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Alice Heine

2025-09-30T06:06:58Z

2405:9800:B661:5A66:71D3:C531:BE98:9462:

{{Short description|Princess of Monaco from 1889 to 1922}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| title = Duchess of Richelieu
| birth_name = Marie Alice Heine
| image = Princess Alice of Monaco 15636v.jpg
| caption = Princess Alice {{circa|1890}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1857|02|10|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1925|12|22|1857|02|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[French Third Republic|France]]
| birth_place = [[New Orleans]], Louisiana, U.S.
| place of burial = [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]]
| father = [[Michel Heine]]
| mother = Marie Amélie Miltenberger
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Armand de Jumilhac, 7th Duke of Richelieu]]|1875|1880|end=died}}
* {{marriage|[[Albert I, Prince of Monaco]]|1889|1922|end=died}}
}}
| issue = Armand de Jumilhac, 8th Duke of Richelieu<br/>Odile, Princess de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel
| succession = [[Princess consort of Monaco]]
| reign = 30 October 1889 – 26 June 1922
}}
'''Marie Alice Heine''' (10 February 1857 – 22 December 1925) was an American-born [[Princess consort of Monaco|Princess of Monaco]], by marriage to Prince [[Albert I, Prince of Monaco|Albert I of Monaco]]. [[Marcel Proust]] used her as a model for the Princesse de Luxembourg in his novel, ''[[In Search of Lost Time]]''. Her first husband was the [[Duke of Richelieu]], and one of the titles of her second husband was Duke of Mazarin; she was thus unique in bearing the titles of both [[Cardinal Richelieu]] and [[Cardinal Mazarin]].<ref>Xavier Maillart, "Princess Alice of Monaco’s family background in Alsace" (Laguna Niguel, 2008)</ref>

==Early life==
Marie Alice Heine was born at 910 Rue Royale, in the [[French Quarter]] of New Orleans, Louisiana. Her French father, [[Michel Heine]], was a scion of a prominent German-rooted Berlin and Paris banking Jewish family. His brother was [[Armand Heine]], and both were cousins of poet [[Heinrich Heine]] and of journalist and press publisher [[Gustav Heine von Geldern|Gustav Heine]], later Baron Heine von Geldern. Michel was born in [[Bordeaux]], France, and moved to New Orleans in 1843, and become a successful [[financier]] and [[real-estate developer]]. Heine's mother was Marie Amélie Céleste Miltenberger, daughter of Joseph Alphonse Miltenberger, an [[architect]] and cast-iron importer by trade of French Alsatian descent,<ref>Xavier Maillart, "The first experience (1858) and last encounter (1879) of the Prince Imperial with the African world" (French Presence in KwaZulu-Natal, Dundee, 2016)</ref> and his [[Creole peoples|Creole]] wife, Marie Céleste Dorfeville. Her family built three interconnected Miltenberger mansions on Rue Royale. She had two younger brothers, Paul Henri and Isaac Georges.

The [[American Civil War]] sent the family back to France, where the teenaged Alice's youth and beauty, and her family's wealth, made a great impression in Parisian society. A & M Heine, her father's firm, helped finance [[Franco-Prussian War|Napoleon III's war with Prussia]].

Michel and Amélie became regulars in the court of [[Napoleon III]], who, along with the [[Eugénie de Montijo|Empress Eugénie]], became godparents to the New Orleans-born Heine.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/alice-heine |title=www.knowlouisiana.org |access-date=2018-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720135637/http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/alice-heine |archive-date=2018-07-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Personal life ==
[[File:Eleanor Douglas Wise - Duchess Richilieu LCCN2014692699.tif|thumb|right|Photograph of her daughter-in-law, Elinor Douglas Wise]]
She married her first husband, [[Armand Chapelle de Jumilhac, 7th Duke of Richelieu|Marie Odet ''Armand'' Aimable Chapelle de Jumilhac]], Marquis of [[Jumilhac-le-Grand|Jumilhac]] then 7th [[Duke of Richelieu]] and [[Duke of Aiguillon]], in Paris on February 27, 1875. They had one son and one daughter:

* Marie Odet Jean ''Armand'' Chapelle de Jumilhac (1875–1952), who became the 8th and last Duke of Richelieu, as well as the Duke of Aiguillon and Marquis of Jumilhac, upon the death of his father in [[Athens]] on June 28, 1880. In 1913, he married Eleanor Douglas Wise (1890–1972) of [[Maryland]], United States, daughter of John Sergeant Wise. Without issue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.william1.co.uk/b35.htm|title=Brittany 35|website=www.william1.co.uk|access-date=Aug 16, 2020}}</ref>
* ''Odile'' Marie Auguste Septimanie Chapelle de Jumilhac (1879–1974), who in 1905 married Gabriel Marie François Hippolyte Ferri Eugène [[House of La Rochefoucauld|de La Rochefoucauld]] (1875–1942), becoming the Countess de La Rochefoucauld and later on June 22, 1909, Princess de La Rochefoucauld [[Kingdom of Bavaria]] (cousin of the [[Dominique de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel|Prince de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel]]). They had a daughter, Anne Alice Elisabeth Amélie de La Rochefoucauld (1906–1980), who married twice and had no issue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.appl-lachaise.net/appl/article.php3?id_article=2900|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015044700/http://www.appl-lachaise.net/appl/article.php3?id_article=2900|url-status=dead|title=[Association des Amis et Passionnés du Père-Lachaise]|archive-date=Oct 15, 2017|website=www.appl-lachaise.net|access-date=Aug 16, 2020}}</ref>
The Duke died, aged only 32, on 28 June 1880 while in [[Athens]], [[Greece]].

