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Gordon Moore

2025-11-01T04:46:39Z

2402:800:6318:A984:A474:65E0:60DF:4609:

{{Short description|American businessman (1929–2023)}}
{{other people}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image = Gordon Moore 1978 (cropped).png
| caption = Moore in 1978
| birth_name = Gordon Earle Moore
| birth_date = {{birth date|1929|1|3}}
| birth_place = [[Pescadero, California|Pescadero]], [[California]], U.S.{{sfn|Thackray|2015|p=xvi}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|3|24|1929|1|3}}
| death_place = [[Waimea, Hawaii County, Hawaii|Waimea, Hawaii]], U.S.
| predecessor = [[Robert Noyce]]
| successor = [[Andy Grove]]
| known_for = {{plainlist|
* Co-founder of [[Intel]]
* [[Moore's law]]
* [[Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation]]
}}
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation|National Medal of Technology]] (1990)
* [[John Fritz Medal]] (1993)
* [[IEEE Founders Medal]] (1997)
* [[Computer History Museum]] Fellow (1998)<ref>{{cite web|title=Gordon Moore 1998 Fellow|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Gordon,Moore/|website=Computer History Museum|access-date=January 8, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108161213/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Gordon,Moore/|archive-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref>
* [[Othmer Gold Medal]] (2001)
* [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (2002)
* [[Perkin Medal]] (2004)<ref>{{cite web|title=SCI Perkin Medal|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/sci-perkin-medal|website=[[Science History Institute]]|access-date=March 24, 2018|date=May 31, 2016|archive-date=February 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130738/https://www.sciencehistory.org/sci-perkin-medal|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Nierenberg Prize]] (2006)
* [[IEEE Medal of Honor]] (2008)
}}
| fields = {{plainlist|
* Entrepreneur
* [[Electrical engineering]]
}}
| workplaces = {{plainlist|
* [[Intel]]
* [[Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation]]
* [[California Institute of Technology]]
* [[Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]]
}}
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[San Jose State University]]
* [[University of California, Berkeley]] {{avoid wrap|([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])}}
* [[California Institute of Technology]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
}}
| thesis_title = I. Infrared Studies of Nitrous Acid, The Chloramines and Nitrogen Dioxide II. Observations Concerning the Photochemical Decomposition of Nitric Oxide
| thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/302028299
| thesis_year = 1954
| signature = Gordon Moore wafer signature 2.jpg
}}

'''Gordon Earle Moore''' (January 3, 1929 – March 24, 2023) was an American businessman, engineer, and the [[Organizational founder|co-founder]] and emeritus chairman of [[Intel|Intel Corporation]]. He proposed [[Moore's law]] which makes the observation that the [[Transistor count|number of transistors]] in an [[integrated circuit]] (IC) doubles about every two years.<ref name="MooresLaw1965">{{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Gordon|title=Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits|journal=Electronics Magazine|date=April 19, 1965|volume=38|issue=8|pages=114–117}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last1=Moore| first1=Gordon| s2cid=6519532| title=Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits (Reprint)|journal=Proceedings of the IEEE| date=January 1998| volume=86|issue=1| pages=82–85|doi=10.1109/jproc.1998.658762|url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~fussell/courses/cs352h/papers/moore.pdf| access-date=January 8, 2015|archive-date=September 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926001037/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~fussell/courses/cs352h/papers/moore.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dblp">{{DBLP|name=Gordon E. Moore}}</ref><ref name="ACM">{{ACM Portal|id=81542806056}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=G. E.|s2cid=74187|author-link1=Gordon Moore|title=The microprocessor: Engine of the technology revolution|doi=10.1145/253671.253746|journal=Communications of the ACM| volume=40|issue=2| pages=112–114| year=1997|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Gordon Moore was born in 1929 as the second son of Walter Harold Moore (a sheriff in [[San Mateo County]]) and Florence Almira "Mira" Williamson (a homemaker).{{sfn|Thackray|2015|pp=15, 21-23}} When Moore started school in 1935, the faculty noted his introverted personality.{{sfn|Thackray|2015|pp=29-30}} His father accepted a promotion to deputy sheriff{{explain|reason=You just said he was the sheriff, so deputy sheriff wouldn't be a promotion|date=March 2025}} in 1938 and moved the family to [[Redwood City, California]].{{sfn|Thackray|2015|pp=33, 40-41, 52}} In 1940, Moore received a chemistry set as a Christmas gift, which inspired him to become a chemist.{{sfn|Thackray|2015|pp=44-45}} From 1942 to 1946, Moore studied at [[Sequoia High School (Redwood City, California)|Sequoia High School]], where he was involved in athletic activities.{{sfn|Thackray|2015|pp=46-48, 51}} From 1946 to 1947, Moore attended [[San Jose State University|San José State College (now San José State University)]], studying chemistry.{{sfn|Thackray|2015|pp=60-61}} He transferred to [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1948, taking courses from [[Glenn Seaborg]], [[Melvin Calvin]], and [[William Giauque]]. He graduated in 1950 with a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in chemistry.{{sfn|Thackray|2015|pp=71, 79-80, 85}}<ref name="CHFOralHistory"/>

In September 1950, Moore enrolled at the [[California Institute of Technology]] ("Caltech"), where he would ultimately receive a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1954.<ref>{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|first=Gordon Earle|last=Moore|title=I. Infrared Studies of Nitrous Acid, The Chloramines and Nitrogen Dioxide II. Observations Concerning the Photochemical Decomposition of Nitric Oxide|publisher=California Institute of Technology|date=1954|author-link=Gordon Moore|id={{ProQuest|302028299}}}}</ref><ref name=CHFOralHistory>{{cite book|first1=David C.|last1=Brock| first2=Christophe| last2=Lécuyer| title=Gordon E. Moore and Jay T. Last, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by David C. Brock and Christophe Lécuyer at Woodside, California on 20 January 2006|date=January 20, 2006 |publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://caltechcampuspubs.library.caltech.edu/2503/1/June_11%2C_1954.pdf| title=California Institute of Technology Sixtieth Annual Commencement Exercises (Program)| date=June 11, 1954| publisher=Caltech Camps Publications| access-date=March 29, 2013|archive-date=October 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233818/http://caltechcampuspubs.library.caltech.edu/2503/1/June_11%2C_1954.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Dodson|first=Vannessa|title=Gordon and Betty Moore: Seeding the Path Ahead|url=http://one.caltech.edu/news/cu/Fall_03/moore|url-status=dead|journal=Campaign Update|issue=Fall 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816203709/http://one.caltech.edu/news/cu/Fall_03/moore|archive-date=August 16, 2015|access-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref> Moore conducted [[postdoctoral research]] at the [[Applied Physics Laboratory]] at [[Johns Hopkins University]] from 1953 to 1956.<ref name=CHFOralHistory/>

==Scientific career==
===Fairchild Semiconductor Laboratory===
{{main|Traitorous eight}}
Moore joined [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] and Caltech alumnus [[William Shockley]] at the [[Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]] division of [[Beckman Instruments]], but left with the "[[traitorous eight]]," when [[Sherman Fairchild]] agreed to back them and created the influential [[Fairchild Semiconductor]] corporation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Moore| first1=Gordon E.| title=The Accidental Entrepreneur| url=http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/3777/1/Moore.pdf| access-date=January 8, 2015| publisher=Engineering & Science| pages=23–30| date=Summer 1994| archive-date=January 8, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108175326/http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/3777/1/Moore.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BrockBook/>

===Moore's law===
{{main|Moore's law}}
In 1965, Moore was working as the director of research and development (R&D) at Fairchild Semiconductor. He was asked by [[Electronics (magazine)|Electronics Magazine]] to predict what he thought might happen in the semiconductor components industry over the next ten years. In an article published on April 19, 1965, Moore observed that the number of components (transistors, resistors, diodes, or capacitors)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lithoguru.com/scientist/CHE323/Moore1995.pdf|title=Lithography and the future of Moore's law|publisher=[[SPIE]]|author=Gordon E. Moore|year=1995|access-date=January 2, 2015| archive-date=December 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215145122/http://www.lithoguru.com/scientist/CHE323/Moore1995.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> in a dense integrated circuit had doubled approximately every year and speculated that it would continue to do so for at least the next ten years. In 1975, he revised the forecast rate to approximately every two years.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.5210/fm.v7i11.1000|title=The Lives and Death of Moore's Law|journal=First Monday|volume=7|issue=11|year=2002|last=Tuomi|first=I. |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Carver Mead]] popularized the phrase "Moore's law". The prediction has become a target for [[miniaturization]] in the semiconductor industry and has had widespread impact in many areas of technological change.<ref name=MooresLaw1965/><ref name=BrockBook>{{cite book|editor-last1=Brock|editor-first1=David C.| title=Understanding Moore's law : four decades of innovation| date=2006| publisher=Chemical Heritage Press| isbn=9780941901413}}</ref>

