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Edward L. Beach Jr.

2025-10-15T05:24:57Z

2600:1700:C3A0:6D30:1DEC:BC14:6AB3:A20C: /* USS Trigger */

{{short description|US Navy officer, author (1918–2002)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= Edward Latimer Beach Jr.
|birth_date= {{birth date|1918|4|20}}
|death_date= {{death date and age|2002|12|1|1918|4|20}}
|birth_place= [[New York City]], U.S.
|death_place= [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
|placeofburial= [[United States Naval Academy Cemetery]]
|image= File:Edward L.Beach 1960.jpg
|caption= Edward L. Beach Jr. in 1960
|nickname= Ned
|allegiance= [[United States of America]]
|branch={{flag|United States Navy}}
|serviceyears=1939–1966
|rank= [[Captain (U.S. Navy)|Captain]]
|commands= {{USS|Piper|SS-409}} {{USS|Amberjack |SS-522}} {{USS|Trigger|SS-237}} {{USS|Williamsburg|AGC-369}} {{USS|Salamonie|AO-26}} {{USS|Triton|SSRN-586}} [[Submarine Squadron 8]]
|unit=
|battles= [[Neutrality Patrol]] [[Allied submarines in the Pacific War|World War II]] [[Battle of Midway]] [[Cold War]]
|awards={{plainlist|
* [[File:Navy Cross ribbon.svg|35 px]] [[Navy Cross]]
* [[File:Silver Star Medal ribbon.svg|35 px]] [[Silver Star]] (2)
* [[File:Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|35 px]] [[Legion of Merit]]
* [[File:Bronze Star Medal ribbon.svg|35 px]] [[Bronze Star Medal]] (2)
* [[Magellanic Premium]]
}}
|laterwork= Author, historian
}}
'''Edward Latimer Beach Jr.''' (April 20, 1918 – December 1, 2002) was a [[United States Navy]] [[submarine]] officer and author.<ref name=BeachImage>{{cite web|access-date=May 6, 2007
|url=http://www.navy.mil/view_single.asp?id=3551
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109035652/http://www.navy.mil/view_single.asp?id=3551
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=November 9, 2004
|title=Eye on the Fleet Photo Gallery: Capt. Edward L. "Ned" Beach Jr.
|work=Navy NewsStand
|date=December 1, 2002}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], he participated in the [[Battle of Midway]] and 12 combat patrols, earning 10 decorations for gallantry, including the [[Navy Cross]]. After the war, he served as the naval aide to the [[President of the United States]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], and commanded the first submerged [[circumnavigation]].

Beach's best-selling novel, ''[[Run Silent, Run Deep]]'', was made into the 1958 [[Run Silent, Run Deep (1958 film)|film of the same name]]. The son of Captain [[Edward L. Beach Sr.]] and Alice Fouché Beach, Beach Jr. was born in [[New York City]] and raised in [[Palo Alto, California]].

==Naval career==
Beach was appointed to the [[United States Naval Academy|U.S. Naval Academy]] in 1935 by Senator [[Hiram Johnson]] of [[California]]. Beach served as a regimental commander in his first class year. Beach was named as the [[midshipman]] who had done the most to promote naval spirit and loyalty in his regiment when he graduated second out of 576 in his class in 1939.<ref name=Current_Bio_p21>[[Current Biography|''Current Biography'' (1960)]], p. 21</ref><ref>Beach, ''Salt and Steel'', p. 36</ref>

Beach was initially assigned to the [[heavy cruiser]] {{USS|Chester|CA-27|6}}, before joining the newly recommissioned [[destroyer]] {{USS|Lea|DD-118|6}}, which participated in the neutrality patrol in the Atlantic, the escort of the German [[passenger liner]] {{SS|Columbus|1924|2}}, the initial [[History of Iceland#World War II|American occupation]] of [[Iceland]], and convoy duty in the North Atlantic.<ref name=Current_Bio_p21/><ref>Beach, ''Salt and Steel'', pp. 38–58</ref>

Beach was detached from ''Lea'' in September 1941 to undergo accelerated training at the Submarine Training School at the [[Naval Submarine Base New London|New London Submarine Base]] in [[Connecticut]]. He completed training, graduating first in his class, in December 1941 shortly after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].<ref name=Current_Bio_p21/><ref>Beach, ''Salt and Steel'', p. 59</ref>

===World War II===
During [[World War II]], Beach served aboard the [[submarine]]s {{USS|Trigger|SS-237|6}} and {{USS|Tirante|SS-420|6}}, and took command of {{USS|Piper|SS-409|6}} just as the [[Pacific War]] was ending.

[[File:Cmdr Beach WW2.JPG|thumb|right|Beach in 1945]] After graduating from Submarine School, Beach was assigned to USS ''Trigger'' (SS-237), which was commissioned on January 30, 1942. Aboard ''Trigger'' Beach held several shipboard positions, including communications officer, engineering officer, navigator, co-approach officer, and executive officer. While aboard ''Trigger'', he participated in the [[Battle of Midway]] and served on 10 war patrols. ''Trigger'' was awarded the [[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation]] and the [[Navy Unit Citation]] during Beach's time aboard her.

Beach was assigned to the new commissioned USS ''Tirante'' (SS-420) late in 1944. He served as executive officer under Lieutenant Commander [[George L. Street]], who was awarded the [[Medal of Honor]] for a making a daring attack in a heavily defended Japanese harbor during ''Tirante''{{'}}s first war patrol from March 3 to April 26, 1945. Beach received the [[Navy Cross]] for heroism during the same patrol and ''Tirante'' received the Presidential Unit Citation. The patrol was featured in season 1, episode 11 of the TV series, "The Silent Service", and host and executive producer [[Thomas M. Dykers]] interviewed Beach and Street at the end of the episode.

Beach assumed command of USS ''Piper'' (SS-409) at Pearl Harbor on June 25, 1945. ''Piper'' departed on her third war patrol on July 19 and entered the [[Sea of Japan]] on August 13. The war ended on August 14 and ''Piper'' was in Japanese waters when the formal surrender was signed on September 2 and started her return to Pearl Harbor the next day.

During World War II, Beach earned 10 decorations for gallantry, including the [[Navy Cross]] and three unit citations, and participated in 12 war patrols that damaged or sank 45 enemy vessels.<ref name=Current_Bio_p21/>

===Cold War===
In December 1945, Beach reported to the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]] to serve as the personal aide to [[Vice admiral (United States)|Vice Admiral]] [[Louis E. Denfeld]], the chief of the [[Bureau of Naval Personnel]]. In March 1947, he was attached to the Atomic Defense Section (OPNAV 36) under [[Rear admiral#United States|Rear Admiral]] [[William Sterling Parsons|William S. Parsons]].<ref name=Current_Bio_p22/><ref>Beach, ''Salt and Steel'', pp. 168–185</ref>

===USS ''Amberjack''===
In May 1948, he was given command of {{USS|Amberjack|SS-522|6}}, a [[GUPPY II#GUPPY II program|GUPPY II]] modified submarine. ''Amberjack'' gained the nickname "Anglejack" because of its pioneering use of steep diving and surfacing angles, which was covered in the January 1950 edition of the [[National Geographic (magazine)|''National Geographic'' magazine]].<ref name=Current_Bio_p22>[[Current Biography|''Current Biography'' (1960)]], p. 22</ref><ref>Beach, ''Salt and Steel'', p. 196</ref> During war games, ''Amberjack'' photographed the opposing task force's flagship through its periscope and sent the admiral a copy inscribed with "Regards from Ned Beach and the ''Amberjack''."<ref name="time">
{{cite magazine |access-date= January 10, 2008
|url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817758,00.html?promoid=googlep
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080608010357/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817758,00.html?promoid=googlep
|url-status= dead
|archive-date= June 8, 2008
|title= New Look in Aides
|date= January 26, 1953 |magazine= [[Time (magazine)|Time]]
}}</ref>
[[File:Cmdr Edward L Beach.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Beach while a naval aide]]

===Joint Chiefs of Staff===
Beach's tour as skipper of ''Amberjack'' was abbreviated as he was called to Washington to serve as naval aide to General [[Omar Bradley]], the first [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], in August 1949. In that post, Beach witnessed first hand the events surrounding the [[Revolt of the Admirals]].<ref name=Current_Bio_p21/><ref>Beach, ''Salt and Steel'', pp. 201–219 (see photo section)</ref>

===USS ''Trigger''===
Upon completing his tour of duty as Bradley's aide in March 1951, Beach was named prospective commanding officer of the new {{USS|Trigger|SS-564|3}}, then under construction. Upon commissioning of ''Trigger II'', which was named for {{USS|Trigger|SS-237|3}} lost during World War II, he became commanding officer of the second submarine to be completed in the new {{sclass|Tang|submarine|1}} after World War II.<ref>[http://ss564.org/P-Plank-Owners-2.htm Plank Owners page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105153902/http://www.ss564.org/P-Plank-Owners-2.htm |date=January 5, 2007 }} @ USS ''Trigger'' (SS-564) Official Website</ref>

===The White House===
From 1953 to 1957, Beach was naval aide to President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].<ref name="time"/> As naval aide Beach was responsible for the management of [[Camp David]], the [[Presidential Food Service|White House Mess]], and for the presidential [[yacht]] {{USS|Williamsburg|AGC-369|6}}. Because Eisenhower had made a campaign promise to get rid of the presidential yacht, neither the efforts of Beach nor those of Mrs. Eisenhower were successful in dissuading him from that course of action. The elimination of ''Williamsburg'' proved to be a bureaucratic hassle for Beach and the Navy Department since ''Williamsburg'' was the funnel for all budgets and personnel for Camp David and the White House Mess. While working the White House, Beach volunteered to be the coordinator on the White House staff for all plans to protect the president in case of nuclear attack. Since the Secret Service in 1953 did not deem helicopter travel as safe, evacuating the president on short notice was planned by Beach via the Potomac River, several PT (patrol torpedo) boats and a high speed race down river to meet up with a waiting Navy ship.<ref>Finch, ''Beneath the Waves: The Life and Navy of Capt. Edward L. Beach Jr.'', pp. 65–70.</ref> It was Beach who spearheaded the effort to get [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Mamie Eisenhower]] to [[Ceremonial ship launching|christen]] {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571|6}}, the world's first [[nuclear-powered submarine]], in 1954.<ref>Beach, ''Salt and Steel'', pp. 229–237</ref>

Beach was advanced to the rank of [[Captain (U.S. Navy)|captain]] on October 1, 1956.<ref name=Current_Bio_p22/>

===USS ''Salamonie''===
Beach left the White House in January 1957, and assumed command of {{USS|Salamonie|AO-26|6}}, a {{sclass|Cimarron|oiler (1939)|0}} [[fleet replenishment oiler]], on March 15. He completed a deployment to the [[United States Sixth Fleet|U.S. Sixth Fleet]], operating in the [[Mediterranean Sea]], in December 1957.<ref>[http://www.salamonie.homestead.com/Commanders.html List of Commanders] @ USS ''Salamonie'' (AO-26) Official Website</ref><ref>Beach, ''Salt and Steel'', pp. 243–261</ref>
[[File:Captain Edward Beach USS Triton 17 FEB 1960.jpg|thumb|Beach making an announcement to the crew of ''Triton'' on February 17, 1960]]
[[File:Edward L. Beach, Jr.jpg|thumb|right|Beach traces the route of the first undersea circumnavigation by ''Triton'' in 1960]]

===USS ''Triton''===
In January 1958, he attended the Navy's training program for atomic reactors in order to qualify for his next command, {{USS|Triton|SSRN-586|6}}, the nation's fifth nuclear-powered submarine.<ref>Beach, ''Salt and Steel'', pp. 261–262</ref>

In November 1959, Beach took command of USS ''Triton'', the only American nuclear-powered submarine to be equipped with two nuclear reactors. Departing New London on what was supposed to have been a "shake-down" cruise in February 1960, ''Triton'' began a 1960 [[circumnavigation]] of the Earth in 84 days without surfacing, covering over {{convert|41000|smi|km}}, an unprecedented feat. The route of ''Triton'' followed roughly that of [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in 1519–1522. The scientific and military significance of the ''Triton'' voyage was overshadowed by the [[U-2 Incident]] which broke just as USS ''Triton'' was returning.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Triton Follows Magellan's Wake |journal=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |first=Edward L. |last=Beach |date=November 1960 |volume=118 |issue=5}}</ref>

For successfully completing its mission, ''Triton'' was awarded the [[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation]].<ref>[http://garrygray.tripod.com/presidential_unit_citation.htm] Presidential Unit Citation dated May 10, 1960</ref> At a special White House ceremony, Captain Beach was presented the [[Legion of Merit]] by President Eisenhower.<ref name="presidency.ucsb.edu">[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=11777&st=&st1= Citation] accompanying Award of Legion of Merit to Captain Edward L. Beach, USN, dated May 10, 1960</ref> Beach wrote about ''Triton''{{'}}s voyage in his book ''Around the World Submerged: The Voyage of the Triton'', published in 1962.

Following her post-shakedown availability, ''Triton'' deployed to European waters with the [[United States Second Fleet|Second Fleet]] to participate in [[NATO]] exercises against British naval forces led by the [[aircraft carrier]]s {{HMS|Ark Royal|R09|6}} and {{HMS|Hermes|R12|6}} under the command of [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)|Rear Admiral]] [[Sir Charles Madden, 2nd Baronet|Sir Charles Madden]]. This deployment was culminated with a port visit to [[Bremerhaven]], [[West Germany]], the first visit by a nuclear-powered ship to a European port.<ref>Beach, ''Salt and Steel'', pp. 263–269</ref>

===Subron 8, National War College and OpNav===
After his tour in command of ''Triton'', Beach commanded [[Submarine Squadron 8|Submarine Squadron Eight]] from July 1961 to August 1962. He was next a student at the [[National War College]], where he completed a course of study in July 1963. At the same time he earned a [[Master of Arts]] degree in [[international relations]] from [[George Washington University]].

In May 1963, [[Eugene Parks Wilkinson]] and Beach were in competition for selection to rear admiral, and the board selected Wilkinson with Beach's sincere congratulations.<ref>At the end of May 1963, Wilkinson's name appeared on the published list of officers selected for flag rank as rear admiral. Scores of congratulatory notes poured in over the next months— from many Nautilus friends and shipmates, from Rickover, from all across the Navy, private industry, friends, and acquaintances. Word was that the selection board had considered two nuclear-qualified candidates: Dennis Wilkinson and Ned Beach. Wilkinson was selected. Beach (at that time participating in a course at the National War College) sent a very warm, gracious congratulatory letter endorsing Wilkinson's selection, "My dear Dennis ... delighted to see it ... realized it was between you and me. Frankly, on that basis, there was no choice whatsoever, and if I had been on the board myself, the decision would still have been unanimous." Winters, Ann (March 28, 2017). Underway on Nuclear Power! The Man Behind the Words: Eugene P. "Dennis" Wilkinson, Vice Admiral USN (Kindle Locations 6059–6065). The American Nuclear Society. Kindle Edition.</ref>

From July 1963 to December 1966, Beach served in the [[office of the Chief of Naval Operations]] (OpNav) preparing annual budget reports for Congress and preparing the [[Secretary of the Navy]] ([[Fred Korth]], [[Paul B. Fay]], and [[Paul H. Nitze]]) and the [[Chief of Naval Operations]] ([[George W. Anderson Jr.]] and [[David L. McDonald]]) for hearings before Congressional committees.

Beach retired from active duty with the rank of captain in 1966, after 27 years of service.

==Naval War College and Capitol Hill==
Beach retired from active duty in the Navy in 1966, and was appointed as the [[Stephen B. Luce]] Chair of Naval Science at the [[Naval War College]] in Newport, Rhode Island – the first person to hold that position. During his tenure he was the editor of the ''Naval War College Review''.

Subsequently, Beach served for seven years as staff director of the United States Senate Republican Policy Committee, and for one year as chief of staff for Senator [[Jeremiah Denton]] (R-Alabama).

==Author==

After World War II, Beach wrote extensively in his spare time, following his father, who was also a career naval officer and author. His first book, ''Submarine!'' (1952), was a compilation of accounts of several wartime patrols made by his own as well as other submarines, which [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] called "the liveliest and most authentic account of underseas combat to come out of World War II."<ref name="time"/>

In all, Beach published thirteen books, but is best known for his first novel, ''[[Run Silent, Run Deep#Novel plot|Run Silent, Run Deep]]'' (1955), which appeared on ''[[The New York Times Book Review]]'' bestseller list for several months. A [[Run Silent, Run Deep#Movie plot|movie]] of the same name, [[Run Silent, Run Deep#Differences|based loosely]] on the novel and starring [[Clark Gable]] and [[Burt Lancaster]], was released by [[United Artists]] in 1958 (Beach was unhappy with the adaptation).<ref>{{cite web| title= Edward L. "Ned" Beach, Captain, USN - 1918-2002 | url= http://www.submarinesailor.com/InMemorium/BeachNed.htm|publisher=SubmarineSailor.com| access-date=April 14, 2016}}</ref> Beach penned two sequels to ''Run Silent, Run Deep'': ''Dust on the Sea'' (1972), relating in detail a war patrol by ''Eel'' leading a [[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack]], and ''Cold is the Sea'' (1978), set in 1961 aboard a [[nuclear submarine]].

In addition to ''Submarine!'', Beach wrote several more books on naval history, including ''The Wreck of the Memphis'' (1966); ''United States Navy: 200 Years'' (1986), a general history of the Navy; ''Scapegoats: A Defense of Kimmel and Short at Pearl Harbor'' (1995); and ''Salt and Steel: Reflections of a Submariner'' (1999). ''Keepers of the Sea'' (1983) is a pictorial record of the modern navy with photography by [[Fred J. Maroon]]. For a number of years Beach was co-editor of ''Naval Terms Dictionary'' as that standard reference work passed through several editions. His last work, completed shortly before his death, was to prepare for publication his father's manuscript of his own naval career, ''From Annapolis to Scapa Flow: The Autobiography of Edward L. Beach Sr'' (2003).

In addition to his books, Beach was a prolific author of articles and book reviews for periodicals ranging from [[Blue Book (magazine)|''Blue Book'']] to ''[[National Geographic]]'', and [[Naval History (magazine)|''Naval History'']] to [[American Heritage (magazine)|''American Heritage'']].

===Bibliography===
'''Fiction:'''
*''[[Run Silent, Run Deep]]'' (New York: [[Henry Holt and Company|Holt, Rinehart and Winston]], 1955)
*''Dust on the Sea'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972)
*''Cold is the Sea'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978)
'''Memoirs:'''
*''From Annapolis to Scapa Flow: The Autobiography of [[Edward L. Beach Sr.]]'' (Annapolis Maryland: [[United States Naval Institute|Naval Institute]] Press, 2002) co-authored with his father
*''Salt and Steel: Reflections of a Submariner'' (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1999)
'''Non-fiction:'''
*''Around the World Submerged: The Voyage of the Triton'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962)
*''Keepers of the Sea'' (photos by Fred J. Maroon) (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1983)
*''Naval Terms Dictionary'', in collaboration with John V. Noel Jr, 4th edition (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1971)
*''Naval Terms Dictionary'', in collaboration with John V. Noel Jr, 5th edition (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1978)
*''Naval Terms Dictionary'', in collaboration with John V. Noel Jr, 6th edition (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1988)
*''Scapegoats: A Defense of [[Husband E. Kimmel|Kimmel]] and [[Walter Short|Short]] at [[attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]]'' (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995)
*''Submarine!'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1952)
*''The United States Navy: 200 Years'' (New York: [[Henry Holt and Company|Henry Holt]], 1986)
*''The Wreck of the Memphis'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966)
''Run Silent, Run Deep'' and ''The Wreck of the Memphis'' were republished in hardcover by the Naval Institute Press as part of its ''Classics of Naval Literature'' series while ''Around the World Submerged'', ''Submarine!'', ''Dust on the Sea'', and ''Cold is the Sea'' were reprinted in quality paperback editions as part of its ''Bluejacket Books'' series

==Family==
Beach married Ingrid Schenck, daughter of [[Stanford University]] professor Hubert G. Schenck and Inga Bergström Schenck, in Palo Alto in 1944. They had four children: Inga-Marie (1945–1948), Edward A. (b. 1948), Hugh S. (b. 1949) and Ingrid Alice (b. 1952).

