Adolfo Ruiz Cortines

2025-09-09T11:55:04Z

2600:1005:B08B:5234:0:1F:F2FB:ED01: /* Foreign relations */

{{Short description|President of Mexico from 1952 to 1958}}
{{family name hatnote|Ruiz|Cortines|lang=Spanish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
| image = Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (cropped).jpg
| caption = Ruiz Cortines, {{circa|1952-1958}}
| order = 54th
| office = President of Mexico
| term_start = {{start date|1952|12|1|df=y}}
| term_end = {{end date|1958|11|30|df=y}}
| predecessor = [[Miguel Alemán Valdés]]
| successor = [[Adolfo López Mateos]]
| office2 = [[Secretariat of the Interior (Mexico)|Secretary of the Interior]]
| term_start2 = 30 June 1948
| term_end2 = 30 October 1951
| president2 = Miguel Alemán Valdés
| predecessor2 = Ernesto P. Uruchurtu
| successor2 = Ernesto P. Uruchurtu
| office3 = [[Governor of Veracruz]]
| term_start3 = 1 December 1944
| term_end3 = 30 June 1948
| predecessor3 = [[Jorge Cerdán Lara]]
| successor3 = [[Ángel Carvajal Bernal]]
| office4 = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]] <br/> for [[Veracruz]]′s 3rd district
| term_start4 = 1 September 1937
| term_end4 = 9 September 1937
| predecessor4 = Óscar Fano Viniegra
| successor4 = Antonio Pulido
| birth_name = Adolfo Tomás Ruiz Cortines
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1889|12|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]], Veracruz, Mexico
| death_date = {{death date and age|1973|12|3|1889|12|30|df=y}}
| death_place = Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico
| death_cause = [[#Post-presidency|Heart failure]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Lucía Carrillo|1915|1935|reason=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[María Izaguirre]]|1941}}
}}
| party = [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]]
| allegiance =
| branch = {{army|Mexico}}
| unit = Revolutionary Forces
| signature = Signature of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines.svg
}}

'''Adolfo Tomás Ruiz Cortines'''<ref>{{harvnb|Fernández Pavón|2014|pp=18–25}}</ref> ({{IPA|es|aˈðolfo ˈrwis koɾˈtines|-|ES-pe - adolfo ruiz cortines.ogg}} 30 December 1889 – 3 December 1973) was a Mexican politician who served as [[President of Mexico]] from 1952 to 1958. A member of the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] (PRI), he previously served as [[Governor of Veracruz]] and [[Secretariat of the Interior (Mexico)|Secretary of the Interior]]. During his presidency, which constituted the [[Mexican Miracle]], women gained the [[Women's Suffrage|right to vote]], and he instigated numerous public health, education, infrastructure, and works projects.

A member of the [[Constitutional Army]], Ruiz Cortines was the last Mexican president to have fought in the [[Mexican Revolution]].
<ref name=":PersonajesVeracruzanos">{{cite web|last=Bermúdez Gorrochotegui|first=Gilberto|title=Personajes Veracruzanos: Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (1889-1973)|url=http://portal.veracruz.gob.mx/portal/page?_pageid=153,4202638&_dad=portal&_schema=portal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326015748/http://portal.veracruz.gob.mx/portal/page?_pageid=153,4202638&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 26, 2009|year=2006|publisher=Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz|location=México|language=es|access-date=2010-10-22}}</ref> He worked at the [[Secretariat of Economy|Ministry of Industry and Commerce]] during the administration of [[Adolfo de la Huerta]] and served as an official in the Department of Statistics from 1921 to 1935. Ruiz Cortines joined the Institutional Revolutionary Party and became Senior Official of the Government of the Federal District in 1935 and member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]] for [[Veracruz]] in 1937. In 1939 he was appointed treasurer of the presidential campaign of [[Manuel Ávila Camacho]] and worked as [[Governor of Veracruz]] from 1944 to 1948, a position he left to become [[Secretariat of the Interior]] during the administration of [[Miguel Alemán Valdés]].<ref name="México_contemporáneo" />

Ruiz Cortines protested as presidential candidate for the Institutional Revolutionary Party in 1951 and was elected a year later, after winning the disputed [[1952 Mexican general election|1952 elections]]. During his administration, he put forward a reform to Article 34 of the [[Constitution of Mexico|Mexican Constitution]], giving women [[Women's suffrage|the right to vote]], and proposed several infrastructure bills, leading to the creation of the National Housing Institute and the National Nuclear Energy Commission. His social policies included the implementation of ''[[Thirteenth salary|aguinaldos]]''. Unlike previous administrations from the PRI, he was an advocate of [[Austerity|fiscal austerity]]. His administration was noted for increased transparency in contrast to his predecessor.

One of the oldest presidents of Mexico, Ruiz Cortines has been credited with leading a strong economy during the period known as the "[[Mexican miracle]]", and has been praised for personal integrity and increasing confidence in the government through his anti-corruption policies.<ref name=":NYTimesARC">{{Cite web|title=Adolfo Ruiz Cortines Dead At 82; Was Resident Of Mexico '52-'58|date=1973-12-04|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/04/archives/a-dolfo-ruiz-cortines-dead-at-82-was-president-of-mexico-5258.html|accessdate=2023-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=En Veracruz se comparte el legado de honradez y probidad del expresidente Adolfo Ruiz Cortines: Buganza|date=2014-12-30|publisher=RTV Radiotelevisión de Veracruz|language=es|url=https://www.masnoticias.mx/en-veracruz-se-comparte-el-legado-de-honradez-y-probidad-del-expresidente-adolfo-ruiz-cortines-buganza/#|accessdate=2023-09-20}}</ref> He was criticized for slower implementation of reforms than some of his predecessors.<ref name=":NYTimesARC" /> He has been ranked among the most popular Mexican presidents of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Varios |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uc7sbjaxO8C&q=adolfo%20lopez%20mateos%20popularidad&pg=PA734 |title=Guia |access-date=11 September 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rodríguez Prats|2017|p=27}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
[[File:Familia Ruiz Cortines.jpg|left|thumb|María Cortines Cotera with her children María and Adolfo in a photograph taken in 1895.]]