===Intel Corporation===
{{main|Intel}}
In July 1968, [[Robert Noyce]] and Moore founded NM Electronics, which later became [[Intel Corporation]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Intel Corporation|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/289747/Intel-Corporation|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=November 26, 2008|archive-date=December 16, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216121827/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/289747/Intel-Corporation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Yeh2004>{{cite book| last1=Yeh| first1=Raymond T.|last2=Yeh| first2=Stephanie H.|title=The art of business : in the footsteps of giants|date=2004|publisher=Zero Time Pub.| isbn=9780975427712}}</ref> Moore served as executive vice president until 1975 when he became president. In April 1979, Moore became chairman and chief executive officer, holding that position until April 1987, when he became chairman. He was named chairman emeritus in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=2004 History Maker – Gordon Moore|url=http://www.historysmc.org/main.php?page=hmmoore|website=History Makers|publisher=San Mateo County History Museum|access-date=January 8, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114055933/http://www.historysmc.org/main.php?page=hmmoore|archive-date=January 14, 2015}}</ref> Under Noyce, Moore, and later [[Andrew Grove]], Intel pioneered new technologies for [[computer memory]], [[integrated circuits]], and [[microprocessor]] design.<ref name=Yeh2004/> On April 11, 2022, Intel renamed its main Oregon site, the Ronler Acres campus in [[Hillsboro, Oregon|Hillsboro]], as 'Gordon Moore Park', and the building formerly known as RA4, as 'Moore Center', after Gordon Moore.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rogoway|first=Mike|title=Intel renames main Oregon site for founder Gordon Moore, opens $3 billion Hillsboro expansion|website=Oregon Live|publisher=The Oregonian|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/silicon-forest/2022/04/intel-renames-main-oregon-site-for-founder-gordon-moore-opens-3-billion-hillsboro-expansion.html|url-status=live|date=April 11, 2022|access-date=April 11, 2022|archive-date=April 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411170809/https://www.oregonlive.com/silicon-forest/2022/04/intel-renames-main-oregon-site-for-founder-gordon-moore-opens-3-billion-hillsboro-expansion.html}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
As of February 2023, Moore's [[net worth]] was reported to be $7 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gordon Moore|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/gordon-moore/|website=Forbes|access-date=February 16, 2023|archive-date=February 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216235827/https://www.forbes.com/profile/gordon-moore/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2000, Moore and his wife established the [[Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation]], with a gift worth about $5 billion. Through the foundation, they initially targeted environmental conservation, science, and the San Francisco Bay Area.<ref name=Carnegie2009/>

The foundation gives extensively in the area of environmental conservation, supporting major projects in the Andes–Amazon Basin, including Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela and Suriname, as well as the San Francisco Bay area.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Butler|first=Rhett A.|date=December 12, 2006|title=Who pays for Amazon rainforest conservation?|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2006/12/who-pays-for-amazon-rainforest-conservation/|access-date=March 27, 2023|website=Mongabay}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation: Grants for Conservation |url=http://www.insidephilanthropy.com/grants-for-conservation/gordon-and-betty-moore-foundation-grants-for-conservation.html|website=Inside Philanthropy| access-date=January 8, 2015|archive-date=February 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223153304/http://www.insidephilanthropy.com/grants-for-conservation/gordon-and-betty-moore-foundation-grants-for-conservation.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Moore was a director of [[Conservation International]] for some years. In 2002, he and [[Conservation International]] senior vice president Claude Gascon received the [[Order of the Golden Ark]] from [[Prince Bernhard]] of the Netherlands for their outstanding contributions to nature conservation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Intel's Gordon Moore and CI's Claude Gascon To Receive Major Award|url=http://www.conservation.org/NewsRoom/pressreleases/Pages/041902_gordon_moore_gascon_award.aspx|access-date=January 8, 2015|website=Conservation International|date=April 19, 2002|archive-date=February 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212174903/http://www.conservation.org/NewsRoom/pressreleases/Pages/041902_gordon_moore_gascon_award.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

Moore was a member of Caltech's board of trustees from 1983, chairing it from 1993 to 2000, and was a life trustee at the time of his death.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sally Ride, David Lee Named Caltech Trustees, Ben Rosen Named Trustee Chair|work=The California Institute of Technology |url=https://www.caltech.edu/content/sally-ride-david-lee-named-caltech-trustees-ben-rosen-named-trustee-chair|date=December 4, 2000|access-date=December 10, 2013|publisher=[[California Institute of Technology]]|archive-date=December 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213013558/http://www.caltech.edu/content/sally-ride-david-lee-named-caltech-trustees-ben-rosen-named-trustee-chair|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caltech.edu/content/technology-pioneer-gordon-moore-caltech-commencement-speaker|title=Technology Pioneer Gordon Moore is Caltech Commencement Speaker|work=The California Institute of Technology |date=May 3, 2001|access-date=December 10, 2013|publisher=California Institute of Technology|archive-date=December 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213013630/http://www.caltech.edu/content/technology-pioneer-gordon-moore-caltech-commencement-speaker|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caltech.edu/content/trustee-list|publisher=California Institute of Technology|access-date=December 10, 2013|title=Trustee List|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328035035/http://www.caltech.edu/content/trustee-list|archive-date=March 28, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2001, Moore and his wife donated $600 million to Caltech, at the time the largest gift ever to an institution of higher education.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/28/us/intel-founder-gives-600-million-to-caltech.html| work=The New York Times |title=Intel Founder Gives $600 Million to Caltech|date=October 28, 2001|access-date=December 10, 2013}}</ref> He said he wanted the gift to be used to keep Caltech at the forefront of research and technology.<ref name=Carnegie2009>{{cite web|title=2009 Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy Awarded to Michael R. Bloomberg, The Koç Family, Gordon & Betty Moore and Sanford & Joan Weill|url=http://carnegie.org/news/press-releases/story/view/2009-carnegie-medal-of-philanthropy-awarded-to-michael-r-bloomberg-the-koc-family-gordon-betty/|access-date=January 8, 2015|website=Carnegie Corporation of New York|date=October 7, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212174751/http://carnegie.org/news/press-releases/story/view/2009-carnegie-medal-of-philanthropy-awarded-to-michael-r-bloomberg-the-koc-family-gordon-betty/|archive-date=February 12, 2015}}</ref>

In December 2007, Moore and his wife donated $200 million to Caltech and the [[University of California]] for the construction of the [[Thirty Meter Telescope]] (TMT), expected to become the world's second largest optical telescope once it and the [[European Extremely Large Telescope]] are completed in the mid-2020s. The TMT will have a segmented mirror 30 meters across and be built on [[Mauna Kea]] in Hawaii. This mirror will be nearly three times the size of the current record holder, the [[Large Binocular Telescope]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tytell |first1=David |title=Thirty Meter Telescope Moves Forward|journal=Sky & Telescope|date=August 22, 2007|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/thirty-meter-telescope-moves-forward/|access-date=January 8, 2015|archive-date=December 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218231804/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/thirty-meter-telescope-moves-forward/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Moores, as individuals and through their [[Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation|foundation]], have also, in a series of gifts and grants beginning in the 1990s, given some $166 million to the [[University of California, Berkeley]] to fund initiatives ranging from materials science and physics to genomics and data science.<ref name="Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation">{{cite web|title=Grants Search|url=https://www.moore.org/grants|website=moore.org|access-date=March 16, 2018|archive-date=March 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317102133/https://www.moore.org/grants|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/BAY-AREA-REPORT-EAST-BAY-UC-Berkeley-Gets-2997939.php|title=Berkeley Gets Millions From Intel Head|website=sfgate.com|date=January 20, 1996|access-date=March 23, 2021|archive-date=April 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406162933/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/BAY-AREA-REPORT-EAST-BAY-UC-Berkeley-Gets-2997939.php|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Report on University Private Support|url=https://regents.universityofcalifornia.edu/regmeet/nov19/p6attach.pdf|publisher=University of California|access-date=June 8, 2022|archive-date=September 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927023407/https://regents.universityofcalifornia.edu/regmeet/nov19/p6attach.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition, through the foundation, his wife created the Betty Irene Moore Nursing Initiative, targeting nursing care in the San Francisco Bay Area and Greater Sacramento.<ref name=Carnegie2009/><ref>{{cite web|title=Betty Irene Moore Nursing Initiative|url=http://www.moore.org/programs/patient-care/betty-irene-moore-nursing-initiative|website=Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation|access-date=January 8, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224140317/http://www.moore.org/programs/patient-care/betty-irene-moore-nursing-initiative|archive-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> In 2007, the foundation pledged $100 million over 11 years to establish a nursing school at the [[University of California, Davis]].<ref name="Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation"/> The Moores have also been long-time benefactors of other Northern California institutions, including [[Stanford University]] (over $190 million as of 2022), [[University of California, San Francisco]], and [[University of California, Santa Cruz]].<ref name="Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation"/>

