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Galatsi

2025-08-07T20:37:08Z

2600:1700:6180:6290:D8FC:7F82:688B:EAEC:

{{short description|Northern suburb of Athens, Greece}}
{{about-distinguish|the Greek municipality|Galați, Romania}}
{{Infobox Greek Dimos
| name = Galatsi
| name_local = Γαλάτσι
|type = municipality
| image_map = 2011 Dimos Galatsiou.png
| periph = [[Attica (region)|Attica]]
|periphunit = [[Central Athens (regional unit)|Central Athens]]
|pop_municipality = 57909
|area_municipality = 4.026
| population_as_of = 2021
| elevation = 160
| coordinates = {{coord|38|01|N|23|45|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code = 111 xx
| area_code = 210
| licence = Z
| mayor =
| website = [http://www.galatsi.gr www.galatsi.gr]
| image_skyline =
| caption_skyline =
| city_flag =
| city_seal =
| districts = 1
| party =
| since =
}}

'''Galatsi''' ({{langx|el|Γαλάτσι}}, ''Galátsi'' {{IPA|el|ɣaˈlatsi|}}), called in [[Katharevousa]] '''Galatsion''' ({{langx|el|Γαλάτσιον}}, ''Galátsion''), is a town, a northern suburb of [[Athens]] agglomeration, Greece, and a [[municipality]] of the [[Attica (region)|Attica]] region. The municipality has an area of 4.026 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=stat01>{{cite web |url=http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |publisher=National Statistical Service of Greece |title=Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation) |language=el |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212047/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-21 }}</ref> Until the mid-20th century, the area was mainly made up of farmlands but due to the continuous expansion of the Greek capital, Galatsi was rapidly urbanised and has come to lie in the center of the Athens [[Urban agglomeration|agglomeration]].

==Etymology==
Although several etymologies have been proposed about the origin of the name ''Galatsi'', which already appears in the book of 1870, ''History of Athens'', it originates from the surname of Symeon Galakis, a squire who purchased lands around the church of Agia Glykeria in 1851. Consequently, the whole area was given his name, which, according to the phenomenon featuring the old Athenian phonology and known as [[Varieties of Modern Greek#Phonological features|tsitakism]], was pronounced 'Galatsis', thus the name of the area was finally ''Galatsi''. An alternative theory suggests that it derived from ''gala'', the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for the ''milk'' that the shepherds of the area's rangelands yelled hovering around in order to sell their products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://galatsinews.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=65 |script-title=el:Ιστορία του Γαλατσίου |publisher=galatsinews.gr |language=el |access-date=2009-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219095039/http://galatsinews.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=65 |archive-date=2008-12-19 }}</ref>

==Geography==
Galatsi is an inner suburb of the Athens urban area and is located {{convert|4|km|0|abbr=on}} northeast of the city centre. Its built-up area is continuous with those of Central Athens and neighbouring suburb [[Nea Ionia]]. It is one of the most densely populated areas of Athens, with a high percentage of its lands covered by flora though, as the hill of [[Tourkovounia]] with its forests and the park [[Alsos Veikou]] are among the major "green lungs" within the centre of Athens. The famous [[Grava school complex]] is located there, as are many other educational foundations and public and private institutes.

==Demography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year!!Population
|-
| 1981 || 50,096
|-
| 1991 || 57,230
|-
| 2001 || 58,042
|-
| 2011 || 59,345
|-
| 2021 || 57,909
|}

==Sites of interest==
*[[Alsos Veikou]], a beautiful leafy park
*[[Galatsi Olympic Hall]] - where table tennis and gymnastics were played. It holds up to 6,200 seats Website: [http://www.ana.gr/olympics/English/pages/OlympicVenues/Galatsi.html]
*[[Omorfokklisia]], a 12th-century church in an area known for its peace and calmness