==Awards and decorations==
During his service in the United States Navy, Beach was awarded the [[Navy Cross]], the [[Silver Star]] with Gold Star in lieu of a second Silver Star, the [[Legion of Merit]], the [[Bronze Star Medal|Bronze Star]] with a combat Distinguished "V" and Gold Star in lieu of a second Bronze Star Medal with a combat Distinguished "V", [[Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal|Letter of Commendation Ribbon]] with Gold Star in lieu of second award and "V" device from the Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, three [[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)#Navy and Marine|Presidential Unit Citations]], the [[Navy Unit Commendation]], [[American Defense Service Medal]] with Atlantic Fleet Clasp, the [[American Campaign Medal]], the [[Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal]] with three engagement stars, the [[World War II Victory Medal]] and the [[National Defense Service Medal]] with bronze service star in lieu of second award.

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan=4|[[File:Submarine Officer badge.jpg|220px]]
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Navy Cross ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=award-star|ribbon=Silver Star Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=award-star||other_device=nv|ribbon=Bronze Star Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=award-star||other_device=nv|ribbon=Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=2|type=service-star|ribbon=Pucribbontriton1.JPG|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=U.S. Navy Unit Commendation ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=12|type=service-star|ribbon=Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=National Defense Service Medal ribbon, 2nd award.svg|width=106}}
|-
|colspan=4|[[File:Submarine Combat Patrol Insignia.png|220px]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|colspan=5|[[Submarine Warfare insignia]]
|-
|[[Navy Cross]]
|[[Silver Star]] with gold star
|[[Legion of Merit]]
|-
|[[Bronze Star Medal]] with "V" device and gold star
|[[Navy Commendation Medal]] with "V" device and gold star
|[[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation]] with Globe device and two stars
|-
|[[Navy Unit Commendation]]
|[[American Defense Service Medal]] with "FLEET" clasp and "A" device
|[[American Campaign Medal]]
|-
|[[Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal]] with twelve [[battle star]]s
|[[World War II Victory Medal]]
|[[National Defense Service Medal]] with star
|-
|colspan=5|[[Submarine Combat Patrol insignia]]
|}

===Navy Cross===
[[File:Navycross.jpg|left|50px]]
{{blockquote|The Navy Cross is presented to Edward Latimer Beach, Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy, for gallantry and intrepidity in action as Executive Officer, Navigator and Assistant Approach Officer on board the U.S.S. TIRANTE (SS-420) on the First War Patrol of that submarine during the period March 3, 1945 to April 25, 1945, in enemy controlled waters of the East China Sea. Lieutenant Commander Edward Beach rendered valiant service to his commanding officer in penetrating mined and shoal-obstructed shallow waters in defiance of hostile shore-based radar stations and aircraft. By his excellent judgment and keen understanding of attack problems, he aided immeasurably in sending torpedoes into targets with deadly accuracy and contributed to the sinking of three Japanese cargo ships, one large transport, a hostile tanker, three patrol frigates, and one lugger, totaling 28,000 tons of shipping vital to the enemy's ability to prosecute the war. Through his experience and sound judgment he assisted in bringing his ship safely back to port. His conduct throughout was an inspiration to his officers and men and in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.homeofheroes.com/valor/1_Citations/03_wwii-nc/nc_06wwii_navy.html |title=Navy Cross Awards to members of the U.S. Navy in World War II |access-date=2006-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829094407/http://www.homeofheroes.com/valor/1_Citations/03_wwii-nc/nc_06wwii_navy.html |archive-date=2006-08-29 }} ''Full Text Citations For Award of The Navy Cross'' @ HomeOfHeroes.com</ref>}}

'''Bureau of Naval Personnel Information Bulletin No. 345 – December 1945'''

===Silver Star===
[[File:SilverStarMed.gif|left|50px]] 
{{blockquote|For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity as Diving Officer on board a United States submarine ... [his] consistent and precise control of depth contributed directly to his vessel's success in destroying or inflicting heavy damage upon enemy shipping and Fleet units. In an attack on a large new Japanese aircraft carrier, his performance of duty under trying circumstances was instrumental in the crippling of this valuable target and in the successful evasion of enemy countermeasures<ref name=US_Navy_bio>Official Biography – Naval History Division</ref>}}

'''[[Service star|Gold Star]] to denote a second Silver Star:'''
{{blockquote|as Executive Officer of a United States submarine during a successful war patrol in enemy-controlled Pacific water ... Undaunted by the enemy's vicious anti-submarine measures, demanding duties on the bridge with vigilance and determination as his submarine attacked important enemy ships. By his technical skill an unwavering devotion to duty in the face of grave personal danger, [he] contributed directly to the sinking of five enemy vessels totaling over 39,000 tons<ref name=US_Navy_bio/>}}

===Legion of Merit===
[[File:Us legion of merit legionnaire.png|left|50px]] 
{{blockquote|For exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service while serving on board the U.S.S. TRITON from the 16th of February 1960 to the 10th of May 1960. As Commanding Officer, Captain Edward L. Beach, United States Navy, led his crew with courage, foresight and determination in an unprecedented circumnavigation of the globe, proving man's ability under trying conditions to accomplish prolonged submerged missions as well as testing new and complex equipment in the world's largest submarine. This historic voyage took his ship into strange waters under difficult and frequently unknown conditions, as a result, the TRITON collected much valuable oceanographic information. Captain Edward Beach's sound judgment, masterful leadership, professional skill and devotion to duty were in keeping with the highest traditions of the naval service.<ref name="presidency.ucsb.edu"/>}}

'''The White House – May 10, 1960'''

===Bronze Star, with Combat "V"===
[[File:Bronze Star medal.jpg|left|50px]] 
{{blockquote|For heroic achievement as Executive Officer and Co-Approach Officer of a United States submarine during a successful and aggressive War Patrol in enemy Japanese-controlled waters ... Despite heavy close-range enemy gunfire [he] rendered invaluable assistance to his commanding officer throughout seven daring attacks upon three large enemy convoys, contributing materially to the sinking of six enemy merchant vessels, totaling over 44,000 tons<ref name=US_Navy_bio/>}}

'''Gold Star in lieu of second Bronze Star, with Combat"V":'''

{{blockquote|[For] meritorious service as Commanding Officer of the USS Piper during the Third War Patrol of that vessel in the enemy-controlled waters of the Japan Sea from July 19, 1945, until the cessation of hostilities<ref name=US_Navy_bio/>}}

===Letter of commendation===
{{blockquote|For ... meritorious conduct ... as Diving Officer in a U.S. Submarine during a War Patrol of that vessel. His precise control was of valuable assistance to his Commanding Officer in conducting attacks which resulted in the sinking or damaging of enemy vessels totaling over 20,000 tons.<ref name=US_Navy_bio/>}}
:'''Letter of Commendation Ribbon with Gold Star in lieu of second award and "V" device from the Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet:'''
{{blockquote|For distinguishing himself ... in the performance of his duties as Assistant Approach Officer in the USS Trigger during that vessel's Ninth War Patrol, March 23, 1944 to May 15, 1944. His intelligent handling of approach problems, excellent judgment and ability assisted his Commanding Officer considerable in conducting successful attacks<ref name=US_Navy_bio/>}}

===Presidential Unit Citation===
====USS ''Trigger''====
[[File:United States Navy Presidential Unit Citation ribbon.svg|left|50px]] 
{{blockquote|For outstanding performance in combat during her Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh War Patrols against the enemy. Employing highly daring and hazardous tactics, the USS Trigger struck at the enemy with consistent aggressiveness, seeking out and pursuing her targets with dogged determination regardless of unfavorable attack conditions. Her exceptionally notable record of severe damage inflicted on hostile shipping and the gallant fighting spirit of her officers and men reflect great credit upon the United States Naval Service.<ref>Text of Citation – www.applmath.com/csds50/pdfs/RADMRoyStanleyBenson.pdf</ref>}}

====USS ''Tirante''====
[[File:United States Navy Presidential Unit Citation ribbon.svg|left|50px]] 
{{blockquote|For extraordinary heroism in action ... in the harbor of Quepart Island of the coast of Korea on April 14, 1945. With the crew at surface battle stations the USS Tirante approached the hostile anchorage from the south while within 1200 yards of the coast to complete a reconnoitering circuit of the island ... She penetrated the mine and shoal obstructed waters of the restricted harbor despite numerous patrolling vessels and in defiance of five shore-based radar stations and menacing aircraft. Prepared to fight her way out on the surface if attacked, she went into action, sending two torpedoes with deadly accuracy into a large Japanese ammunition ship and exploding the target in a mountainous and blinding glare of white flame<ref name=US_Navy_bio/>}}

====USS ''Triton''====
[[File:Pucribbontriton1.JPG|left|50px]] 
{{blockquote|For meritorious achievement from the 16th of February 1960 to the 10th of May 1960. During this period Triton circumnavigated the earth submerged, generally following the route of Magellan's historic voyage. In addition to proving the ability of both crew and nuclear submarine to accomplish a mission which required almost three months of submergence, Triton collected much data of scientific importance. The performance, determination and devotion to duty of TRITON's crew were in keeping with the highest traditions of the naval service.}}

{{blockquote|All members of the crew who made this voyage are authorized to wear the Presidential Unit Citation ribbon with a special clasp in the form of a golden replica of the globe.<ref>[http://garrygray.tripod.com/presidential_unit_citation.htm] Citation – Presidential Unit Citation for making the first submerged circumnavigation of the world.</ref> (see image above)}}

:'''The White House – May 10, 1960'''

===Navy Unit Commendation===
====USS ''Trigger''====
[[File:U.S. Navy Unit Commendation ribbon.svg|left|50px]] 
{{blockquote|For outstanding heroism in action against enemy Japanese shipping and combatant units during her Ninth War Patrol in the Palau Islands area from March 23 to May 20, 1944. Undaunted by numerous enemy escort vessels and desperately severe anti-submarine measures, the USS Trigger skillfully penetrated convoy screens to reach her targets ... She pressed home daring attacks to leave four freighters and a destroyer a mass of smoke and wreakage ... After seventeen hours of skillful evasion, to resurface and strike again at the enemy<ref name=US_Navy_bio/>}}

===Other awards===
<gallery>
File:ADSM.png|[[American Defense Service Medal]] with Atlantic Fleet clasp
File:AmericanCM.png|[[American Campaign Medal]]
File:ASPCFCM.png|[[Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal]] with three [[battle stars]]
File:WWIIVictory.gif|[[World War II Victory Medal]]
File:National Defense Service Medal.png|[[National Defense Service Medal]] with bronze service star in lieu of second award
</gallery>

==Honors==
[[File:021201-N-0000B-001 Beach Hall 1999.jpg|thumb|right|Beach at the 1999 dedication of Beach Hall, the United States Naval Institute's headquarters]]
*Sword of the Class of 1897 from the [[United States Naval Academy]] upon Beach's graduation in 1939.<ref>"Edward L Beach" [[Current Biography|''Current Biography'' (1960)]], p. 21</ref>
*Giant of Adventure Award (1960) from the popular men's magazine [[Argosy (magazine)|''Argosy'']], which dubbed Beach the "Magellan of the Deep" for the submerged [[circumnavigation]] by USS ''Triton''.<ref>[http://www.philsp.com/data/images/a/argosy_196008.jpg] [[Argosy (magazine)|''Argosy'']], August 1960</ref>
* [[Honorary degree|Honorary]] [[Doctor of Science|Doctor of Science (Sc.D)]] from the [[American International College]], whose citation reads: "Your most recent exploit in commanding the largest submarine in existence during an historic submerged voyage around the globe has won for you and your crew the admiration of the world you circled."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080608010751/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940600,00.html "Kudo"] – [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']]. June 13, 1960.</ref>
*[[Magellanic Premium]] (1961) from the [[American Philosophical Society]] in recognition of the first submerged [[circumnavigation]] by the ''Triton''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/prizes/magellanic.htm |title=The Magellanic Premium of the American Philosophical Society |access-date=February 2, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417141917/http://www.amphilsoc.org/prizes/magellanic.htm |archive-date=April 17, 2009 }} [[Magellanic Premium|The Magellanic Premium]] of the [[American Philosophical Society]]</ref>
*[[Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt Prize in Naval History]] (1987) from the New York Council of the [[United States Navy League|Navy League]], in cooperation with the [[Roosevelt Institute]] and the [[Theodore Roosevelt Association]], for his book ''The United States Navy: 200 Years'' (Henry Holt, 1986).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.feri.org/common/news/info_detail.cfm?QID=1986&ClientID=11005 |title=The Franklin & Eleanor Roosevelt Institute - Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt Naval History Prize |access-date=May 6, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514205603/http://www.feri.org/common/news/info_detail.cfm?QID=1986&ClientID=11005 |archive-date=May 14, 2007 }} [[Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt Prize in Naval History]] 1987, [[Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute]]</ref><ref>[http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/association/NavalHistPrize.htm] [[Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt Prize in Naval History]] 1987, [[Theodore Roosevelt Association]]</ref>
*[[Alfred Thayer Mahan Award for Literary Achievement]] (1980; 2000) from the Navy League.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3738/is_200006/ai_n8888104/pg_2] Reprint of ''Seapower'' magazine (June 2000), published by the [[Navy League of the United States]]</ref>
*The [[Naval Historical Foundation]] History Prize has been renamed the Captain Edward L. Beach Prize.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navyhistory.org/about/AnnualReport2002.pdf |title=''2002 Annual Report'' |access-date=September 23, 2013 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715055443/http://www.navyhistory.org/about/AnnualReport2002.pdf |archive-date=July 15, 2007 }} of the [[Naval Historical Foundation]], p. 10.</ref>
*The Beach Award for non-technical writing or documentation that promotes [[personal submarine]]s presented by the Personal Submersible Organization (PSUBS.ORG) is named in Beach's honor.<ref>[http://www.psubs.org/awards/commemoration.html] PSUBS.ORG Awards site.</ref>
*Beach Hall, the [[United States Naval Institute]]'s headquarters on the grounds of the United States Naval Academy in [[Annapolis|Annapolis, Maryland]], is named in honor of both Captains Beach.<ref>[http://www.navyleague.org/seapower/pen_and_the_sword.htm "Pen and Sword"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185400/http://www.navyleague.org/seapower/pen_and_the_sword.htm |date=September 27, 2007 }} by Gordon I. Peterson. ''Seapower'' magazine</ref> Beach Jr., is buried in front of the entrance to Beach Hall, close to the bank of the [[Severn River (Maryland)|Severn River]] of [[Maryland]].<ref>[http://www.usna.edu/cemetery/beachfull.htm] [[United States Naval Academy Cemetery]]</ref>
*[[National Museum of the United States Navy]] included Beach, {{USS|Triton|SSRN-586|6}}, and [[Operation Sandblast]] as part of the Technology for the Nuclear Age: Nuclear Propulsion display for its Cold War exhibit.<ref>{{cite web | title= Technology for the Nuclear Age: Nuclear Propulsion | url= http://usnavymuseum.org/Ex1_NuclearPropulsion.asp | work= Cold War Gallery | publisher= [[U.S. Navy Museum]] | year= 2011 | access-date= October 12, 2011 | archive-date= November 16, 2012 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121116021035/http://usnavymuseum.org/Ex1_NuclearPropulsion.asp | url-status= dead }}</ref>
*[[Samuel Eliot Morison Award for Naval Literature]] (1999) for ''Salt and Steel: Reflections of a Submariner''<ref name=winall>{{cite web |url=https://www.navalorder.org/awards-given/ |title=Latest NOUS Awards |publisher=[[Naval Order of the United States]] |access-date=December 23, 2017}}</ref><ref name=nycommendary>{{cite web|url=http://www.navalordernyc.org/previous-morison-book-awards|title=Previous Morison Book Awards|publisher=[[Naval Order of the United States]], New York Commandery|access-date=December 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827031557/http://www.navalordernyc.org/previous-morison-book-awards|archive-date=August 27, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Legacy==
{{Portal|Biography}}

Author [[Tom Clancy]] summarized Beach's accomplishments and contributions when he wrote:

{{blockquote|Ned loved the Navy as a man might love his own family. For the Navy ''was'' his family, the junior officers he trained and the enlisted men who did so much of the hand-labor in the boats. He served with distinction approaching perfection and, like his [[Edward L. Beach Sr.|father]], would then write about the things he'd seen and done ... More than once I spoke with him about the psychological aspects of combat, and every time he told me what I needed to know, always from his own rich experiences. Ned was a serious student of history – he wrote several splendid books on this subject – and of human nature. What he didn't know had never happened.<ref>[[Tom Clancy]]. "He Lived What He Wrote". [[The Wall Street Journal|''Opinion Journal'']] (December 4, 2002)</ref>}}

Ed Offley of ''DefenseWatch'' wrote:

{{blockquote|Beach once told an interviewer, "What is there about the Navy? To me, it's always been a tremendous feeling that I am part of an organization that's much bigger than I am."{{pb}}

The submariner was inaccurate. It is sailors like Capt. Edward L. Beach Jr. – who died on December 1 at the age of 84 – who make institutions like the Navy bigger and greater than they otherwise would be.<ref>Ed Offley. "In Memoriam – Capt. Edward L. Beach Jr. USN (SS)" ''DefenseWatch'' (December 4, 2002)</ref>}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web |url=https://media.defense.gov/2019/Apr/10/2002112806/-1/-1/1/AH199908.pdf |title=Interview with Captain Edward L. Beach |date=August 1999 |work=[[All Hands]] |publisher=United States Navy |access-date=December 21, 2020}}
* Edward L. Beach Jr. ''Around the World Submerged: The Voyage of the'' Triton (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962) LCC: 62-18406 (paperback, {{ISBN|1-55750-215-3}})
* Edward L. Beach Jr. ''Submarine!'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1952) paperback, {{ISBN|1-59114-058-7}}
* Edward L. Beach Jr. ''Salt and Steel: Reflections of a Submariner'' (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1999) {{ISBN|1-55750-054-1}}
* "Edward L Beach" [[Current Biography|''Current Biography'' (1960)]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081030143735/http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/listofholdingshtml/listofholdingsB/BEACHEDWARDLPapers19531961.pdf Captain Edward L. Beach: Papers, 1953 1961] @ [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Dwight D. Eisenhower Library]] – [[Abilene, Kansas]]
*''Beneath the Waves: The Life and Navy of CAPT Edward L. Beach, Jr'' by Edward F. Finch. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2010.
* Official Biography – Naval History Division – U.S. Department of the Navy (September 13, 1963)
*"Navy Captain, Author Edward Beach" by Martin Weil. ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (Monday December 2002), page B6
*"Edward L. Beach Author and First Round-the-World Submariner, Dies at 84" by Richard Goldstein. ''[[The New York Times]]'' (Monday December 2002), page B8

