series = Documentos para la Historia de Canarias| access-date = 8 June 2016| date = 2015| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291148031}}</ref>

==The flow of Spanish treasure==
[[File:17th Century Spanish Treasure Silver 8 Reales Cob Coin.jpg|thumb|right|A silver 8-reales (peso) coin minted in México (1621–65).]]Walton<ref>Timothy R Walton, ''The Spanish Tresure Fleets'', 1994</ref> gives the following figures in pesos. For the 300-year period the [[peso]] or [[piece of eight]] had about 25 grams of silver, about the same as the German [[thaler]] and [[Dutch rijksdaalder]]. A single galleon might carry 2 million pesos. The modern approximate value of the estimated 4 billion pesos produced during the period would come to $530 billion or €470 billion (based on silver bullion prices of May 2015). Of the 4 billion pesos produced, 2.5 billion was shipped to Europe, of which 500 million was shipped around Africa to Asia. Of the remaining 1.5 billion 650 million went directly to Asia from Acapulco and 850 million remained in the Western Hemisphere. Little of the wealth stayed in Spain. Of the 11 million arriving in 1590, 2 million went to France for imports, 6 million to Italy for imports and military expenses, of which 2.5 went up the [[Spanish Road]] to the [[Low Countries]] and 1 million to the [[Ottoman Empire]]. 1.5 million was shipped from Portugal to Asia. Of the 2 million pesos reaching the Dutch Republic in that year, 75% went to the Baltic for naval stores and 25% went to Asia. The income of the Spanish crown from all sources was about 2.5 million pesos in 1550, 14 million in the 1590s, about 15 million in 1760 and 30 million in 1780. In 1665 the debts of the Spanish crown were 30 million pesos short-term and 300 million long-term. Most of the New World production was silver, but [[Colombia]]n mines produced mostly gold. The following table gives the estimated legal production. It necessarily excludes smuggling, which was increasingly important after 1600. The crown legally took one fifth ([[quinto real]]) at the source and obtained more through other taxes.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|+Estimated legal treasure flow in pesos per year
|-
!From!!To!!1550!!1600!!1700!!1790
|-
|Peru ||Havana||1,650,000||8,000,000||4,500,000||minor
|-
|Colombia|| Havana||500,000||1,500,000||1,500,000||2,000,000
|-
|México||Havana||850,000||1,500,000||3,000,000||18,000,000
|-
|Havana||Spain||3,000,000||11,000,000||9,000,000||20,000,000
|-
|Europe||Asia||2,000,000||1,500,000||4,500,000||7,000,000
|-
|Peru||Acapulco||–||3,500,000||?||?
|-
|Acapulco||Philippines||–||5,000,000|||2,000,000||3,000,000
|}

==Losses==
[[File:Sevilla XVI cent.jpg|thumb|left|A shipyard on the river [[Guadalquivir]] in 16th century Seville: detail from a townscape by [[Alonso Sánchez Coello]]]]

Despite the general perception that many Spanish galleons were captured by foreign [[privateer]]s and [[pirate]]s, relatively few ships were lost to Spain's enemies in the course of the ''flota's'' two and a half centuries of operation; more flota galleons were lost to hurricanes. Only the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] admiral [[Piet Hein (Netherlands)|Piet Hein]] managed to capture an entire fleet, in the [[Battle in the Bay of Matanzas]] in 1628, after which its cargo was taken to the [[Dutch Republic]].<ref>Walton, page 121</ref> The English admiral [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Robert Blake]] twice attacked the fleet, in the [[Battle of Cádiz (1656)|Battle of Cádiz]] in 1656 and in the [[Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657)|Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] in 1657, but he captured only a single galleon and Spanish officers managed to prevent most of the silver from falling into English hands.<ref>Walton, page 129</ref>