In 2009, the Moores received the [[Andrew Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy]].<ref name=Carnegie2009/><ref>{{cite news|title=Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Funds Programs to Address Nursing Crisis|url=http://insider.ucsf.edu/2004/aug/index.html|access-date=January 8, 2015|work=UCSF Campaign Insider|agency=University of California San Francisco|date=2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093135/http://insider.ucsf.edu/2004/aug/index.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>

==Scientific awards and honors==
Moore received many honors. He was elected a member of the [[National Academy of Engineering]] in 1976 for contributions to semiconductor devices from transistors to microprocessors.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Academy of Engineering Members|url=https://www.caltech.edu/content/national-academy-engineering-members|website=Caltech|access-date=January 8, 2015|archive-date=January 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108213159/http://www.caltech.edu/content/national-academy-engineering-members|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1990, Moore was with the [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]] by President [[George H. W. Bush]], "for his seminal leadership in bringing American industry the two major postwar innovations in microelectronics – large-scale integrated memory and the microprocessor – that have fueled the information revolution".<ref>{{cite web|title=The National Medal of Technology and Innovation 1990 Laureates|url=http://www.uspto.gov/about/nmti/recipients/1990.jsp|website=USPTO.gov|publisher=The United States Patent and Trademark Office|access-date=January 8, 2015|archive-date=November 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127085703/http://www.uspto.gov/about/nmti/recipients/1990.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1998, he was inducted as a Fellow of the [[Computer History Museum]] "for his fundamental early work in the design and production of semiconductor devices as co-founder of Fairchild and Intel".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gordon Moore — CHM Fellow Award Winner|author=CHM|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Gordon,Moore/|access-date=March 30, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402063331/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Gordon,Moore|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Gordon,Moore/|title=Gordon Moore | Computer History Museum|access-date=January 8, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108161213/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Gordon,Moore/|archive-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref>

In 2001, Moore received the [[Othmer Gold Medal]] for outstanding contributions to progress in chemistry and science.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Voith|first1=Melody|last2=Reisch|first2=Marc|title=Gordon Moore Awarded the Othmer Gold Medal|journal=Chemical & Engineering News|date=May 14, 2001|volume=79|issue=20|pages=62|doi=10.1021/cen-v079n020.p062}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Othmer Gold Medal|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/othmer-gold-medal|publisher=[[Science History Institute]]|access-date=February 19, 2018|date=May 31, 2016|archive-date=February 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130646/https://www.sciencehistory.org/othmer-gold-medal|url-status=live}}</ref> Moore was also the recipient of the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the United States' highest civilian honor, as of 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=SIA Congratulates Intel's Gordon Moore for Receiving Presidential Medal of Freedom|url=http://www.semiconductors.org/news/2002/06/24/press_releases_2002/sia_congratulates_intel_s_gordon_moore_for_receiving_presidential_medal_of_freedom/|access-date=January 8, 2015|work=SIA News|publisher=Semiconductor Industry Association|date=June 24, 2002|archive-date=January 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108222827/http://www.semiconductors.org/news/2002/06/24/press_releases_2002/sia_congratulates_intel_s_gordon_moore_for_receiving_presidential_medal_of_freedom/|url-status=live}}</ref> He received the award from President [[George W. Bush]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 25, 2023|title=Intel co-founder, philanthropist Gordon Moore dies at 94|work=[[Boston Globe]]|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2790280849|access-date=March 27, 2023|id={{ProQuest|2790280849}} }}</ref> In 2002, Moore received the [[The Franklin Institute Awards|Bower Award]] for Business Leadership.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bogaert|first=Pauline Pinard|date=April 30, 2002|title=Franklin Institute honors eight for their science achievements|page=C2|work=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1892022062|access-date=March 27, 2023|id={{ProQuest|1892022062}} }}</ref>

In 2003, Moore was elected a [[Fellow of the AAAS|Fellow]] of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]. He was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Gordon+E.+Moore&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=June 8, 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org|archive-date=June 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608162717/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Gordon+E.+Moore&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|url-status=live}}</ref>

Moore was awarded the 2008 [[IEEE Medal of Honor]] for "pioneering technical roles in integrated-circuit processing, and leadership in the development of MOS memory, the microprocessor computer, and the semiconductor industry".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/pr/mohpr.html|publisher=[[IEEE]]|title=IEEE – IEEE Medals, Technical Field Awards, and Recognitions – IEEE Medal of Honor Recipients|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=May 2, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502100132/http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/pr/mohpr.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Moore was featured in the 2011 documentary film ''[[Something Ventured]]'', in which he said about Intel's first business plan, "It was one page, double spaced. It had a lot of typos in it."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cassidy|first=Mike|date=October 9, 2011|title=Cassidy: Palo Alto International Film Festival brings Silicon Valley into focus|work=Oakland Tribune|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/896801197|access-date=March 27, 2023|id={{ProQuest|896801197}} }}</ref>

In 2009, Moore was inducted into the [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]]. He was awarded the 2010 [[Dan David Prize]] for his work in the areas of Computers and Telecommunications.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gordon E. Moore|url=http://www.dandavidprize.org/laureates/2010/92-future-computers-and-telecommunications/199-gordon-e-moore|website=Dan David Prize|access-date=August 18, 2014|archive-date=August 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090351/http://www.dandavidprize.org/laureates/2010/92-future-computers-and-telecommunications/199-gordon-e-moore|url-status=live |last1=Prize |first1=Dan David }}</ref>

The library at the [[Centre for Mathematical Sciences (Cambridge)|Centre for Mathematical Sciences]] at the [[University of Cambridge]] is named after him and his wife Betty,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/BGML/|publisher=University of Cambridge|title=The Betty & Gordon Moore Library|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123044357/http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/BGML/|archive-date=January 23, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> as are the Moore Laboratories building (dedicated 1996) at Caltech and the Gordon and Betty Moore Materials Research Building at Stanford. [[The Electrochemical Society]] presents an award in Moore's name, the [[Gordon E. Moore Medal for Outstanding Achievement in Solid State Science and Technology]], biennially to celebrate scientists' contributions to the field of solid-state science.<ref>{{cite web|title=ECS Society Awards|url=http://www.electrochem.org/awards/ecs/ecs_awards.htm#d|website=The Electrochemical Society|access-date=October 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721022447/http://www.electrochem.org/awards/ecs/ecs_awards.htm#d|archive-date=July 21, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Society of Chemical Industry (American Section)]] annually presents the Gordon E. Moore Medal, to recognize early career success in innovation in the chemical industries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gordon E. Moore Medal|url=http://sci-america.org/site/?page_id=69|website=Society of Chemical Industry (SCI America)|access-date=February 4, 2015|archive-date=October 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027200017/http://sci-america.org/site/?page_id=69|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SCI Gordon E. Moore Medal|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/sci-gordon-e-moore-medal|website=[[Science History Institute]]|date=May 31, 2016|access-date=February 19, 2018|archive-date=February 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130636/https://www.sciencehistory.org/sci-gordon-e-moore-medal|url-status=live}}</ref>

Moore was awarded the [[UCSF]] medal in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=UCSF Medal|url=https://chancellor.ucsf.edu/chancellor-awards/ucsf-medal|website=Office of the Chancellor|access-date=July 1, 2020|archive-date=July 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704012510/https://chancellor.ucsf.edu/chancellor-awards/ucsf-medal|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Gordon Moore.jpg|thumb|175px|Moore in 2004]]
Moore met his wife, Betty Irene Whitaker, in 1947 during a student government conference at the [[Asilomar Conference Grounds]].{{sfn|Thackray|2015|pp=61-62}} They married in 1950,{{sfn|Thackray|2015|pp=86-87}} and Moore became a father to two sons: Kenneth Moore (b. 1954) and Steven Moore (b. 1959).{{sfn|Thackray|2015|pp=122, 123, 208-209}}

Moore was an avid fisherman since childhood, and he traveled extensively with his wife, sons, or colleagues to catch species such as bass, marlin, salmon, and trout.{{sfn|Thackray|2015|pp=27, 70, 240-242, 485 passim}} He said his conservation efforts were partly inspired by his interest in fishing and his time spent outdoors.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 14, 2005|title=Gordon Moore - Charlie Rose|url=https://charlierose.com/videos/18502|access-date=March 25, 2023|website=charlierose.com}}</ref>