==External links==
{{external links|date=June 2021}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Finding_Aids/B.html Papers and Records of Edward L. Beach, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]
*[https://www.usna.edu/Library/sca/man-findingaids/MS_422.EAD.xml Edward L. Beach Papers, 1883-2000 (bulk 1951-1999) MS 422] held by [http://www.usna.edu/Library/sca/ Special Collections & Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018031320/http://www.usna.edu/Library/sca/ |date=October 18, 2014 }}, [http://www.usna.edu/Library/ Nimitz Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018032323/http://www.usna.edu/Library/ |date=October 18, 2014 }} at the [http://www.usna.edu United States Naval Academy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906180027/http://www.usna.edu/ |date=September 6, 2016 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110002717
|title=He Lived What He Wrote
|author=Tom Clancy|author-link=Tom Clancy
|work=Opinion Journal
|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]
|date=December 4, 2002}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080607214347/http://www.inthefirstperson.com/firp/firp.detail.documents.aspx?documentcode=OHI0016436-11879 Reminiscences of Edward Latimer Beach] — [[Oral History]] – Eisenhower Administrative File – [[Columbia University]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021230083552/http://www.sftt.org/dwa/2002/12/4/7.html "In Memoriam – Capt. Edward L. Beach Jr. USN (SS)" by Ed Offley.] – ''DefenseWatch'' (December 4, 2002)
*[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/12/20/1040174391180.html "Around the world, all under the sea – Captain Edward Beach, Submariner, writer 1918-2002"] reprint – ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' – December 21, 2002
*[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article1178449.ece "Captain Edward L. Beach"]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} – [[The Times|''Times'' (London)]] – December 4, 2002
*[http://www.military.com/NewContent/0,13190,NI_Beach_0103,00.html Captain Edward L. Beach Jr.: "His Work Will Live On"] [[United States Naval Institute|Naval Institute ''Proceedings'']] (January 2003)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050215212914/http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/cno/n87/history/pioneers4.html#Edward%20L.%20Beach Profile @ Submarine Pioneers, Office of Naval Information (CINFO)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070509115008/http://www.mediacen.navy.mil/pubs/allhands/aug99/pg32.htm August 1999 Interview] — ''[[All Hands]]'' magazine
*[http://www.fleetsubmarine.com/beach.html Captain Edward L. Beach biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523022507/http://www.fleetsubmarine.com/beach.html |date=May 23, 2006 }} at FleetSubmarine.com
*{{IMDb name|0063459|name=Edward L. Beach}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031008/http://www.sharkhunters.com/EPBeach.htm Profile @ Sharkhunters International Inc.]
*[http://garrygray.tripod.com/atws/atws_beachatperiscope.htm Profile] @ USS ''Triton'' (SSRN-586) Website
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060928005108/http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/cno/n87/usw/issue_18/downlink.html "Longtime Submariner Remembered as Warrior-Poet"] by JOC Michael Foutch, USN. Office of Naval Information – Department of the Navy – Washington, D.C.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070507021508/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/pers-us/uspers-b/ed-beach.htm Captain Edward L. Beach, USN, (1867-1943)], ''Dictionary of American Fighting Ships'', [[Naval Historical Center]], Department of the Navy. (Father's biography)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090108171705/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1983/3/1983_3_10.shtml Seapower Confronts the Twenty-first Century: An Interview With Edward L. Beach] by Nathan Miller – [[American Heritage (magazine)|''American Heritage'']] – April/May 1983

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beach, Edward L. Jr.}}
[[Category:Edward L. Beach Jr.| ]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:United States Navy personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:National War College alumni]]
[[Category:American naval historians]]
[[Category:Naval War College faculty]]
[[Category:United States Naval Academy alumni|Beach Jr]]
[[Category:United States Navy captains]]
[[Category:United States submarine commanders]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Silver Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Burials at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery]]
[[Category:Circumnavigators of the globe]]
[[Category:Eisenhower administration personnel]]
[[Category:Military aides to the president of the United States]]
[[Category:Military personnel from New York City]]
[[Category:Writers from Palo Alto, California]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]

Walton Walker

2025-10-15T05:02:33Z

2600:1700:C3A0:6D30:1DEC:BC14:6AB3:A20C: /* Military awards and badges */

{{Short description|United States Army general (1889–1950)}}
{{redirect|Walker Bulldog|the tank|M41 Walker Bulldog}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}{{Use American English|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox military person
| name = Walton Walker
| image = Walton H. Walker (US Army General).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Walker in 1950
| nickname = "Johnnie Walker"
| birth_date = {{birth date|1889|12|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Belton, Texas]], United States
| death_date = {{death date and age|1950|12|23|1889|12|3|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dobong District|Dobong]], [[Seoul]], South Korea
| placeofburial = [[Arlington National Cemetery]], [[Virginia]], United States
| allegiance = United States
| branch = [[United States Army]]
| serviceyears = 1912–1950
| rank = [[General (United States)|General]] (posthumous)
| servicenumber = 0-3405
| unit = [[Infantry Branch (United States)|Infantry Branch]]
| commands = [[Eighth United States Army]] [[Fifth United States Army]] [[Army Service Forces|Eighth Service Command]] [[XX Corps (United States)|XX Corps]] [[3rd Armored Division (United States)|3rd Armored Division]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Banana Wars]]
** [[United States occupation of Veracruz|Occupation of Veracruz]]
* [[World War I]]
* [[World War II]]
** [[Operation Overlord]]
*** [[Battle of Normandy]]
**** [[Normandy landings]]
** [[Siegfried Line campaign]]
*** [[Battle of Metz]]
** [[Battle of the Bulge]]
** [[Central Europe campaign]]
** [[Occupation of Japan]]
* [[Korean War]]
** [[Battle of Pusan Perimeter]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] (2) {{nowrap|[[Army Distinguished Service Medal]] (2)}} [[Silver Star]] (3) [[Legion of Merit]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (2) [[Bronze Star Medal]] [[Air Medal]] (12) [[Army Commendation Medal]] [[Order of Military Merit (South Korea)|Eulji Order of Military Merit]] (2)
| relations = General [[Sam S. Walker]] (son)
| laterwork =
}}
'''Walton Harris Walker''' (3 December 1889 – 23 December 1950) was a [[United States Army]] [[four-star rank|four-star]] [[General (United States)|general]] who served with distinction in [[World War I]], [[World War II]], and the [[Korean War]], where he commanded the [[Eighth United States Army]] before dying in a jeep accident. He received two [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]]es for extraordinary heroism in World War II and the Korean War.

==Early life==
Walker was born in [[Belton, Texas]], on 3 December 1889. His parents, Sam and Lydia Walker were both college graduates whose fathers had been officers in the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate Army]]. His father, a merchant, taught him how to ride a horse and to hunt and shoot. He graduated from the Wedemeyer Academy, a school which operated in Belton from 1886 to 1911. From a young age, he desired to go to [[United States Military Academy]] (USMA) at [[West Point, New York]], and he hoped to be a general one day.

==Early military career==
[[File:Walton Harris Walker (1889–1950) at West Point in 1912.png|thumb|left|150px|At West Point in 1912]]

Walker attended the [[Virginia Military Institute]] in preparation for his education at the USMA. He entered the Academy on 15 June 1907, but resigned on 7 October 1907. He reentered the Academy on March 3, 1908, and was commissioned a second lieutenant of Infantry on 12 June 1912.<ref name="Officers of the United States Army">{{cite web|url=https://www.unithistories.com/officers/US_Army_officers_W01.html#Walker_WH|title=United States Army officer histories|publisher=Unit Histories|access-date=2022-04-24}}</ref>

As a lieutenant, Walker served at [[Sheridan Reserve Center|Fort Sheridan]], Illinois; [[Fort Crockett]], Texas; [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]], Mexico; [[Galveston]], Texas; and [[Fort Sam Houston]], Texas, from June 1912 to May 1917. He was a member of the 1914 [[United States occupation of Veracruz|Veracruz expedition]] under Brigadier General [[Frederick Funston]]; patrolling on the U.S.-Mexican border in 1916, he developed a close friendship with [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].<ref>Ambrose, Stephen, ''Eisenhower, Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect - 1890-1952'', [Touchstone, 1983], page 57.</ref> He was promoted to captain on 15 May 1917, a few weeks after the [[American entry into World War I]].<ref name="Officers of the United States Army" /> He served at Camp Funston, Texas, from May to December 1917, and Fort Sam Houston with the 13th Machine Gun Battalion from December 1917 to April 1918.

During [[World War I]], Walker deployed to France with the 13th Machine Gun Company, 5th Machine Gun Battalion, [[5th Infantry Division (United States)|5th Division]] in April 1918, and, after being promoted to major on 17 June 1918,<ref name="Officers of the United States Army" /> served as a [[company commander]] and then battalion commander to July 1919, by which time the war was over.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.1914-1918.net/mg_units.htm|title=Welcome}}</ref> He was awarded two [[Silver Star]]s for gallantry in action.<ref name=Valor>{{Cite web |url=http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=6954 |title=Military Times Hall of Valor |access-date=18 November 2016 |archive-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070641/https://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=6954 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Interwar period==
After the war, Walker rotated through a variety of assignments at [[Fort Benning|Camp Benning]], Georgia, and [[Fort Sill]], Oklahoma, and served as a company commander and instructor at [[United States Military Academy|West Point]] from August 1923 to June 1925. He attended the [[Command and General Staff School]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]], [[Kansas]], from September 1925 to June 1926. He then served at [[Fort Monroe]], Virginia, from June 1926 to July 1930. He next commanded the 2nd Battalion, [[15th Infantry Regiment (United States)|15th Infantry]] at [[Camp Holcomb|Camp Burrowes]], [[Qinhuangdao]] and American Barracks, Tianjin, China, from September 1930 to March 1933.

He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 1 August 1935, and, after attending the [[United States Army War College]] from August 1935 until June 1936,<ref name="Generals of World War II">{{cite web|url=https://generals.dk/general/Walker/Walton_Harris/USA.html|title=Biography of General Walton Harris Walker (1889−1950), USA|website=generals.dk}}</ref> he served as post executive officer and then brigade executive officer with the 5th Infantry Brigade, [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd Division]], from August 1936 to June 1937; the brigade was commanded by [[George C. Marshall]], the future [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Army Chief of Staff]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Marshall_George_C_1880-1959|title = George C. Marshall (1880–1959) – Encyclopedia Virginia}}</ref><ref name="Generals of World War II"/>

==World War II==
[[File:20°CORPO.jpg|thumb|right|Major General Walton H. Walker (right) engaged in conversation with Major General [[Lindsay McDonald Silvester]], commander of the [[7th Armored Division (United States)|7th Armored Division]], in late August 1944]]

Walker served as a staff officer in the War Plans Division with the [[Staff (military)|General Staff Corps]] in Washington, D.C. from August 1937 to April 1941. He next served as commanding officer of the [[36th Infantry Regiment (United States)|36th Infantry Regiment]], which was activated 15 April 1941, as the 36th Infantry (Armored) and assigned to the [[3rd Armored Division (United States)|3rd Armored Division]], June 1941; on 1 January 1942, it was redesignated the 36th Armored Infantry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0036in.htm |title=36th Infantry |website=www.history.army.mil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324112154/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0036in.htm |archive-date=2008-03-24}}</ref>

[[File:Harkins3rdArmy.jpg|thumb|left|General Patton with members of his staff. Walker is standing on the right]]

When Marshall (now Chief of Staff) assigned [[George S. Patton]] to organize America's armored forces, Walker successfully lobbied Marshall for a post as one of Patton's subordinate commanders, gaining promotion to brigadier general in the process. Promoted to major general in 1942; he commanded the 3rd Armored Division from August 1941 to August 1942. After being succeeded by [[Leroy H. Watson]], Walker became commanding general of [[IV Corps (United States)|IV Corps]] and then [[XX Corps (United States)|XX Corps]] (IV Armored Corps became XX Corps), taking the latter to England in February 1944 and leading it into combat in [[Normandy landings|Normandy]] in July as part of Patton's [[United States Army Central|Third Army]]. He was awarded a Silver Star for gallantry in action on 7 July 1944. The citation for the medal read:

{{Blockquote|The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, 9 July 1918, takes pleasure in presenting a Second Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Third Award of the Silver Star Medal to Major General Walton Harris Walker (ASN: 0-3405), United States Army, for gallantry in action against the enemy. When Infantry troops of the XX Corps launched an attack across the Vire River in the vicinity of Airel, 7 July 1944, and came under intensive enemy fire, General Walker made repeated visits to the disputed sector and exposed himself to mortar and artillery concentrations at the front in order to encourage the officers and men making the crossing. By his personal gallantry, he expedited the vital assault and contributed to the establishment of the bridgehead. General Walker's conduct reflects credit upon himself and the military service.<ref name=Valor />}}

[[File:Buchenwald Ohrdruf Patton 78714.jpg|thumb|right|Senior American commanders tour the newly liberated [[Ohrdruf concentration camp]], 1945. Pictured from right to left are Walton Walker, [[Omar Bradley]] and [[George S. Patton]]]]

Walker's XX Corps played a role in Patton's dash across France in August and early September 1944, earning the [[sobriquet]] "Ghost Corps" for the speed of its advance. He received the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] (DSC) for extraordinary heroism on 23 August 1944, the citation for which read:

{{Blockquote|The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, 9 July 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Major General Walton Harris Walker (ASN: 0-3405), United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United States. On 23 August 1944, Maj General Walker, Commanding General, XX United States Army Corps, with complete disregard for his own safety, personally directed the successful operation which established a bridgehead across the Seine River near Melun, France. By his continuous presence with the forward elements of his command, as well as exemplary judgment and leadership, he inspired his command in effecting an early crossing of the Seine River and the continuance of the attack eastward. General Walker's contact with the forward combat troops was maintained in the face of heavy enemy fire. He repeatedly exposed himself to this enemy fire, encouraging the troops to move forward and by doing so gave them the required confidence to continue their advance. When certain elements were halted by intense enemy fire, he courageously assumed personal command and through his own supervision, force and persuasion, although he himself was in complete view of the enemy, caused the troops to effect the crossing of the river. By his intrepid direction, heroic leadership and superior tactical knowledge and ability, General Walker set an inspiring example for his command, reflecting the highest traditions of the armed forces.<ref name=Valor />}}

Walker's troops saw heavy fighting in [[France]] and [[Germany]] during the remainder of the war, especially at [[Metz]], the [[Battle of the Bulge]], and in the [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|invasion of Germany]]. In the spring of 1945, XX Corps liberated [[Buchenwald concentration camp]], then pushed south and east, eventually reaching [[Linz]], [[Austria]] by May. Walker received his third star at this time, making him a [[lieutenant general]].<ref>[http://apps.westpointaog.org/Memorials/Article/5090/ United States Military Academy (WPAOG)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123131540/http://apps.westpointaog.org/Memorials/Article/5090/ |date=January 23, 2018 }} Memorial</ref><ref name="Generals of World War II"/><ref name="Officers of the United States Army" />

Walker received the [https://www.historynet.com/capitulation-of-german-army-group-south-july-97-world-war-ii-feature.htm unconditional surrender] of ''Generaloberst'' [[Lothar Rendulic]], commander of German Army Group South, on 7 May 1945. For his service as commander of XX Corps from 1944 to 1945, he was awarded the [[Legion of Merit]].<ref name=Valor />

==Post-World War II==
In May 1945, Walker returned to the United States to take up command of the [[Eighth Service Command]], headquartered in [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]]. After twelve months, he was assigned as the commander of the [[Sixth Service Command]] and the [[United States Fifth Army|Fifth Army]], headquartered in [[Chicago]], from May 1946 to September 1948, and then became commanding general of the [[U.S. Eighth Army]], the [[Occupied Japan|American occupation force in Japan]]. Walker was ordered by General [[Douglas MacArthur]], the [[Supreme Commander Allied Powers|Supreme Allied Commander in Japan]], to restore the peacetime Eighth Army to combat-ready condition.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

==Korean War==
[[File:General Walker and Lt. Gen William Dean.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Lt. Gen. Walker (left) confers with Maj. Gen. [[William F. Dean]], Commander of the 24th Infantry Division, 7 July 1950]]
At the end of World War II in 1945, [[Korea]] was divided into [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]], with North Korea (assisted by the [[Soviet Union]])<ref>[http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/korean-war-begins This Day in History], 1950, Korean War Begins</ref> becoming a [[communism|communist]] state after 1946, known as the [[North Korea|Democratic People's Republic of Korea]], followed by South Korea becoming the [[Republic of Korea]] (ROK).<ref name=Archives>[https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/korean-conflict National Archives], ''US Enters the Korean Conflict''</ref> China became the communist People's Republic of China in 1949. In 1950, the Soviet Union backed North Korea while the United States backed South Korea, and China allied with the Soviet Union in what was to become the first military action of the [[Cold War]].<ref name=Archives /><ref name=Vault>[http://www.history.com/topics/korean-war History Vault], Korean War</ref>

Shortly after 75,000 North Korean troops with tanks invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950,<ref name=Archives /><ref name=Vault/> American air and sea forces were ordered by President [[Harry S. Truman]] to give South Korean troops support.<ref>[https://time.com/3915803/korean-war-1950-history/ Time], How the Korean War Started, June 25, 2015</ref> The U.S. Eighth Army was ordered to intervene and drive the invaders back across the [[38th parallel north|38th parallel]], the border between the two countries. With only four lightly equipped and poorly trained divisions, Walker began landing troops on the southeast side of the Korean peninsula in July. After his lead units, elements of the [[24th Infantry Division (United States)|24th Infantry Division]] (including the ill-fated [[Task Force Smith]]), were virtually destroyed in a few days of furious fighting between [[Osan]] and [[Taejon]], Walker realized his assigned mission was impossible and went on the defensive. Pushed steadily back towards the southeast by the North Korean advance, Walker's forces suffered heavy losses and for a time were unable to form a defensible front, even after bringing the [[1st Cavalry Division (United States)|1st Cavalry Division]] and [[25th Infantry Division (United States)|25th Infantry Division]] into the fight. {{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

Walker's situation was not helped by MacArthur's unrealistic demands from Tokyo for him not to retreat an inch. Attempting to obey, Walker gave a bombastic "not a step back" speech to his staff and subordinate commanders which did not go over well.{{sfn|Taaffe|2016|pp=36–37}} Nor did it stop the North Korean troops from pushing back American and South Korea troops, which had been badly mauled in the opening days of the invasion, even further. As American and South Korean forces retreated further east and south, they finally arrived at a defensible line on the [[Nakdong River]]. They took advantage of shortened supply routes and a relatively good road network to exploit the advantages of [[interior lines]]. Walker was able to quickly shift his units from point to point, stopping North Korean attacks before they could be reinforced.

A critical advantage Walker had was [[signals intelligence]] produced by the U.S. [[Armed Forces Security Agency]] (now the National Security Agency). This data enabled Walker to gain an indication of [[Korean People's Army Ground Force|North Korean Army]] movements prior to attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frahm |first=Jill |title=SIGINT & the PUSAN Perimeter |url=https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=235652}}</ref> Walker kept his main units deployed on the front lines, while retaining other U.S. Army and Marine Corps forces as a mobile reserve. His ability to better interpret North Korean intentions allowed him and his staff to better position his forces along the perimeter. It also allowed him to employ [[artillery]] and [[Aerial warfare|airpower]] more effectively.