Adolfo Tomás Ruiz Cortines was born on 30 December 1889 at 3:00 pm,{{sfn|Melgarejo Vivanco|1980|p=23}} in the state of [[Veracruz]], into a family of [[Andalusia]]n descent.<ref>{{harvnb|Krauze|1999|p=9}}</ref> His father, Adolfo Ruiz Tejada (1851–1889), ''[[regidor]]'' of Veracruz during the [[Porfiriato]], died two and a half months prior to his birth. His mother was María Cortines de la Cotera (1859–1932).<ref>{{harvnb|Rodríguez Prats|2017|p=34}}</ref>

Ruiz's grandfather was José Ruiz y Gómez de la Parra, better known as ''José Ruiz Parra'', a member of the [[Veracruz|State of Veracruz]]'s first [[Congress]] in 1824, who co-wrote the state's constitution. José Ruiz Parra was president of the [[Junta (governing body)|junta]] that ruled over the [[Alvarado, Veracruz|Port of Alvarado]] during the [[Mexican–American War|American Invasion of Veracruz]], having to personally sign the surrender of the port in 1847. He was also reputed for organizing fundraisers in favor of the Mexican Army during the [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Second French Invasion of Mexico]], as well as for his deep involvement in the education of the local children. José Ruiz Parra was the maternal grandson of Isidro Gómez de la Parra, ''subdelegado'' of the [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish Crown]] to the province of [[San Andrés Tuxtla|Tuxtlas]] (appointed by [[Bernardo de Gálvez]], [[viceroy]] of the [[New Spain]]), and of his wife Dominga Casado de Toro y Tamariz, herself a descendant of the [[Carlos de Luna y Arellano|Luna y Arellano]] family, holders of the hereditary title of ''Mariscal de Castilla''.

[[File:Young Ruiz Cortines.jpg|left|thumb|Ruiz Cortines at the age of 10, {{circa|1899}}.]]
Because of his father's premature death, Ruiz Cortines was raised and educated by his mother.<ref name="México_contemporáneo">{{cite book |last1=Fernández |first1=Íñigo |title=México Contemporáneo I |trans-title=Contemporary history of Mexico |volume=1 |year=2008 |publisher=In Pearson Educación |location=México, MX |language=es |pages=322–394 [338]}}</ref> María Cortines de la Cotera was the daughter of Diego Francisco Cortines y Gutiérrez de Celis (1829, Bielva, [[Cantabria]], Spain), and María Dolores de la Cotera y Calzada (1824, [[Veracruz]], Mexico), whose father was from [[Peñarrubia, Cantabria|Peñarrubia]], also in [[Cantabria]]. His mother taught him to read and write at the age of 3. Later, he entered a school directed by Joaquín Jerónimo Díaz and Florencio Veyro, called ''Escuela Amiga'', but did his secondary educational studies at the Colegio de los [[Society of Jesus|Jesuitas]], and at the age twelve, he attended the reputed ''Instituto Veracruzano'', famously directed by the poet [[Salvador Díaz Mirón]]. Adolfo learned from his mentors about liberalism, a political principle he would apply during his entire political career. In addition, it was at school where he acquired his fanatical interest in baseball. He always wanted to attend a university, but the [[United States occupation of Veracruz|American Invasion of 1914]] forced him to abandon his studies. His first job was as an accounting assistant at a commercial textile company.<ref name="México_contemporáneo" />

==Military career==
===During the Mexican Revolution===
In 1909, Ruiz read the book ''La sucesión presidencial de 1910'' (''The Presidential Succession of 1910'') published that year by [[Francisco I. Madero]], the leader of the opposition against President [[Porfirio Díaz]]. This book motivated Ruiz's interest in politics. In 1910, the Mexican Revolution started and he became inspired by several of its main players such as [[Pascual Orozco]] and [[Pancho Villa]]. Because of this influence, in 1912 at the age of 23, he moved to Mexico City. During his stay in Mexico City, President Madero was assassinated and General [[Victoriano Huerta]] took power. Since Ruiz Cortines was opposed to the Huerta government, considered by a broad group of Mexicans as a usurper, he volunteered alongside other former students of the Instituto Veracruzano, under the command of Alfredo Robles, a right hand of the leader of the Constitutionalist faction, [[Venustiano Carranza|General Venustiano Carranza]]. Robles was in charge of the anti-Huerta forces in the south and center of Mexico.<ref name="México_contemporáneo" /> Ruiz Cortines did see military action in the Battle of El Ébano, but his main task was as a bookkeeper and paymaster. In 1920, Carranza was attempting to flee the country after his defeat by [[Sonora]]n generals [[Adolfo de la Huerta]], [[Álvaro Obregón]], and [[Plutarco Elías Calles]], who rejected Carranza's attempt to impose his successor, and took with him a large amount of the national treasure (150 million pesos in gold). When the generals captured his train and the national treasure's gold, it was the young and trusted officer, Major Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, who received it and delivered it safely and in presence of a notary to General de la Huerta in Mexico City.{{sfn|Krauze|1997|pp=605–606}}

===Post-Revolution and resignation===
He continued to serve in the army after the revolution ended. In 1926, he requested and was granted retirement.<ref name=":PersonajesVeracruzanos"/>

==Early political career==
===Early positions===
[[File:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines with mustache.png|thumb|right|Ruiz Cortines, c.1920s]]