==Transportation==
* Trolleys: 5 & 14
* Busses: 608, 444, 036, 622. From 5 April 2019 the line Ano Galatsi - Lamprini<ref>[http://www.palmosnews.gr/51588/nea-galatsiou/stis-5-apriliou-ksekina-i-dimotiki-sigkoinonia/ Στις 5 Απριλίου ξεκινά η δημοτική συγκοινωνία]</ref> (with a second phase the extension to the rest of Galatsi and Metro Stations<ref>[https://www.e-grammi.gr/arxeio-efhmeridwn/tefchos-aprilioua-2019/ Γραμμή Απριλίου 2019 σελ.11]</ref>)
* Metro: [[Line 4 (Athens Metro)|Line 4]] by 3 stations: Alsos Veikou, Galatsi and Elikonos (est. 2029-2030)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.galatsi.gr/ Official website] {{in lang|el}}
*[http://www.g-magazine.gr/ G-Magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019041941/http://www.g-magazine.gr/ |date=2010-10-19 }} {{in lang|el}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050127134418/http://galatsinews.gr/ Galatsinews] {{in lang|el}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Galatsi
|North = [[Nea Ionia]]
|Northeast = [[Filothei]]
|East =
|Southeast = [[Psychiko]]
|South = Athens
|Southwest =
|West = [[Athens]]
|Northwest =
}}
{{Kallikratis-Attica}}

[[Category:Galatsi| ]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Attica]]
[[Category:Populated places in Central Athens (regional unit)]]

Charity label

2025-08-07T20:34:41Z

2600:1700:6180:6290:D8FC:7F82:688B:EAEC:

{{Short description|Stamp sold by a charity to raise funds}}
{{About-distinguish|charity labels|semi-postal stamp}}

A '''charity label''' is a label resembling a [[postage stamp]], sold by [[Charitable organization|charities]] to raise funds.<ref>Mackay, James. ''Philatelic Terms Illustrated'', 4th edition, Stanley Gibbons, London, 2003, p.25. {{ISBN|0-85259-557-3}}</ref> They are generally intended to be used on [[mail]], as a way of advertising the sender's support of the charity's cause.

[[Christmas Seals]] and [[Easter seals (philately)|Easter Seals]] are perhaps the two best-known types, although many kinds have been made.

While designed to look like postage stamps, they only rarely include a [[Denomination (postage stamp)|denomination]], and never the name of a country. They are distinct from [[charity stamp]]s which also include a charge for postage.

Charity labels are one of several kinds of [[cinderella stamp]].

<gallery>
File:1908 Messina earthquake stamps.jpg|Italy 1908, Messina earthquake charity labels
File:Bombay Presidency War and Relief Fund half anna charity label 1916.jpg|India 1916, Bombay Presidency War and Relief Fund half anna charity label
File:FellinCharityLabelRussia1916.jpg|Russia 1916, 10 kopecks War victims charity label of Fellin
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{philately-stub}}
[[Category:Philatelic terminology]]
[[Category:Cinderella stamps]]

MSQL

2025-08-07T20:33:19Z

2600:1700:6180:6290:D8FC:7F82:688B:EAEC:

{{About-distinguish|the cross-platform RDBMS by Hughes Technologies|Microsoft SQL Server|Module SQL}}
{{lowercase|mSQL}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Mini SQL or mSQL
| logo =
| screenshot =
| caption =
| collapsible = yes
| developer = Hughes Technologies
| latest release version = 4.4
| latest release date = {{start date and age|2021|10|20}}<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.hughestech.com.au/products/msql/
| title = Hughes Technologies : The home of mSQL and Network Knowledge
| website = hughestech.com.au
| access-date = 2021-04-19
}}</ref>
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date =
| size =
| programming language = [[C (programming language)|C]]
| operating system = [[Cross-platform]]
| language = English
| genre = [[Relational database management system|RDBMS]]
| license = Proprietary
| website = {{URL|https://www.hughestech.com.au/products/msql/}}
}}

'''Mini SQL''' (abbreviated '''mSQL''') is a lightweight [[database management system]] from Hughes Technologies.