===Princess consort of Monaco===
Heine first met [[Albert I, Prince of Monaco|Albert, Hereditary Prince of Monaco]], in [[Madeira]] in 1879. At the time, Albert was still in an unhappy marriage with [[Lady Mary Victoria Douglas-Hamilton]]. Albert's first marriage was eventually annulled by the Church on January 3, 1880, and he and Alice began a relationship soon thereafter. Alice married Albert on October 30, 1889, shortly after his accession.<ref name="64 parishes">{{Cite web|url=https://64parishes.org/entry/alice-heine|title=Alice Heine|website=64 Parishes}}</ref> According to Thomas Fouilleron, director of the Monaco Palace Archives, "Prince Albert I was deeply in love with her. It is one of the very first love marriages of the Principality".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alice Heine: life and myth of Monaco's first American princess|url=https://www.monaco-tribune.com/en/2021/01/alice-heine-life-and-myth-of-monacos-first-american-princess/|first=Francesca|last=German|date=22 January 2021|access-date=29 March 2023|website=Monaco Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref>

Albert was interested in [[oceanography]] and was often on sea expeditions. While he was away, Heine took a greater interest in the Monegasque opera season. She "set about bringing class and distinction to a country financed by the casino at [[Monte Carlo]]",<ref name="64 parishes"/> and devoted her energies to making Monaco one of Europe's great cultural centers with its opera, theatre and the ballet under the direction of the famed Russian impresario, [[Sergei Diaghilev]]. Her affair with singer-composer [[Isidore de Lara]] resulted in Prince Albert slapping her in view of an audience at the [[Opéra de Monte-Carlo]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Anne|last=Edwards|title=The Grimaldis of Monaco|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company|Morrow]]|date=1992|pages=168, 176}}</ref>

Alice and Prince Albert I separated judicially on May 30, 1902 (Monaco), and June 3, 1902 (France), but remained married. Upon the prince's death 20 years later, Alice became the Dowager Princess of Monaco. She did not remarry.

==Legacy==
Her former home in [[New Orleans]] is one of the most photographed buildings in the French Quarter. Today, The Royal Courtyard Bistro & Bar, Nola Rock Company and Frank Relle Photography all occupy this mansion.

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
*{{commons category-inline}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-roy|mc}}
|-
{{s-vac|last=[[Antoinette de Mérode]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Monégasque consorts|Princess consort of Monaco]]|years=1889–1922}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Ghislaine Dommanget]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Monegasque princely consorts}}
{{Heinrich Heine}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heine, Alice}}
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:People from New Orleans]]
[[Category:American people of French-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism]]
[[Category:House of Grimaldi]]
[[Category:Princesses of Monaco]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Monaco]]
[[Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery]]
[[Category:Monegasque Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Jewish royalty]]
[[Category:American Jews]]

Pope Honorius III

2025-09-29T17:00:13Z

2405:9800:B661:5A66:71D3:C531:BE98:9462:

{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1216 to 1227}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
|type=Pope
|honorific-prefix=[[List of popes|Pope]]
|name=Honorius III
|title=[[Bishop of Rome]]
|image= Pope Honorious III kneeling at feet of Christ.jpg
|caption=Honorius III kneeling at the feet of Christ, apse mosaic of [[Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls|Saint Paul Outside the Walls]]
|coat_of_arms=C_o_a_Onorio_IV.svg
|birth_name=Cencio Savelli
|church = [[Catholic Church]]
|term_start=18 July 1216
|term_end=18 March 1227
|predecessor=[[Innocent III]]
|successor=[[Gregory IX]]
|consecration=24 July 1216
|consecrated_by=[[Ugolino di Conti]]
|cardinal=20 February 1193
|created_cardinal_by=[[Pope Celestine III]]
|birth_date={{circa|1150}}
|birth_place= [[Rome]], [[Papal States]]
|death_date=18 March 1227 (aged 76–77)
|death_place= Rome, Papal States
|previous_post={{Indented plainlist|
*Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Lucia in Orphea (1193–1200)<ref name="Catholic"/>
*[[Santi Giovanni e Paolo (Rome)|Cardinal-Priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo]] (1200–1216)
*[[Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals]] (1198–1216)
*Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church (1194–1198)
*[[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]] (1188–1198)}}
|other=Honorius}}

'''Pope Honorius III''' (c. 1150<ref>Magyar katolikus lexikon I–XV. Főszerk. Diós István; szerk. Viczián János. Budapest: Szent István Társulat. 1993–2010., [http://lexikon.katolikus.hu/H/Honorius,%20III..html]</ref> – 18 March 1227), born '''Cencio Savelli''', was head of the [[Catholic Church]] and ruler of the [[Papal States]] from 18 July 1216 to his death. A canon at the [[Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore]], he came to hold a number of important administrative positions, including that of [[Camerlengo]]. In 1197, he became tutor to the young [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]. As pope, he worked to promote the [[Fifth Crusade]], which had been planned under his predecessor, [[Innocent III]]. Honorius repeatedly exhorted King [[Andrew II of Hungary]] and [[Holy Roman emperor|Emperor]] [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] to fulfill their vows to participate. He also gave approval to the recently formed [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] and [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] religious orders.