In 2011, Moore's was the first human genome sequenced on [[Ion Torrent]]'s [[Personal genomics|Personal Genome]] Machine platform, a massively parallel sequencing device, which uses [[ISFET]] [[biosensor]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rothberg|first1=J. M.|author-link1=Jonathan M. Rothberg|last2=Hinz|first2=W.|last3=Rearick|first3=T. M.|last4=Schultz|first4=J.|last5=Mileski|first5=W.|last6=Davey|first6=M.|last7=Leamon|first7=J. H.|last8=Johnson|first8=K.|last9=Milgrew|first9=M. J.|last10=Edwards|doi=10.1038/nature10242|first10=M.|last11=Hoon|first11=J.|last12=Simons|first12=J. F.|last13=Marran|first13=D.|last14=Myers|first14=J. W.|last15=Davidson|first15=J. F.|last16=Branting|first16=A.|last17=Nobile|first17=J. R.|last18=Puc|first18=B. P.|last19=Light|first19=D.|last20=Clark|first20=T. A.|last21=Huber|first21=M.|last22=Branciforte|first22=J. T.|last23=Stoner|first23=I. B.|last24=Cawley|first24=S. E.|last25=Lyons|first25=M.|last26=Fu|first26=Y.|last27=Homer|first27=N.|last28=Sedova|first28=M.|last29=Miao|first29=X.|last30=Reed|first30=B.|title=An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing|journal=Nature|volume=475|issue=7356|pages=348–352|year=2011|pmid=21776081|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Moore died at his home in [[Waimea, Hawaii County, Hawaii|Waimea, Hawaii]] on March 24, 2023, aged 94.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Gordon Moore, Intel Co-Founder, Dies at 94|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230324005411/en/|website=[[Business Wire]]|access-date=March 24, 2023}}</ref> He was remembered by the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' as a "Silicon Valley icon who co-founded Intel."<ref name="sfchronicle.com">{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2023 |title=Gordon Moore, Intel co-founder, dies |work=San Francisco Chronicle |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/gordon-moore-intel-founder-dies-17820291.php |access-date=February 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523011552/https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/gordon-moore-intel-founder-dies-17820291.php |archive-date=May 23, 2023 }}</ref> The Intel CEO at the time, [[Pat Gelsinger]] remembered him as someone who, "defined the technology industry through his insight and vision."<ref name="sfchronicle.com"/>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
* {{Cite book |last=Thackray |first=Arnold |title=Moore's Law : The Life of Gordon Moore, Silicon Valley's Quiet Revolutionary |date=2015 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=9780465055623 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|viaf=265564053}}
* {{cite web|author=Center for Oral History|title=Gordon E. Moore and Jay T. Last|url=https://oh.sciencehistory.org/oral-histories/moore-gordon-e-and-jay-t-last|website=[[Science History Institute]]}}
* {{cite book|first1=David C.|last1=Brock|first2=Christophe|last2=Lécuyer|title=Gordon E. Moore and Jay T. Last, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by David C. Brock and Christophe Lécuyer at Woodside, California on 20 January 2006|date=January 20, 2006 |publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation}}
* {{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Gordon E.|title=The Accidental Entrepreneur|url=http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/3777/1/Moore.pdf|access-date=January 8, 2015|work=Engineering & Science|pages=23–30|date=Summer 1994}}
* {{cite news|last1=Kaplan|first1=David A.|title=Gordon Moore's journey|url=https://fortune.com/2012/09/24/gordon-moores-journey/|access-date=January 8, 2015|work=Fortune|date=September 24, 2012}}
* {{cite web|title=1996 Horatio Alger Award Winner Gordon E. Moore|url=http://www.horatioalger.org/members_info.cfm?memberid=MOO96|website=Horatio Alger Association|access-date=January 8, 2015|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031225/http://www.horatioalger.org/members_info.cfm?memberid=MOO96|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Gordon E. Moore Retired Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, Chairman Emeritus|url=https://newsroom.intel.com/biography/gordon-e-moore/|website=Intel|access-date=March 2, 2016|archive-date=October 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021151353/https://newsroom.intel.com/biography/gordon-e-moore/|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news|last1=Kanellos|first1=Michael|title=Moore says nanoelectronics face tough challenges|url=https://news.cnet.com/Moore-says-nanoelectronics-face-tough-challenges/2100-1006_3-5607422.html|access-date=January 8, 2015|work=CNET News|date=March 9, 2005}}
* {{cite news|title=It Was the '60s, Man|url=http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2005/04/67254|access-date=January 8, 2015|magazine=Wired|date=April 17, 2005}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Maria|title=Moore Laboratory opened with great expectations|url=https://caltechcampuspubs.library.caltech.edu/1993/1/1996_01_12_97_12.pdf|access-date=January 8, 2015|journal=The California Tech|volume=XCVII|issue=12|pages=1, 3|date=January 12, 1996}}
* {{cite web|title=The Fairchild Chronicles: DVD tells tale of Silicon Valley's seminal startup|url=https://web.stanford.edu/dept/news/pr/2005/pr-fairchild-030905.html|website=Stanford News Service|date=March 8, 2005|access-date=January 8, 2015|archive-date=April 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430065255/http://web.stanford.edu/dept/news/pr/2005/pr-fairchild-030905.html|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news|title=Gordon Moore, Silicon Valley pioneer who co-founded Intel, dies at 94|url=https://archive.today/o628s/|author=Kathleen Day|date=March 24, 2023|access-date=March 24, 2023|newspaper=The Washington Post}}
* {{cite news|title=Gordon E. Moore, Intel Co-Founder Behind Moore's Law, Dies at 94|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/24/technology/gordon-moore-dead.html|author1=Holcomb B. Noble|author2=Katie Hafner|date=March 26, 2023|access-date=April 9, 2023|newspaper=The New York Times}}
* {{C-SPAN}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AiZwA8_43ZE Gordon Moore and Arthur Rock Oral History Panel interview], July 2014, California
* [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/gordon-moore-obituary.html Gordon Moore, Intel Co-Founder, Dies at 94]

{{S-start}}
{{S-bus}}
{{Succession box
| title = CEO, [[Intel]]
| years = 1975–1987
| before = [[Robert Noyce]]
| after = [[Andrew Grove]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{IEEE Founders Medal}}
{{IEEE Medal of Honor}}{{Intel}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moore, Gordon}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:American billionaires]]
[[Category:American chief executives in technology]]
[[Category:American physical chemists]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century American philanthropists]]
[[Category:IEEE Medal of Honor recipients]]
[[Category:Intel people]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:National Medal of Technology recipients]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from San Francisco]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:San Jose State University alumni]]
[[Category:UC Berkeley College of Chemistry alumni]]
[[Category:Berkeley Student Cooperative alumni]]
[[Category:American chief executives in the manufacturing industry]]
[[Category:People from Pescadero, California]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Scientists at Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]]
[[Category:Sequoia High School (Redwood City, California) alumni]]
[[Category:Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates]]
[[Category:Fairchild Semiconductor people]]

Robert Noyce

2025-11-01T04:44:14Z

2402:800:6318:A984:A474:65E0:60DF:4609:

{{Short description|American physicist and entrepreneur (1927–1990)}}

{{Infobox person
| image = Robert Noyce with Motherboard 1959.png
| caption = Noyce in 1959
| name = Robert Noyce
| birth_name = Robert Norton Noyce
| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|12|12|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Burlington, Iowa]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1990|6|3|1927|12|12|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Austin, Texas]], U.S.
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Elizabeth Noyce|Elizabeth Bottomley]]|1953|1974||end=div.}}
* {{marriage|[[Ann Bowers]]|1974}}
}}
| children = 4
| occupation = Physicist
| known_for = Co-founder of [[Fairchild Semiconductor]] and Founder of [[Intel]]
| successor = [[Gordon Moore]]
| alma_mater =
| education = [[Grinnell College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| awards = [[Faraday Medal]] {{small|(1979)}} [[Harold Pender Award]] (1980) [[John Fritz Medal]] {{small|(1989)}}
| party =
| signature =
| website = {{URL|https://www.ncfp.org/people/the-noyce-foundation/}}
}}

'''Robert Norton Noyce''' (December 12, 1927 – June 3, 1990), nicknamed "the Mayor of Silicon Valley", was an American [[physicist]] and entrepreneur who co-founded [[Fairchild Semiconductor]] in 1957 and [[Intel Corporation]] in 1968. He was also credited with the realization of the first [[monolithic integrated circuit]] or microchip made with silicon, which fueled the [[personal computer revolution]] and gave [[Silicon Valley]] its name.<ref group="nb">While Kilby's invention was six months earlier, neither man rejected the title of co-inventor.</ref><ref name="Lécuyer,129">Lécuyer, p. 129</ref>

Noyce founded The Noyce School of Applied Computing within the College of Engineering at [[California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo| Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo]]. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan awarded him the [[National Medal of Technology]], and in 1989, he was inducted into the U.S. Business Hall of Fame, with President George H. W. Bush delivering the keynote. In 1990, he received a Lifetime Achievement Medal alongside [[Jack Kilby]] and [[John Bardeen]] during the bicentennial celebration of the [[Patent Act]].