With his reputation for precise accounting and bookkeeping, a reputation for honesty, and credentials as a veteran of the Mexican Revolution, there were several options open to him in the 1920s. He served in the government's Department of National Statistics. He took classes in statistics from [[Daniel Cosío Villegas]], who was then a young teacher and later an important historian of Mexico. Ruiz Cortines argued in publications that the Department of National Statistics should be an autonomous agency.{{sfn|Krauze|1997|p=606}}

[[File:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines circa the 1930s.png|thumb|left|Ruiz Cortines, c.1930s]]

In 1935 during the presidency of [[Lázaro Cárdenas]], Ruiz Cortines's political career began at age 45, as the director in charge of Mexico City. It was during that time that he met [[Miguel Alemán Valdés]], son of a revolutionary soldier, now a young lawyer who would later become president of Mexico (1946–1952). In 1940, Ruiz Cortines managed the presidential campaign of Cárdenas's choice as successor, [[Manuel Avila Camacho]].{{sfn|Krauze|1997|pp=606–607}} Miguel Alemán asked Ruiz to join him as his sub-secretary because of their personal friendship. This position gave Ruiz the opportunity to gain influence within the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]]. After several years, the PRI designated him as candidate for governor of Veracruz.<ref name=" México_contemporáneo "/>

===Governor of Veracruz===
In December 1944, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines became governor of Veracruz.<ref name=":CP47">{{harvnb|Carranza Palacios|2004|p=47}}</ref> During his administration, he expanded public education in the state. Some of the institutions he founded were the Technical Studies Institute (''Departamento para Estudios Técnicos'') which provided people with a practical education that allowed them to improve their quality of life. Furthermore, he founded the Institute of Anthropology and the State Planning Committee, among others. He also modified the local constitution to allow women to participate in the local and municipal elections. He built roads and bridges to develop Veracruz's infrastructure since it was one of the main ports of Mexico at that time.<ref name="Sexenio de Ruíz cortines">{{harvnb|Krauze|1999|pp=90, 100, 178}}</ref>

===Secretary of the Interior===
On February 12, 1948, Alemán Valdés' [[Secretariat of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]], {{ill|Héctor Pérez Martínez|es}}, died in office, and Alemán Valdés needed to fill the position.{{sfn|Melgarejo Vivanco|1980|p=148}}<ref>{{harvnb|Rodríguez Prats|2017|p=77}}</ref> Manuel Ávila Camacho recommended Ruiz Cortines, to which Alemán Valdés agreed.<ref>{{harvnb|Krauze|1999|p=26}}</ref><ref name=":Ascenso78">{{harvnb|Aguilar Plata|García|2006|p=78}}</ref> It was in this position that Ruiz Cortines distinguished himself and became a contender for the next presidential election.

==1952 presidential election==
{{main|1952 Mexican general election}}
[[File:RuizCortinescampaign.JPG|160px|thumb|right|Pennant for Ruiz Cortines's campaign]]

In 1951, Miguel Alemán Valdés expressed his desire to be allowed to serve a second term, but Lázaro Cárdenas and Manuel Ávila Camacho had former president [[Abelardo L. Rodríguez]] tell Alemán Valdés that they didn't think, "extension of the presidential term or re-election is convenient for the country."<ref name=":Ascenso78" /> On 14 October 1951, Ruiz Cortines was named candidate for the presidency by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) by the incumbent president, as had become practice.<ref>{{harvnb|Aguilar Plata|García|2006|p=82}}</ref> The PRI was the dominant party and Ruiz Cortines's electoral victory was entirely expected.

Ruiz Cortines is believed to have been chosen due to his more bland image in contrast to Alemán's more colorful personality, and was not seen as divisive to differin sectors of the PRI. Reportedly, Ruiz Cortines accepted the nomination, but he "apparently did not seek it and certainly did not intrigue to secure it." However, by September, Ruiz Cortines' base of support within the party had grown considerably, and included many young senators such as [[Adolfo López Mateos]] and [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz]].<ref>{{harvnb|Navarro|2010|p=212}}</ref> His campaign began on October 14, 1951, with his slogan being "austerity and work" ({{langx|es|Austeridad y trabajo}}).<ref name=ACSA220>{{harvnb|Aguilar Casas|Serrano Álvarez|2012|p=220}}</ref> His campaign was directed by [[Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada]], the president of the PRI.<ref name=FP19>{{harvnb|Fernández Pavón|2014|p=19}}</ref> In one of his first speaking events during his campaign, he stated to around 20,000 women in attendance, "If the vote favors us in the next elections, we intend to initiate before the Chambers the necessary legal reforms so that women enjoy the same political rights as men," a campaign promise he would later fulfill with an amendment to Article 34 of the [[Constitution of Mexico|Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ruiz Cortines, el verdadero transformador|date=2022-03-09|publisher=Ruiz-Healy Times|language=es|url=https://ruizhealytimes.com/opinion-y-analisis/ruiz-cortines-el-verdadero-transformador/|accessdate=2023-09-09}}</ref>

[[File:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines - 2.png|thumb|left|Ruiz Cortines campaigned with the slogan "austeridad y trabajo" ("austerity and work")]]

General [[Miguel Henríquez Guzmán]], formerly of the PRI, who had twice before attempted to secure the party's presidential nomination,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Miguel Henríquez Guzmán, Sought To Govern Mexico|date=1972-08-31|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/08/31/archives/miguel-henriquez-guzmani-i-sought-to-overn-mexico.html|accessdate=2023-09-05}}</ref> was the candidate of the [[Federation of the Mexican People's Parties]].<ref>{{harvnb|Aguilar Plata|García|2006|p=80}}</ref>{{sfn|Aguilar Casas|Serrano Álvarez|2012|p=218}} His support was in largely urban areas, and included Cárdenas supporters alienated during Alemán Valdés' presidency, established military men, and members of the middle class who desired a multi-party democracy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Russell|first=Philip|title=The Essential History Of Mexico: From Pre-Conquest to Present|date=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7VmCgAAQBAJ|isbn=9781135017217}}</ref> When asked for his opinion of Ruiz Cortines, Henríquez Guzmán stated:

{{blockquote|He would be a candidate to my measure. I have the best concept. I think he is quite a gentleman.<br/><br/>({{langx|es|Sería un candidato a mi medida. Lo tengo en el mejor concepto. Creo que es todo un caballero.}})<ref name=ACSA220/>}}

The [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]], eventually the PRI's largest political opposition party, first participated in this election, nominating {{ill|Efraín González Luna|es}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Efraín González Luna, 66; Founder Of Mexican Party|date=1964-09-12|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/12/archives/efrain-gonzales-luna-66-founder-of-mexican-party.html|accessdate=2023-08-29}}</ref><ref name=UdG>{{cite encyclopedia|title=González Luna, Efraín|encyclopedia=Los universitarios sin universidad: El interregno universitario, 1861 - 1925|volume=III|publisher=[[University of Guadalajara|Universisdad de Guadalajara]]|lang=es|url=http://enciclopedia.udg.mx/articulos/gonzalez-luna-efrain|accessdate=2024-11-14}}</ref> In González Luna's campaign, he addressed social and national problems, including women's suffrage, like Ruiz Cortines.<ref name=UdG/> [[Vicente Lombardo Toledano]] was the [[Popular Socialist Party (Mexico)|Popular Socialist Party]]'s candidate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Natalicio de Vicente Lombardo Toledano|date=2013-07-16|publisher=Presidencia de la República EPN|website=www.gob.mx|language=es|url=https://www.gob.mx/epn/articulos/natalicio-de-vicente-lombardo-toledano|accessdate=2024-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Aguilar Casas|Serrano Álvarez|2012|p=221}}</ref>

The election took place on July 7, 1952.{{sfn|Aguilar Casas|Serrano Álvarez|2012|p=222}} When the results were announced, it was revealed that Ruiz Cortines won, with 74.31% of the popular vote (2,713,419 votes). Henríquez Guzmán won 15.87% (579,745 votes), González Luna won 7.82% (285,555 votes), and Lombardo Toledano won 1.98% (72,482 votes).<ref name=":CP47"/><ref name=UdG/><ref>{{harvnb|Aguilar Plata|García|2006|p=86}}</ref>

The day after the election, Henríquez Guzmán's supporters gathered in the [[Alameda Central]] park in [[Mexico City]] to protest reported electoral fraud, including the theft of ballot boxes. The government suppressed the peaceful protests, with an estimated 200 being killed, and more forced disappearances and arrests of people related to the protestors occurring in the following days.<ref name=cndh>{{cite web|last=Martínez Assad|first=Carlos|title=Miguel Henríquez Guzmán, símbolo de oposición pacífica y democracia, Fallecimiento 29 de agosto|date=2022-07-02|website=[[National Human Rights Commission (Mexico)|Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos]]|language=es|url=https://www.cndh.org.mx/noticia/miguel-henriquez-guzman-simbolo-de-oposicion-pacifica-y-democracia-fallecimiento-29-de|accessdate=2024-02-21}}</ref>

==President of Mexico==
===Inauguration and cabinet===
{{Infobox cabinet members
| topimage = [[File:Escudo de la Tercera República Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en 1934.svg|50px]]
| above = Government of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

| office1 = [[Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)|Foreign Affairs]]
| name1a = [[Luis Padilla Nervo]]
| term1a = 1 December 1952 – 30 November 1958

| office2 = [[Secretariat of Public Education (Mexico)|Public Education]]
| name2a = [[Jaime Torres Bodet]]
| term2a = 1 December 1952 – 30 November 1958

| office3 = [[Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit (Mexico)|Finance and Public Credit]]
| name3a = [[Antonio Carrillo Flores]]
| term3a = 1 December 1952 – 30 November 1958

| office4 = [[Secretariat of National Defense (Mexico)|National Defense]]
| name4a = Matías Ramos
| term4a = 1 December 1952 – 30 November 1958

| office5 = [[Secretariat of Energy (Mexico)|National Assets]]
| name5a = [[José López Lira]]
| term5a = 1 December 1952 – 30 November 1958

| office6 = [[Secretariat of Economy (Mexico)|Economy]]
| name6a = [[Gilberto Loyo]]
| term6a = 1 December 1952 – 30 November 1958

| office7 = [[Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare|Labor and Social Welfare]]
| name7a = [[Adolfo López Mateos]]
| term7a = 1 December 1952 – 17 November 1957
| name7b = Salomón González Blanco
| term7b = 17 November 1957 – 30 November 1958

| office8 = [[Secretariat of Health (Mexico)|Health]]
| name8a = Ignacio Morones Prieto
| term8a = 1 December 1952 –30 November 1958

| below =
}}

On 1 December 1952, he assumed the presidency of the republic,<ref>{{harvnb|Aguilar Casas|Serrano Álvarez|2012|p=223}}</ref> at age 62.<ref name=":CP47"/> In his inaugural address, Ruiz Cortines pledged that fighting corruption in the government and in business would be key aspects of his administration,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mexico's New Head Vows To End Graft|date=1952-12-02|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/12/02/archives/mexicos-new-head-vows-to-end-graft-ruiz-cortines-at-inaugural.html|accessdate=2023-08-16}}</ref> and that he would continue to maintain close relations with the United States.<ref name=":Decorous">{{Cite web|title=MEXICO: Decorous President|date=1952-12-08|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,817520,00.html|accessdate=2023-08-21}}</ref>