==Early work==
He was born in [[Rome]] as a son of Aimerico,<ref>St. Antoninus of Florence, ''Chronica'', in Augustinus Theiner (editor), ''Caesaris S. R. E. Cardinalis Baronii, Od. Raynaldi et Jac. Laderchii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus Vigesimus 1198-1228'' (Barri-Ducis: Ludovicus Guerin 1870), under the year 1216, no. 17, p. 355.</ref> a member of the Roman [[Savelli family]].<ref>Recent revisionist argumentation has suggested that he might not have been a Savelli. The argument is based on the undeniable fact that there is no contemporary document that calls him Cencio Savelli. However, surnames were not in common use in the 12th and 13th century. The first use of the name Savelli is in connection with the father of Honorius IV, Luca Savelli. See Renato Lefevre, "Un papa Savelli (Onorio III) che non fu Savelli," ''Strenna dei Romanisti'' 52 (1991) 283–290; and Gualtiero Sirtoli, "Onorio III: il permanere di un dubbio sulla sua appartenenza al lignaggio Savelli," ''Frate Francesco'' 71 (2005), 415-431. But there is no certain proof that Honorius III did ''not'' belong to the Savelli family.</ref>

For a time [[canon (priest)|canon]] at the church of Santa Maria Maggiore,<ref name="Catholic"/> he later became [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]] on December 5, 1189<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of 1193 |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1193.htm#Cencio |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=cardinals.fiu.edu}}</ref> and [[Cardinal Deacon]] of Santa Lucia in Silice on 20 February 1193. Under [[Pope Clement III]] and [[Pope Celestine III]] he was treasurer of the Roman Church, compiling the ''[[Liber Censuum]]'', and served as acting [[Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church]] from 1194 until 1198.

In 1197 he became the tutor to the Sicilian king [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick]], future emperor, who had been given as ward to [[Pope Innocent III]] by his mother, [[Constance I of Sicily|Constance]].{{sfn|Collins|2009|p=260}}

Innocent III raised him to the rank of a [[cardinal priest]] in 1200,<ref>The date is an inference. His latest signature as a cardinal deacon was on April 13, 1200. His first signature on a document as cardinal priest occurs on November 23, 1201. See [[Augustus Potthast]], {{lang|la|Regesta pontificum Romanorum}} I (Berlin 1874), p. 466. Conradus Eubel, ''Hierarchia catholica medii aevi'' I editio altera (Monasterii 1913), p. 3 n. 1.</ref> by which he obtained the ''Titulus'' of ''[[Santi Giovanni e Paolo (Rome)|Ss. Ioannis et Pauli]]''. He was dismissed as Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church in 1198, but about the same time he assumed the post of [[Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals]], post which he held until 1216.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of 1193 |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1193.htm#Cencio |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=cardinals.fiu.edu}}</ref>

==Papacy==
===Election===
[[File:Vad-0321 025 Honorius III (cropped).jpg|thumb|243px|Honorius depicted in a 13th-century manuscript from [[Weissenau Abbey]]]]
Innocent III died on 16 July 1216. Two days later, seventeen cardinals present at his death assembled to [[papal election, 1216|elect a new pope]]. The troubled state of affairs in Italy, the threatening attitude of the [[Tatars]], and the fear of a [[Schism (religion)|schism]] induced the cardinals to agree to an election by compromise. Cardinals Ugolino of Ostia (afterwards [[Pope Gregory IX]]) and Guido Papareschi were empowered to appoint the new pope. Their choice fell upon Cencio Savelli, who accepted the [[papal tiara|tiara]] with reluctance and took the name of Honorius III. He was consecrated at Perugia on 24 July 1216 and was crowned at Rome on 31 August 1216. He took possession of the Lateran on 3 September 1216. The Roman people were greatly elated at the election, for Honorius III was himself a Roman and by his extreme kindness had endeared himself to the hearts of all.<ref name="Catholic"/>

===Fifth Crusade===
[[File:LANCUM-9BA377, Medieval papal bulla of Honorius III (FindID 217402).jpg|thumb|[[Papal bulla]] of Honorius III ]]
The [[Fifth Crusade]] was endorsed by the [[Fourth Council of the Lateran|Lateran Council]] of 1215, and Honorius started preparations for the crusade to begin in 1217.<ref>Smith, Thomas W. (2013). "[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/28904246.pdf Pope Honorius III and the Holy Land Crusades, 1216–1227: A Study in Responsive Papal Government]“. Ph.D thesis, University of London.</ref> To procure the means necessary for this colossal undertaking, the Pope, and the cardinals were to contribute the tenth part of their income for three years. All other ecclesiastics were to contribute the twentieth part. Though the money thus collected was considerable, it was by no means sufficient for a general crusade as planned by Honorius III.<ref name="Catholic"/>

Far-reaching prospects seemed to open before him when Honorius crowned [[Peter II of Courtenay]] as [[Latin Empire|Latin Emperor]] of [[Constantinople]] in April 1217, but the new Emperor was captured on his eastward journey by the [[Despotate of Epirus|despot of Epirus]], [[Theodore Komnenos Doukas]], and died in confinement.

In July 1216, Honorius once again called upon [[Andrew II of Hungary]] to fulfill his father's vow to lead a crusade.<ref>Bárány, Attila (2012). "II. András balkáni külpolitikája [Andrew II's foreign policy in the Balkans]". In Kerny, Terézia; Smohay, András (eds.). II. András and Székesfehérvár [Andrew II and Székesfehérvár] (in Hungarian). Székesfehérvári Egyházmegyei Múzeum. p.
462. {{ISBN|978-963-87898-4-6}}.</ref> (Béla III willed property and money to Andrew, obliging him to lead a crusade to the Holy Land.) Like many other rulers, his former pupil, the Emperor Frederick II of Germany, had taken an oath to embark for the Holy Land in 1217.<ref name="Catholic"/> But Frederick II hung back, and Honorius III repeatedly put off the date for the beginning of the expedition. In spite of the insistence of Honorius III, Frederick II still delayed, and the [[Egypt]]ian campaign failed miserably with the loss of [[Damietta]] on 8 September 1221.