== Early life ==
Noyce was born on December 12, 1927, in [[Burlington, Iowa]],<ref name=Jones86>Jones, 86</ref><ref name=Jones142>Jones, 142</ref><ref name="Berlin,10">Berlin, p. 10</ref><ref name=Burt71>Burt, 71</ref><ref name="Welles Gaylord,130">Welles Gaylord, p. 130</ref> the third of four sons<ref name="Berlin,10"/> of the Rev. Ralph Brewster Noyce.<ref name="Jones625">Jones, p. 625</ref> His father graduated from [[Doane College]], [[Oberlin College]], and the [[Chicago Theological Seminary]] and was also nominated for a [[Rhodes Scholarship]].<ref name="Berlin,14">Berlin, p. 14</ref>

His mother, Harriet May Norton, was the daughter of the Rev. Milton J. Norton, a [[Congregational church|Congregational]] [[clergy]]man, and Louise Hill. She was a graduate of Oberlin College and prior to her marriage, she had dreams of becoming a missionary.<ref name="Berlin,9">Berlin, p. 9</ref> Journalist [[Tom Wolfe]] described her as "an intelligent woman with a commanding will".<ref name="Wolfe1">{{cite journal
|last = Wolfe
|first = Tom
|author-link = Tom Wolfe
|title = The Tinkerings of Robert Noyce
|journal = Esquire Magazine
|date = December 1983
|pages = 346–74
|url = http://www.stanford.edu/class/e140/e140a/content/noyce.html
|access-date = 2010-05-07
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090227111808/http://www.stanford.edu/class/e140/e140a/content/noyce.html
|archive-date = February 27, 2009
|df = mdy-all
}}</ref>

Noyce had three siblings: Donald Sterling Noyce, Gaylord Brewster Noyce and Ralph Harold Noyce.<ref name="Berlin,10"/><ref name="Berlin,12">Berlin, p. 12</ref> His brother Donald would go on to become a respected professor and associate dean of undergraduate affairs in the [[UC Berkeley College of Chemistry]]; Robert later created the Donald Sterling Noyce Prize to reward excellence in undergraduate teaching at [[Berkeley High School (California)|Berkeley]].<ref>{{cite press release |last=Subramanian |first=Yvette |date=November 8, 2004 |title=Donald Noyce, professor emeritus of chemistry, dies at age 81 |url=https://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/11/08_noyce.shtml |location=Berkeley, CA |work=UC Berkeley News |access-date=May 8, 2009}}</ref> His brother Gaylord would go on to become a respected professor of [[practical theology]] and dean of students at [[Yale Divinity School]]; in 1961, while a young professor, he was arrested for being one of the [[Freedom Riders]] of the [[civil rights movement]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Prof. Gaylord Noyce Dies at 83 |url=http://www.yale.edu/divinity/news/090813_news_noyce.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818155859/http://www.yale.edu/divinity/news/090813_news_noyce.shtml |archive-date=August 18, 2009 |website=Yale Divinity School |language=en-US |date=August 13, 2009 |access-date=October 29, 2009}}</ref>

Noyce's earliest childhood memory involved beating his father at [[table tennis|ping pong]] and feeling shocked when his mother reacted to the news of his victory with a distracted "Wasn't that nice of Daddy to let you win?" Even at the age of five, Noyce felt offended by the notion of intentionally losing. "That's not the game", he sulked to his mother. "If you're going to play, play to win!"<ref name="Berlin,12"/>

When Noyce was twelve years old in the summer of 1940, he and his brother built a boy-sized aircraft, which they used to fly from the roof of the Grinnell College stables. Later he built a radio from scratch and motorized his sled by welding a propeller and a motor from an old washing machine to the back of it.<ref name="Berlin,7">Berlin, p. 7</ref> His parents were both religious but Noyce became an agnostic and irreligious in later life.<ref>
{{cite book |title=The Man Behind The Microchip: Robert Noyce And The Invention Of Silicon Valley |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195163438 |author=Leslie Berlin |page= 235}}</ref>

== Education ==
Noyce grew up in [[Grinnell, Iowa]]. While in high school, he exhibited a talent for mathematics and science and took the [[Grinnell College]] freshman physics course in his senior year. He graduated from Grinnell High School in 1945 and entered Grinnell College in the fall of that year. He was the star diver on the 1947 [[Midwest Conference]] Championship swim team.<ref name="Wolfe1" /> While at Grinnell College, Noyce sang, played the oboe and acted. In Noyce's junior year, he got in trouble for stealing a 25-pound pig from the Grinnell mayor's farm and roasting it at a school [[luau]]. The mayor wrote to his parents stating that "In the agricultural state of Iowa, stealing a domestic animal is a felony which carries a minimum penalty of a year in prison and a fine of one dollar." Noyce faced expulsion from school but [[Grant Gale]], Noyce's physics professor and president of the college, did not want to lose a student with Noyce's potential. They compromised with the mayor so that Grinnell would compensate him for the pig, and suspend Noyce for one semester. He returned in February 1949.<ref>Berlin, Leslie. "Adrenaline and Gasoline." ''The Man behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005. 22–23. Print.</ref> He graduated [[Phi Beta Kappa]] with a BA in [[physics]] and [[mathematics]] in 1949. He also received a single honor from his classmates: the Brown Derby Prize, which recognized "the senior man who earned the best grades with the least amount of work".<ref name="Berlin,27">Berlin, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YLd3RBUrDlkC&pg=PA27 p. 27]</ref>

While Noyce was an undergraduate, he was fascinated by the field of physics and took a course in the subject that was taught by professor [[Grant O. Gale|Grant Gale]]. Gale obtained two of the first transistors ever produced by [[Bell Labs]] and showed them off to his class. Noyce was hooked.<ref name="Wolfe1" /><ref name="Berlin,22">Berlin, p. 22</ref><ref name="Berlin,24">Berlin, p. 24</ref> Gale suggested that he apply to the [[Doctorate|doctoral program]] in physics at [[MIT]], which he did.<ref name="Berlin,106">Berlin, p. 106</ref>

Noyce had a mind so quick that his graduate school friends called him "Rapid Robert".<ref name="Berlin,1">Berlin, p. 1</ref> He received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|doctorate]] in [[physics]] from MIT in 1953.

== Career ==
[[File:Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore at SC1 1970.png|300px|thumbnail|Robert Noyce and [[Gordon Moore]] in front of the Intel SC1 building in Santa Clara in 1970]]
After graduating from MIT in 1953, Noyce took a job as a research engineer at the [[Philco]] Corporation in [[Philadelphia]]. He left in 1956 to join [[William Shockley]], a co-inventor of the transistor and eventual [[Nobel Prize]] winner, at the [[Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]]<ref name="Shurkin,170">Shurkin, p. 170</ref> in [[Mountain View, California]].

Noyce left a year later with the "[[traitorous eight]]"<ref name="Shurkin,181">Shurkin, p. 181</ref> upon having issues with Shockley's management style, and co-founded the influential [[Fairchild Semiconductor]] corporation. According to [[Sherman Fairchild]], Noyce's impassioned presentation of his vision was the reason Fairchild had agreed to create the semiconductor division for the traitorous eight.

Noyce was vital to the [[invention of the integrated circuit]]. After [[Jack Kilby]] invented the first [[hybrid integrated circuit]] (hybrid IC) in 1958,<ref name="Saxena140">{{cite book |last1=Saxena |first1=Arjun N. |title=Invention of Integrated Circuits: Untold Important Facts |date=2009 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=9789812814456 |page=140}}</ref> Noyce in 1959 independently invented a new type of integrated circuit, the [[monolithic integrated circuit]] (monolithic IC).<ref name="computerhistory1959">{{cite web |title=1959: Practical Monolithic Integrated Circuit Concept Patented |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/practical-monolithic-integrated-circuit-concept-patented/ |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="nasa">{{cite web |title=Integrated circuits |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/ic-pg3.html |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=13 August 2019 |archive-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721173218/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/ic-pg3.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was more practical than Kilby's [[implementation]]. Noyce's design was made of [[silicon]], whereas Kilby's chip was made of [[germanium]]. Noyce's invention was the first [[monolithic integrated circuit]] chip.<ref>{{cite web |title=1959: Practical Monolithic Integrated Circuit Concept Patented |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/practical-monolithic-integrated-circuit-concept-patented/ |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> Unlike Kilby's IC which had external wire connections and could not be mass-produced, Noyce's monolithic IC chip put all components on a chip of silicon and connected them with aluminum lines.<ref name="nasa"/> The basis for Noyce's monolithic IC was the [[planar process]], developed in early 1959 by [[Jean Hoerni]]. In turn, the basis for Hoerni's planar process were the silicon [[surface passivation]] and [[thermal oxidation]] methods developed by [[Mohamed Atalla]] in 1957.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=9780801886393 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA46}}</ref><ref name="Bassett46">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=9780801886393 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA46}}</ref>