The West Indies fleet was destroyed in the [[Battle of Vigo Bay]] in 1702 during the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], when it was surprised in port unloading its goods, but the Spanish sailors had already unloaded most of its cargo, including all of its silver.<ref>Walton, pp. 154–155</ref> None of these attacks took place in open seas. In the case of the Manila galleons, only four were ever captured by British warships: the [[Thomas Cavendish's circumnavigation#Capture of the Galleon Santa Ana|''Santa Anna'']] by [[Thomas Cavendish]] in 1589, the ''Encarnación'' by [[Woodes Rogers]] in 1709, the ''Covadonga'' by [[George Anson, 1st Baron Anson|George Anson]] in 1743, and the ''[[Spanish ship Santísima Trinidad (1751)|Santísima Trinidad]]'' in 1762. The attempts to take the ''Rosario'' in 1704 and the ''Begonia'' in 1710 were foiled.<ref>[http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=525 Murray]</ref>

==Famous shipwrecks==
[[Shipwreck|Wrecks]] of Spanish treasure ships, whether sunk in [[Naval tactics in the Age of Sail|naval combat]] or, as was more usually the case, by storms (with the ones which occurred 1622, [[1715 Treasure Fleet|1715]], 1733 and 1750<ref>{{Cite web|title = 1733 Spanish Galleon Trail – Fleet of 1733|url = http://info.flheritage.com/galleon-trail/fleetOf1733.cfm|website = info.flheritage.com|access-date = 2015-05-13}}</ref> being among the worst), are a prime target for modern [[treasure hunting|treasure hunters]]. Many, such as the ''[[Nuestra Señora de Atocha]]'' and the ''[[Santa Margarita (shipwreck)|Santa Margarita]]'', have been [[Marine salvage|salvaged]].<ref>Walton, pp. 216–217</ref> In August 1750, at least three Spanish merchantmen ran aground in [[North Carolina]] during a hurricane. The ''[[El Salvador (ship)|El Salvador]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=El Salvador|url=http://www.lat3440.com/index.php/el-sal|website=Intersal, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Woolverton |first1=Paul |title=N.C Supreme Court revives lawsuit over Blackbeard's ship and lost Spanish treasure ship |url=https://www.fayobserver.com/news/20191111/nc-supreme-court-revives-lawsuit-over-blackbeards-ship-and-lost-spanish-treasure-ship |access-date=27 December 2019 |publisher=Fayetteville Observer |date=11 November 2019}}</ref> sank near [[Cape Lookout (North Carolina)|Cape Lookout]], the ''Nuestra Señora De Soledad'' went ashore near present-day [[Core Banks, North Carolina|Core Banks]] and the ''Nuestra Señora De Guadalupe'' went ashore near present-day [[Ocracoke, North Carolina|Ocracoke]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://northcarolinashipwrecks.blogspot.com/2012/05/dangerous-shoals.html|title=North Carolina Shipwrecks: The Spanish Galleons ~ 18 August 1750|first=Judi|last=Heit|date=6 January 2012|website=northcarolinashipwrecks.blogspot.com}}</ref>

=== Treasure ship ''Encarnación''===
The wreck of the Spanish [[merchant ship]] ''[[Spanish ship Nuestra Señora de Encarnación|Encarnación]]'', part of the [[Spanish ship Nuestra Señora de Encarnación#The 1681-82 Tierra Firme Fleet and Sinking|Tierra Firme]] fleet, was discovered in 2011 with much of its cargo still aboard and part of its hull intact. The ''Encarnación'' sank in 1681 during a storm near the mouth of the [[Chagres River]] on the Caribbean side of Panama. The ''Encarnación'' sank in less than 40 feet of water.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elmundo.es/la-aventura-de-la-historia/2015/05/18/55547d03ca4741706e8b4593.html |title=Hallan un buque español que naufragó en 1681 cerca de Panamá |last1=Úcar |first1=Victor |date=18 May 2015 |website=www.elmundo.es |language=es |publisher=El Mundo |access-date=29 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Rare Spanish Shipwreck From 17th Century Uncovered Off Panama|url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/150512-shipwreck-panama-spain-merchant-ship-encarnacion-ocean-archaeology|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150515052910/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/150512-shipwreck-panama-spain-merchant-ship-encarnacion-ocean-archaeology/|url-status = dead|archive-date = May 15, 2015|website = National Geographic News|access-date = 2015-05-13|first1 = Jane J.|last1 = Lee| date = May 12, 2015}}</ref> The remains of the ''[[Urca de Lima]]'' from the [[1715 Treasure Fleet|1715 fleet]] and the ''[[San Pedro Underwater Archaeological Preserve State Park|San Pedro]]'' from the [[List of the 1733 Spanish Plate Fleet Shipwrecks|1733 fleet]], after being found by treasure hunters, are now protected as [[Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserves]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Spanish Treasure Fleets of 1715 and 1733: Disasters Strike at Sea|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/129shipwrecks/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210055823/http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/129shipwrecks/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 10, 2008|website=nps.org|access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref>