American military forces gradually solidified this defensive position on the southeast side of the Korean peninsula, dubbed the "[[Pusan Perimeter]]". Walker received reinforcements, including the [[Provisional Marine Brigade]], which he used along with the Army's [[27th Infantry Regiment (United States)|27th Infantry Regiment]] as "fire brigades," reliable troops who specialized in counterattacking and wiping out enemy penetrations. As more reinforcements arrived, the combat advantage shifted toward the United Nations forces. North Korean forces had suffered terribly and their supply lines were under constant aerial bombardment. Almost all of their [[Soviet Union|Russian]]-made [[T-34]] tanks, which had spearheaded the invasion, had been destroyed. Walker ordered local counterattacks, while planning for a large-scale breakout in conjunction with MacArthur's [[Battle of Inchon|Inchon landing]] in September.

With MacArthur's amphibious flanking move, the North Koreans seemed trapped, but Walker's rapid advance northwest towards [[Inchon]] and [[Seoul]] emphasized speed over maneuver and made no attempt to encircle and destroy the North Koreans after punching through their lines. Although thousands of prisoners were taken, many North Korean units successfully disengaged from the fighting, melting away into the interior of South Korea, where they would conduct a [[guerrilla war]] for two years. Others escaped all the way back to North Korea. Walker was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism from 14 July to 28 September 1950. The medal's citation read:

{{Blockquote|The President of the United States of America, under the provisions of the Act of Congress approved 9 July 1918, takes pleasure in presenting a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Second Award of the Distinguished Service Cross to Lieutenant General Walton Harris Walker (ASN: 0-3405), United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while serving as Commanding General of the 8th United States Army. Lieutenant General Walker distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action against enemy aggressor forces in the Republic of Korea from 14 July to 28 September 1950. During this campaign General Walker personally, and at great risk to his own life from enemy ground fire, performed repeated aerial reconnaissance flights in unarmed plane deep into enemy territory. The knowledge gained by General Walker from these flights was of inestimable value to him in making tactical decisions, and contributed greatly to the accomplishment of his mission in spite of the preponderance of force possessed by the enemy. In addition to the above and with personal disregard not only of health of but life itself, he spent hour after hour and day after day on the battlefield, inspiring the United Nations forces with his own courage and his will to fight. Where acts of personal courage were common, General Walker's fearlessness and courageous leadership were outstanding.<ref name="Valor"/>}}

With the war apparently won, Walker's Eighth Army quickly moved north and, with the independent [[U.S. X Corps|X Corps]] on its right, crossed the 38th parallel to occupy North Korea. Fighting tapered off to sporadic, sharp clashes with remnants of North Korean forces. By late October 1950, the Eighth Army was nearing the [[Yalu River]], on the border between North Korea and [[China]]. MacArthur's headquarters had assured Walker that the Chinese would not intervene, so Walker's troops did not maintain watchful security. A gap opened between Eighth Army and X Corps as they advanced close to the Chinese border due to a lack of coordination between Walker, General [[Edward Almond]], Commander of the X Corps, and MacArthur's headquarters in Tokyo. Eventually, the weather turned extremely cold, and most American units had no training and inadequate equipment for these bitter temperatures.

Contrary to MacArthur's expectations, the Chinese intervened in force on November 25, first in a series of ambushes, then in sporadic night attacks, and finally in an all-out offensive in which three Chinese armies infiltrated the lines,<ref name="DefenseMediaNetwork">[http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/courage-under-fire-the-day-lt-gen-walton-walker-defied-general-of-the-army-douglas-macarthur/ DefenseMediaNetwork], October 2, 2014</ref> taking advantage of the American failure to take basic security measures, and the large gaps between American and South Korean units and between the Eighth Army and the X Corps. From late October until the beginning of December in 1950, the Chinese killed or captured thousands of American and ROK soldiers, decimating the [[2nd Infantry Division (United States)|2nd Infantry Division]] and forcing Walker into a desperate retreat.

By early December, using his superior mobility, Walker successfully broke contact with the Chinese, withdrawing south to a position around [[Pyongyang]], the capital of North Korea. Without instructions from MacArthur's headquarters, Walker decided that the Eighth Army was too battered to defend Pyongyang and ordered the retreat to resume to below the 38th parallel, saving most of the Eighth Army.<ref name="DefenseMediaNetwork"/>

==Death and burial==
Walker was killed in a traffic accident on 23 December 1950, in [[Dobong District]],<ref>In 1950, Dobong belonged to [[Uijeongbu|Yangju County]]</ref> [[Seoul]] (near [[Uijeongbu]]), South Korea, when his north-bound command [[jeep]] collided with a south-bound weapons carrier from a South Korean army division that had swung out of its lane.<ref>Halberstam, ''The Coldest Winter'', p. 486</ref> His body was escorted back to the United States by his son [[Sam Sims Walker]], then a Company commander with the 19th Infantry Regiment, who was also serving in Korea. On 2 January 1951, he was posthumously promoted to full general<ref name="DefenseMediaNetwork"/> and his body was interred in Section 34 of [[Arlington National Cemetery]].<ref>[https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgZ3YWxrZXISBndhbHRvbg--/ Burial Detail: Walker, Walton H] – ANC Explorer</ref>

==Military awards and badges==
Walker's decorations and awards, and badges, include:
{|
|{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Distinguished Service Cross ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] w/ bronze [[oak leaf cluster]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=oak|ribbon=U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] w/ bronze oak leaf cluster
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=2|type=oak|ribbon=Silver Star Medal ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[Silver Star]] w/ two bronze oak leaf clusters
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[Legion of Merit]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] w/ bronze oak leaf cluster
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Bronze Star Medal ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[Bronze Star Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=11|type=oak|ribbon=Air Medal ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[Air Medal]] w/ two silver and one bronze oak leaf cluster
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Army Commendation Medal ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[Army Commendation Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=3|type=service-star|ribbon=World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[World War I Victory Medal (United States)|World War I Victory Medal]] w/ three {{frac|3|16}}" [[Service star|bronze stars]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Army of Occupation of Germany ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[Army of Occupation of Germany Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[American Defense Service Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[American Campaign Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=6|type=service-star|ribbon=European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]] w/ one {{frac|3|16}}" [[Service star|silver star]] and one {{frac|3|16}}" bronze star
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[World War II Victory Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Army of Occupation ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[Army of Occupation Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[National Defense Service Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=3|type=service-star|ribbon=Korean Service Medal - Ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[Korean Service Medal]] w/ three {{frac|3|16}}" bronze stars
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Croix_de_guerre_1939–1945_stripe_bronsepalme.svg|width=80}}[[File:Bronze-service-star-3d.svg|20px]]
|[[Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France)|French Croix de Guerre]] w/ bronze star and palm
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=POL Order Wojny Ojczyźnianej 1kl BAR.svg|width=80}}
|[[Order of the Patriotic War|Order of the Patriotic War First Class]] (USSR)<ref>{{citation |last=Empric |first=Bruce E. |title=Uncommon Allies: U.S. Army Recipients of Soviet Military Decorations in World War II |publisher=Teufelsberg Press |page=108 |year=2024 |isbn=979-8-3444-6807-5}}</ref>
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon= Eulji Cordon Medal.png|width=80px}}
|[[Order of Military Merit (South Korea)|Republic of Korea Order of Military Merit, Second Class]]
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Korean Presidential Unit Citation.png{{!}}border|width=80px}}
|[[Presidential Unit Citation (Korea)|Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=United Nations Service Medal Korea ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[United Nations Service Medal for Korea]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Republic of Korea War Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=80}}
|[[Korean War Service Medal|Republic of Korea War Service Medal]]
|}
;Badges
{|
|[[File:United States Army Staff Identification Badge.png|100px]]
|[[Army Staff Identification Badge]]
|-
|}

==Military promotions==
Source – Official Register of the United States Army. 1946. pg. 713

{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
|-
|align="center" |No insignia
|[[Cadet#United States|Cadet]], [[United States Military Academy]]: 15 June 1907
|-
|align="center" |No pin insignia in 1912
|[[Second lieutenant#United States|Second Lieutenant]], [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]]: 12 June 1912
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O2 insignia.svg|13px]]
|[[First lieutenant#United States|First Lieutenant]], Regular Army: 1 July 1916
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O3 insignia.svg|33px]]
|[[Captain (U.S. Army)|Captain]], Regular Army: 17 May 1917
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O4 insignia.svg|40px]]
|[[Major (United States)|Major]], [[National Army (USA)|National Army]]: 7 June 1918
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O5 insignia.svg|40px]]
|[[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]], National Army: 6 May 1919
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O3 insignia.svg|33px]]
|[[Captain (United States)|Captain]], Regular Army: 12 February 1920
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O4 insignia.svg|40px]]
|[[Major (United States)|Major]], Regular Army: 1 July 1920
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O5 insignia.svg|40px]]
|[[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]], Regular Army: 1 August 1935
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O6 insignia.svg|60px]]
|[[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]], [[Army of the United States]]: 14 February 1941
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|33px]]
|[[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]], Army of the United States: 10 July 1941
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|66px]]
|[[Major general (United States)|Major General]], Army of the United States: 16 February 1942
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O6 insignia.svg|60px]]
|[[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]], Regular Army: 1 May 1942
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O9 insignia.svg|99px]]
|[[Lieutenant General (United States)|Lieutenant General]], Army of the United States: 15 April 1945
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|66px]]
|[[Major general (United States)|Major General]], Regular Army: 1 August 1947
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|130px]]
|[[General (United States)|General]], Regular Army (posthumous): 2 January 1951<ref name="DefenseMediaNetwork"/>
|-
|}

==Legacy and honors==
[[File:Walton Walker - Monument.jpg|thumb|right|A monument in Seoul to honor the service of Gen. Walton H. Walker, 2009]]
Promoted posthumously to 4-star General, Walker's memory was much honored in the years immediately following the Korean War. The Army chose his name (and his other nickname), for its next light tank, the [[M41 Walker Bulldog]]. The M41 Tank was already nicknamed the Little Bulldog before Gen. Walker's death. The Army dropped the word Little and retained the name Bulldog as part of the new nickname for the M41 Tank.

In [[Dallas, Texas]], the western segment of [[Texas State Highway Loop 12]] was named after him (the portion going through neighboring [[Irving, Texas]] continues the naming convention). In [[Belton, Texas]], [[American Legion]] Post 55 is named after him. One of the largest [[Armed Forces Recreation Center]]'s hotels, the [[General Walker Hotel]] in [[Berchtesgaden]] (now demolished), was also named in his honor. [[Camp Walker]] in Daegu, South Korea, is named in his honor.

In 1963, South Korea President [[Park Chung Hee]] honored Walker by naming a hill in the southern part of Seoul after him. Today, Walker Hill is the site of the Grand Walker Hill, a five-star international resort and hotel with its own full service casino. Also, Walker Hill Apartment is located in [[Gwangjin-gu]]. In December 2009, the mayor of [[Dobong-gu]] district, Choi Sun-Kil, unveiled the Walton Harris Walker monument to mark the site of his death. The memorial, which is near [[Dobong Station|Dobong subway Station]], pays tribute to Walker and to all those who defended South Korea in the Korean War.

Walker Intermediate School which is located on the [[Fort Knox]] Army Garrison, was named after Walker and opened in 1962.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.am.dodea.edu/knox/walker/aboutus/namesake.htm |title=Walker Intermediate School- About Our Namesake |publisher=Am.dodea.edu |date=1959-12-23 |access-date=2013-06-27 |archive-date=November 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108111729/http://www.am.dodea.edu/knox/walker/aboutus/namesake.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> His picture hangs in the school lobby. A biography of Walker was published in 2008 titled ''General Walton H. Walker: Forgotten Hero-The Man Who Saved Korea'', by Charles M. Province.

==In popular culture==
Walker was portrayed by [[Douglas Fowley]] in the 1963 film ''[[Miracle of the White Stallions]]'', and by [[Garry Walberg]] in the 1977 film ''[[MacArthur (1977 film)|MacArthur]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LzYoQEACAAJ | title=General Walton H. Walker: A Talent for Training | date=14 August 2014 | publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform | isbn=978-1-5008-3079-3 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Forgotten War|last=Blair Jr. |first=Clay |author-link= Clay Blair |publisher=Naval Institute Press|edition= Reprint|year=2003 |isbn=1-59114-075-7}}
* {{cite book |title=This Kind of War: A Study in Unpreparedness |last=Fehrenbach |first=T.R. |author-link= T. R. Fehrenbach |publisher=Macmillan |location= New York |edition= 50th Anniversary |year=2001 |isbn=1-57488-334-8}}
* {{cite book |title=The Coldest Winter: American and the Korean War |last=Halberstam |first=David |author-link=David Halberstam |publisher=Hyperion |location=New York |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4013-0052-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/coldestwinterame00halb }}
*{{cite book|last=Heefner|first=Wilson Allen|title=Patton's Bulldog: The Life and Service of General Walton H. Walker|publisher=White Mane Books|year=2001|isbn=978-1572492837}}
* {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the Korean War: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-last=Tucker |editor-first=Spencer C. |author-link=Spencer C. Tucker| publisher=Checkmark Books |location= Santa Barbara |edition= New|year=2002 |isbn=0-8160-4682-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091213170316/http://www.army.mil/-news/2009/12/03/31303-monument-unveiled-for-legendary-us-army-general/index.html Monument unveiled for legendary U.S. Army general]
* {{cite book|title=The Korean War, an Encyclopedia|last=Sandler|first=Stanley|publisher=Garland Publishing|location=New York|year=1995|isbn=0-8240-4445-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/koreanwarencyclo0000unse}}
*{{cite book|last=Taaffe|first=Stephen R.|title=Marshall and His Generals: U.S. Army Commanders in World War II|year=2013|location=[[Lawrence, Kansas]]|publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]]|isbn=978-0-7006-1942-9|oclc=840162019|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8nDEAAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book|title=MacArthur's Korean War Generals|last=Taaffe|first=Stephen|year=2016|publisher=University Press of Kansas|location=Lincoln, KN|jstor=j.ctt1qnw7ct|isbn=978-0-7006-2221-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Province|first=Charles M.|year=2008|title=General Walton H. Walker: Forgotten Hero - The Man Who Saved Korea|publisher=[[CreateSpace]]|isbn=978-1440472886}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://generals.dk/general/Walker/Walton_Harris/USA.html Generals of World War II]
*[https://www.unithistories.com/officers/US_Army_officers_W01.html#Walker_WH United States Army Officers 1939–1945]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Alvan Cullom Gillem Jr.]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[3rd Armored Division (United States)|Commanding General 3rd Armored Division]]|years=January−August 1942}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Leroy H. Watson]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Newly activated organization}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Army North|Commanding General Fifth United States Army]]|years=1946−1948}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Stephen J. Chamberlin]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Robert L. Eichelberger]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Eighth United States Army|Commanding General Eighth Army]]|years=1948–1950}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Matthew Ridgway]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walker, Walton}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:United States Army Infantry Branch personnel]]
[[Category:Virginia Military Institute alumni]]
[[Category:United States Army generals]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of the Korean War]]
[[Category:American military personnel killed in the Korean War]]
[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]
[[Category:People from Belton, Texas]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Silver Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Air Medal]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in South Korea]]
[[Category:United States Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:United States Army generals of World War II]]
[[Category:United States Army War College alumni]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Texas]]
[[Category:American recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)]]

John McAuley Palmer (United States Army officer)

2025-10-15T02:52:52Z

2600:1700:C3A0:6D30:1DEC:BC14:6AB3:A20C: /* Decorations */

{{short description|United States Army general (1870–1955)}}

{{Infobox military person
| name = John McAuley Palmer
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1870|4|23}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1955|10|26|1870|4|23}}
| image = John McAuley Palmer Army WW II.jpg
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Carlinville, Illinois]]
| death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]]
| placeofburial = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
| placeofburial_label = Place of burial
| allegiance = {{flagicon|United States}}[[United States|United States of America]]
| branch = [[File:United States Department of the Army Seal.svg|20px|United States Army seal]] [[United States Army]]
| serviceyears = 1892–1926, 1941–1946
| rank = [[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|15px]] [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]]
| commands = [[58th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade (United States)|58th Infantry Brigade]] [[United States Army South#History|19th Infantry Brigade]]
| battles = [[Spanish–American War]] [[Boxer Rebellion]] [[Philippine–American War]] [[World War I]] [[World War II]]
| awards = [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]] (2)
| laterwork = Author
}}
'''John McAuley Palmer''' (April 23, 1870 – October 26, 1955) was a soldier and administrator in the [[United States Army]].

==Early life and start of career==
Born in [[Carlinville, Illinois]], he was the son of John and Ellen Palmer, and the grandson and namesake of [[John M. Palmer (politician)|John McAuley Palmer]], a famous [[American Civil War]] general and [[Governor of Illinois]]. He was educated in [[Springfield, Illinois]], graduated from [[West Point]] in 1892, and was appointed a [[Second lieutenant#United States|second lieutenant]] of [[Infantry Branch (United States)|infantry]], initially assigned to the [[15th Infantry Regiment (United States)|15th Infantry]] at [[Sheridan Reserve Center|Fort Sheridan]], Illinois. He participated in the suppression of the [[Pullman Strike|Chicago railroad riots of 1894]], then went to [[Cuba]] as an aide to [[Samuel S. Sumner]] (1898–1899) during the [[Spanish–American War]].<ref>''New York Times'', [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/12/07/117984514.pdf Railroads and "Pacification"], December 7, 1902</ref><ref>Anne Venzon, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5UFp5uYXA7gC&dq=%22john+mcauley+palmer%22+born+1870&pg=PA434 The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia], 1995, pages 434 to 435</ref><ref>''The Bookman'' magazine, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4F1IAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22john+mcauley+palmer%22+carlinville+1870&pg=PA253 Chronicle and Comment], Volume 43, 1916, pages 253 to 254</ref>

Following his Cuba service, he became a member of the [[China Relief Expedition]], after which he became an instructor and assistant professor of chemistry at West Point. Following this academic stint, he was then assigned a billet as governor of [[Lanao (province)|Lanao District]] on [[Mindanao]] in the [[Philippines]] during the [[Moro Rebellion]].<ref>University of Malaya, [https://books.google.com/books?id=78hiAAAAMAAJ&q=%22john+mcauley+palmer%22+lanao Tenggara magazine], Issues 36–37, 1996, page 133</ref> Upon return from Far East Service, he was a student at the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]].<ref>Sam Charles Sarkesian, [https://books.google.com/books?id=l4y8-tz9GkwC&dq=%22John+McAuley+Palmer%22+%22staff+college%22&pg=PA129 America's Forgotten Wars: The Counterrevolutionary Past and Lessons for the Future], 1984, page 129</ref> After graduating he was assigned to the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] General Staff under the command of the then-Army Chief of Staff [[Leonard Wood]] in 1908. During this period of service he received recognition as a writer and advocate on military theory.<ref>John Whiteclay Chambers, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rzy_yNMKbcC&dq=%22john+m+palmer%22+carlinville+born+1870&pg=PA523 The Oxford Companion to American Military History], 1999, page 523</ref>

==Later career and World War I==
In 1910 he rejoined his regiment in [[Tianjin|Tientsin]] (Tianjin) China and was promoted to the permanent rank of [[Major (United States)|major]]. He was then transferred to the [[24th Infantry Regiment (United States)|24th Infantry]] on [[Corregidor Island|Corregidor]] and was instrumental in creating the plans for the defense of the [[Bataan Peninsula]] (1914–1916).<ref>Trevor Nevitt Dupuy, Curt Johnson, David L. Bongard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6Y4UAQAAIAAJ&q=%22palmer+john+mcauley%22+24th+infantry ''The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography''], 1992, page 570</ref>