Most rulers of Europe were engaged in wars of their own and could not leave their countries for any length of time. King Andrew II of Hungary and, somewhat later, a fleet of crusaders from the region along the Lower [[Rhine]] finally departed for the Holy Land. They took Damietta and a few other places in [[Egypt]], but a lack of unity among the Christians and rivalry between their leaders and the [[papal legate]] [[Pelagius (papal legate)|Pelagius]] resulted in failure.<ref name="Catholic"/>

24 June 1225 was finally fixed as the date for the departure of Frederick II, and Honorius III brought about his marriage to Queen [[Isabella II of Jerusalem]] with a view to binding him closer to the plan. But the [[Treaty of San Germano]] in July 1225 permitted a further delay of two years.

Frederick II now made serious preparations for the crusade. In the midst of it, however, Pope Honorius III died in Rome on 18 March 1227 without seeing the achievement of his hopes. It was left to his successor, [[Pope Gregory IX]], to insist upon their accomplishment.

Besides the liberation of the Holy Land, Honorius III felt bound to forward the repression of [[Cathar]] heresy in the south of [[France]], the war for the faith in the Spanish peninsula, the planting of Christianity in the lands along the [[Baltic Sea]], and the maintenance of the unsustainable Latin empire in Constantinople.

Of these projects, the rooting out of heresy lay nearest to Honorius III's heart. In the south of France, he carried on Innocent III's work, confirming [[Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester]] in the possession of the lands of [[Raymond VI of Toulouse]] and succeeding, as Innocent III had not, in drawing the royal house of France into the conflict.

The most widely important event of this period was the [[Siege of Avignon (1226)|siege and capture of Avignon]] in 1226. Both Honorius III and King [[Louis VIII of France]] turned a deaf ear to Frederick II's assertion of the claims of the Empire to that town.

===Approval of religious orders and other works===
[[File:Giotto di Bondone 073.jpg|thumb|upright|240px|''Saint Francis preaches in the presence of Honorius III'': fresco by [[Giotto]] in the [[Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi]] ({{circa|1296–98}})]]

Pope Honorius III approved the [[Dominican Order]] in 1216,<ref>''Religiosam vitam'': A. Tommassetti, ''Bullarum, Diplomatum, et Privilegiorum Sanctorum Romanorum Pontificum Taurinensis editio'' III (Turin 1858), p. 309–311 (December 22, 1216).</ref> the [[Franciscan Order]] in 1223,<ref>''Solet annuere'': A. Tommassetti, ''Bullarum, Diplomatum, et Privilegiorum Sanctorum Romanorum Pontificum Taurinensis editio'' III (Turin 1858), p. 394–397 (November 29, 1223).</ref> and the [[Carmelite Order]]'s [[Carmelite Rule of St. Albert|Rule of St. Albert of Jerusalem]] in 1226.<ref>''Ut vivendi'': A. Tommassetti, ''Bullarum, Diplomatum, et Privilegiorum Sanctorum Romanorum Pontificum Taurinensis editio'' III (Turin 1858), p. 415–417 (January 30, 1226).</ref>

In 1219 Honorius III invited [[Saint Dominic]] and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman [[basilica]] of [[Santa Sabina]], which they did by early 1220. Before that time the friars had only a temporary residence in [[Rome]] at the convent of [[San Sisto Vecchio]], which Honorius had given to St. Dominic c. 1218, intending it to become a convent for a reformation of nuns in Rome under Dominic's guidance. The ''studium conventuale'' at Santa Sabina was the forerunner of the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] ''[[studium generale]]'' at [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva]].<ref>This institution would be transformed in the 16th century into the College of Saint Thomas ({{langx|la|Collegium Divi Thomæ}}), and then in the 20th century into the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] (the "Angelicum"), sited at the convent of [[Santi Domenico e Sisto|Saints Dominic and Sixtus]]. The curriculum specializes in the strict interpretation of the theology of St. Thomas Aquinas; 3/4 of its 1000 students are from the clergy.</ref>

In 1217 Honorius III gave the title of [[King of Serbia]] to [[Stefan the First-Crowned]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grumeza |first1=Ion |title=The Roots of Balkanization Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500 |date=2010 |publisher=University Press of America |location=United States of America |isbn=978-0-7618-5135-6 |page=161}}</ref>

During his pontificate, many of the [[third order|tertiary orders]] came into existence. He approved the Franciscan [[Secular Franciscan Order|Brothers and Sisters of Penance]] Rule in 1221 with the bull ''Memoriale propositi''. He also approved the religious congregation [[Order of Val des Écoliers|"Val des Écoliers"]] (valley of scholars), which had been founded by four pious professors of theology at the [[University of Paris]], [[France]].<ref name="Catholic"/>

Being a man of learning, Honorius insisted that the clergy receive a thorough education, especially in theology. In the case of a certain Hugh whom the chapter of [[Chartres]] had elected bishop, he withheld his approbation because the bishop-elect did not possess sufficient knowledge, ''quum pateretur in litteratura defectum'', as the Pope stated in a letter dated 8 January 1219. He even deprived another bishop of his office on account of illiteracy. Honorius bestowed various privileges upon the [[University of Paris]] and [[University of Bologna]], the two greatest seats of learning during those times. In order to facilitate the study of theology in dioceses that were distant from the great centers of learning, he ordered in the bull ''Super specula Domini'' that some talented young men should be sent to a recognized theological school to study theology with the purpose of teaching it afterwards in their dioceses.<ref name="Catholic">{{Catholic|wstitle=Pope Honorius III|inline=1}}</ref>