Ruiz Cortines modified the law to promote responsibility and honesty among public servants to combat increasing amounts of corruption. He created a law that forced public servants to declare their assets before beginning to work in the government, including himself.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mexican President Acts To End Graft|date=1952-12-29|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/12/29/archives/mexican-president-acts-to-end-graft-asks-congress-for-authority-to.html|accessdate=2023-08-16}}</ref> Ruiz Cortines's purpose was to compare the public servants' fortune before and after their participation in public charges to combat illicit enrichment and corruption.<ref name=" Sexenio de Ruíz cortines "/>

[[File:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, Retrato.png|150px|right|thumb|Official presidential portrait, December 1st, 1952]]

Ruiz Cortines's [[Secretariat of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]], Sánchez Taboada, died on May 1, 1955 of a [[myocardial infarction]].<ref name=FP19/><ref>{{cite web|last=Sánchez|first=Carlos|title=General Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada|date=2019-09-16|publisher=Semanario ZETA|language=es|url=https://zetatijuana.com/2019/09/general-rodolfo-sanchez-taboada/|accessdate=2024-01-04}}</ref> On May 9, Sub-secretary of the Navy Alfonso Poire Ruelas was nominated to succeed Sánchez Taboada, a position which he held until the 22nd of December of that year.{{sfn|Fernández Pavón|2014|p=21}} On January 1, 1956, Ruiz Cortines nominated Viceadmiral Roberto Gómez Maqueo to fill the position, and he held it until April 1, 1958.{{sfn|Fernández Pavón|2014|p=23}} From April 1 to September 15 of 1958, Ruiz Cortines's Secretary of the Navy was Héctor Meixuerio Alexandres.{{sfn|Fernández Pavón|2014|p=25}}

After becoming president, Ruiz Cortines proposed an alliance to Henríquez Guzmán between their parties. Henríquez Guzmán stated he would only accept if political and economic monopolies were ended. Ruiz Cortines rejected this, and repression against the party continued. The government de-registered them in 1954, and in 1955 the party closed their offices.<ref name=cndh/>

===Domestic politics===
After the corruption scandals of the [[Miguel Alemán Valdés|Alemán]] years, he wanted to give a new image to the government and re-establish its credibility.{{sfn|Delgado de Cantú|2003|p=286}} His credo was "austerity and moralization". He prosecuted several of Alemán's political and business associates who had enriched themselves during the previous administration.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Monoply Reform Pushed In Mexico|date=1953-07-12|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/07/12/archives/monopoly-reform-pushed-in-mexico-ruiz-cortines-extends-ouster-of.html|accessdate=2023-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MEXICO: The Nation Is Ashamed|date=1953-07-27|publisher=Time Magazine|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,936095,00.html|accessdate=2023-08-22}}</ref> He suspended all government contracts in 1953 to cut waste and to root out corruption.<ref name=":TimePrimig">{{Cite web|title=Mexico: Priming The Pump|date=1954-03-29|publisher=Time Magazine|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,819671,00.html|accessdate=2023-08-22}}</ref>

He exercised tight control of public expenditure, supported the construction of roads, railways, dams, schools and hospitals. He also implemented a plan called "March to the Sea", which had the aim of shifting population from the highlands to the coast, and making better use and development of marine and coastal resources. Under this program, malaria was eradicated. He created the Rural Social Welfare Program to improve the living conditions of the rural population and encouraged land distribution. Large foreign estates were expropriated. Furthermore, he implemented the Farm Security program to protect farmers from natural disasters.<ref name=" Sexenio de Ruíz cortines "/>

At the beginning of his term, President Ruiz Cortines sent a bill to amend Article 34 of the Constitution to grant women equal political rights with men, which granted the vote to Mexican women.{{sfn|Delgado de Cantú|2003|p=286}} To promote measures to meet the need for homes, he created the National Housing Institute. He gave a stimulus to industry, particularly small- and medium-sized, and laid the foundation for the development of the [[petrochemical industry]] and promoted the creation of jobs.<ref name=" Sexenio de Ruíz cortines "/>
[[File:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines-TIME-1953.jpg|thumb|President Ruiz Cortines on the [[List of covers of Time magazine (1950s)|cover of ''Time'' magazine]] in 1953. He was the sixth Mexican president to be featured on the cover of Time magazine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/962472.presidentes-mexicanos-en-la-portada-de-time.html|title=Presidentes mexicanos en la portada de Time|publisher=[[El Siglo de Torreón]]|date=2014-02-13|language=es|accessdate=2023-08-27}}</ref>]]
In response to the technical advances in the field of nuclear energy, and considering that Mexico could not remain unaffected by this development, he created the National Nuclear Energy Commission. Primary and secondary education were boosted greatly. He specially supported the polytechnic university. Ruiz Cortines equipped the facilities of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] (UNAM) and began subsidies to support universities through the republic.<ref name=" Sexenio de Ruíz cortines "/>

Another primary goal of his government was to improve the health of men and women in Mexico. Therefore, he fought malnutrition among children and promoted an immunization campaign.<ref name=" Sexenio de Ruíz cortines "/> Ruiz Cortines turned his attention to social problems and imposed an era of austerity on the Mexican government.