Following this assignment, he returned to the General Staff in [[Washington, D.C.]] (1916) and on the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]] was instrumental in drafting the [[Selective Service Act of 1917|Draft Act of 1917]] and plans for an [[American Expeditionary Force]] (AEF). This work caught the notice of Major General [[John J. Pershing]], who selected Palmer to become his Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations, G-3, where he went to [[France]] and set up operational plans and staff schools for the American Army. He left the AEF staff due to illness, but recovered in time, as a [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]], to command the 58th Infantry Brigade of the [[29th Infantry Division (United States)|29th Division]] in combat against the enemy at [[Verdun]] in the [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive]] that helped to end [[World War I]].<ref>J.T. White, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IYYZAQAAIAAJ&q=%22john+m+palmer%22+58th+brigade ''The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography''], 1930, page 191</ref><ref>Jorg Muth, [https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Eh9UBWftQC&dq=%22john+mcauley+palmer%22+american+expeditionary+force+g-3&pg=PA26 ''Command Culture: Officer Education in the U.S. Army and the German Armed Forces, 1901-1940''], 2011, page 26</ref> He received the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his service in France.<ref>George Washington Cullum, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nSe5AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22john+mcauley+palmer%22+19th+brigade&pg=PA626 ''Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy''], Volume 6, Part 1, 1920, page 626</ref> The citation for the medal reads:

{{Quote|The [[President of the United States]] of America, authorized by [[Act of Congress]], July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Colonel (Infantry) John McAuley Palmer, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. In the organization of the Operations Section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, Colonel Palmer displayed sound tactical judgment and breadth of vision, and the ultimate success of the American plan of campaign was largely due to his detailed plans. As Commander of the 58th Infantry Brigade, 29th Division, during the severe fighting north of Verdun, in the Meuse-Argonne offensive, his services were conspicuous and his brigade successful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/18007|title=Valor awards for John McAuley Palmer|publisher=Military Times}}</ref>}}As the principal formulator of military policy following World War I, he was the guiding force in the creation of the [[National Defense Act of 1920]]. It was this Act which reaffirmed America's reliance upon the citizen-soldier for her defense and established the "Total Army" composed of the [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]], the [[Army National Guard|National Guard]], and the [[United States Army Reserve|Army Reserve]]. In this work he was strongly influenced<ref>cite web|url=https://clausewitzstudies.org/readings/Bassford/CIE/Chapter18.htm#JMPalmer|title=Chapter 18 of Christopher Bassford, Clausewitz in English (Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 167-171|</ref> by his reading of [[Carl von Clausewitz]]'s book ''[[On War]]''. For his accomplishments, he was made [[Aide-de-camp#United States|aide-de-camp]] to Army Chief of Staff John J. Pershing (1921–1923) and promoted to permanent [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] in the Regular Army (1922). He then completed his military career by commanding the 19th Infantry Brigade in [[Panama]] (1923–1926).<ref>Russell Frank Weigley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=77wNLMJn8CEC&dq=%22john+mcauley+palmer%22+national+defense+act&pg=PA221 ''The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy''], 1977, pages 221 to 222</ref><ref>[[Brian McAllister Linn]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=clKtd4O3MOgC&dq=%22john+mcauley+palmer%22+national+defense+act&pg=PA118 ''The Echo of Battle: The Army's Way of War''], 2009, page 118</ref>

==Retirement and death==
In retirement (1926), General Palmer continued to champion the cause of universal military service. He wrote numerous books and articles about military policy. A strong advocate of the role of the citizen-soldier in the army of a democracy, Palmer diverged from the views of [[Emory Upton]], with whom he is often compared as a great philosophical thinker-philosopher of the U.S. Army.<ref>George Q. Flynn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=A4xIed0IFcAC&dq=%22john+m.+palmer%22+emory+upton&pg=PA39 ''Conscription And Democracy''], 2002, page 39</ref>

He was recalled to active duty by Army Chief of Staff [[George C. Marshall]] (a personal friend and devotee of Palmer's) just prior to the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor attack]] and served as an advisor on military policy to the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] [[General Staff]] throughout [[World War II]]. Palmer was the oldest American officer to serve in the military during the war.<ref>Hanson W. Baldwin, [https://www.nytimes.com/1944/01/20/archives/postwar-policies-iii-study-of-permanent-selective-service-held.html "Study of Permanent Selective Service Held Essential to Nation's Planning"], ''New York Times'', January 20, 1944</ref><ref>Irving Brinton Holley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=oYt3AAAAMAAJ&q=%22john+m.+palmer%22+oldest+general+world+war+ii ''General John M. Palmer, Citizen Soldiers, and the Army of a Democracy''], 1982, page 291</ref><ref>Society for History Education, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6cA4AAAAMAAJ&q=%22john+m.+palmer%22+oldest+%22world+war+ii%22 ''The History Teacher''], Volume 17, 1983, page 628</ref>

Palmer retired again soon after the end of the Second World War, receiving a second Distinguished Service Medal.<ref>''Military Times'', [http://www.homeofheroes.com/verify/recipients_p.html Hall of Valor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117152332/http://homeofheroes.com/verify/recipients_p.html |date=2013-01-17 }}, Alphabetical Index of Recipients of Major Military Awards, accessed October 8, 2012</ref>

He lived in Washington, D.C. where he died on October 26, 1955.<ref>Chicago Tribune, [https://archive.today/20130131142450/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/506844282.html?dids=506844282:506844282&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+27,+1955&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=GEN.+PALMER,+85,+A+GOVERNOR'S+GRANDSON,+DIES&pqatl=google Gen. Palmer, 85, a Governor's Grandson, Dies], October 27, 1955</ref> Palmer was buried in [[Arlington National Cemetery]], Section 34, Grave 50-A.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Chicago Tribune News Agency |date=October 27, 1955 |title=Gen. Palmer, 85, A Governor's Grandson, Dies |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/202054242/ |work=Chicago Tribune |location=Chicago, IL |page=73 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Family==
In 1893, Palmer married Maude Laning, and they were the parents of a son, John McAuley Palmer IV, who died at age 6,<ref>{{cite book |last=Holley |first=Irving Brinton |date=1982 |title=General John M. Palmer, Citizen Soldiers, and the Army of a Democracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oYt3AAAAMAAJ&q=diphtheria |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=125 |isbn=978-0-313-23121-6}}</ref> and a daughter, Mary Laning Palmer.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crossley |first=Frederic Beers |date=1916 |title=Courts and Lawyers of Illinois |volume=II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3l00AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA446 |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=American Historical Society |page=446}}</ref> Mary Palmer was married to Norman B. Chandler,<ref>{{cite magazine |date=June 21, 1923 |title=Wedding Announcement, Norman B. Chandler and Mary Laning Palmer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1127 |magazine=Harvard Alumni Bulletin |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Harvard Alumni Association |page=1127}}</ref> and after his death during World War II<ref>{{cite book |last=U.S. Army Adjutant General |date=1946 |title=Official Army Register |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCUtAAAAIAAJ&q=%22norman+b.+chandler%22+death |location=Washington, DC |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=1100}}</ref> she married George H. Rockwell.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/mm82035402/ |title=John McAuley Palmer Papers: About This Item |website=www.loc.gov/ |publisher=Library of Congress |location=Washington, DC |access-date=September 5, 2017}}</ref> Mary Palmer was the mother of Army Colonels Norman Palmer Chandler (1924-1997)<ref>{{cite news |date=May 4, 1997 |title=Obituary, Norman P. Chandler |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8422286.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905190331/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8422286.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 5, 2017 |work=Boston Globe |location=Boston, MA}}</ref> and John Palmer Chandler (1926-2015).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.westpointaog.org/Memorials/Article/16796/ |title=Memorial, John P. Chandler 1949 |last=John Palmer Chandler’s Family |date=2015 |website=www.westpointaog.org/ |publisher=West Point Association of Graduates |location=West Point, NY |access-date=2017-09-05 |archive-date=2017-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905190532/http://apps.westpointaog.org/Memorials/Article/16796/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Decorations==
Brigadier General Palmer's ribbon bar included amongst others :

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=oak|ribbon=U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|other_device=|ribbon=World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Army of Occupation of Germany ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|colspan="3"|[[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] with [[Oak Leaf Cluster]]
|colspan="3"|[[World War I Victory Medal (United States)|World War I Victory Medal]]
|colspan="3"|[[Army of Occupation of Germany Medal]]
|-
|colspan="3"|[[American Defense Service Medal]]
|colspan="3"|[[American Campaign Medal]]
|colspan="3"|[[World War II Victory Medal (United States)|World War II Victory Medal]]
|-
|}

==Published works==
* ''An Army of the People'' (1916)
* ''Statesmanship or War'' (1927)
* ''Washington, Lincoln, Wilson'' (1930)
* ''General von Steuben'' (1937)
* ''America in Arms'' (1941).<ref>C. Langston Craig, Michael McElderry, Jewel R. McPherson, [http://memory.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2010/ms010233.pdf Finding Aid, John McAuley Palmer Papers], 2010, page 4</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|John McAuley Palmer}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070520225856/http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/resources/ftlvn/ww2.asp#palmer Army.mil: John McAuley Palmer]
*[https://generals.dk/general/Palmer/John_McAuley/USA.html Generals of World War II]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palmer, John McAuley}}
[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Carlinville, Illinois]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Illinois]]
[[Category:Writers from Illinois]]
[[Category:Writers from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:United States Army generals]]
[[Category:United States Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Spanish–American War]]
[[Category:United States Army generals of World War II]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]
[[Category:Officers of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:American recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)]]
[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]
[[Category:American male writers]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Boxer Rebellion]]
[[Category:19th-century United States Army personnel]]

Maurice Rose

2025-10-15T02:36:52Z

2600:1700:C3A0:6D30:1DEC:BC14:6AB3:A20C: /* Selected awards and decorations */

{{short description|United States Army general}}
{{Infobox military person
|name = Maurice Rose
|image = Maurice Rose (US Army major general).jpg
|caption = Rose shortly after becoming commander of the [[3rd Armored Division (United States)|3rd Armored Division]] in the fall of 1944
|birth_date = {{birth date|1899|11|26}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|1945|3|30|1899|11|26}}
|birth_place = [[Middletown, Connecticut]], U.S.
|death_place = Near [[Paderborn]], [[Nazi Germany]]
|placeofburial = [[Netherlands American Cemetery and Memorial]], [[Margraten]], [[Netherlands]]
|placeofburial_label = Place of burial
|allegiance = [[United States of America]]
|branch = [[Colorado Army National Guard|Colorado National Guard]] [[United States Army]]
|serviceyears = 1916 (National Guard) 1917–1919 (Army) 1920–1945 (Army)
|servicenumber = 0-8439
|rank = [[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|25px]] [[Major general (United States)|Major General]]
|commands = 3rd Battalion, [[13th Cavalry Regiment|13th Armored Regiment]] Combat Command A, [[US 2nd Armored Division|2nd Armored Division]] [[3rd Armored Division (United States)|3rd Armored Division]]
|unit = [[Infantry Branch (United States)|Infantry Branch]] [[United States Cavalry|Cavalry Branch]] [[Armor Branch]]
|battles = [[World War I]] [[Occupation of the Rhineland]] [[World War II]]{{KIA}}
|awards = [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] [[Silver Star]] (3) [[Legion of Merit]] (2) [[Purple Heart]] (2) [[Bronze Star Medal]] (2) [[Legion of Honour|Legion of Honor]] (France) [[Croix de Guerre 1939–1945|Croix de Guerre]] (France) [[Croix de guerre (Belgium)|Croix de Guerre]] (Belgium)
}}
'''Maurice Rose''' (November 26, 1899 – March 30, 1945) was a career officer in the [[United States Army]] who attained the rank of [[Major general (United States)|major general]]. A veteran of [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], Rose was commanding the [[3rd Armored Division (United States)|3rd Armored Division]] when he was [[Killed in Action|killed in action]] in Germany during the closing days of the Second World War becoming the [[List of U.S. general officers and flag officers killed in World War II|highest-ranking American]] killed by enemy fire during the [[European theatre of World War II|war in Europe]].

Rose was the son and grandson of [[rabbi]]s from [[Poland]], at the time of his death he was the highest-ranking Jewish person in the U.S. Army. He was not especially religious, did not publicize his faith, and stated in his Army records to be [[Protestantism|Protestant]]. Rose was married twice and had two sons.

The [[3rd Armored Division (United States)|3rd Armored Division]]'s official history of World War II memorialized Rose by stating "He was over six feet tall, erect, dark haired, and had finely chiseled features. He was firm and prompt of decision, brooking no interference by man, events or conditions in order to destroy the enemy."

==Early life==
Rose was born in [[Middletown, Connecticut]], on November 26, 1899, the son of Rabbi Samuel Rose and Katherin "Katy" (Bronowitz) Rose.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|pages=37–38}} In 1902, the Rose family relocated to [[Denver, Colorado]], where Rose was raised and educated.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=41}} He attended [[East High School (Denver)|East High School]], where he was editor of the school newspaper and graduated with honors in 1916.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=48}} His desire for a military career became well known among his classmates; in the school yearbook, a cartoon illustrating the newspaper staff depicted him carrying a rifle.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=48}}

Rose lied about his age to enlist in the [[Colorado Army National Guard|Colorado National Guard]] as a [[Private (rank)#United States Army|private]] after graduating from high school, hoping to serve in the [[Pancho Villa Expedition]].{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=49}} However, he was discharged six weeks later when his commander was informed that he was underage.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=50}}

Rose was raised in a [[Jews|Jewish]] household; his father was a businessman who operated a dress design shop with Rose's mother and later became a [[rabbi]].<ref name="Fallen">{{cite web |url=http://www.fallennotforgotten.nl/Story00016.htm |title=Fallen not Forgotten: Maurice Rose |date=2006 |website=Fallennotforgotten.nl |publisher=Netherlands American Cemetery and Memorial |location= Margraten, Netherlands |access-date=April 17, 2019}}</ref> Rose had a [[Bar and Bat Mitzvah|bar mitzvah]] and could speak [[Yiddish]] and read [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]].<ref name="Jacobs">{{cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Andrea |date=February 21, 2013 |title=Who was Maurice Rose? |url=https://www.ijn.com/who-was-maurice-rose/ |work=[[Intermountain Jewish News]] |location=Denver, CO}}</ref> Though brought up Jewish, and identified as Jewish in post-World War I newspaper articles that recorded the bravery of Jewish U.S. Army soldiers,<ref>{{cite news |date=February 24, 1919 |title=Jews Point in Pride to Record in War |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-times-feb-24-1919-p-6/ |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York, NY |page=6 |url-access=subscription |via=[[NewspaperArchive.com]]}}</ref> he began to identify himself as [[Protestantism|Protestant]] in military records soon afterwards.<ref name="Jacobs"/> Biographers and researchers believe he could have undergone a religious conversion, though there are no records to substantiate this.<ref name="Jacobs"/> Instead, they believe it is more likely that Rose was not especially religious as an adult, and identified as Protestant in his military records as a way to assimilate with his peers and increase his chances for advancement as his career progressed.<ref name="Jacobs"/> Rose's grave marker is a [[Christian cross]], but he is still regarded as a significant figure in [[American Jews|U.S. Jewish]] history.<ref name="Fallen"/>

==Military career==
===World War I===
Rose worked for a year in a meatpacking plant where one of his brothers was employed,{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=50}} and enlisted again in 1917 after he obtained his parents' permission.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=41}}{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=51}} Rose was soon selected for officer training,{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=55}} and falsely claimed to have been born in 1895 so that he would appear to meet the minimum required age of twenty-one.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ancestry.com |title=Entry for Maurice Rose in the U.S. Select Military Registers |last=U.S. Army Adjutant General |date=1921 |website=Ancestry.com |publisher=Ancestry.com LLC |location=Lehi, UT |access-date=April 14, 2019 |url-access=subscription |page=996}}</ref>{{efn|Rose eventually had his birth date corrected in Army records. It still appeared as 1895 in the 1937 ''Army Register'', but by the time of the 1938 edition, his birth year was correctly reported as 1899.<ref>{{cite book |last=U.S. Army Adjutant General |date=1937 |title=U.S. Army Register |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435054610936&view=2up&seq=621 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=US Government Printing Office |page=609 |via=[[HathiTrust]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=U.S. Army Adjutant General |date=1938 |title=U.S. Army Register |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435054610886&view=2up&seq=646 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=US Government Printing Office |page=634 |via=[[HathiTrust]]}}</ref>}} After graduating from [[Officer Candidate School (United States Army)|Officer Candidate School]] (OCS) at [[Fort Riley]], [[Kansas]] in August 1917, Rose was [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned]] as a [[United States Army Reserve|Reserve]] [[Second lieutenant#United States|second lieutenant]] of [[Infantry Branch (United States)|Infantry]].{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|pages=56–57}}

With [[American entry into World War I]] having occurred in April 1917, after receiving his commission, Rose was assigned to command a [[platoon]] in the 353rd Infantry Regiment, a unit of the [[89th Infantry Division (United States)|89th Division]].{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=58}} The division was organized and trained at [[Camp Funston]] to prepare for service in [[France]], and in December 1917 he was promoted to temporary [[First lieutenant#U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force|first lieutenant]].{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|pages=57–58}} In May 1918, the division traveled by train to [[Camp Mills]], [[New York (state)|New York]], and it departed for Europe by ship in June.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=62}} Later that month, the 89th Division arrived in [[Liverpool]], [[England]] and a week later they arrived in France.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=62}}

The 89th Division completed additional training until August, when it relieved the [[82nd Airborne Division|82nd Division]] in the [[Lucey, Meurthe-et-Moselle|Lucey sector]], near the city of [[Toul]].{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=63}} Rose's battalion of the 353rd Infantry took up defensive positions near [[Metz]], where they began preparations to participate in the [[Meuse–Argonne offensive]].{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=63}} Rose took part in combat throughout the offensive, and was wounded at [[Battle of Saint-Mihiel|St. Mihiel]], including being hit by shrapnel during a German mortar and artillery barrage, as well as sustaining a concussion.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|pages=69–71}} He initially refused to be evacuated, but he collapsed from exhaustion.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=71}} Medics removed him from the battlefield, and he was taken to the 89th Division's hospital near the village of [[Flirey]].{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=71}}

After a few days of convalescence, Rose left the hospital against medical advice and returned to his unit.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=72}} With medical officials unsure of his whereabouts, the Army reported to Rose's parents that he been killed, an error which took several days to correct.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=72}} Rose continued to serve with the 353rd Infantry until the war ended with the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]].{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=77}} He remained in Germany as part of the [[Occupation of the Rhineland|Army of Occupation]], and was discharged in June 1919.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=77}}

===Inter War period===
After leaving the Army, Rose accepted a position as a traveling salesman with Hendrie & Bolthoff, makers of mining and manufacturing equipment and supplies.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|pages=83–84}} His territory included Utah, and he rented a room in [[Salt Lake City]].{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|pages=83–84}} During a visit to the post quartermaster at nearby [[Fort Douglas]], Rose learned that while the army carried out a post-war reorganization, it was accepting a limited number of lieutenants and captains for return to active duty.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|pages=83–84}}