==Writings==
Honorius III acquired some fame as an author. The most important of his writings is the ''Liber censuum Romanae ecclesiae'', which is the most valuable source for the medieval position of the Church in regard to property and also serves in part as a continuation of the ''[[Liber Pontificalis]]''. It comprises a list of the revenues of the [[Apostolic See]], a record of donations received, privileges granted, and contracts made with cities and rulers. It was begun under [[Pope Clement III]] and completed in 1192 under [[Pope Celestine III]]. The original manuscript of the ''Liber Censuum'' is still in existence (''Vaticanus latinus'' 8486).<ref>Paul Fabre, ''Étude sur le Liber Censuum de l'Église romain'' (Paris: Ernest Thorin 1892). Paul Fabre, ''Le liber censuum de l' Église romaine'' Tome I (Paris: Albert Fontemoing 1905). Paul Fabre and Louis Duchesne, ''Le liber censuum de l'église romaine'' Volume 1, Part 1 (Paris: Fontemoing 1910). Paul Fabre and L. Duchesne, ''Le Liber censuum de l'église romaine'', Volume 2 (E. de Boccard, 1952). Giorgio Fedalto, ''Appunti al liber censuum romanae ecclesiae, edito nel vol. 5. delle Antiquitates italicae medii aevi'' (Firenze: Olschki, 1975).</ref>

Honorius III also wrote a biography of Celestine III; a biography of [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]]; an "Ordo Romanus", which is a sort of ceremonial containing the rites of the Church for various occasions; and thirty-four sermons.<ref>These are to be found in César Auguste Horoy, ''Honorii III Romani pontificis opera Omnia'' Vol. I (Paris 1879).</ref>

Honorius is also purported to be the author of ''[[The Grimoire of Pope Honorius]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Gerald |author-link=Gerald Gardner |title=The Meaning of Witchcraft |publisher=[[Red Wheel Weiser Conari]] |year=2004 |pages=98 |isbn=978-1-57863-309-8}}. Alberto Fidi, ''Il grimorio di papa Onorio III'' (Milano: Alberto Fidi, 1924). ''Grimoire du Pape Honorius: Avec un recueil des plus rares secrets'' (1670).</ref> The text was likely forged near the end of the sixteenth century, roughly four hundred years after the death of its supposed author. According to [[A. E. Waite]], "[I]t is a malicious and somewhat clever imposture, which was undeniably calculated to deceive ignorant persons of its period who may have been magically inclined, more especially ignorant priests, since it pretends to convey the express sanction of the Apostolical Seat for the operations of Infernal Magic and Necromancy."<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm23.htm Waite, Arthur Edward. "The Grimoire of Honorius", ''The Book of Ceremonial Magic'', London, 1913]{{PD-notice}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Christianity|History}}
*[[List of popes]]
*[[Cardinals created by Honorius III]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |first=Roger |last=Collins |title=Keepers of the Keys of Heaven: A History of the Papacy |publisher=Basic Books |year=2009 }}260
* Abbé César Auguste Horoy, ''Honorii III Romani pontificis opera Omnia'' 5 vols. (Paris 1879–1882).
* Pietro Pressuti (editor), ''I regesti del pontefice Onorio III dall anno 1216 al anno 1227'' Vol. 1 (Roma 1884).
* J. Clausen, ''Papst Honorius III (1216–1227). Eine Monographie'' (Bonn: P. Hauptmann 1895).
* Ferdinand Gregorovius, ''History of Rome in the Middle Ages'', Volume V.1 second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1906) Book IX, Chapter 3, pp. 96–128.
* Narciso Mengozzi, ''Papa Onorio III e le sue relazioni col regno di Inghilt''erra (Siena: L. Lazzeri, 1911).
* Mauro Giacomo Sanna, ''Onorio III e la Sardegna (1216–1227)'' (Cagliari: Centro studi filologici sardi, 2013).
* Pierre-Vincent Claverie, ''Honorius III et l'Orient (1216–1227): Étude et publication de sources inédites des Archives vaticanes (ASV'') (Leiden: Brill 2013).
* Thomas W. Smith, ''Curia and Crusade: Pope Honorius III and the Recovery of the Holy Land, 1216-1227'' (Turnhout: Brepols, 2017).
*''Initial text taken from a paper copy of the 9th edition of the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]; 1881. Please update as needed.''
*{{Schaff-Herzog}}

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{{s-aft|after=[[Gregory IX]]}}
{{s-end}}

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Wilhelm, Prince of Albania

2025-09-28T15:46:24Z

2405:9800:B661:5A66:71D3:C531:BE98:9462:

{{short description|Prince of Albania (1876–1945)}}
{{Redirect|William of Wied|his father|William, Prince of Wied}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Wilhelm I
| image = File:Princ Vidi (portret).jpg
| caption = Formal portrait, 1914
| succession = [[Prince of Albania]]
| reign = {{nowrap|21 February 1914 – 31 January 1925{{efn|De facto, however, his reign ended on September 3, 1914|name="defact1"}}}}
| coronation = 21 February 1914{{efn|An official delegation of Albania, led by [[Essad Pasha Toptani]], made a formal request, which he accepted thereby becoming By the grace of the powers and the will of the people the Prince (Mbret) of Albania.|name="coro"}}
| predecessor = ''Monarchy established''
| successor = [[Principality of Albania|Regency]]<br />[[Zog I]] as next monarch, 1928–1939
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Princess Sophie of Schönburg-Waldenburg]]|1906|1936|end=died}}
| issue = [[Princess Marie Eleonore of Albania]]<br />[[Carol Victor, Hereditary Prince of Albania]]
| full name = Wilhelm Friedrich Heinrich
| house = [[Wied-Neuwied]]
| father = [[Wilhelm, Prince of Wied]]
| mother = [[Princess Marie of the Netherlands]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1876|03|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = Schloss Neuwied, [[Neuwied]], [[German Empire|Germany]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1945|04|18|1876|03|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Predeal]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]
| place of burial = {{ill|Lutheran Church, Bucharest|lt=Lutheran Church|ro|Biserica luterană din București}}, [[Bucharest]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]
| religion = [[Protestantism]]
| signature = Princ Vidi (nënshkrim).svg
}}