==History==
In 1993–94 David Hughes developed a network monitoring and management system called Minerva.<ref>{{cite news|title=Minerva : An Event Based Model For Extensible Network Management|citeseerx = 10.1.1.48.4006}}</ref> The design of this system required a database management system to store its configuration and working data. To enable future portability, Hughes elected to use a [[SQL|Structured Query Language]] interface between the application and the database management system, despite the fact that at the time there was no free or inexpensive SQL database management implementation available. Hughes therefore developed a translation program which provided an SQL interface to the free [[Postgres]] DBMS (which did not use SQL<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yarger|first1=Randy Jay|last2=Reese|first2=George|last3=King|first3=Tim|title=MySQL & mSQL|year=1999|publisher=O'Reilly|isbn=1-56592-434-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mysqlmsql00yarg/page/8 8]|url=https://archive.org/details/mysqlmsql00yarg/page/8}}<br>"Postgres, unfortunately, came with similar resource requirements as its commercial counterparts without the advantage of SQL as a query language. At the time, postgres used a variant of the QUEL language called PostQUEL"</ref>). This product was named miniSQL,{{clarify|source needed on spelling. No capitalisation and spacing, i.e. "Mini SQL"?|date=May 2023}} or mSQL. In time it became clear that Postgres did not perform adequately on the low-specification systems used to run Minerva, so mSQL developed into a lightweight database management system in its own right, implementing a limited subset of the SQL standard, but performing well on minimally specified hardware.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yarger|first1=Randy Jay|last2=Reese|first2=George|last3=King|first3=Tim|title=MySQL & mSQL|year=1999|publisher=O'Reilly|isbn=1-56592-434-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mysqlmsql00yarg/page/9 9]|url=https://archive.org/details/mysqlmsql00yarg/page/9}}</ref>

mSQL was the first low-cost SQL-based database management system.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Combined with the free [[Linux]] operating system, the availability of relatively powerful low-cost PC hardware, and the development of [[World Wide Web]] standards and technologies, mSQL was an important factor in the early development of interactive, dynamic web applications,<ref name="lj1997">{{cite news|url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2206|title=Using mSQL in a Web-Based Production Environment|last=Burkett|first=Scott|year=1997|work=Linux Journal|accessdate=29 May 2010}}</ref> particularly in the period 1994–1997, after which it was increasingly supplanted by the more highly featured [[MySQL]]. mSQL had a large and widespread install base by the late 1990s.<ref name="redhat" />

==License==
Despite being offered in [[source code]] form, and being strongly associated with [[Open-source software|open source]] software, mSQL itself has never been offered under an open source license.

mSQL is provided free for non-commercial use.<ref name="redhat">{{cite book|last1=Komarinski|first1=Mark F.|last2=Collett|first2=Cary|title=Red Hat Linux system administration handbook|year=2000|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-025395-8|page=203}}</ref> A typical license for commercial use in 1997 would cost $170,<ref name="lj1997" /> compared to a "five-digit purchase price"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3660|title=Review: MySQL & mSQL|last=Lerner|first=Reuven|year=1999|work=Linux Journal|accessdate=29 May 2010}}</ref> for its full-featured competitors.

==Current status==
By 1996, development on mSQL began to stagnate and [[MySQL]] arose to fill that void. By 1999, MySQL had surpassed mSQL<ref name="redhat" /> in popularity and today mSQL has less visibility. At this time the database system is more often licensed by other companies for use in their products than used by end-users directly. mSQL is actively maintained and developed primarily to support its licensees and internal use within Hughes Technologies products and projects. It is still provided under a license that allows its use free of charge for non-commercial, educational and charitable activities. mSQL 4.4 was released in October 2021.

==Host languages==
mSQL originally supported several host languages:

* [[C (programming language)|C]], included with the software
* [[Perl]]
* [[Java (programming language)|Java]] via mSQL-JDBC
* [[Borland Delphi|Delphi]]
* [[Tcl]]
* [[PHP]]

==See also==
* [[List of relational database management systems]]
* [[Comparison of relational database management systems]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.hughestech.com.au/products/msql/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Msql}}
[[Category:Proprietary database management systems]]
[[Category:1993 software]]

Swenglish

2025-08-07T20:30:29Z

2600:1700:6180:6290:D8FC:7F82:688B:EAEC:

{{Short description|English language heavily influenced by Swedish}}
{{About-distinguish-text|an admixture of the Swedish and English languages|[[Sheng slang]], an admixture of the Swahili and English languages}}
'''Swenglish''' is a colloquial term referring to the [[English language]] heavily influenced by [[Swedish language|Swedish]] in terms of [[vocabulary]], [[grammar]], or [[pronunciation]].<ref>Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 1-33. {{doi|10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam}}</ref>