===Capitana===
The ''Capitana'' (''El Rubi'') was the [[flagship]] of the 1733 fleet; it ran aground during a hurricane near [[Upper Matecumbe Key]], then sank. Three men died during the storm. Afterward, divers recovered most of the treasure aboard.

The ''Capitana'' was the first of the 1733 ships to be found again in 1938. Salvage workers recovered items from the sunken ship over more than 10 years. Additional gold was recovered in June 2015. The ship's location: is 24° 55.491' north, 80° 30.891' west.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 1733 Spanish Galleon Trail – Capitana|url = http://info.flheritage.com/galleon-trail/ShipwreckPages/10_Capitana.cfm|website = info.flheritage.com|access-date = 2015-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = 300-Year-Old Spanish Shipwreck Holds Million Dollar Treasure|url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/150728-gold-coin-treasure-spanish-shipwreck-florida-ocean-archaeology|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150729155627/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/150728-gold-coin-treasure-spanish-shipwreck-florida-ocean-archaeology/|url-status = dead|archive-date = July 29, 2015|website = National Geographic News|access-date = 2015-07-30|first1 = Jane J.|last1 = Lee|date = July 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title = Shipwrecked Spanish Gold Found|url = https://time.com/3974273/spanish-treasure-florida-capitana-1715-treasure-fleet/|magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date = 2015-07-30|first = Joanna|last = Plucinska|date=2015-07-28}}</ref>

===San José===
The ''[[Spanish galleon San José|San José]]'' was [[Wager's Action|sunk in 1708]] by British forces near Colombia's coast. Its wreckage was discovered in 2015 and is believed to contain the record 17B US$ in gold, silver, and other precious stones. Its place is a national secret.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/holy-grail-of-shipwrecks-found-off-colombia/ |title="Holy grail" of shipwrecks found off Colombia |agency=The Associated Press |work=CBS News |date=6 December 2015 |accessdate=2015-12-09}}</ref> In November 2023 the Colombian government is looking to recover the treasure.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wyss |first1=Jim |title=Colombia Accelerates Plan to Recover Up to $20 Billion in Sunken Treasure |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-11-03/colombia-accelerates-plan-to-recover-billions-in-sunken-treasure |access-date=14 November 2023 |agency=Bloomberg |date=3 November 2013}}</ref>

===Nuestra Señora de las Maravillas===
The ''[[Nuestra Señora de las Maravillas]]'' ([[:de:Nuestra Señora de las Maravillas (Schiff)|de]]) ({{langx|en|Our Lady of Miracles}}) which had collided with another ship in the fleet suffered damage to its hull and sunk into a coral reef off the [[Bahamas]] in January 1656.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Megan C. Hills |title=Hoard of priceless treasures recovered from 350-year-old Spanish shipwreck |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/maravillas-bahamas-shipwreck-treasure-scn/index.html |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=CNN |date=3 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The ship's cargo with almost 3.5 million items was recovered between 1650s and 1990s, while latest discoveries would be exhibited at the Bahamas Maritime Museum.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/maravillas-bahamas-shipwreck-treasure-scn/index.html |title=Hoard of priceless treasures recovered from 350-year-old Spanish shipwreck |website=CNN |date=3 August 2022 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Piracy|Spain}}
* ''[[Asiento de Negros]]''
* [[Álvaro de Bazán]]
* [[List of Atlantic hurricanes before 1600]]
* [[Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)|Luis Fajardo]]
* [[Manila galleon]]
* [[Piracy in the Caribbean]]
* [[Portuguese India Armadas]]
* [[San Esteban (1554 shipwreck)|''San Esteban'']]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Andrews, Kenneth R. ''The Spanish Caribbean: Trade and Plunder, 1530–1630''. 1978.
* Fish, Shirley. ''The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific, with an Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565–1815''. Central Milton Keynes, England: Authorhouse 2011.
* Fisher, John R. "Fleet System (Flota)" in ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 2, p. 575. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
* [[Clarence H. Haring|Haring, Clarence]]. ''Trade and Navigation between Spain and the Indies in the Time of the Habsburgs'' (1918)
* Haring, Clarence. ''The Spanish Empire in America'' New York: Oxford University Press 1947
* Murray, Paul. [http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?action=read&artid=525 ''The Spanish Mariners: From the Discovery of America to Trafalgar. 1492–1805. Observations and Reflections.'' Mexico, 1976]
* Schurz, William Lytle. ''The Manila Galleon''. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1939.
* Walton, Timothy R.: ''The Spanish Treasure Fleets.'' Pineapple Press Inc, 2002. {{ISBN|1-56164-261-4}}
* Wyatt, Jack J.: ''Lions in the Water.'' Unrest Adventures, 2020. {{ISBN|979-8607182045}}
* Zarin, Cynthia. "Green Dreams", ''[[The New Yorker]]'', November 21, 2005, pp. 76–83 [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/11/21/051121fa_fact_zarin www.newyorker.com]