On July 1, 1920, Rose re-joined the peacetime army as a second lieutenant, which was then adjusted to first lieutenant in recognition of his wartime rank.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=84}} On the following day, he was promoted to [[Captain (United States O-3)|captain]].{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=84}} Rose served initially with the [[20th Infantry Regiment (United States)|20th]],<ref>{{cite news |date=December 9, 1920 |title=Army Changes |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90448569/army-changes/ |work=[[Standard-Examiner]] |location=Ogden, UT |page=4 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> [[21st Infantry Regiment (United States)|21st]], [[53rd Infantry Regiment (United States)|53rd]] and [[38th Infantry Regiment (United States)|38th]] Infantry Regiments at Fort Douglas.{{sfn|''Major General Maurice Rose''|page=85}}<ref>{{cite news |date=September 3, 1924 |title=Thousands Expected in Twilight Parade |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90448612/thousands-expected/ |work=[[Salt Lake Telegram]] |location=Salt Lake City, UT |page=2 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> In 1924, he was the [[Adjutant#United States|adjutant]] of the 38th Infantry.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 29, 1924 |title=Howard Heads Committee on Defense Day |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/salt-lake-city-telegram-jul-29-1924-p-2/ |work=[[Salt Lake Telegram]] |location=Salt Lake City, UT |page=1 |url-access=subscription |via=[[NewspaperArchive.com]]}}</ref> While stationed at Fort Douglas, his duties included organizing and overseeing annual [[Citizens Military Training Camp]]s, which were designed to expose young men without military service to the experiences of Army life.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 8, 1923 |title=Citizens Military Training Camp |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90448683/cmtc/ |work=The Times-News |location=Nephi, UT |page=1 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

In 1927, Rose was assigned to [[Kansas State University]] as a [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] instructor,<ref>{{cite news |date=July 12, 1927 |title=Orders from the War Department |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90448783/orders/ |work=[[Daily Press (Virginia)|Daily Press]] |location=Newport News, VA |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |page=7}}</ref> and his additional duties included coaching rifle marksmanship for both men's and women's teams.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 23, 1928 |title=Select 18 Girls for Rifle Squad |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90450027/18-girls/ |work=[[The Manhattan Mercury]] |location=Manhattan, KS |page=5 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 31, 1929 |title=Reduce Number on Men's Rifle Squad |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90450093/reduce-number/ |work=[[The Manhattan Mercury]] |location=Manhattan, KS |page=5 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> In 1931 and 1932, he was serving with the [[8th Cavalry Regiment]] at [[Fort Bliss]], [[Texas]].<ref>{{cite news |date=November 28, 1931 |title=Eighth Cavalry to Hold Organization Day Dinner |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/el-paso-herald-post-nov-28-1931-p-11/ |work=[[El Paso Herald-Post]] |location=El Paso, TX |page=6 |url-access=subscription |via=[[NewspaperArchive.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=February 2, 1932 |title=Regimental Party Will Entertain 8th Cavalry |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90450159/regimental-party/ |work=[[El Paso Times]] |location=El Paso, TX |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> In the summer of 1932, Rose was one of the Army officers assigned to provide instruction at the annual training encampment of the [[New Mexico Army National Guard|New Mexico National Guard]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=July 28, 1932 |title=Col. Norman King to Command Camp Luna; Instructors Assigned |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/albuquerque-journal-jul-28-1932-p-7/ |work=[[Albuquerque Journal]] |location=Albuquerque, NM |page=4 |url-access=subscription |via=[[NewspaperArchive.com]]}}</ref> Rose was assigned to duty as adjutant of the Corozal Military Post on the Pacific side of the [[Panama Canal Zone]] beginning in February 1933.<ref name="Veteran_Tributes">{{cite web |url=http://veterantributes.org/TributeDetail.php?recordID=1079 |title=Biography, Maurice Rose |website= Honoring Those Who Served |publisher=Veteran Tributes |location=Gulfport, MS |access-date=April 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=November 8, 1932 |title=Capt. Rose to Leave |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90450222/capt-rose/ |work=[[El Paso Times]] |location=El Paso, TX |page=12 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> He served with the [[6th Cavalry Regiment]] at [[Fort Oglethorpe (Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia)|Fort Oglethorpe]], [[Georgia (US State)|Georgia]], from August 1935 to August 1936.<ref name="Veteran_Tributes"/>

Rose was promoted to [[Major (United States)|major]] in 1936.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=March 9, 1936 |title=War Department and Navy Orders |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90450368/war-department/ |work=[[Daily Press (Virginia)|Daily Press]] |location=Newport News, VA |page=5 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> From 1937 to 1939 he was an observer and advisor for the [[Pennsylvania Army National Guard|Pennsylvania National Guard]].<ref>{{cite news |date=March 5, 1938 |title=Prepare for Annual Inspection |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90450598/prepare/ |work=[[The Daily Item (Sunbury)|The Daily Item]] |location=Sunbury, PA |page=12 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=February 10, 1939 |title=Military Horse Show Judges Named |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90450423/horse-show/ |work=[[Altoona Tribune]] |location=Altoona, PA |page=10 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> In 1939 Rose was posted to [[Fort George G. Meade]], [[Maryland]], as an instructor at the [[Third Corps Area]] Command and Staff School.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=February 1, 1939 |title=Officer Notes: Maurice Rose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tA09AAAAMAAJ&q=%22maurice+rose%22+%22III+Corps%22+%22meade%22 |magazine=The Cavalry Journal |location=Washington, DC |publisher=United States Cavalry Association |page=93}}</ref>

In addition to his completion of [[Officer Candidate School (U.S. Army)|Officer Candidate School]] in 1917, Rose graduated from the [[U.S. Army Infantry School|Infantry]] Company Officer Course (1926) and the [[United States Army Cavalry School|Cavalry Officer Course]] (1931).<ref name="U.S. Army Adjutant General">[https://archive.org/stream/officialarmyregi1943unit#page/762/mode/2up U.S. Army Adjutant General], Official U.S. Army Register, 1943, page 762</ref> He was a 1937 graduate of the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College|Command and General Staff College]], and he graduated from the [[Industrial College of the Armed Forces|Army Industrial College]] in 1940.<ref name="U.S. Army Adjutant General"/>

===World War II===
[[File:MauriceRose.jpg|thumb|Rose as commander of the [[3rd Armored Division (United States)|3rd Armored Division]] in the winter of 1944–1945.]]
From July 1940 to July 1941 Rose was assigned to [[Fort Knox]], Kentucky and commanded 3rd Battalion, [[13th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|13th Armored Regiment]] as a [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]].<ref name="Veteran_Tributes"/> In 1941, he was assigned as executive officer of 1st Armored Brigade, a unit of the newly-organized [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]].<ref name="Beech">{{cite news |last=Beech |first=Keyes |date=May 18, 1941 |title=Crashing Trees, Jumping Gullies, Hell Wagon Stirs 'Killer Spirit' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32788277/1941-may-18-akron-bj-p1/ |work=Akron Beacon Journal |location=Akron, OH |page=1 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> After observing the brigade in action, newspaper reporter [[Keyes Beech]] referred to Rose as "probably the best looking man in the army."<ref name="Beech"/>

In early 1942, Rose was chief of staff for the [[US 2nd Armored Division|2nd Armored Division]] at [[Fort Benning]], [[Georgia (US State)|Georgia]]. He continued as chief of staff after the division arrived [[North African Campaign|in North Africa]] and was promoted to [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]].<ref name="Post">{{cite news |last=Denver Post Library |date=March 30, 2015 |title=Denver Remembers WWII Hero, Maj. Gen. Maurice Rose, Killed 70 Years Ago |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2015/11/04/denver-remembers-wwii-hero-maj-gen-maurice-rose-killed-70-years-ago/ |work=[[Denver Post]] |location=Denver, CO}}</ref> When German forces in [[Tunisia]] were reduced to combat ineffectiveness, Rose negotiated with their commander, Fritz Krause, on the details of their unconditional surrender.<ref name="Post"/>

Promoted to [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]], Rose was assigned to lead [[Combat Command]] A, [[US 2nd Armored Division|2nd Armored Division]], which he commanded in combat throughout [[Allied invasion of Sicily|fighting in Sicily]].<ref name="Post"/> When [[Leroy H. Watson]] was relieved as commander of the [[3rd Armored Division (United States)|3rd Armored Division]] during combat in France in August 1944, Rose succeeded him and was promoted to [[Major general (United States)|major general]].<ref name="Post"/>

After assuming command of the division, Rose became known for his aggressive style of leadership, directing his units from the front rather than a rear command post.<ref name="Post"/> Following the 1944 Allied [[Operation Overlord|breakthrough on the French coast]], the 3rd Armored Division dashed through [[Belgium]] and was the first tank unit to enter Germany, and the first to breach the [[Siegfried line]].<ref name="Post"/><ref>{{cite AV media |date=December 10, 2016 |title=D-Day to Germany: Cameraman Jack Lieb comments on original footage of 1944-45 |type=Motion picture |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4kmRTZrgMQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/a4kmRTZrgMQ |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=October 21, 2021 |time=36:25 |location=Potsdam, Germany |publisher=CHRONOS-MEDIA History}}{{cbignore}}</ref> 3rd Armored helped stem the German offensive in the [[Ardennes#World War II|Ardennes]] during the [[Battle of the Bulge]], and was the first armor unit to enter [[Cologne]].<ref name="Post"/>

==Death==
On March 30, 1945, Rose was riding with members of his staff at the front of a 3rd Armored column a few miles south of the city of [[Paderborn]] in a rural forested area.<ref name="Post"/> Receiving reports of units being cut off by German troops, they turned around to investigate, and suddenly began taking small arms, tank, and anti-tank fire.<ref name="Post"/> Rose and his staff jumped into a nearby ditch as the tank leading their column took a direct hit and was destroyed.<ref name="Post"/> When they realized that they were being surrounded by German tanks of the [[SS Brigade Westfalen]] they re-mounted their vehicles and attempted to escape, driving off the road and through a nearby field.<ref name="Post"/> As they turned back onto the road they saw it was occupied by more German tanks.<ref name="Post"/>

Recognizing that they were about to be cut off, the driver of the lead jeep in Rose's party accelerated and narrowly made it past the German tanks.<ref name="Post"/> The driver of Rose's jeep attempted the same maneuver, but one of the German tanks succeeded in cutting them off.<ref name="Post"/> Rose and the other passengers dismounted, and the German tank commander opened his hatch and aimed a machine pistol at them.<ref name="Post"/> Rose reached towards his holster, either to surrender his pistol or attempt to fight his way out.<ref name="Post"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Broomfield Veterans Memorial Museum |date=May 31, 2020 |title=Vets Museum: Denver East grad was highest-ranking American killed in WWII Europe |url=https://www.broomfieldenterprise.com/2020/05/31/broomfield-vets-museum-denver-east-grad-was-highest-ranking-american-killed-in-wwii-europe/ |work=Broomfield Enterprise |publisher=MediaNews Group, Inc. |location=Boulder CO}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Steven |date=2003 |title=2nd Armored Division: 'Hell on Wheels' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcfVmpVMC0gC&q=%22it+is+unclear+whether+Rose+reached+for+his+sidearm%22 |location=Shepperton, England |publisher=Ian Allan Publishing |page=86 |isbn=978-0-7394-3771-1 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Victor |date=2001 |title=Honor the Brave: America's Wars and Warriors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIqMLoM09SYC |location=New York, NY |publisher=[[Bookspan]] |page=182 |isbn=978-0-7394-1570-2 |quote="Rose went for his pistol, though whether to attempt to shoot it out or to surrender the weapon cannot be determined." |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The German tank commander then opened fire, with 14 rounds hitting Rose, including several in the head.<ref name="Post"/> The other passengers from Rose's jeep ran into the woods, hid overnight, and were reunited with friendly units the next morning.<ref name="Post"/> They later returned to retrieve Rose's body and the documents he was carrying.<ref name="Post"/> Rose was buried at [[Netherlands American Cemetery and Memorial]].<ref name="Post"/>

===Investigation===
Investigators led by [[Leon Jaworski]] later looked into whether Rose's death could be considered a [[war crime]], which might have been the case if Rose and his staff were shot while attempting to surrender.<ref name="Post"/> The investigation concluded that the German tank crew probably believed Rose intended to fight, and had no idea they had killed a high-ranking commander, because his body and several sensitive documents he was carrying were not removed from his jeep.<ref name="Post"/> Rose was the highest-ranking American killed by enemy fire in the European Theater of Operations during the war.<ref name="Post"/>

==Selected awards and decorations==
Rose's awards and decorations included:<ref name="Ossad"/>

*[[File:Distinguished Service Cross ribbon.svg|60px]]  [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]]
*[[File:U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|60px]]  [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]]
*[[File:Silver Star Medal ribbon.svg|60px]]  [[Silver Star]] with two [[Oak Leaf Clusters]]
*[[File:Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|60px]]  [[Legion of Merit]] with Oak leaf Cluster
*[[File:Bronze Star Medal ribbon.svg|60px]]  [[Bronze Star Medal|Bronze Star]] with Oak Leaf Cluster
*[[File:Purple Heart ribbon.svg|60px]]  [[Purple Heart]] with Oak Leaf Cluster
*[[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|60px]]  [[French Legion of Honor]]
*[[File:Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 ribbon.svg|60px]]  [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France)|French Croix de Guerre with Palm]]
*[[File:BEL Croix de Guerre 1944 ribbon.svg|60px]]  [[Croix de guerre (Belgium)|Belgian Croix de Guerre with Palm]]

===Distinguished Service Cross citation===
Synopsis:

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Major General Maurice Rose (ASN: 0–8439), United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy while serving with the 3d Armored Division, in action against enemy forces from 6 to 9 September 1944. Major General Rose's intrepid actions, personal bravery and zealous devotion to duty exemplify the highest traditions of the military forces of the United States and reflect great credit upon himself, the 3d Armored Division, and the United States Army.

'''Service:''' Army '''Division:''' 3d Armored Division '''General Orders:''' Headquarters, First U.S. Army, General Orders No. 86 (November 25, 1944)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/6190 |title=Distinguished Service Cross, Maurice Rose |website=Hall of Valor |publisher=Military Times |location=Springfield, VA |access-date=March 3, 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1920, Rose married Venice Hanson (1895–1962) of [[Salt Lake City]].<ref name="Marsh">{{cite news |last=Marsh |first=Don R. |date=2003 |title=Lost and Found: The Search for the Two Sons of Gen. Rose |url=http://www.3ad.com/pio/bulletin.bd/rose.book.htm |work=3rd Armored Division Bulletin |publisher=3rd Armored Division History Foundation |location=Meriden, CT}}</ref> They separated in 1928 or 1929, and divorced in 1931.<ref name="Marsh"/> They were the parents of a son, Maurice "Mike" Rose (1925–2010), a career officer in the [[United States Marine Corps]] who attained the rank of [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] and was a veteran of [[World War II]], the [[Korean War]], and the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="Marsh"/> In 1934, Rose married Virginia Barringer (1912–1997).<ref name="Marsh"/> They were the parents of a son, Maurice Roderick "Reece" Rose (1941–2020), who spent his career in law enforcement, including service as chief of police for the [[San Antonio International Airport]].<ref name="Marsh"/><ref>{{cite news |date=April 11, 2020 |title=Obituary, Maurice (Reece) Roderick Rose |url=https://www.ebensberger-fisher.com/obituaries/Maurice-Reece-Roderick-Rose?obId=12675910 |work=Ebensberger-Fisher Funeral Home |location=Boerne, TX}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Middletown, CT - Maurice Rose plaque.jpg|thumb|right|Plaque marking Rose's birthplace. The Rose home is part of the [[Main Street Historic District (Middletown, Connecticut)|Main Street Historic District]], which is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]]]
[[J. Lawton Collins]], Rose's superior as commander of the [[VII Corps (United States)|VII Corps]], regarded Rose "as the top notch division commander in the business at the time of his death."<ref name="Ossad">{{cite web |url=http://www.stevenlossad.com/major_general_maurice_rose__world_war_ii_s_greatest_forgotten_commander__2006_47241.htm |title=Testimonials: Major General Maurice Rose: World War II's Greatest Forgotten Commander |last=Ossad |first=Steven L. |date=2004 |website=Stevenlossad.com |publisher=Steven L. Ossad |access-date=April 17, 2019}}</ref> However, Rose never gained the prominence of many of his contemporaries, for reasons including the fact that he did not survive the war, and as an intensely private man, he rarely if ever sought personal publicity.<ref name="Ossad"/>

His biographers, Steven L. Ossad and Don R. Marsh, referred to Rose as "World War II's Greatest Forgotten Commander".<ref name="Ossad"/> [[Andy Rooney]], a World War II war correspondent and later ''[[60 Minutes]]'' commentator, wrote in his book ''My War'':

<blockquote>Maj. Gen. Maurice Rose, who had been with the Second Armored Division at Saint-Lô, was now the commander of the Third Armored and he may have been the best tank commander of the war. He was a leader down where they fight. Not all great generals were recognized. Maurice Rose was a great one and had a good reputation among the people who knew what was going on, but his name was not in the headlines as Patton's so often was. Rose led from the front of his armored division.<ref name="Ossad"/></blockquote>

Rose's birthplace in [[Middletown, Connecticut]] is marked with a plaque as part of the city's [[Main Street Historic District (Middletown, Connecticut)|Main Street Historic District]], which is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lapin |first=Beth |date=February 28, 2018 |title=Middletown Hero: Major General Maurice Rose |url=https://www.jwv.org/middletown-hero-major-general-maurice-rose/ |work=JWV.org |publisher=[[Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America]] |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> The Armed Forces Reserve Center in Middletown is also named for Rose,<ref>{{cite news |date=November 9, 2014 |title=DeLauro attends Gen. Rose Army Reserve Center naming in Middletown |url=https://www.middletownpress.com/news/article/DeLauro-attends-Gen-Rose-Army-Reserve-Center-11801187.php |work=[[The Middletown Press]] |location=Middletown, CT}}</ref> as is the [[Connecticut Route 9]] bridge over Union Street in Middletown.<ref>{{cite news |last=Beals |first=Shawn R. |date=January 5, 2016 |title=Middletown Officials Dedicate Route 9 Bridge To Maj. Gen. Maurice Rose |url=https://www.courant.com/community/middletown/hc-middletown-maurice-rose-bridge-naming-0106-20160105-story.html |work=[[Hartford Courant]] |location=Hartford, CT}}</ref>

Rose Terrace and Rose Hall at [[Fort Knox]] were named for Rose.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Greene |first=Ralph C. |date=March–April 1991 |title=The Triumph and Tragedy of Major General Maurice Rose |url=https://static.dvidshub.net/media/pubs/pdf_33962.pdf |magazine=Armor |location=Ft. Knox, KY |publisher=U.S. Army Armor Center |page=29}}</ref> The army transport {{USAT|General Maurice Rose}}, the [[Rose Medical Center]] in [[Denver, Colorado]], and the primary school in [[Margraten]], [[Netherlands]] were named in his honor.<ref name="Ossad"/><ref>{{cite book |last= American Battle Monuments Commission |date=1979 |title=Annual Report of the American Battle Monuments Commission for Fiscal Year 1978 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tFYCCuIYKHgC&pg=PA84 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=84 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In addition, the now-closed Maurice Rose Army Airfield near [[Frankfurt, Germany]] and Rose Barracks near [[Vilseck, Germany]] were also named for him.<ref name="Ossad"/>