Noyce and [[Gordon Moore]] founded [[Intel]] in 1968 when they left Fairchild Semiconductor.<ref name="Berlin,1"/><ref name="Shurkin,184">Shurkin, p. 184</ref> [[Arthur Rock]], the chairman of Intel's board and a major investor in the company, said that for Intel to succeed, the company needed Noyce, Moore and [[Andrew Grove]]. And it needed them in that order. Noyce: the visionary, born to inspire; Moore: the virtuoso of technology; and Grove: the technologist turned management scientist.<ref name="Tedlow,405">Tedlow, p. 405</ref> Noyce served as the first CEO, until 1975,<ref>{{Cite web | title=NAE Website – ROBERT N. NOYCE 1927–1990 | url=https://www.nae.edu/188726/ROBERT-N-NOYCE-19271990 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029150514/https://www.nae.edu/188726/ROBERT-N-NOYCE-19271990 | access-date=2025-08-05 | archive-date=2019-10-29}}</ref> when he was succeeded by Moore. The relaxed culture that Noyce brought to Intel was a carry-over from his style at Fairchild Semiconductor. He treated employees as family, rewarding and encouraging teamwork. Noyce's management style could be called "roll up your sleeves". He shunned fancy corporate cars, reserved parking spaces, private jets, offices, and furnishings in favor of a less-structured, relaxed working environment in which everyone contributed and no one received lavish benefits. By declining the usual executive perks he stood as a model for future generations of Intel CEOs.

At Intel, he oversaw invention of the [[microprocessor]] as a concept by [[Ted Hoff]] and design of the first commercial microprocessor [[Intel 4004]] by [[Federico Faggin]], which was his second revolution.<ref>{{cite web |author=Creation of Microprocessor |date=February 19, 2014 |title=Interview with Gordon Moore on First Microprocessor |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qt1PCLZAPyk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508022330/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qt1PCLZAPyk |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |website=YouTube |access-date=January 2, 2017 }}</ref><ref>One-time Intel CEO Andy Grove on the other hand, believed in maximizing the productivity of his employees, and he and the company became known for his guiding motto: "Only the paranoid survive". He was notorious for his directness in finding fault and would question his colleagues so intensely as occasionally to border on intimidation.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Garten |first=Jeffrey E. |date=April 11, 2005 |title=Andy Grove Made The Elephant Dance |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2005-04-10/andy-grove-made-the-elephant-dance |website=Bloomberg |access-date=April 2, 2023}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 1953, Noyce married [[Elizabeth Noyce|Elizabeth Bottomley]],<ref name=vast>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Robert Meg. Jr. |date=September 20, 1996 |title=Elizabeth B. Noyce, 65, Benefactor of Maine With Vast Settlement From Her Divorce |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/20/us/elizabeth-b-noyce-65-benefactor-of-maine-with-vast-settlement-from-her-divorce.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=April 10, 2010}}</ref> who was a 1951 graduate of [[Tufts University]]. While living in [[Los Altos, California]], they had four children: William B., Pendred, Priscilla, and Margaret. Elizabeth loved [[New England]], so the family acquired a 50-acre coastal summer home in [[Bremen, Maine]]. Elizabeth and the children would summer there.<ref name="Berlin">{{cite book |last=Berlin |first=Leslie |year=2005 |title=The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195163438 | page= }}</ref> Robert would visit during the summer, while continuing to work at Intel. They divorced in 1974.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berlin |first=Leslie |date=2005 |title=The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195163435 |pages= 200–204 |oclc=57201649}}</ref>

On November 27, 1974, Noyce married [[Ann Bowers|Ann Schmeltz Bowers]]. Bowers, a graduate of [[Cornell University]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Class notes 1950-1959 |url=http://cornellalumnimagazine.com/Archive/2007sepoct/notes/1950to1959.asp |journal=Cornell Alumni Magazine |date=Sep–Oct 2007 |access-date=January 4, 2012}}</ref> also received an honorary Ph.D. from [[Santa Clara University]], where she was a trustee for nearly 20 years. She was the first director of personnel for Intel Corporation and the first vice president of human resources for [[Apple Inc.]] She was a founding trustee and served as chair of the board for the Noyce Foundation, founded in 1990.<ref name="Noyce Foundation: About Us">{{cite web |title=Noyce Foundation: About Us |url=http://noycefdn.org/aboutus.php |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225100910/http://www.noycefdn.org/aboutus.php |archive-date=December 25, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bowers died on January 24, 2024, at the age of 86.

Noyce kept active his entire life. He enjoyed reading Hemingway, and he flew his own airplane and also participated in [[Hang gliding|hang-gliding]] and [[scuba diving]]. Noyce believed that [[microelectronics]] would continue to advance in complexity and sophistication well beyond its current state; this led to the question of what use society would make of the technology. In his last interview, Noyce was asked what he would do if he were "emperor" of the United States. He said that he would, among other things, "...make sure we are preparing our next generation to flourish in a high-tech age. And that means education of the lowest and the poorest, as well as at the graduate school level."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berlin |first=Leslie |date=2005 |title=The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195163435 |page= 306 |oclc=57201649}}</ref>

=== Death ===
Noyce suffered a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] at age 62 at home on June 3, 1990, and later died at the [[Dell Seton Medical Center|Seton Medical Center]] in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], [[Texas]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Hays |first=Constance L. |date=June 4, 1990 |title=An Inventor of the Microchip, Robert N. Noyce, Dies at 62 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/04/obituaries/an-inventor-of-the-microchip-robert-n-noyce-dies-at-62.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |access-date=April 10, 2010}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
In July 1959, he filed for {{US Patent|2981877}} "Semiconductor Device and Lead Structure", a type of [[integrated circuit]]. This independent effort was recorded only a few months after the key findings of inventor [[Jack Kilby]]. For his co-invention of the integrated circuit and its world-transforming impact, three presidents of the United States honored him.

Noyce was a holder of many honors and awards. President [[Ronald Reagan]] awarded him the [[National Medal of Technology]] in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uspto.gov/about/nmti/recipients/1987.jsp |title=The National Medal of Technology and Innovation Recipients – 1987 |publisher=United States Patent and Trademark Office |access-date=January 4, 2012}}</ref> Two years later, he was inducted into the [[U.S. Business Hall of Fame]] sponsored by [[Junior Achievement]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ja.org/hof/viewLaureate.asp?id=138&induction_year=1989 |title=U.S. Business Hall of Fame – Robert N. Noyce |publisher=[[Junior Achievement]] |access-date=January 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904210416/http://www.ja.org/hof/viewLaureate.asp?id=138&induction_year=1989 |archive-date=September 4, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> during a [[black tie]] ceremony keynoted by President [[George H. W. Bush]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-7111902.html |title=President Bush to honor Noyce and other laureates at U.S. Business Hall of Fame induction ceremony tonight in Colorado Springs |publisher=[[PR Newswire]] |date=March 16, 1989 |access-date=January 4, 2012}}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In 1990 Noyce{{spaced ndash}}along with, among others, Jack Kilby and transistor inventor [[John Bardeen]]{{spaced ndash}}received a "Lifetime Achievement Medal" during the bicentennial celebration of the Patent Act.

Noyce received the [[Franklin Institute]]'s [[Stuart Ballantine Medal]] in 1966.<ref name="BallantineMedal_Laureates">{{cite web |url=http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=BAL++&sy=1965&ey=1967&name=Submit |title=Franklin Laureate Database – Stuart Ballantine Medal 1966 Laureates |publisher=[[Franklin Institute]] |access-date=December 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121210143948/http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=BAL++&sy=1965&ey=1967&name=Submit |archive-date=December 10, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> He was awarded the [[IEEE Medal of Honor]] in 1978 "for his contributions to the silicon integrated circuit, a cornerstone of modern electronics."<ref>{{cite web |title=IEEE Medal of Honor Recipients |url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/moh_rl.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619221831/http://ieee.org/documents/moh_rl.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 19, 2010 |publisher=[[IEEE]] |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Robert_Noyce |title=Robert Noyce |website=IEEE Global History Network |publisher=IEEE |access-date=July 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220111313/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Robert_Noyce |archive-date=December 20, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1979, he was awarded the [[National Medal of Science]]. He also received [[Faraday Medal]] in 1979. Noyce was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1980.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter N|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterN.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=April 20, 2011}}</ref> The [[National Academy of Engineering]] awarded him its 1989 [[Charles Stark Draper Prize]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Recipients of The Charles Stark Draper Prize |url=http://www.draperprize.org/recipients/php |publisher=[[National Academy of Engineering]] |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref>

Noyce gave the commencement address to an enthusiastic School of Engineering at UC Santa Barbara in 1985.

The science building at his alma mater, [[Grinnell College]], is named after him.