==External links==
* [http://rgssamachupicchu.blogspot.com.au/2016/05/action-off-cartagena-1708-oil-by-samuel.html Attack of the Tierra Firma Fleet of 1708. Royal Geographical Society of South Australia]
* [http://www.carolinacoastonline.com/news_times/news/article_66e266e6-2f9b-5fba-9ff4-38503c5f0e6e.html Two firms seek ship], Carolina Coast Online
* [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19991229&id=GYkxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nKMFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1096,7803604&hl=en Treasure hunter in race to uncover ship of riches], Google
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/23/nyregion/23masters.html Philip Masters, True Amateur of History, Dies at 70], New York Times
* [https://knoji.com/shipwrecks-and-treasure-the-spanish-treasure-fleet-of-1750 Shipwrecks and Treasure: the Spanish Treasure Fleet of 1750]
* [http://www.fayobserver.com/news/local/treasure-hunter-that-found-blackbeard-s-pirate-ship-sues-state/article_106b1120-30fd-5fde-a3d8-5a5e58d444f5.html Treasure hunter that found Blackbeard's pirate ship sues state for $8.2 million], Fayetteville Observer
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150801034717/http://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north-carolina/article29437363.html Lawmakers enter legal battle over Blackbeard's ship], News & Observer
* [http://www.wral.com/photographer-suing-state-over-blackbeard-shipwreck-footage-/15150138/ Photographer suing state over Blackbeard shipwreck footage], WRAL-TV
* [http://www.greensboro.com/news/blackbeard-s-law-would-clarify-control-of-media-rights-to/article_cdb0e03d-0306-588d-8278-c87d8df12cf7.html Blackbeard's Law would clarify control of media rights to shipwrecks], News & Record
* [http://publicradioeast.org/post/controversy-over-blackbeards-queen-annes-revenge-continues Controversy Over Blackbeard's Queen Anne's Revenge Continues], Public Radio East
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150816004056/http://www.courthousenews.com/2015/08/12/battle-over-shipwreck-photos-brews-in-n-c.htm Battle Over Shipwreck Photos Brews in N.C.], Courthouse News
* [http://www.soundingsonline.com/features/in-depth/294588-plunder-disputes-plague-the-wreck-of-blackbeards-ship Plunder disputes plague the wreck of Blackbeard’s ship], Soundings

{{Spanish Empire}}
{{Pirates}}
{{Treasure}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spanish Treasure Fleet}}
[[Category:Spanish colonization of the Americas|Treasure fleet]]
[[Category:Spanish Navy|Treasure fleet]]
[[Category:Spanish West Indies|Treasure fleet]]
[[Category:Maritime history of Spain]]
[[Category:Sea lanes]]
[[Category:History of New Spain]]
[[Category:History of the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Naval warfare]]
[[Category:Anti-piracy]]
[[Category:History of international trade]]
[[Category:Age of Sail]]
[[Category:17th century in Spain]]
[[Category:18th century in Spain]]

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Spanish treasure fleet