'''Wilhelm, Prince of Albania''' (Wilhelm Friedrich Heinrich; {{Langx|sq|Vilhelm, Princ i Shqipërisë}}, 26 March 1876 – 18 April 1945) was [[Principality of Albania|sovereign of the Principality of Albania]] from 7 March to 3 September 1914. His reign officially came to an end on 31 January 1925, when the country was declared an [[Albanian Republic (1925–1928)|Albanian Republic]].

Outside the country and in diplomatic correspondence, he was styled "sovereign [[prince]]", but in [[Albania]], he was referred to as ''mbret'', or king.

==Family and early life==
[[Image:FamilievonWied.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Prince Wilhelm with his parents and siblings, {{circa}} 1890.]]
William was born on 26 March 1876 in [[:File:Neuwied_palace.jpg|Neuwied Castle]], near [[Koblenz]], in the [[Rhine Province|Prussian Rhineland]], as Prince William of Wied ({{langx|de|Wilhelm Friedrich Heinrich Prinz zu Wied}}). Born into the [[Mediatized Houses|mediatised house]] of [[Wied-Neuwied]], he was the third son of [[William, Prince of Wied|William, 5th Prince of Wied]] (brother of [[Queen Elisabeth of Romania]]), and his wife [[Princess Marie of the Netherlands]] (sister of [[Louise of the Netherlands|Queen Louise of Sweden]]). He was second cousin of [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor]].

Prince William served as a [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] cavalry officer before becoming a captain in the [[German General Staff]] in 1911.<ref name=Pearson>{{cite book| last =Pearson| first =Owen| title =Albania in the Twentieth Century: a history| publisher =IB Tauris| year =2006| pages =50, 64, 292| isbn =1-84511-013-7}}</ref>

==Candidate for the Albanian throne==
Prince William's aunt, Queen [[Elisabeth of Wied|Elisabeth of Romania]], on learning that the [[Great Power]]s were looking for an aristocrat to rule over Albania, asked [[Take Ionescu]] to attempt to persuade them to appoint her nephew to the post.<ref name=Pearson/>
[[File:Great Arms of Prince Wilhelm of Wied.svg|thumb|Great Arms of Prince Wilhelm]]
[[File:Prince Wilhelm of Wied accession medal.png|thumb|Prince Wilhelm of Wied accession medal]]
Eventually the European Great Powers – [[Austria-Hungary]], the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], the [[French Third Republic]], the [[German Empire]], the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Italy]] – selected William, a member of the German princely house of [[County of Wied|Wied]], and related to the Queen of the Netherlands to rule over the newly independent Albania. The announcement was made in November 1913 and the decision was accepted by [[Ismail Qemali|Ismail Kemal]], the head of the provisional government.<ref name=Pearson/> The offer of the Albanian throne was first made to him in the spring of 1913 but he turned it down. Despite rejecting the offer, the Austrians put pressure on Prince William in an attempt to change his mind.<ref name =Heaton-Armstrong>{{cite book| last =Heaton-Armstrong| first = Duncan | title =The Six Month Kingdom: Albania 1914| publisher =IB Tauris| year =2005| pages =xii, 12| isbn = 1-85043-761-0}}</ref> Kaiser Wilhelm was not pleased with the selection of the prince as the king of Albania; considering the choice to be unwise. The Kaiser claimed that he tried to have "a Mohammedan Prince chosen, if possible".<ref>{{Cite book |last=William II |first=German Emperor |url=http://archive.org/details/kaisersmemoirswi00will_0 |title=The Kaiser's memoirs, Wilhelm II, emperor of Germany, 1888-1918; English translation by Thomas R. Ybarra |last2=Ybarra |first2=T. R. (Thomas Russell) |publisher=New York; London, Harper |others=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Library |year=1922 |pages=164}}</ref>

Western Europeans considered Albania to be a poor, lawless and antiquated country, and some foreign opinion was scathing. The French press referred to Wilhelm as "le Prince de Vide", meaning "the prince of emptiness"; vide being a [[pun]] on his homeland of Wied.

==Prince of Albania==
{{main|Principality of Albania}}

[[File:Prince Wilhelm of Albania.jpg|thumb|Prince William and his wife Princess Sophie arriving in [[Durrës]] on 7 March 1914]]
On 7 February 1914, William let the Great Powers know that he would accept the throne. On 21 February 1914 a delegation of Albanian notables led by [[Essad Pasha Toptani]] and [[Arbëreshë people|Arbëreshë]] ones (headed by [[Luigi Baffa]] and [[Vincenzo Baffa Trasci]]), made a formal request, which he accepted thereby becoming ''By the grace of the powers and the will of the people the Prince (Mbret) of Albania''. One month after accepting the throne on 7 March, he arrived in his provisional capital of [[Durrës]] and started to organise his government, appointing [[Turhan Pasha Përmeti]] to form the first Albanian cabinet.<ref name =Heaton-Armstrong/> This first cabinet was dominated by aristocrats, with prince [[Essad Pasha Toptani]] as minister of defence and foreign affairs, prince [[Gjergj Adhamidhi bej Frashëri]] as minister of finances, and prince [[Aziz Pasha Vrioni]] as minister of agriculture.