On December 12, 2011, Noyce was honored with a [[List of Google Doodles in 2011|Google Doodle]] celebrating the 84th anniversary of his birth.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cavna |first=Michael |date=December 12, 2011 |title=Robert Noyce Google Doodle: Logo conducts tribute to Intel co-founder and 'mayor of Silicon Valley' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/robert-noyce-google-doodle-logo-conducts-tribute-to-intel-co-founder-and-mayor-of-silicon-valley/2011/12/12/gIQAxkwSpO_blog.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |access-date=December 12, 2011}}</ref>

In 2000, Kilby received the [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics|Nobel Prize in Physics]]; in his acceptance ("Nobel Lecture"), he mentions a small number of people whose work contributed to the success of integrated circuits, mentioning Noyce three times.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/kilby-lecture.html |title=Turning Potential Into Realities: The Invention of the Integrated Circuit |first=Jack S. |last=Kilby |author-link=Jack Kilby |journal=2000 Nobel Lectures |publisher=[[Nobel Prize|Nobel Foundation]] |date=December 8, 2008 |pages=481–482 |access-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The '''Noyce Foundation''' was founded in 1990 by his family. The foundation was dedicated to improving public education in mathematics and science in grades [[K-12]].<ref name="Noyce Foundation: About Us"/> The foundation announced that it would end operations in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2015 |title=Featured News: Noyce Foundation to Sunset in 2015 |url=http://www.noycefdn.org/news.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723094638/http://www.noycefdn.org/news.php |archive-date=July 23, 2015 |website=Noyce Foundation |language=en-US |access-date=July 22, 2015}}</ref>

[[California_Polytechnic_State_University,_San_Luis_Obispo|California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly)]], established The Noyce School of Applied Computing in the College of Engineering with a $60 million gift from the Robert N. Noyce Trust in June of 2022.

In 1990, Congress established the Robert Noyce National Math and Science Teachers Corps Act which authorizes awards up to 5,000 scholarships annually to assist individuals in obtaining a teaching degree.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Levine|first=Mel|date=1990-07-11|title=H.R.5248 – 101st Congress (1989–1990): Robert Noyce National Math and Science Teachers Corps Act|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congress/house-bill/5248|access-date=2021-07-15|website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> These awards are granted to institutions of higher education who administer the projects after successful proposal submissions through the National Science Foundation's Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program ("Noyce").<ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program (nsf21578) {{!}} NSF – National Science Foundation|url=https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2021/nsf21578/nsf21578.htm|access-date=2021-07-15|website=www.nsf.gov}}</ref> Pre-service teachers are recruited by their college/university and must be STEM majors. Scholarship recipients to agree to teach science or mathematics in a high-need school districts for at least two years for each fiscal year the recipient received such a scholarship. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) works with the NSF Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program to identify and disseminate information about effective practices and strategies for attracting, selecting, and preparing new K-12 STEM teachers and retaining them in the STEM teacher workforce.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program|url=https://www.nsfnoyce.org/|access-date=2021-07-15|website=www.nsfnoyce.org}}</ref>

== Patents ==
Noyce was granted 15 patents. Patents are listed in order issued, not filed.
* {{US patent|2875141}} ''Method and apparatus for forming semiconductor structures'', filed August 1954, issued February 1959, assigned to Philco Corporation
* {{US patent|2929753}} ''Transistor structure and method'', filed April 1957, issued March 1960, assigned to Beckmann Instruments
* {{US patent|2959681}} ''Semiconductor scanning device'', filed June 1959, issued November 1960, assigned to Fairchild Semiconductor
* {{US patent|2968750}} ''Transistor structure and method of making the same'', filed March 1957, issued January 1961, assigned to Clevite Corporation
* {{US patent|2971139}} ''Semiconductor switching device'', filed June 1959, issued February 1961, assigned to Fairchild Semiconductor
* {{US patent|2981877}} ''Semiconductor Device and Lead Structure'', filed July 1959, issued April 1961, assigned to Fairchild Semiconductor
* {{US patent|3010033}} ''[[Field effect transistor]]'', filed January 1958, issued November 1961, assigned to Clevite Corporation
* {{US patent|3098160}} ''Field controlled avalanche semiconductive device'', filed February 1958, issued July 1963, assigned to Clevite Corporation
* {{US patent|3108359}} ''Method for fabricating transistors'', filed June 1959, issued October 1963, assigned to Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.
* {{US patent|3111590}} ''Transistor structure controlled by an avalanche barrier'', filed June 1958, issued November 1963, assigned to Clevite Corporation
* {{US patent|3140206}} ''Method of making a transistor structure'' (coinventor William Shockley), filed April 1957, issued July 1964, assigned to Clevite Corporation
* {{US patent|3150299}} ''Semiconductor circuit complex having isolation means'', filed September 1959, issued September 1964, assigned to Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.
* {{US patent|3183129}} ''Method of forming a semiconductor'', filed July 1963, issued May 1965, assigned to Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.
* {{US patent|3199002}} ''Solid state circuit with crossing leads'', filed April 1961, issued August 1965, assigned to Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.
* {{US patent|3325787}} ''Trainable system'', filed October 1964, issued June 1967, assigned to Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.

Note: In 1960 [[Clevite]] Corporation acquired [[Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]], a subsidiary of [[Beckman Instruments]], for whom Noyce worked.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/archive/clevite-corp-acquires-shockley-transistor-corp |title=Clevite Corp. Acquires Shockley Transistor Corp. |work=[[Electronic Design]] |date=April 27, 1960 |access-date=February 22, 2019}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group="nb"}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* [[Leslie Berlin|Berlin, Leslie]]. ''The man behind the microchip: Robert Noyce and the invention of Silicon Valley''. Publisher Oxford University Press US, 2005. {{ISBN|0-19-516343-5}}
* Burt, Daniel S. ''The chronology of American literature: America's literary achievements from the colonial era to modern times''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004. {{ISBN|0-618-16821-4}}
* Jones, Emma C. Brewster. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718052212/http://www.williambrewster.com/brewstergenealogy.htm ''The Brewster Genealogy, 1566–1907: a Record of the Descendants of William Brewster of the "Mayflower," ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which founded Plymouth Colony in 1620.''] New York: Grafton Press, 1908.
* Lécuyer, Christophe. ''Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930–1970'' Published by MIT Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0262122812}}
* Shurkin, Joel N.. ''Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age ''Publisher Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. {{ISBN|0-230-55192-0}}
* Tedlow, Richard S. ''Giants of enterprise: seven business innovators and the empires they built'' Publisher Harper Collins, 2003. {{ISBN|0-06-662036-8}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Gaylord, Mary M. Welles. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PvYEAAAAYAAJ&q=Life+and+labors+of+Rev.+Reuben+Gaylord ''Life and Labors of Rev. Reuben Gaylord''] Omaha: Rees Printing Company, 1889.
* Wolfe, Tom. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_O-7s31ficcC&q=hooking+up+and+tom+wolfe ''Hooking Up''] New York. Publisher: Macmillan, 2001.
* Wolfe, Tom. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022613/http://www.brightboys.org/PDF/Wolfe_Noyce.pdf ''The Tinkerings of Robert Noyce''], How the Sun Rose on the Silicon Valley, Esquire Magazine, December 1983, pp. 346–374.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/transistor/album1/addlbios/noyce.html Noyce biography on PBS.org]
* [http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/noyce.htm Noyce biography on IdeaFinder.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823122737/http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/noyce.htm |date=August 23, 2019 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111231214245/http://www.noycefdn.org/ Noyce Foundation website]
* [http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt3m3nc61v&&chunk.id=did-1.3.1&brand=oac Guide to the Robert Noyce Papers at Stanford University]
* [https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2021/nsf21578/nsf21578.htm Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program]

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| years = 1968–1975
| before = Company founded
| after = [[Gordon Moore]]
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{{IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1976–2000}}
{{Intel}}
{{Charles Stark Draper Prize}}
{{Winners of the National Medal of Science|engineering}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Noyce, Robert}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:American agnostics]]
[[Category:American chief executives in technology]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in the computer industry]]
[[Category:20th-century American inventors]]
[[Category:20th-century American physicists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from California]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Grinnell College alumni]]
[[Category:IEEE Medal of Honor recipients]]
[[Category:Intel people]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni]]
[[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]]
[[Category:National Medal of Technology recipients]]
[[Category:Scientists from Austin, Texas]]
[[Category:People from Burlington, Iowa]]
[[Category:People from Santa Clara, California]]
[[Category:Draper Prize winners]]
[[Category:American chief executives in the manufacturing industry]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Scientists at Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]]
[[Category:Fairchild Semiconductor people]]

Jerry Sanders (businessman)

2025-11-01T03:47:45Z

2402:800:6318:A984:A474:65E0:60DF:4609:

{{short description|American businessman; co-founder of Advanced Micro Devices}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jerry Sanders
| image =
| alt =
| birth_name = Walter Jeremiah Sanders III
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1936|09|12}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago]], Illinois, U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
| occupation =
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent =
| known_for = Founder of [[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]]
| notable_works =
| spouse = {{marriage|Tawny Sanders|1990}}
}}
'''Walter Jeremiah Sanders III''' (born September 12, 1936) is an American businessman and engineer who was a co-founder and long-time [[chief executive officer|CEO]] of the American [[semiconductor]] manufacturer [[Advanced Micro Devices]] (AMD), serving in the position from 1969 to 2002.

