Darkroom

2025-04-20T01:49:42Z

2600:1700:BD20:77B0:85E:B8EC:888C:F66E:

{{Short description|Room which can be made fully dark to allow for development of photographs and film}}
{{Other uses}}
[[File:UCHSPhotoDarkRoom9.10.09ByLuigiNovi1.jpg|300px|thumb|right|A darkroom in [[Union City High School (New Jersey)|Union City High School]], which is adjacent to the school's photography classroom]]
[[File:Self portrait in the darkroom JPG01.jpg|thumb|right|In the darkroom]]

A '''darkroom''' is used to process [[photographic film]], make [[Photographic printing|prints]] and carry out other associated tasks. It is a room that can be made completely dark to allow the processing of [[light]]-sensitive photographic materials, including film and [[photographic paper]]. Various equipment is used in the darkroom, including an [[enlarger]], baths containing chemicals, and running water.

Darkrooms have been used since the inception of [[photography]] in the early 19th century. Darkrooms have many various manifestations, from the elaborate space used by [[Ansel Adams]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.danmassey.co.uk/darkroom/Darkroom_layout_and_equipment.htm |title=Black and White Photography - Darkroom Layout & Equipment |publisher=Danmassey.co.uk |access-date=2011-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828111026/http://www.danmassey.co.uk/darkroom/Darkroom_layout_and_equipment.htm |archive-date=2011-08-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to a retooled ambulance wagon used by [[Timothy H. O'Sullivan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA99/paul/tim/forhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011204082535/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA99/paul/tim/forhistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 4, 2001 |title=for history |access-date=2011-08-02}}</ref> From the initial development of the film to the creation of prints, the darkroom process allows complete control over the medium.

Due to the popularity of color photography and complexity of [[List of photographic processes|processing]] color film (''see [[C-41 process]]'') and printing color photographs and also to the rise, first of [[Instant camera|instant photography]] technology and later [[digital photography]], darkrooms have been decreasing in popularity,{{when|date=April 2020}} though are still commonplace on college campuses, schools and in the studios of many professional photographers.

Other applications of darkrooms include the use in [[nondestructive testing]], such as [[Magnetic particle inspection#Magnetic particle powder|magnetic particle inspection]].

==Darkroom equipment==

[[File:Outdoor darkroom, Sydney slnsw.jpg|thumb|Outdoor darkroom, Middle Harbour, Sydney, c. 1879]]
[[Image:Micklethwaite Portable studio.jpg|thumb|right|A portable darkroom in 19th century [[Ireland]]. The [[Collodion|wet collodion]] photography process, used at the time, required that the image be developed while the plate was still wet, creating the need for portable darkrooms such as this one.]]

In most darkrooms, an [[enlarger]], an optical apparatus similar to a slide projector, that projects light through the image of a [[Negative (photography)|negative]] onto a base, finely controls the focus, intensity and duration of light, is used for printmaking. A sheet of [[photographic paper]] is exposed to the light coming through the negative, resulting in a positive version of the image on the paper.

When making black-and-white prints, a [[safelight]] is commonly used to illuminate the work area. Since the majority of black-and-white papers are sensitive to only blue, or to blue and green light, a red- or amber-colored light can be safely used without exposing the paper.

Color print paper, being sensitive to all parts of the visible spectrum, must be kept in complete darkness until the prints are properly fixed. A very dim variation of safelight that can be used with certain negative color materials exists, but the light emitted by one is so low that most printers do not use one at all.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Another use for a darkroom is to load film in and out of cameras, development spools, or film holders, which requires complete darkness. Lacking a darkroom, a photographer can make use of a [[changing bag]], which is a small bag with sleeved arm holes specially designed to be completely light proof and used to prepare film prior to exposure or developing.

===Print processing===

{{Main|Photographic printing}}

During exposure, values in the image can be adjusted, most often by "[[Dodging and burning|dodging]]" (reducing the amount of light to a specific area of an image by selectively blocking light to it for part or all of the exposure time) and/or "burning" (giving additional exposure to specific area of an image by exposing only it while blocking light to the rest). Filters, usually thin pieces of colored plastic, can be used to increase or decrease an image's contrast (the difference between dark tones and light tones). One method of photographic printing, called "split filter printing," is where the photographer determines two separate exposure times using two separate filters (typically a 0 or 00, and a 5) to create a single print.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Split Filter Printing Darkroom Technique {{!}} Guide to Film Photography|url = http://www.guidetofilmphotography.com/split-filter-printing.html|website = www.guidetofilmphotography.com|access-date = 2016-01-14}}</ref> This method allows the photographer to achieve a broad tonal range, with detailed highlights and rich blacks. After exposure, the photographic printing paper (which still appears blank) is ready to be processed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.instructables.com/pdf/How-to-Print-BW-Photographs-in-a-Darkroom/How-to-Print-BW-Photographs-in-a-Darkroom.pdf |title=How to Print B&W Photographs in a Darkroom |access-date=2011-08-02 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Photographers generally begin printing a roll of film by making a [[contact print]] of their negatives to use as a quick reference to decide which images to enlarge. Some [[large format]] photographers, such as [[Edward Weston]], make only contact prints of their large (4x5", 5x7", 8x10" or larger) negatives.

The paper that has been exposed is processed, first by immersion in a [[photographic developer]], halting development with a [[stop bath]], and fixing in a [[photographic fixer]]. The print is then [[Washing (photography)|washed]] to remove the processing chemicals and dried. There are [[Photographic processing#Further processing|a variety of other, additional steps]] a photographer may take, such as toning.

==See also==
*[[Photographic plate]]
*[[Photographic studio]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Darkrooms}}

{{photography subject}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Photography equipment]]
[[Category:Rooms]]

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Darkroom