His brief reign proved a turbulent one. Immediately following his arrival, [[Muslim Uprising in Albania|revolts of Muslims]] broke out in central Albania against his Chief Minister, [[Essad Pasha Toptani|Essad Pasha]], and against foreign domination that was not Turkish. [[Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)|Greece]] encouraged the formation of a separatist provisional government in [[North Epirus]]. William's position was also undermined by his own officials, notably Essad Pasha himself, who actually accepted money from Italy to finance a revolt and to stage a coup against William. The plot was exposed, Pasha was arrested on 19 May 1914, tried for treason and sentenced to death. Only the intervention of the Italian government saved his life and he escaped to exile in Italy.<ref name=Pearson/>

The outbreak of [[World War I]] presented more problems for Prince William as [[Austria-Hungary]] demanded that he send Albanian soldiers to fight alongside them. When he refused, citing the neutrality of Albania in the [[Treaty of London (1913)|Treaty of London]], the [[remuneration]] that he had been receiving was cut off.<ref name=Kola>{{cite book| last = Kola| first =Paulin| title =The Search for Greater Albania| publisher =C. Hurst & Co. Publishers| year =2003| pages =16| isbn =1-85065-596-0 }}</ref>

==Reign in exile, overthrow, and death==
[[File:Grabstein von Wilhelm zu Wied.JPG|thumb|175px|His tombstone at the {{ill|Lutheran Church, Bucharest|lt=Lutheran Church|ro|Biserica luterană din București}}, [[Bucharest]]]]
Prince William left the country on 3 September 1914 originally heading to [[Venice]].<ref>{{cite book| last = Springer| first =Elisabeth|author2=Leopold Kammerhofer | title =Archiv und Forschung| publisher =Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag| year =1993| pages =346| isbn =3-486-55989-3 }}</ref> Despite leaving Albania he did so insisting that he remained head of state.<ref name=Kola/> In his proclamation he informed the people that "he deemed it necessary to absent himself temporarily."<ref>{{Citation |last=Miller |first=Iii William |title=The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801–1927 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4Bw9AAAAIAAJ&q=%22he+deemed+it+necessary+to+absent+himself+temporarily.%22&pg=PA529|edition=Hardcover Revised and Enl |date= 1966 |publisher= Frank Cass Publishers |isbn=0-7146-1974-4 |page=529 |quote=On September 3, 1914, Prince William had ended his inglorious six months' reign with proclamation, informing his people that 'he deemed it necessary to absent himself temporarily.'}}</ref> He was also styled '''Skanderbeg II''', in homage to [[Skanderbeg]], the national hero.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Owen |title=Albania in the Twentieth Century: a history |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |year=2006 |isbn=1-84511-013-7 |page=568}}
</ref>

He returned to Germany and rejoined the [[Imperial German Army]] under the pseudonym "Count of Kruja" ({{Langx|de|[[Graf]] von Kruja}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=Elsie|first=Robert|page=255|author-link=Robert Elsie|title=Historical Dictionary of Albania|volume=75|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2010|edition=2|series=Historical Dictionaries of Europe|isbn=978-0810861886}}</ref> The name derived from the city of [[Krujë]] in Albania. When the Austro-Hungarians forced the [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbian]] and [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegrin]] armies out of Northern Albania in the early months of 1916, William's hopes of being restored were raised although ultimately they came to nothing. After the war, he still harboured ambitions that he might be restored, but the participants at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] were unlikely to restore the throne to someone who had just fought against them.{{citation needed|date = March 2014}}

Although several of the factions competing for power in post-war Albania billed themselves as regencies for William, once central authority was definitively restored in 1924, the country was declared a [[republic]] on 31 January 1925, officially ending his reign.

With the monarchy in Albania set to be restored with President [[Zog I of Albania|Ahmet Zogu]] becoming king, Prince William reaffirmed his claim to the throne announcing he still claimed the throne for himself and his heirs.<ref name=Pearson/>

Prince William died in [[Predeal]], near [[Sinaia]], in [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], leaving his son, [[Carol Victor, Hereditary Prince of Albania|Hereditary Prince Carol Victor]], as heir to his Albanian claims.<ref>{{cite book| last = Pearson| first =Owen| title =Albania in Occupation and War: From Fascism to Communism 1940–1945| publisher =I.B. Tauris| year =2006| pages =436| isbn =1-84511-104-4 }}</ref> He was buried at the {{ill|Lutheran Church, Bucharest|lt=Lutheran Church|ro|Biserica luterană din București}} in [[Bucharest]].{{citation needed|date = March 2014}}

==Marriage and children==
On 30 November 1906 at [[Waldenburg, Saxony]], Prince William married [[Princess Sophie of Schönburg-Waldenburg]] (1885–1936), member of the [[Schönburg family|House of Schönburg]], daughter of [[Hereditary Prince]] [[:File:03657-Waldenburg-1903-Otto-Victor-Denkmal_im_fürstlichen_Park_Grünfeld-Brück_%26_Sohn_Kunstverlag.jpg|Otto Karl Viktor I von Schönburg-Waldenburg]] (1856-1888) and his wife, Princess Lucie zu [[Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg]] (1859-1903). She had remotely distant Albanian roots, through [[Albanian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] [[Ghica family]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghika.net/Histoire/Question_Orient.pdf |title=Les GHIKA et "la Question d'Orient"|language=fr|access-date=2023-10-15}}</ref> They had two children:
*[[Princess Marie Eleonore of Albania|Princess Marie Eleonore]] (1909–1956) ⚭ Prince Alfred of [[Schönburg family|Schönburg-Waldenburg]] (1905–1941), son of Prince Heinrich of Schönburg-Waldenburg and Princess Olga of [[Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg]] ⚭ Ion Octavian Bunea (1899–1977)
*[[Carol Victor, Hereditary Prince of Albania|Hereditary Prince Carol Victor]] (1913–1973) ⚭ [[Eileen de Coppet, Princess of Albania|Eileen de Coppet]] (1922–1985)