== English heavily influenced by Swedish ==
[[File:Knowledge English Sweden 2005.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Knowledge of English in Sweden as reported by Swedes, 2005.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf | title=Europeans and their Languages | publisher=[[European Commission]] | work=Special Eurobarometer 243 / Wave 64.3 - TNS Opinion & Social | date=February 2006 | access-date=May 3, 2011}} According to this [[Eurobarometer]] survey, 89% of respondents in Sweden indicated that they know English well enough to have a conversation (p. 152). Of these 35% had a very good knowledge of the language, 42% had a good knowledge and 23% had basic English skills (p. 156).</ref> Very good: 31% Good: 37% Basic: 21% Not enough: 11%]]
The name ''Swenglish'' is a [[portmanteau|portmanteau term]] of the names of the two languages and is first recorded from 1938, making it one of the oldest names for a hybrid form of English.<ref>Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 14. {{doi|10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam}}</ref> Other colloquial [[portmanteau word]]s for Swenglish include (chronologically): ''Swinglish'' (from 1957), ''Swedlish'' (1995) and ''Sweglish'' (1996).<ref>Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 31. {{doi|10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam}}</ref>
=== Pronunciation ===
Swedish is characterised by a strong [[word stress]] and [[phrase]] [[prosody (linguistics)|prosody]] that differs from that of English.<ref name=":0" />

There are words that are similar in meaning and pronunciation, that have different stress patterns. For example, verbs that end with ''-era'' in Swedish are often French loanwords, where the French word ends with a stressed ''-er''. The Swedish word gets its stress point at the same place, but this is not true in English. A native Swedish speaker might mispronounce ''generate'' by following the pattern of the Swedish {{lang|sv|generera}} {{IPA|sv|jɛnɛˈrěːra|}}.

Swedish is a [[Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]] language.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Niemeyer|first=Tübingen|title=Phonology and Morphology of the Germanic Languages|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1998}}</ref> Accent 1 is a low-high-low contour and accent 2 is a high-low-high-low contour, with the second peak in the second syllable.<ref name=":0" /> This can give Swenglish speakers a "singing" quality to their speech. Particularly when exaggerating their Swedish accent in English, speakers add an extra cadence to their words that most native English speakers lack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrzwpZfONXY|title=Alexander Skarsgard Swedish Accent on Jimmy Fallon|last=Skarsgard|first=Alex|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

Swedish lacks many common English [[phonemes]]. These are sometimes replaced by similar-sounding Swedish phonemes, or other English phonemes that are easier to pronounce. For example, when using the nearest Swedish vowels for the English words ''[[beer]]'' and ''[[bear]]'', a native Swedish speaker might pronounce both as {{IPA|sv|beːr|}}. In general, Swenglish will sound very articulated, due to Swedish vowels being more strongly articulated and not as often reduced to [[schwa]]s.

Swedish also lacks some consonant phonemes common in English, such as voiceless dental fricative {{IPAslink|θ}}, which is typically realized as labiodental {{IPAblink|f}} or a voiceless dental stop {{IPAblink|t̪}}, leading to ''[[3|three]]'' being pronounced as "free" or "[[tree]]". Other missing consonants include voiced dental fricative {{IPAslink|ð}}, which is typically realized as a voiced dental stop {{IPAblink|d̪}}), voiced alveolar fricative {{IPAslink|z}}, which is typically realized voicelessly {{IPAblink|s}} and voiced palato-alveolar fricative {{IPAslink|dʒ}}, which is realized voicelessly {{IPAblink|tʃ}}, somewhat more back {{IPAblink|ʈʂ}}, or as a voiced palatal approximant {{IPAblink|j}} or fricative {{IPAblink|ʝ}}.

There are examples of Swenglish being used in Sweden as a means of [[brand management]]. The Swedish telecommunications company [[Tele2]] has long aired commercials with a black sheep called ''Frank''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.resume.se/nyheter/artiklar/2008/11/05/faraktigt-tele2/ |title=Fåraktigt, Tele2 |publisher=resume.se |language=sv |date=5 November 2008 |access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> The pun of the commercials, extolling inexpensive service, is based on the English word ''cheap'', which usually is pronounced as "sheep" by Swedes—hence ''Frank''.