Ruiz Cortines's government decided to reduce public spending, to consolidate public finances and fight inflation.{{sfn|Delgado de Cantú|2003|p=286}} These policies led to macroeconomic stability, and contributed to the Mexican economy high growth rates during the 1950s. For first time in many years the Mexican government generated a budget surplus. However, following Ruiz Cortines's 1953 suspension of all government contracts, construction companies were weakened, the national output fell, the foreign trade deficit rose by a third, and almost all employers announced layoffs.<ref name=":TimePrimig" /> He chose to shift away from austerity and reoriented his policy towards boosting production,<ref name=" Sexenio de Ruíz cortines "/> and announced a record $400 million spending plan to pump into public works projects.<ref name=":TimePrimig" /> In April 1954, in the so-called "''crisis de la Semana Santa''", he had to devaluate the [[Mexican peso|peso]] from $8.65 per dollar to $12.50 per dollar.{{sfn|Delgado de Cantú|2003|p=299}} Despite the devaluation, in 1955, Mexico's dollar reserves were roughly equivalent to $305 million, the highest since he took office.<ref name=":TimeMag1955">{{Cite web|title=MEXICO: Problems & Progress|date=1955-09-12|publisher=Time Magazine|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,893134,00.html|accessdate=2023-08-21}}</ref> In December 1955, in a push for a [[balanced budget]], Ruiz Cortines announced the next year's budget, 6,696,374,000 pesos ($535,709,920 in 1955), which was an increase from the previous year, but was still considered somewhat conservative given Mexico's rapidly growing economy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mexico President Balances Budget|date=1955-12-17|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/12/17/archives/mexico-president-balances-budget-increased-spending-in-1956-is.html|accessdate=2023-08-29}}</ref>

By the end of his term in 1958, he had faced three social-political conflicts with peasants, teachers and the labor union of the railroad workers.{{sfn|Delgado de Cantú|2003|pp=290–292}}

Mexico's real national income had increased 7% halfway through 1954, and 10% halfway through 1955. In 1954, Mexico's electric power output increased 10%, manufacturing increased 9.8%, and crude-oil production increased 15%. By 1955, Mexico's crop, coffee, and cotton production and yield had increased 20% since the start of Ruiz Cortines's term, at that point an all-time high for Mexico.<ref name=":TimeMag1955" />

===Earthquake of 1957===
{{Expand section|date=October 2023}}
{{Main|1957 Guerrero earthquake}}
On July 28, 1957,<ref name=":ACSA238">{{harvnb|Aguilar Casas|Serrano Álvarez|2012|p=238}}</ref> an earthquake with an epicenter in the state of [[Guerrero]] shook Mexico City for about 90 seconds.<ref name=":TerremotoInfo">{{Cite web|last=Izquierdo|first=Ignacio|title=Cómo fue el terremoto que sacudió México durante el sexenio de Adolfo Ruiz Cortines|date=2023-04-13|publisher=[[Infobae]]|language=es|url=https://www.infobae.com/mexico/2023/04/13/como-fue-el-terremoto-que-sacudio-mexico-durante-el-sexenio-de-adolfo-ruiz-cortines/|accessdate=2023-10-10}}</ref> It measured 7.7 on the [[Richter scale]].<ref name=":ACSA238" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=El sismo de 1957 que dejó al descubierto diversos problemas de construcción en el centro de la capital|date=2021-07-28|publisher=Gobierno de México|language=es|url=https://www.gob.mx/agn/es/articulos/el-sismo-de-1957-que-dejo-al-descubierto-diversos-problemas-de-construccion-en-el-centro-de-la-capital?idiom=es|accessdate=2023-10-10}}</ref> Ruiz Cortines was in his office in the national palace at the time.<ref name=":TerremotoInfo" />

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Expand section|date=October 2023}}
During Ruiz' Cortines's term, Mexico had cold diplomatic relationships with the [[United States]] because Ruiz Cortines refused to make any agreements that committed Mexico to participate in international wars. During his term, Ruiz Cortines completed the construction of projects like [[Falcon Dam]], built with 58.6% American funds and 41.4% Mexican funds.<ref>{{cite web|title=REUNIONES PRESIDENCIALES MEXICO - ESTADOS UNIDOS|date=2005-10-08|publisher=Emabjada de los Estados Unidos en México|language=es|url=http://www.usembassy-mexico.gov/bbf/bfVisitasPresidenciales.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815085044/http://www.usembassy-mexico.gov/bbf/bfVisitasPresidenciales.pdf|archive-date=2010-08-15|accessdate=2023-10-30}}</ref> The dam on the [[Rio Grande|Rio Grande (Río Bravo in Mexico)]] was inaugurated on October 19, 1953, by Ruiz Cortines and United States President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].{{sfn|Melgarejo Vivanco|1980|p=203}}{{sfn|Aguilar Casas|Serrano Álvarez|2012|p=226}}

In 1956, Ruiz Cortines attended a meeting with US President Eisenhower and [[Canada|Canadian]] Prime Minister [[Louis St. Laurent]] of Canada. During the meeting, the leaders discussed immigration issues, economic cooperation, civil aviation and [[illegal fishing]] in coastal areas. In general, President Ruiz Cortines's foreign policy was conservative and respectful of the sovereignty of other nations.<ref name=":PersonajesVeracruzanos"/> His administration was looking for a closer relationship with Latin America and sought the integration into the institutional system of Latin America, the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS).{{sfn|Delgado de Cantú|2003|p=293}} In the Conference of Caracas, held in 1954, Mexico failed in its attempt to defend the self-determination of the people.{{sfn|Delgado de Cantú|2003|p=295}}

In total, Ruiz Cortines only made three foreign visits during his term, which was deliberately a small amount, as he did not want to waste money on planes or waste time on boats.<ref name=":NuevaBiografia">{{Cite web|last=Loera|first=Martha Eva|title=Presentan en FIL nueva Biografía de Adolfo Ruiz Cortines|date=2016-11-29|publisher=Universidad de Guadalajara|language=es|url=http://www.comsoc.udg.mx/noticia/presentan-en-fil-nueva-biografia-de-adolfo-ruiz-cortines|accessdate=2023-09-09}}</ref>