==Honors==
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* {{flagcountry|Principality of Albania}}: Founder and Sovereign of the [[Order of the Black Eagle, Albania|Princely Order of the Black Eagle]], ''26 March 1914''
* {{flagcountry|Russian Empire}}: [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky|Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky]], ''27 February 1914''
* {{flag|Sweden|1844}}: [[Order of the Polar Star|Commander Grand Cross of the Polar Star]], ''1896''<ref>{{cite web|title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1905|page=489|url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1905/0513.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=2018-01-06|language=sv}}</ref>
* {{flag|Württemberg}}: Grand Cross of the [[Friedrich Order]], ''29 October 1898''
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}}:
** [[Order of the Star of Romania|Grand Cross of the Star of Romania]], ''4 December 1913''
** [[Order of the Crown (Romania)|Grand Cross of the Crown of Romania]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://albca.com/aclis/images/albanian_pictures/princewilhelm.jpg |title=Prince Wilhelm |access-date=2016-04-08 |archive-date=2006-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060307082732/http://albca.com/aclis/images/albanian_pictures/princewilhelm.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}: [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus|Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], ''10 February 1914''
* {{flag|Austria-Hungary}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Leopold (Austria)|Imperial Order of Leopold]], ''13 February 1914''
* {{flagcountry|French Third Republic}}: Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]], ''19 February 1914''
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Prussia}}:
** [[Order of the Red Eagle|Grand Cross of the Red Eagle]], ''25 February 1914''
** Knight of Honor of the [[Johanniter Order]]<ref name="p2">Justus Perthes, ''Almanach de Gotha 1921'' (1921) [https://archive.org/details/almanachdegotha1922goth/page/n31 page 2]</ref>
** [[Order of the Crown (Prussia)|Knight of the Prussian Crown]], 3rd Class
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}}: Knight of the [[Order of Military Merit (Bulgaria)|Royal Order of Military Merit]], 5th Class
}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Wied 4668751141 31471205f5 o.jpg|1909
File:Albania 5050938671 1eb7eb6b79 o.jpg|1913 (circa)
File:Prince and Princess of Albania 5051566232 1c17f6c1bc o.jpg|1913
File:Dmme12.jpg|Prince Wilhelm of Wied, [[Isa Boletini]] and officers of the [[International Gendarmerie]]: Duncan Heaton-Armstrong and [[Lodewijk Thomson|Colonel Thomson]] near Durrës in June 1914
File:Wilhelm zu Wied, Prince (Mbret) of Albania.jpg|1914
File:Princ Vidi (portret).jpg|1914
File:Dmme02.jpg|Prince Wilhelm on horseback in front of the palace in Durrës.
File:Royal Monogram of Prince Wilhelm of Wied.svg|Royal Monogram
</gallery>

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''William, Prince of Albania'''
|2= 2. [[William, Prince of Wied]]
|3= 3. [[Princess Marie of the Netherlands]]
|4= 4. [[Hermann, Prince of Wied]]
|5= 5. [[Princess Marie of Nassau]]
|6= 6. [[Prince Frederick of the Netherlands]]
|7= 7. [[Princess Louise of Prussia (1808–1870)|Princess Louise of Prussia]]
|8= 8. Johann August Karl, Prince of Wied
|9= 9. Princess Sophie Auguste of Solms-Braunfels
|10= 10. [[William, Duke of Nassau]]
|11= 11. [[Princess Louise of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
|12= 12. [[William I of the Netherlands]]
|13= 13. [[Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands|Princess Wilhelmine of Prussia]]
|14= 14. [[Frederick William III of Prussia]]
|15= 15. [[Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
}}

==In popular culture==
Prince Wilhelm is portrayed in the 2008 Albanian film ''[[Time of the Comet]] (based on [[Ismail Kadare]]'s novel "The dark year" (Viti i mbrapshtë)'', which takes place during his reign. He is played by the German actor [[Thomas Heinze]].

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|William, Prince of Albania}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070610141944/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts/AH1917.html Wilhelm zu Wied:Memorandum on Albania]
*[http://genealogy.euweb.cz/runkel/runkel6.html A listing of Princes of Wied since 1791 and their descendants]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/018603}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Wied]]|26 March|1876|18 April|1945|}}
{{S-reg|}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Fejzi Bej Alizoti]]|as=Chairman of the Central Government}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of Albanian monarchs|Prince of Albania]]|years=7 March 1914 – 3 September 1914}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Qamil Musa Haxhi Feza]]|as=Chairman of the Administrative Commission}}
{{S-pre}}
{{S-new|reason=}}
{{S-tul|title=[[List of Albanian monarchs|Prince of Albania]]|years=3 September 1914 – 18 April 1945|reason=}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Carol Victor, Hereditary Prince of Albania|Carol Victor]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Heads of state of Albania}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilhelm, Prince of Albania}}
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:20th-century Albanian people]]
[[Category:People from Neuwied]]
[[Category:People from the Rhine Province]]
[[Category:Members of the Prussian House of Lords]]
[[Category:Albanian monarchs]]
[[Category:Protestant monarchs]]
[[Category:House of Wied-Neuwied]]
[[Category:Albanian nobility]]
[[Category:German Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania)]]
[[Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:German emigrants]]
[[Category:Immigrants to Albania]]
[[Category:Pretenders]]