The 1951 film [[The Tanks Are Coming (1951 film)|''The Tanks Are Coming'']] depicts five tanks of the 3rd Armored Division as they advance across France into Germany during World War II.<ref name="Tanks">{{cite web |url=https://www.3ad.com/history/wwll/feature.pages/tanks.coming.pages/review.htm |title=Movie Review: "The Tanks Are Coming" |last=Web Staff |date=July 2004 |website=3 AD.com |publisher=The 3rd Armored Division History Foundation |access-date=December 4, 2021}}</ref> The commanding general of the division is not named, but is presumed to be Rose based on the film's timeline and the fact that the character was portrayed by [[Roy Roberts]], an actor who physically resembled Rose.<ref name="Tanks"/>
[[File:Maurice Rose by George Lundeen.jpg|thumb|Clay miniature of Rose sculpture in Denver]]
A statue of Rose by [[George Lundeen]] was placed in Denver's Lincoln Veterans Memorial Park in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Simpson |first1=Kevin |title=A Colorado hero died fighting the Nazis. He's finally been recognized back home. |url=https://coloradosun.com/2023/04/17/major-general-maurice-rose-statue-denver/ |work=[[The Colorado Sun]] |date=17 April 2023}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Ossad |first1=Stephen L. |last2=Marsh |first2=Don R. Marsh |date=2003 |title=Major General Maurice Rose: World War II's Greatest Forgotten Commander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2tX4OHiDzAC |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing |isbn=978-0-87833-308-0 |ref={{sfnRef|''Major General Maurice Rose''}}}}
*{{cite book |last=Bolger |first=Daniel P. |date=2020 |title=The Panzer Killers: The Untold Story of a Fighting General and his Spearhead Tank Division's Charge Into the Third Reich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7PQDwAAQBAJ |location=New York, NY |publisher=Dutton Caliber |isbn=978-0-59318-371-7 |ref={{sfnRef|''Panzer Killers''}}}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fogel |first1=Marshall |date=2018 |title=The Story of Major General Maurice Rose: The Most Decorated Battle Tank Commander In U.S. Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWJcuwEACAAJ |location=Aurora, CO |publisher=Frederic Printing |isbn=978-0-692-18578-0 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Story of Major General Maurice Rose''}}}}

==External links==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060427172115/http://www.3ad.org/wwii_heroes/rose_maurice/rose_maurice_home.htm 3rd Armored Division Association Profile of General Rose]
* [http://www.3ad.com/history/wwll/feature.pages/rooney.htm Excerpt from Andy Rooney book ''My War'', describing his encounter with General Rose]
* [http://www.3ad.com/history/wwll/rose.section/leopold.article.htm The Death of Maj. Gen. Maurice Rose]
* [http://www.3ad.com/history/wwll/memoirs.pages/bailey.htm Excerpt from ''Germans'' by George Bailey; some memories of General Rose while the author served with 3AD HQ]
* [https://generals.dk/general/Rose/Maurice/USA.html Generals of World War II]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Leroy H. Watson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[3rd Armored Division (United States)|Commanding General 3rd Armored Division]]|years=1944–1945}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Doyle Overton Hickey|Doyle O. Hickey]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rose, Maurice}}
[[Category:United States Army personnel killed in World War II]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:United States Army Infantry Branch personnel]]
[[Category:United States Army Cavalry Branch personnel]]
[[Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni]]
[[Category:United States Army generals]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:American recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Silver Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)]]
[[Category:American recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)]]
[[Category:American recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)]]
[[Category:Jewish American military personnel]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Connecticut]]
[[Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American Protestants]]
[[Category:Colorado National Guard personnel]]
[[Category:United States Army generals of World War II]]
[[Category:20th-century American Jews]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Germany]]
[[Category:Kansas State University faculty]]
[[Category:East High School (Denver, Colorado) alumni]]

Richard Marshall (United States Army officer)

2025-10-15T02:14:02Z

2600:1700:C3A0:6D30:1DEC:BC14:6AB3:A20C: /* Decorations */

{{Short description|United States Army general (1895–1973)}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Richard Jaquelin Marshall
| image = Richard J. Marshall.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1895|06|16|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1973|08|03|1895|06|16|df=y}}
| placeofburial = [[Arlington National Cemetery]], [[Arlington County, Virginia]], U.S.
| birth_place = [[Markham, Fauquier County, Virginia|Markham, Virginia]], U.S.
| death_place = [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], U.S.
| allegiance = {{flag|United States}}
| branch = {{army|United States}}
| serviceyears = 1915–1946
| servicenumber = 0-4635
| rank = [[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|25px]] [[Major general (United States)|Major General]]
| unit = [[File:USA - Army Field Artillery Insignia.svg|25px]] [[Field Artillery Branch (United States)|Field Artillery Branch]]
| commands =
| battles = [[Pancho Villa Expedition]] [[World War I]] [[World War II]]
| awards = [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]] (3) [[Silver Star]] [[Legion of Merit]] [[Distinguished Service Star]] (Philippines) (2) [[Legion of Honour]] (France) [[Order of Orange-Nassau]] (Netherlands)
| relations = BG [[St. Julien R. Marshall]] [[George C. Marshall]] (Distant Cousin) [[John Marshall]] (Ancestor)
| laterwork = Superintendent of the [[Virginia Military Institute]]
}}
[[Major general (United States)|Major General]] '''Richard Jaquelin Marshall''' (16 June 1895 – 3 August 1973) was a senior officer in the [[United States Army]].

He served in the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Division]] during [[World War I]] and became the Chief of Staff of United States Army Forces in the [[Asiatic-Pacific Theater|Pacific Theater of Operations]] by the end of [[World War II]].

==Early life and education==
Marshall was born in [[Markham, Fauquier County, Virginia]], on 16 June 1895, the son of Marion Lewis Marshall and his wife Rebecca Coke Marshall.<ref name="VMI">{{cite web |url=http://www1.vmi.edu/archiverosters/List.asp?num=8911 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212123545/http://www1.vmi.edu/archiverosters/List.asp?num=8911 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2012 |title=VMI Archives |publisher=[[Virginia Military Institute]] |access-date=15 July 2012 }}</ref> His maternal grandfather, Richard Coke Marshall, was a colonel for the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] in the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], and great-grandson of the fourth Supreme Court Chief Justice, [[John Marshall]]. He was also a distant cousin of [[George Catlett Marshall]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~marshall/esmd1.htm#id7808 |title=Marshall Family |publisher=Rootsweb |access-date=15 July 2012 }}</ref>{{sfn|McGill|1956|pp=151–152}} He attended public schools and [[Norfolk Academy]] in Norfolk from 1907 to 1911.

In 1911, he entered [[Virginia Military Institute]], [[Lexington, Virginia]]. He graduated eighth in his class of 56 with a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[electrical engineering]] in 1915,<ref name="Cadet"/> was an initiate of the Beta Commission of the [[Kappa Alpha Order]], and went to work as an assistant chemist for Consolidated Electric Light and Power Co., in [[Baltimore]], Maryland.{{sfn|Couper|1952|pp=8–9}} He enlisted in the 4th Maryland Infantry, National Guard while employed in Baltimore. When the Guard was called into the service for the [[Border War (1910–1918)|Mexican Border War]], 18 June 1916, he was commissioned First Lieutenant and Battalion Adjutant. While at [[Eagle Pass, Texas]], in August, 1916 he took examinations for the [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]] and was commissioned a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Field Artillery Branch (United States)|field artillery]] in November 1916. In March, 1917 he joined first [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]] unit, [[8th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|8th Field Artillery]] at [[Fort Bliss, Texas]].<ref name="VMI"/><ref name="Cadet">{{cite news |newspaper=The VMI Cadet |date=6 March 1959 |title=Gen. Marshall, Retired, Lives in Leesburg, Fla. }}</ref>

==World War I==
After the [[American entry into World War I]] in April, 1917, expansion of the Regular Army was accelerated and the 2nd Battalion of the 8th Field Artillery was sent to [[Fort Sill]], Oklahoma, to form the [[14th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|14th Field Artillery]]. In May Marshall was transferred to the [[6th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|6th Field Artillery]], one of the oldest Regular Army units, and which was then stationed at [[Douglas, Arizona]], preparing for overseas service as one of the units forming the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Division]]. This was the first American division to be sent to serve with the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] (AEF) on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], where it arrived in June.<ref name="VMI"/>

Marshall saw combat in the [[Battle of Soissons (1918)|Battle of Soissons]], the [[Battle of Saint-Mihiel]], and in the [[Meuse–Argonne offensive]], where, on the morning of 1 November 1918, he was wounded by fragments of a German 105 mm shell. He was in army hospitals in France until March 1919, by which time the war had since come to an end, due to the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Armistice with Germany]]. He had been promoted to [[Captain (United States O-3)|captain]] and was a battery commander of B Battery, 6th Field Artillery.<ref name="VMI"/><ref name="Cadet"/>

==Between the wars==
Upon returning to the U.S. after the war, Marshall was assigned to the postwar [[Quartermaster Corps (United States Army)|Quartermaster Corps]]. He oversaw construction of Fitzsimons Hospital, Denver, Colorado. He was Quartermaster at Ft. Benning, Georgia 1924, then attended Quartermaster School in 1926, graduated in 1927 and was assigned to Ft. Monmouth, NJ.

In 1929 he was sent to the [[Philippines]] and assigned as Quartermaster of the [[Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays]]. He took up residence on [[Corregidor Island]] at [[Fort Mills]] where he had under his direction the start of construction of the West end of the [[Malinta Tunnel|Malinta Hill Tunnel]]. In World War II this same Tunnel became General MacArthur's Command Post on Corregidor.

Marshall returned to the U.S. in 1932, attending Command and Staff School at Ft. Leavenworth, Ks, followed by the Army Industrial College, Washington, D.C. He graduated in 1935 and after summer maneuvers with the First Army entered the [[United States Army War College|Army War College]], graduating 1936. He was then placed in charge of the Water Transportation Branch.

He married Nell B. Mutter. They had two children, Richard J. Marshall, Jr., who died on 2 March 1943 in World War II, and Harriette Marshall Olsen, who married [[John E. Olson]], who survived the [[Bataan Death March]]. After Nell died in 1934, he married Isabel Crum in [[Montgomery, Alabama]] on 28 December 1935. From the marriage, he gained a stepdaughter, Dorothy, and step son, Lieutenant Kenneth Roscoe Lummus, who died on 28 March 1943.<ref name="VMI"/>{{sfn|Couper|1952|pp=8-9}}{{sfn|McGill|1956|pp=151–152}}

In 1939, upon the request of General [[Douglas MacArthur]], Marshall was assigned to duty again in the Philippines. A vacancy had occurred through the return of Col. [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] to duty in the U.S. The officers on this duty were assisting Gen. MacArthur in advising the Philippine Commonwealth Government in forming and training an army for the defense of the Islands after Independence which was to be granted in 1946. He was on this duty in July 1941 when Gen. MacArthur was recalled to active duty. He was detailed to General Staff with troops and Deputy Chief of his Command, the United States Army Forces in the Far East. In October, 1941 he was promoted to temporary Colonel.

==World War II==
After [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]], Marshall was promoted to brigadier general and remained as Deputy Chief of Staff. He was left in charge of the old Command Post at #1 Victoria in Manila when General MacArthur went to Corregidor to establish his Command Post on December 24, 1941. He remained there until directed to bring the balance of the Staff to Corregidor, January 1, 1942. As the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|Japanese invasion of the Philippines]] advanced, the fall of Corregidor appeared imminent. As a result, on the night of March 11, 1942 MacAurthur, his family, and his staff, including Marshall, [[Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines|evacuated under cover of night]] in four PT boats of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three]], with the lead boat commanded by [[John D. Bulkeley|Lieutenant John D. Bulkeley]]. After an open ocean voyage of several hundred miles they reached Mindanao, then flew to Darwin, Australia, reaching there on March 17, 1942.

From Darwin, MacArthur chose to travel south by train because of his wife's fear of flying. As Quartermaster, Marshall was sent ahead to assess troop strength and resources for the potential immediate return to the Philippines. In a historic moment, reenacted in the movie, [[MacArthur (1977 film)|''MacArthur'']], Marshall met MacArthur's train upon arrival in Adelaide and broke the news to him that U.S. forces in the Pacific would not be sufficient to support any sort of immediate effort to recapture the Philippines. This made clear to MacArthur the war would be more than just a few months in duration.

After a few weeks in Australia the Allied arrangements for a [[South West Pacific Area (command)|Southwest Pacific Command]] were completed and Marshall was detailed as MacArthur's Deputy Chief of Staff. In July the US Army Service of Supply, SWPA succeeded the former command for the US Army Forces in Australia and he became Commanding General, with promotion to Major General.

In early 1942 Marshall was given additional duty as Deputy Chief of Staff of USAFFE (U.S. Armed Forces Far East) when it was used to provide a US Army agency for MacArthur to exercise command over US Army troops in SWPA (South West Pacific Army). Increase in size of SWPA Command rapidly increased the administrative problems of MacArthur's Headquarters. In November, 1944, he was detailed as MacArthur's Chief of Staff, USAFFE and, when MacArthur became commander of AFPAC (U.S. Army Forces in the Pacific), Marshall became Deputy Chief of Staff.

In 1945, with entry into Japan after [[Surrender of Japan|the surrender]], Marshall became Deputy Chief of Staff of SCAP (Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers). On October 10 he was ordered to Headquarters in Tokyo to take over as the Chief of Staff.

On September 2, 1945, he accompanied MacArthur on board the {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}} for the signing of the surrender treaty with the Japanese delegation.

==Post-World War II==
In May 1946 Marshall was ordered to temporary duty in the Office of the Chief of Staff, US Army, Washington, D.C., in order that he be available to become Superintendent of the [[Virginia Military Institute]].

He retired from the Army on Nov 30, 1946 and became the 7th Superintendent of VMI until he resigned in June 1952. While at VMI his neighbor, [[Washington and Lee University]], conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LL D). President [[Harry S. Truman]] appointed him to serve as Deputy Chief of the Bell Mission to make an economic survey of the Philippines. He received the rank of Minister without portfolio for that appointment.

==Military record and death==
[[File:ANCExplorer Richard Marshall grave.jpg|thumb|left|The grave of Major General '''Richard J. Marshall''' at [[Arlington National Cemetery]].]]

During his Army career, Marshall received the [[Citation Star|Silver Star]] during World War I, and the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] and [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]] with two [[oak leaf cluster]]s from the three command and staff positions that he held in World War II. He was made an Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]] of France, and a Grand Officer of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]] with Crossed Swords (Netherlands), and received the [[Distinguished Service Star]] of the Philippines with an oak leaf cluster.

During his last year at VMI, the State of Virginia promoted him to Lieutenant General in the Virginia Militia (Unorganized). Following the disruptions of World War II he got the VMI Foundation off the ground with an increase in funds from $100,000 to $600,000. General Marshall, a 1915 graduate, expanded the Corps of Cadets from 300 to 950 during the six years of his administration, both academic and military offerings were expanded and the faculty was enlarged to meet the demands of the growing Cadet Corps, growth made possible by the planning and completion during his administration of the new cadet barracks.

He retired in 1952 after suffering a stroke and moved to Florida. He died at [[Fort Lauderdale]] on 3 August 1973,<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The VMI Cadet |date=7 September 1973 |title=Gen. Marshall succumbs }}</ref> and is buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]], in [[Arlington County, Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CghtYXJzaGFsbBIHcmljaGFyZBoBag--/ |title=Burial Detail: Marshall, Richard J. (Section 7, Grave 10061) |work= ANC Explorer|publisher=Arlington National Cemetery |id=(Official website)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Richard Jacquelin Marshall |url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/rmarshal.htm |publisher=[[Arlington National Cemetery]] |access-date=15 July 2012}}</ref> His brother, Marine Corps Brigadier General [[St. Julien R. Marshall]], was subsequently buried next to him in 1989.

==Decorations==
Here is the ribbon bar of Major General Richard J. Marshall:

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Distinguished Service Cross ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=2|type=oak|ribbon=U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Silver Star Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Mexican Border Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=3|type=service-star|ribbon=World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Army of Occupation of Germany ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=6|type=service-star|ribbon=Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Grand Officer.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=award-star|ribbon=PHL Distinguished Service Star BAR.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=award-star|ribbon=Philippine Defense ribbon.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=2|type=service-star|ribbon=Phliber rib.svg|width=106}}
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
!1st Row
|colspan="5"|[[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]]
|colspan="6"|[[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]] w/ two [[Oak Leaf Cluster|OLCs]]
|colspan="7"|[[Silver Star]]
|-
!2nd Row
|colspan="4"|[[Legion of Merit]]
|colspan="4"|[[Mexican Border Service Medal]]
|colspan="4"|[[World War I Victory Medal (United States)|World War I Victory Medal]] w/ three battle clasps
|colspan="4"|[[Army of Occupation of Germany Medal]]
|-
!3rd Row
|colspan="4"|[[American Defense Service Medal]] w/ Foreign Service Clasp
|colspan="4"|[[Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal]] w/ silver and bronze service stars
|colspan="4"|[[World War II Victory Medal (United States)|World War II Victory Medal]]
|colspan="4"|[[Legion of Honour|Officer of the Legion of Honour]]
|-
!4th Row
|colspan="4"|[[Order of Orange-Nassau|Grand Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau]]
|colspan="4"|[[Distinguished Service Star|Philippine Distinguished Service Star]] w/ Bronze Star
|colspan="4"|[[Philippine Defense Medal]] w/ Bronze Star
|colspan="4"|[[Philippine Liberation Medal]] w/ two Bronze Stars
|-
|}

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book
| last = Couper
| first = William
| year = 1952
| title = History of the Shenandoah Valley
| location = New York
| publisher = Lewis Historical
}}
* {{cite book
| last = McGill
| first = John
| year = 1956
| title = The Beverley Family of Virginia: Descendants of Major Robert Beverley, 1641–1687, and allied families
| location = Columbia, South Carolina
| publisher = R.L. Bryan
}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/rmarshal.htm |title=Richard Jaquelin Marshall|date=5 November 2022 |publisher=at ArlingtonCemetery.net|id=(Unofficial website)}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/sjrmarsh.htm |title=St. Julien Ravenel Marshall|date=6 November 2022 |publisher=at ArlingtonCemetery.net|id=(Unofficial website)}}
*[https://generals.dk/general/Marshall/Richard_Jaquelin/USA.html Generals of World War II]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marshall, Richard}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:United States Army Field Artillery Branch personnel]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Virginia]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]
[[Category:People from Fauquier County, Virginia]]
[[Category:Virginia Military Institute alumni]]
[[Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:United States Army generals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Silver Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Officers of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau]]
[[Category:Marshall family (politics)|Richard]]
[[Category:United States Army War College alumni]]
[[Category:United States Army generals of World War II]]

Leon A. Edney

2025-10-15T01:27:43Z

2600:1700:C3A0:6D30:1DEC:BC14:6AB3:A20C: /* Awards and decorations */

{{Short description|American admiral (born 1935)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=August 2012}}
{{citation style|date=September 2009}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2012}}
}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= Leon A. Edney
|image= Portrait of US Navy Admiral Leon A. Edney.jpg
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption= Edney in 1988
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{Birth date and age|1935|3|1}}
|birth_place= [[Dedham, Massachusetts]], US<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/bib/29497|title=Veterans History Project: Leon Edney Collection|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
|death_date=
|death_place=
|placeofburial=
|allegiance= United States
|branch= [[United States Navy]]
|serviceyears= 1957–1992
|rank= [[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]]
|servicenumber=
|unit=
|commands= [[Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic]] [[United States Atlantic Command]] [[Vice Chief of Naval Operations]] [[Carrier Strike Group 1|Carrier Group 1]] {{USS|Constellation|CV-64}} {{USS|Ponchatoula|AO-148}} [[Carrier Air Wing Two]] [[VFA-27|Attack Squadron 27]]
|battles= [[Vietnam War]]
|awards= [[Defense Distinguished Service Medal]] (2) [[Navy Distinguished Service Medal]] (2) [[Legion of Merit]] (3) [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (5) [[Bronze Star Medal]]
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
'''Leon Albert''' "'''Bud'''" '''Edney''' (born March 1, 1935) is a former [[United States Navy]] [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]]. A native of [[Dedham, Massachusetts]], he retired from the navy as an [[Admiral (United States)|admiral]] after serving as [[Vice Chief of Naval Operations]] from 1988 to 1990.<ref name="congrec">{{cite journal |title=TRIBUTE TO ADMIRAL LEON A. EDNEY, U.S. NAVY, RETIRED |journal=[[Congressional Record]] |date=September 22, 2000 |volume=146 |issue=14 |page=20437 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2000-pt14/html/CRECB-2000-pt14-Pg20437-2.htm |access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref>

==Naval career==
{{Source-attribution|<ref name=va>{{cite web |title=#VeteranOfTheDay Navy Veteran Leon Albert Edney |url=https://blogs.va.gov/VAntage/91082/veteranoftheday-navy-veteran-leon-albert-edney/ |website=VAntage Point |date=30 July 2021 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs]] |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>|section}}

Designated a naval aviator in 1958, Edney's first operational flying tours were with Air Antisubmarine Squadrons 27 and 24. Following his graduate studies at Harvard, he served a two-year tour in Washington, D.C., as a special assistant to the deputy chief of naval operations for research and development. In 1965, Edney transitioned to light attack jet aircraft and was assigned to Attack Squadron 164. In 1970, he was assigned to the staff of the chief of naval operations as the Western Hemisphere plans officer in the Political-Military Plans Division. He was selected as a White House Fellow in 1970 and served as a special assistant to the secretary of transportation. In 1971, Edney was named executive officer of [[VFA-27|Attack Squadron 27]] and assumed command of the squadron the following year.