[[File:Placa de la Plaza de Etiopía conmemorando visita de Haile Selassie - Ciudad de México.JPG|thumb|right|The plaque that [[Haile Selassie]] inaugurated in [[Mexico City]]]]
In 1935, under Lázaro Cárdenas, Mexico was one of only five countries to condemn [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]]'s invasion of [[Ethiopia]] (then the [[Ethiopian Empire]] or Abyssinia) during the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]].<ref name=":Episodios">{{Cite web|last=del Río|first=Salvador|title=Episodios de soberanía|date=2016-04-05|publisher=El Sol de México|language=es|url=https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/analisis/Episodios-de-soberan%C3%ADa-243866.html|accessdate=2023-10-21}}</ref><ref name=":PedacitoDeAfrica">{{cite web|last1=Bribiesca|first1=Erika|last2=Santos Gallagher|first2=Hugo|title=El emperador que inauguró un pedacito de África en México|date=2017-04-21|publisher=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|language=es|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/entrada-de-opinion/colaboracion/mochilazo-en-el-tiempo/nacion/sociedad/2017/04/22/el-emperador-que/|accessdate=2023-10-24}}</ref>
In 1953, Ruiz Cortines invited [[Haile Selassie]], the [[Emperor of Ethiopia]], to visit Mexico, who used the opportunity to thank Mexico for condemning the invasion against him.<ref name=":Episodios"/> In 1955, Selassie accepted the invitation, and inaugurated at plaque in Mexico City with his country's name on it. He inaugurated a plaque with Mexico's name on it in his country's capital in 1958.<ref name=":PedacitoDeAfrica"/>

===1958 presidential succession===
{{main|1958 Mexican general election}}
In 1957, Ruiz Cortines, as was tradition, was to announce the PRI's next presidential candidate. Taking input from ex-presidents [[Lázaro Cárdenas]] and [[Miguel Alemán Valdés]], each symbolizing the left and right sectors of the PRI respectively, he announced his hard-working but little-known Labor Minister [[Adolfo López Mateos]] as the next candidate, with international observers seeing López Mateos as the sure winner despite his relative obscurity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MEXICO: The Next President|date=1957-11-18|publisher=Time Magazine|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,868027,00.html|accessdate=2023-08-21}}</ref> López Mateos eventually won the election with 90% of the popular vote.<ref>{{harvnb|Carranza Palacios|2004|p=53}}</ref>

==Post-presidency==
[[File:Estatua del Ex Presidente Adolfo Ruíz Cortines.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Ruiz Cortines in [[Los Pinos]], [[Mexico City]]]]

On 1 December 1958, Ruiz handed over power to his successor López Mateos,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cool-Headed Mexican; Adolfo López Mateos|date=1958-12-02|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/12/02/archives/coolheaded-mexican-adolfo-lopez-mateos.html|accessdate=2023-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Aguilar Casas|Serrano Álvarez|2012|p=245}}</ref> and then he retired from public life almost altogether. In 1964, he attended the inauguration of López Mateos' successor, President [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Díaz Is Sworn In As Mexico's Head|date=1964-12-02|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/02/archives/diaz-is-sworn-in-as-mexicos-head-stresses-farm-problemsties-to-cuba.html|accessdate=2023-08-28}}</ref>

According to [[Miguel Alemán Velasco]], President [[Luis Echeverría]] once consulted Ruiz Cortines via telephone on an unspecified policy. Ruiz Cortines disagreed with Echeverría's idea, but Echeverría didn't take his advice.<ref name=":NuevaBiografia"/>

In his last days, his friend Manuel Caldelas García, a politician whom he had known in his youth, began living with him at his home in Veracruz. Caldelas helped with household chores and took care of the former president. On the afternoon of 3 December 1973, the health status of Ruiz Cortines became critical. Dr. Mario Díaz Tejeda went to the home to treat the condition of the former president. When the drugs took effect on him, Ruiz Cortines fell asleep. At 9:05 am on Monday, 3 December 1973, Adolfo Tomás Ruiz Cortines died at 83 years of age, a victim of heart failure caused by arteriosclerosis.<ref name=":PersonajesVeracruzanos"/><ref name=":NYTimesARC" />

==Personal life==
In 1915 he married his first wife, Lucía Carrillo Guitiérrez, the daughter of Veracruz's then-governor, Lauro Carrillo. Ruiz Cortines and Lucía later divorced.<ref name=":Esposas">{{Cite web|last=Cabeza de Vaca|first=María Luisa|title=El segundo aire de los presidentes|date=2016-10-04|publisher=Cuna de Grillos|language=es|url=https://www.cunadegrillos.com/2016/10/04/el-segundo-aire-de-los-presidentes/|accessdate=2023-09-24}}</ref> Their first child, María Cristina Ruiz Carrillo, was born on December 6, 1917.{{sfn|Melgarejo Vivanco|1980|p=27}} Their second child, Lucía Ruiz Carrillo, was born on May 1, 1919. Their third child, Adolfo Ruiz Carrillo, was born on November 28, 1922.{{sfn|Melgarejo Vivanco|1980|p=28}}

He married his second wife, an old girlfriend named [[María Izaguirre|María de Dolores Izaguirre]], in 1941, who would serve as his First Lady.<ref name=":Esposas" /> She would become the first woman in Mexico to cast a vote after her husband passed the constitutional amendment promised during his campaign.<ref>{{cite web|last=Aguilar Rodríguez|first=Aurora|title=70 años construyendo poder|date=2023-10-16|publisher=El Sol de Tlaxcala|language=es|url=https://www.elsoldetlaxcala.com.mx/analisis/70-anos-construyendo-poder-10854619.html|accessdate=2023-10-30}}</ref>