=== Vocabulary and grammar ===
As with most non-native speech, native Swedish speakers may pick the wrong word when speaking English based on what sounds right in their own language. While Swedish and English share many words, both from their Germanic origins, and from later French and Latin influence, there are several Swedish-English [[false friends]], such as ''nacke'' (similar to English "neck") meaning 'nape, back of the neck', and ''eventuellt'' (similar to "eventually") meaning 'possibly'. Some [[loanword]]s have a more specific meaning in Swedish than the original English, such as ''keyboard'' meaning only '[[electronic keyboard]], [[synthesizer]]'. Compare the list of [[:sv:Lista över falska vänner mellan svenska och engelska|Swedish-English false friends on Swedish Wikipedia]].

Many Swedish compounds and expressions translate directly into English, but many others do not, even if the translations can be understood. For instance, the Swedish ''ta med'' means 'bring', but is often translated as the literal "take with".

===Controversies===
In June 2010, [[BP]]'s Swedish chairman [[Carl-Henric Svanberg]] famously caused a PR uproar after the [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill]] by referring to the [[common people]] as "the small people".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jun/17/bp-svanberg-gulf-resident-gaffe BP chief's gaffe adds fuel to the fire ahead of congressional hearing], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 17 Jun 2010</ref> This was influenced by the Swedish expression ''småfolket''.<ref>[https://www.svt.se/nyheter/utrikes/svanbergs-ordval-retade-oljeoffren Svanbergs ordval retade oljeoffren], [[Sveriges Television|SVT]], 17 Jun 2010</ref>

In December 2019, climate activist [[Greta Thunberg]] was criticised by some right-wing commentators after saying said politicians should be put "against the wall", a term which in English can be interpreted as [[execution by firing squad]]. She later apologised, saying "...{{nbsp}}that's Swenglish: 'att ställa någon mot väggen' (to put someone against the wall) means to hold someone accountable", and that she is against violence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/474608-greta-thunberg-apologizes-after-saying-politicians-should-be|title=Greta Thunberg apologizes after saying politicians should be put 'against the wall'|first=Marina|last=Pitofsky|date=December 14, 2019|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref>

=== ''Svengelska'' ===
The [[Swedish language]] term ''svengelska'' refers not to Swenglish, but to spoken or written Swedish filled with an inordinate amount of English syntax and words, with the latter sometimes respelled according to the norms of Swedish phonetics, or [[calque]]d into Swedish.

English has become the ''lingua franca'' in many Swedish workplaces.<ref>SWENGLISH. (2008, 03). ''Swedish Press, 79'', 13. Retrieved from https://libraries.duke.edu/</ref> Swedish speakers often modify English business-specific terms with Swedish endings, such as ''peaken'', ('the peak' [of the season]), ''spotrater'' 'spot rates', and ''cancellera'' 'cancel'.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=SHARP|first=HARRIET|date=5 May 2005|title=Swedish?English language mixing|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.2007.00503.x|journal=World Englishes|volume=26|issue=2|pages=224–240|doi=10.1111/j.1467-971x.2007.00503.x|issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Sweden|Languages}}
*[[Non-native pronunciations of English]]
*[[Svorsk]]
*[[Språkförsvaret]]
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book | last = Moon | first = Colin | title = Sweden - More Secret Files: Swedish, Swenglish and What they Really Mean | publisher = Today Press | location = Uppsala | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-91-974192-1-5 }}

==External links==
*[https://www.thelocal.se/20120906/43046 The Local: Swenglish: the definitive guide and top ten]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070225023929/http://www.awaywithwords.se/swenglish.htm Test Your Swenglish]. Lists some common mistakes of Swedish speakers of English.

{{Swedish language}}
{{Interlanguage varieties}}

[[Category:Macaronic forms of English]]
[[Category:Swedish language|English]]

Ô Canada! mon pays, mes amours

2025-08-07T20:22:31Z

2600:1700:6180:6290:D8FC:7F82:688B:EAEC:

{{short description|French-Canadian patriotic song}}
{{about-distinguish-text|a French-Canadian patriotic song|the official national anthem, [[O Canada]]}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}
The lyrics to "'''{{lang|fr|Ô Canada! mon pays, mes amours}}'''", meaning "O Canada! my country, my love" is a [[French-Canadian]] patriotic song. It was written by [[George-Étienne Cartier]] and first sung in 1834, during a patriotic banquet of the [[Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society]] held in Montreal. The words were first published in the June 29, 1835 edition of {{lang|fr|La Minerve}}. It was later published in {{lang|fr|Le Chansonnier des collèges}} (Quebec 1850), this time with music, but with only four of the original six verses. It was reproduced in {{lang|fr|Le Passe-Temps}} on June 21, 1913. The song was recorded on 78 rpm discs by both Victor Occellier and Joseph Saucier around the turn of the century and in 1925 or 1926 by [[Rodolphe Plamondon]]<ref>[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/o-canada-mon-pays-mes-amours-emc/ "Ô Canada! mon pays! mes amours!"]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''</ref> [[Roger Doucet]] included it in his LP {{lang|fr|Chants glorieux}} (Songs of Glory) in 1976.

The music currently used was composed by [[Jean-Baptiste Labelle]]. It is uncertain when the lyrics and music were put together, probably by [[Ernest Gagnon]] sometime between 1850 and 1868.

==Excerpt==
<poem>{{lang|fr|i=unset|Comme le dit un vieil adage :
Rien n'est si beau que son pays;
Et de le chanter, c'est l'usage;
Le mien je chante à mes amis
L'étranger voit avec un œil d'envie
Du Saint-Laurent le majestueux cours;
À son aspect le Canadien s'écrie :
Ô Canada! mon pays! mes amours!}}
</poem>

==English translation==
<poem>As the old proverb says:
Nothing is more beautiful than one's country;
And to sing it is the tradition;
And mine I sing to my friends
The stranger looks with an envious eye
Of the St. Lawrence the majestic course;
At its aspect the Canadian sings:
O Canada! my country! my love!
</poem>

==See also==
{{Portal|Canada|Music}}
*[[Canadian patriotic music]]
*[[Music of Quebec]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/m2/f7/6466.mp3 Sound recording] from [[Library and Archives Canada]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:O Canada! mon pays, mes amours}}
[[Category:1834 songs]]
[[Category:Canadian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Canadian anthems]]
[[Category:French-language Canadian songs]]

Johnson Act

2025-08-07T20:17:07Z

2600:1700:6180:6290:D8FC:7F82:688B:EAEC:

{{Short description|1934 United States legislation}}
{{about-distinguish-text|the 1934 Johnson Act|the 1954 [[Johnson Amendment]]}}The '''Johnson Act of 1934''' ('''Foreign Securities Act''', ch. 112, {{USStat|48|574}}, {{USC|18|955}}, 1934-04-13) prohibited foreign nations in debt from marketing their bond issues in the [[United States]]. The law was enacted on April 13, 1934, and although it was impacted by the [[Bretton-Woods Agreement]], it was not repealed and continues to have the force of law.

Senator [[Hiram Johnson]] sponsored the Act, which included a passage that forbade loans to nations in default on their debts, unless those nations joined the [[World Bank]] and [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heffernan |first=Paul |date=1960-01-31 |title=1934 LAW BEHIND SOVIET DEBT WOES; Johnson Act Bars Loans to Countries That Have Not Settled Defaulted Ones 1934 LAW BEHIND SOVIET DEBT WOES |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/01/31/archives/1934-law-behind-soviet-debt-woes-johnson-act-bars-loans-to.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The act was a response to nonpayment of war debts from [[World War I]]. As it also banned token payments, payments from debtor countries stopped entirely following its passage, with the exception of [[Finland]], which still continued to pay its debt.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freidel |first=Frank Burt |url=http://archive.org/details/franklindroosevefre00frei |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt : a rendezvous with destiny |date=1990 |publisher=Boston : Little, Brown |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-316-29260-3 |pages=171}}</ref>

On May 5, 1934, Attorney General [[Homer Stille Cummings]] rendered an opinion on the meaning of the terms "default" and "partial default" used in the Act. He held that [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Italy]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Great Britain]] and [[Canada]] were not in default, despite the fact only Canada had paid its debts, and [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Russia]] was in default.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TIME |date=1934-05-14 |title=THE CABINET: Debts & Defaulters |url=https://time.com/archive/6753308/the-cabinet-debts-defaulters/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=TIME |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
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[[Category:Economic history of the United States]]
[[Category:United States federal securities legislation]]
[[Category:1934 in international relations]]
[[Category:1934 in economic history]]
[[Category:1934 in American law]]