== Early life and education ==
Jerry Sanders III grew up in the [[South Side, Chicago|South Side]] of [[Chicago]], Illinois, raised by his paternal grandparents.<ref name="UIAlumniMagazine">{{cite web |last=Wood |first=Paul |date=March–April 2004 |title=The Diligent Dilettante |url=http://www.uiaa.org/urbana/illinoisalumni/utxt0402e.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040525020627/http://www.uiaa.org/urbana/illinoisalumni/utxt0402e.html |archive-date=May 25, 2004 |work=Illinois Alumni Magazine |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> He was once attacked and beaten by a street gang<ref name="Simon">{{cite web |last=Simon |first=Mark |date=October 4, 2001 |title=Profile / Jerry Sanders / Silicon Valley's tough guy |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2001/10/04/BU153179.DTL |work=San Francisco Chronicle |language=en-US |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> leaving him so covered in blood<ref name="UIAlumniMagazine"/> that a priest was called to administer the [[Anointing of the Sick|last rites]].<ref name=cnet>{{cite web |last=Kanellos |first=Michael |date=April 24, 2002 |title=End of era as AMD's Sanders steps aside |url=http://news.cnet.com/End+of+era+as+AMDs+Sanders+steps+aside/2100-1001_3-890695.html |website=CNET |language=en-US |access-date=December 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710215434/http://news.cnet.com/End-of-era-as-AMDs-Sanders-steps-aside/2100-1001_3-890695.html |archive-date=July 10, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He attended the [[University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign]] on an academic scholarship from the [[Pullman Company|Pullman railroad car company]].<ref name="UIAlumniMagazine"/> He graduated from there with a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in electrical engineering in 1958.

After graduation, Sanders worked for the [[Douglas Aircraft Company]]. He subsequently moved to [[Motorola]], then to [[Fairchild Semiconductor]].

== Business career ==
=== 1961–1969: Fairchild Semiconductor ===
Jerry Sanders joined Fairchild Semiconductor in 1961 as a young engineer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schuyten |first1=Peter J. |date=February 25, 1979 |title=The Metamorphosis of a Salesman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/25/archives/the-metamorphosis-of-a-salesman-sanders-is-taking-amd-beyond.html |website=The New York Times |language=en-US |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> At Fairchild, Sanders quickly rose from lower sales positions up to a succession of management positions in marketing, making him a likely candidate for one of the company's top vice presidencies.<ref name="Simon"/> However, in 1968, a new management team was brought into Fairchild Semiconductor by [[Sherman Fairchild]], led by [[C. Lester Hogan]], then vice president of [[Motorola|Motorola Semiconductor]]. The staff from Motorola, also known as "Hogan's Heroes", were conservative and hence immediately clashed with Sanders' boisterous style. Sanders' flamboyant personality and style made the new management at Fairchild Semiconductor feel uneasy so they fired him. Sanders said that, on his firing from Fairchild, "My whole life has been about treating people fairly, and I wasn't treated fairly".<ref name="Simon"/>

=== 1969–2004: Advanced Micro Devices ===
In 1969, eight engineers left Fairchild Semiconductor together to start a new company, founding [[Advanced Micro Devices]] (AMD) in [[Sunnyvale, California]], in May 1969. They asked Jerry Sanders to join them, and he said he would, provided he became the president of the company. Although it caused some dissension within the group, they agreed, and the company was founded with Sanders as president. Every employee at the company got stock options, an innovation at the time.

Sanders gave the company a strong sales and marketing orientation so that it was successful even though it was often behind its competitors in technology and manufacturing; Stacy Rasgon, a semiconductor analyst at Bernstein Research, called Sanders "one of the best salesmen that [[Silicon Valley]] had ever seen".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tarasov |first1=Katie |date=November 22, 2022 |title=How AMD became a chip giant and leapfrogged Intel after years of playing catch-up |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/22/how-amd-became-a-chip-giant-leapfrogged-intel-after-playing-catch-up.html |website=CNBC |language=en-US |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> He shared the success of the company with the employees, usually coincident with sales-oriented growth targets.

Sanders at AMD famously remarked that in the semiconductor industry "real men have [[Semiconductor device fabrication|fabs]]".<ref name="Tarasov">{{cite magazine |last1=Sterling |first1=Bruce |date=October 9, 2009 |title=Real men have fabs |url=https://www.wired.com/2008/10/real-men-have-f/ |location=San Francisco, CA |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> Originally intended as a jibe against competitors, Sanders's remarks have been largely disproven in the years since. From 1969 to 2009, AMD fabricated its own processors but it later sold off its foundry division as [[GlobalFoundries]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |agency=Associated Press |date=October 7, 2008 |title=Fabless future: Struggling AMD spins off factories |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2008/10/07/218544/fabless-future-struggling-amd-spins-off-factories/ |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en-US |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> AMD is now fabless and outsources its fabrication to GlobalFoundries and [[TSMC]].

He steered the company through hard times as well. In 1974, a particularly bad [[recession]] almost broke the company. Through a period of stagflation in 1979, he refused to lay off AMD employees and instead took a leaf from the Japanese rather than engaging in the same rampant layoffs that had occurred at Fairchild earlier.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Skornia |first1=Thomas A. |year=2004 |title=Case Study in Realizing the American Dream: Sanders and Advanced Micro Devices: The First Fifteen Years, 1969—1984 |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2019/01/102721657-05-01-acc.pdf |pages=92–93 |oclc=754864574}}</ref> Instead of reducing employees, he asked them to work Saturdays to get more done and get new products out sooner. There were also good times for the company. Sanders gave each one of his employees $100 as they walked out of the door during AMD's first $1 million quarter. AMD implemented a cash profit-sharing employee compensation program, where employees would regularly get profit checks of $1,000 or more.

By 1979, [[Intel]] needed a second source to produce its [[Intel 8088|8088]] processor for [[IBM]] PCs so it turned to AMD. In 1982, Sanders was responsible for a renegotiated licensing deal that would enable AMD to copy Intel's processor microcode to make its own [[x86]] processors, a deal that eventually made the company the only real competitor to Intel.<ref name="Simon"/><ref name=cnet/> The open-ended legal language of the deal was used by Sanders to lead efforts for AMD to reverse-engineer and clone Intel's [[Intel 8086|8086]] processor. Intel successfully countersued AMD which caused AMD's stock to collapse and nearly killed the company.<ref>{{cite web |last=Malone |first=Michael S. |date=March 10, 2006 |title=Silicon Insider: Battle of the Microchip Giants |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/SiliconInsider/story?id=1729454 |website=ABC News |language=en-US |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>

In 2000, Sanders recruited [[Héctor Ruiz]], at the time the president of Motorola's Semiconductor Products Sector, to serve as AMD's president and CEO, and to become the heir apparent to lead the company upon Sanders' retirement. He stayed with the company as chairman after Ruiz succeeded him as CEO in 2002.<ref name="cnet"/> Sanders stepped down as AMD chair in April 2004 after 35 years at the company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanders retires as AMD chair |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/sanders-retires-as-amd-chair/ |website=CNET |language=en-US |date=April 30, 2004 |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/pr/2005/pr-fairchild-030905.html The Fairchild Chronicles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015014849/http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/pr/2005/pr-fairchild-030905.html |date=15 October 2012 }}
*[http://www.uiaa.org/urbana/illinoisalumni/utxt0402e.html Interview with Jerry Sanders at his alma mater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422204135/http://www.uiaa.org/illinois/ |date=22 April 2012 }}
* {{Cite web |title=Profile of Walter "Jerry" Sanders |url=https://grainger.illinois.edu/alumni/hall-of-fame/walter-sanders |website=University of Illinois Alumni Hall of Fame |language=en-US |access-date=November 23, 2022}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091019003906/http://www.amdboard.com/sanderspecial.html Massive source of links and reviews regarding Jerry Sanders]
*[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2001/10/04/BU153179.DTL Profile of Jerry Sanders]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070204150557/http://dc.ec.uiuc.edu/ AMD "Jerry Sanders" Creative Design Competition]

{{S-start}}
{{s-bus}}
{{S-bef |before=Company founded}}
{{S-ttl |title=[[Chief executive officer|CEO]], [[AMD]] |years=1969–2002}}
{{S-aft |after=[[Hector Ruiz]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanders, Jerry}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:AMD people]]
[[Category:American chief executives in technology]]
[[Category:Grainger College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Fairchild Semiconductor people]]