Ruiz Cortines was known to frequently play [[dominoes|domino games]].<ref name=":Decorous"/><ref name=":NuevaBiografia"/>{{sfn|Melgarejo Vivanco|1980|pp=14, 187, 195-196}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Mexico}}
*[[List of heads of state of Mexico]]
*[[Mexican Miracle]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{Cite book|last1=Aguilar Casas|first1=Elsa|last2=Serrano Álvarez|first2=Pablo|editor=Martínez Ocampo, Lourdes|title=Posrevolucionario y estabilidad. Cronología (1917-1967)|date=2012|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México|language=es|url=https://inehrm.gob.mx/work/models/inehrm/Resource/437/1/images/posrevolucion_estabilidad.pdf|isbn=978-607-7916-65-9}}
*{{cite book|last1=Aguilar Plata|first1=Áurea Blanca|last2=García|first2=Carola|title=Medios de comunicación: del destrape a las campañas electorale, 1934-1982|date=2006|language=es|publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5amvLiCMcgC|isbn=970-722-577-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Carranza Palacios|first=José Antonio|title=100 años de educación en México, 1900-2000|date=2004|publisher=Limusa|language=es|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCiMZmx1OSoC|isbn=968-18-6439-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Delgado de Cantú |first=Gloria M. |date=2003 |title=Historia de México II |publisher=Pearson Educación}}
*{{cite book|last=Fernández Pavón|first=Marisol|title=Secretarios de Marina de 1940 a la fecha|date=2014-04-09|publisher=Unidad de Historia y Cultura Naval|editor-last=Illades Rosas|editor-first=María Perla del C.|language=es|url=http://www.semar.gob.mx/unhicun/biografias_secretarios.pdf}}
*{{cite book |last=Krauze |first=Enrique |date=1997 |title=Mexico: Biography of Power |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |author-link=Enrique Krauze |isbn=0-06-016325-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mexico00enri }}
*{{Cite book|last=Krauze|first=Enrique|author-link=Enrique Krauze|date=1999|title=El sexenio de Ruiz Cortines|trans-title=Ruiz Cortines Term|publisher=Editorial Clío|location=México, MX|language=es|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DalVAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9789706630131}}
*{{cite book|last=Melgarejo Vivanco|first=José Luis|title=Adolfo Ruiz Cortines|date=1980|publisher=[[Universidad Veracruzana]]|language=es|url=https://www.uv.mx/colecciones/melgarejovivanco/pdf/AdolfoRuizC.pdf}}
*{{Cite book|last=Navarro|first=Aaron W.|title=Political Intelligence and the Creation of Modern Mexico, 1938-1954|date=2010|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqvmyUcrXg8C|isbn=9780271037059}}
*{{cite book|last=Rodríguez Prats|first=Juan José|author-link=Juan José Rodríguez Prats|date=2017|title=Adolfo Ruiz Cortines: El Poder Presidencial|edition=4|publisher=Miguel Angel Porrúa Grupo Editorial|language=es|isbn= 978-6075241258|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrWitQEACAAJ}}
*{{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050622080151/http://www.elbalero.gob.mx/historia/html/gober/a_ruizcortines.html Mexican government biography]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041226194841/http://usuarios.lycos.es/aime/rcortines.html Online biography]

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|last=Aguilar de la Parra|first=Hesiquio|title=Adolfo Ruiz Cortines: El Poder Con Honradez|date=2012|language=es|publisher=SITESA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJnAoAEACAAJ|isbn=9786077744443}}
*[[Roderic Ai Camp|Camp, Roderic A.]] ''Mexican Political Biographies''. [[Tucson]], [[Arizona]]: [[University of Arizona]], 1982.
*Luna Elizarrarás, Sara Minerva. "Enriquecimiento Y Legitimidad Presidencial: Discusión Sobre Identidades Masculinas Durante La Campaña Moralizadora De Adolfo Ruiz Cortines." ''Historia Mexicana'', vol. 63, no. 3 (251), 2014, pp. 1377–1420. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24369004.
*Pellicer De Brody, Olga Pellicer and José Luis Reyna. "Las Modalidades Ruizcortinistas Para Mantener La Estabilidad Politica." Historia De La Revolución Mexicana, Período 1952–1960: El Afianzamiento De La Estabilidad Política, and Jose Luis Reyna, 1st ed., vol. 22, Colegio De Mexico, México, D. F., 1978, pp. 13–72. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv233pb3.5.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050622080151/http://www.elbalero.gob.mx/historia/html/gober/a_ruizcortines.html Mexican government biography]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|mx-dpt}}
{{s-bef|before=Óscar Fano Viniegra}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the Chamber of Deputies<br>for [[Veracruz]]'s 3rd district|years=1937}}
{{s-aft|after=Antonio Pulido}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jorge Cerdán Lara]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Veracruz]]|years=1944–1948}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ángel Carvajal Bernal]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=Ernesto P. Uruchurtu}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretariat of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]]|years=1948–1951}}
{{s-aft|after=Ernesto P. Uruchurtu}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Miguel Alemán Valdés]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Mexico]]|years=1952–1958}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Adolfo López Mateos]]}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=Miguel Alemán Valdés}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Institutional Revolutionary Party|PRI]] nominee for President of Mexico|years=[[1952 Mexican general election|1952]]}}
{{s-aft|after=Adolfo López Mateos}}
{{s-end}}

{{MexPostRevPresidents}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ruiz, Adolfo}}
[[Category:20th-century presidents of Mexico]]
[[Category:Secretaries of the interior of Mexico]]
[[Category:Governors of Veracruz]]
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1952 Mexican presidential election|*]]
[[Category:Politicians from Veracruz (city)]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:20th-century Mexican politicians]]

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Adolfo Ruiz Cortines