Edney assumed command of [[Carrier Air Wing Two]], embarked in the aircraft carrier {{USS|Ranger|CV-61}} in 1974. He then became the commanding officer of the fleet oiler {{USS|Ponchatoula|AO-148}} two years later. He then served as chief of staff for [[Carrier Strike Group Eleven|commander, Cruiser Destroyer Group Five]] before assuming command of the aircraft carrier {{USS|Constellation|CV-64}} in January 1980. Under his command, ''Constellation'' participated in RIMPAC '80 exercise with navies from the Pacific basin before deploying to the Western Pacific in April 1980. During this deployment, ''Constellation'' remained on station in the Indian Ocean for 110 straight days in support of U.S. foreign policy. In June 1981, Edney was designated a [[commodore admiral]] and became the sixty-ninth [[Commandant of Midshipmen]] at the [[United States Naval Academy]]. In March 1984, he became Commander, [[Carrier Strike Group 1|Carrier Group 1]] and made another deployment to the Western Pacific embarked in ''Constellation'' the following year.

Following his assignment as commander, Carrier Group 1, Edney served as the assistant deputy chief of naval operations for air warfare; director, Aviation Plans and Requirements Division; and later director, Office of Program Appraisal for the secretary of the navy. In 1987, he became the chief of naval personnel, and the deputy chief of naval operations for manpower, personnel, and training. He was promoted to admiral and assumed duties as the vice chief of naval operations in August 1988, and as such was directly responsible to the chief of naval operations for the command of the navy's operating forces and the administration of its shore establishment.

In May 1990, Edney assumed duties as NATO's [[Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic]], and commander in chief, [[United States Atlantic Command]]. He retired on 1 August 1992.

Edney's personal awards and decorations include the [[Defense Distinguished Service Medal]], the [[Navy Distinguished Service Medal]] with gold star, the [[Legion of Merit]] with two gold stars, [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] with four gold stars, [[Bronze Star Medal]], [[Meritorious Service Medal (United States)|Meritorious Service Medal]] with gold star, [[Air Medal]] with gold numeral 8 and bronze numeral 30 [[Navy Commendation Medal]] with [[Combat V]], and the Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with gold star, as well as various campaign and unit awards. During his career he has accumulated more than 5,600 flight hours, flown 340 combat sorties, and made more than 1,000 carrier landings.

Edney is married to the former Margon Beck of Hastings, Nebraska. They have two daughters, Merrie and Jaimie.

==Civilian activities==
Edney retired in August 1992 and was appointed as an [[éminence grise]] for the [[Center for Naval Analyses]] and the [[National Defense University (Washington, D.C.)|National Defense University]]. In April 1997 [[Charles R. Larson]] selected Edney to fill the post of Distinguished Professor of Leadership at the [[United States Naval Academy]]. In this position, Edney was charged with "teaching core leadership and ethics courses and promoting moral development and leadership education" to academy students.<ref>Thompson, p. 396.</ref>

In addition to his duties as a [[CAPSTONE Military Leadership Program|Capstone Senior Fellow]], Edney serves as a senior fellow at the [[Center for Naval Analyses]], and is director of the Armed Forces Benefit Services, Inc. and the [[Military Officers Association of America|Retired Officers Association]]. He has also in recent years been awarded government contracts to perform education services for the [[National Defense University (Washington, D.C.)|National Defense University]].[http://www.governmentcontractswon.com/department/defense/leon_a_edney_092917876.asp?yr=04]

In 1986 Edney was presented with the Outstanding Alumni Award from [[Dedham High School]].<ref name=DHS/> Edney serves on the board of advisors for the [[Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20071112235506/http://www.jinsa.org/about/adboard/adboard.html?documentid=718]

Edney was named Veteran of the day on July 30, 2021 by the [[Veteran's Administration]].<ref name=va/>

==Awards and decorations==
Edney's decorations and medals include:<ref name=epnaaobio>{{cite web|title=Leon A. Edney, Admiral, USN (Ret.)|url=http://www.epnaao.com/BIOS_files/REGULARS/Edney-%20Leon%20A.pdf|work=Biographies|publisher=Early and Pioneer Naval Aviators Association|accessdate=8 November 2012}}</ref>
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan="4"|[[File:Naval Aviator Badge.jpg|200px]]
|-
| colspan="4"|{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Defense Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{ribbon devices|number=1|type=award-star|ribbon=Navy Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{ribbon devices|number=2|type=award-star|ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=4|type=award-star|ribbon=Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Bronze Star Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=award-star|ribbon=Meritorious Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|other_device=|ribbon=Air Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}[[File:Award star (gold).png|22px]][[File:Award star (gold).png|22px]][[File:Award star (gold).png|22px]][[File:Award numeral 3.png|20px]][[File:Award numeral 3.png|20px]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=2|type=award-star|other_device=v|ribbon=Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal ribbon with bronze "V" device.svg|width=106}}
|{{ribbon devices|number=2|type=service-star|ribbon=U.S. Navy Unit Commendation ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Battle Effectiveness Award ribbon, 1st award.svg|width=106}}
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=National Defense Service Medal ribbon, 2nd award.svg|width=106}}
|{{ribbon devices|number=3|type=service-star|ribbon=Vietnam Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Navy and Marine Corps Sea Service Deployment Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=award-star|ribbon=Vietnamese Gallantry Cross ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal ribbon-Second Class.svg|width=106}}
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Vietnam gallantry cross unit award-3d.svg|width=106}}
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Vietnam Campaign Medal ribbon with 60- clasp.svg|width=106}}
|-
| colspan="4"|[[File:Joint Chiefs of Staff seal.svg|125px]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
!Badge
|colspan="4"|[[Naval Aviator Badge]]
|-
!1st Row
|[[Defense Distinguished Service Medal]] with one bronze [[oak leaf cluster]]
| colspan="2"|[[Navy Distinguished Service Medal]] with one gold [[award star]]
|[[Legion of Merit]] with two award stars
|-
!2nd Row
|[[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] with four award stars
|[[Bronze Star Medal|Bronze Star]]
|[[Meritorious Service Medal (United States)|Meritorious Service Medal]] with award star
|[[Air Medal]] with three award stars and bronze Strike/flight numerals 33
|-
!3rd Row
|[[Commendation Medal|Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal]] with two award stars and [[Valor device]]
|[[Achievement Medal|Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal]] with Valor device
|[[Navy Unit Commendation]] with two bronze [[service star]]s
|[[Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation]]
|-
!4th Row
|[[Navy "E" Ribbon]]
|[[National Defense Service Medal]] with service star
|[[Vietnam Service Medal]] with three service stars
|[[Sea Service Ribbon|Navy Sea Service Deployment Ribbon]]
|-
!5th Row
|[[Vietnam Gallantry Cross]] with gold star
|[[Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal]], 2nd class
|[[Vietnam Gallantry Cross|Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation]]
|[[Vietnam Campaign Medal]]
|-
!Badge
| colspan="4"|[[Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge]]
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name=DHS>{{cite web
|url = http://web.dedham.k12.ma.us/dhs/alumni/alumni_info/outstanding_alumni_files/admiralleonedney.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141209112236/http://web.dedham.k12.ma.us/dhs/alumni/alumni_info/outstanding_alumni_files/admiralleonedney.html
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 2014-12-09
|title = Admiral Leon A. "Buddy" Edney
|publisher = Dedham High School Alumni Association
|accessdate = 2014-12-05
}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{Commonscat}}
*[http://www.epnaao.com/BIOS_files/REGULARS/Edney-%20Leon%20A.pdf Golden Eagles Biography]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Huntington Hardisty]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice Chief of Naval Operations]]|years=1988–1990}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jerome L. Johnson]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Edney, Leon}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:United States Naval Aviators]]
[[Category:United States Naval Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)]]
[[Category:American recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)]]
[[Category:Vice chiefs of Naval Operations]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Dedham, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Members of the Jewish Institute for National Security of America]]

USS Hawes

2025-10-14T20:20:51Z

2600:1700:C3A0:6D30:1DEC:BC14:6AB3:A20C:

{{Short description|Perry-class frigate of the US Navy}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=USS Hawes (FFG-53).jpg
|Ship caption=USS ''Hawes'' (FFG-53)
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{USN flag|2010}}
|Ship name=''Hawes''
|Ship namesake= [[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear admiral]] [[Richard E. Hawes]]
|Ship owner=
|Ship operator=
|Ship registry=
|Ship route=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship awarded=22 May 1981
|Ship builder=[[Bath Iron Works]], [[Bath, Maine]]
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=
|Ship way number=
|Ship laid down=26 August 1983
|Ship launched=18 February 1984
|Ship sponsor=Mrs. Ruth Hawes Watson
|Ship christened=
|Ship completed=
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=9 February 1985
|Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=10 December 2010
|Ship maiden voyage=
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|Ship reclassified=
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|Ship homeport=[[Naval Station Norfolk|Norfolk]], [[Virginia]]
|Ship identification=*[[Hull classification symbol#Surface combatant type|Hull symbol]]:FFG-53
*[[International Code of Signals|Code letters]]:NREH
*{{ICS|November}}{{ICS|Romeo}}{{ICS|Echo}}{{ICS|Hotel}}
|Ship motto="Ever Ready, Ever Fearless"
|Ship nickname=
|Ship honours=
|Ship honors=
|Ship captured=
|Ship fate=Scrapped in Brownsville 2021
|Ship notes=
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}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class={{sclass|Oliver Hazard Perry|frigate}}
|Ship type=
|Ship tonnage=
|Ship displacement={{OHP frigate displacement}}
|Ship length={{OHP frigate length}}
|Ship beam={{OHP frigate beam}}
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|Ship draught={{OHP frigate draft}}
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|Ship propulsion={{OHP frigate propulsion}}
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|Ship complement={{OHP frigate complement}}
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|Ship sensors={{OHP frigate sensors}}
|Ship EW=[[AN/SLQ-32]]
|Ship armament={{OHP frigate armament}}Mark 13 launcher was removed from Hawes in 2004.
|Ship armour=
|Ship armor=
|Ship aircraft=2 × [[SH-60 Seahawk|SH-60 LAMPS III]] helicopters
|Ship aircraft facilities={{OHP frigate aircraft facilities}}
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
'''USS ''Hawes'' (FFG-53)''' is a later model {{sclass|Oliver Hazard Perry|frigate|0}} [[guided missile frigate]]. She is named for [[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear admiral]] [[Richard E. Hawes]] (1894–1968) who was twice decorated with the [[Navy Cross]] for [[submarine]] salvage operations.

==Construction==

The contract to build ''Hawes'' was awarded to [[Bath Iron Works]], [[Bath, Maine]], 22 May 1981, and her keel was laid 26 August 1983. She was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] 18 February 1984; sponsored by Mrs. Ruth H. Watson, daughter of the late Rear Adm. Hawes; delivered 1 February 1985, and [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] 9 February 1985.<ref name="DANFS">{{cite web | url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/h/Hawes.html | title=Hawes (FFG-53) | publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command | date=14 July 2015 | access-date=8 January 2016 | author=Evans, Mark L.}}</ref>

==Service history==
{{stack|[[File:USS Hawes FFG-53 arrives at Naval Station Norfolk.jpg|thumb|USS ''Hawes'' (FFG 53) arrives at Naval Station Norfolk, 7 October 2009, after a six-month deployment in the Caribbean and western Atlantic Ocean supporting Operation Carib Venture. The jolly roger, that RADM Hawes designed can be seen]]}}

In the summer of 1987, Hawes deployed from a regular [[United States Sixth Fleet|Sixth Fleet]] assignment in the Mediterranean to the [[United States Fifth Fleet|Fifth Fleet]] in Persian Gulf to support Operation Earnest Will. [[Operation Earnest Will]] escorted reflagged Kuwaiti oil and natural gas tankers through the Persian Gulf during the [[Iran–Iraq War|Iran-Iraq War]]. Hawes led or participated in numerous convoy escort operations between September and November, 1987. In addition to its regular complement of crew, officers and an air detatchment of 2 [[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk|SH-60B Seahawk]] helicopters, Hawes also embarked a detachment of 3 [[160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)|Task Force 160]] (Delta Force) [[MD Helicopters MH-6 Little Bird|MH-6]] helicopters, referred to as Sea Bats, as well as [[FIM-92 Stinger|Stinger Missile]] crews for additional anti-air defense in the wake of the Iraqi attack on the [[USS Stark]] in May 1987.

In late September 1987 a small Iranian Revolutionary Guard ship, the [[Iran Ajr]], was discovered sowing mines in shipping lanes northeast of Bahrain and was subsequently attacked by elements of Task Force 160 embarked on the [[USS Jarrett]] and captured by a US Navy SEAL team. Subsequently, the Hawes took the Ajr under tow to an undisclosed location where [[Explosive ordnance disposal (United States Navy)|US Navy EOD]] sailors scuttled the ship.

Hawes also participated as an anti-air picket in support of [[Operation Nimble Archer]], where US Navy destroyers and cruisers destroyed several Iranian natural gas platforms in response to a missile attack on the reflagged tanker [[MV Sea Isle City|Sea Isle City]] as she awaited the unloading of cargo at the Kuwait City terminal.

On 12 October 2000, ''Hawes'' was involved, along with {{USS|Donald Cook|DDG-75|2}}, in providing repair and logistics support to {{USS|Cole|DDG-67|2}}, shortly after she was [[USS Cole bombing|attacked]] in [[Aden, Yemen]]. Two [[al-Qaeda]] terrorists brought an inflatable [[Zodiac Marine & Pool|Zodiac-type]] speedboat that carried a bomb alongside [[guided missile destroyer]] ''Cole'', while the ship refueled, and detonated their lethal cargo, killing 17 sailors and wounding 42 more. The crewmember's heroic damage control efforts saved ''Cole''. ''Hawes'', Cmdr. J. Scott Jones in command, joined (13 October – October) other ships that took part in [[Operation Determined Response]] to assist ''Cole'' including: [[amphibious assault ship]] {{USS|Tarawa|LHA-1|2}}; [[dock landing ship]] {{USS|Anchorage|LSD-36|2}}; [[amphibious transport dock]] {{USS|Duluth|LPD-6|2}}; guided missile destroyer ''Donald Cook''; and the [[Military Sealift Command]]-operated [[tug]] {{USNS|Catawba|T-ATF-168|2}}; along with [[Royal Navy|British]] frigates {{HMS|Cumberland|F85|2}} and {{HMS|Marlborough|F233|2}}. The Navy subsequently enhanced global force protection training during crucial transits, and sailors qualified to fire [[M60 machine gun|M60]] and [[M2 Browning|Browning .50 caliber M2]] machine guns to defend against assaults by low-slow flying aircraft and small boats.<ref name="DANFS" />

''Hawes'', with [[List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons#Helicopter Anti-Submarine (Light) Squadrons|Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron (Light)]] [[HSM-48|HSL-48]] Detachment 10 embarked, returned from a [[counter-narcotics]] deployment to the Caribbean and Western Atlantic to Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, on 7 October 2009. The ship's operations resulted in the seizure of 200 barrels of [[cocaine]].<ref name="DANFS" />

In July 2010, ''Hawes'' docked for five days at Pier 4 of the [[Charlestown Navy Yard]], participating in a [[Navy Week]] coordinated alongside Boston's Harborfest.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.navyweek.org/boston2010/ |title=The 2010 Boston Navy Week Schedule of Events |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726085021/http://www.navyweek.org/boston2010/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''Hawes'', operating with Destroyer Squadron 26 out of Norfolk, was decommissioned on 10 December 2010

'''Fate'''

In late 2020, ''Hawes'' was announced to be recycled by 2021, alongside [[USS Charles F. Adams|USS ''Charles F. Adams'']], [[USS Stephen W. Groves|USS ''Stephen Groves'']], [[USS Barry (DD-933)|USS ''Barry'']], and [[USS Ticonderoga (CG-47)|USS ''Ticonderoga'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=USS Hawes (FFG 53) set to be recycled after 25 years of service {{!}} EMR Metal Recycling Reimagined |url=https://us.emrgroup.com/find-out-more/latest-news/uss-hawes-set-to-recycled-after-25-years-of-service |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=us.emrgroup.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=DLA to scrap five warships |url=https://www.dla.mil/About-DLA/News/News-Article-View/Article/2372056/dla-to-scrap-five-warships/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250430135817/https://www.dla.mil/About-DLA/News/News-Article-View/Article/2372056/dla-to-scrap-five-warships/ |archive-date=2025-04-30 |access-date=2025-10-14 |work=Defense Logistics Agency |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Naval Vessel Register|hull=FFG-53}}
{{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/h/Hawes.html}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|USS Hawes (FFG-53)}}
* {{Official website|http://www.hawes.navy.mil/|USS ''Hawes'' official website}}
*{{navsource|07/0753|USS Hawes (FFG-53)}}
*[http://www.navysite.de/ffg/FFG53.HTM navysite.de: USS ''Hawes'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040819081846/http://boothbayregister.maine.com/1999-06-24/navy_ship.html ''Boothbay Register'' story, 24 June 1999]
*[http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/frigates/pages/hawes_ffg53_page_1.htm MaritimeQuest USS Hawes FFG-53 pages]
*[http://pilotonline.com/news/military/navy-frigate-hawes-earns-one-last-salute/article_201ee7dd-dede-564d-8b95-6b1edb3fb391.html USS Hawes Decommissioning story 12/11/2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105746/http://pilotonline.com/news/military/navy-frigate-hawes-earns-one-last-salute/article_201ee7dd-dede-564d-8b95-6b1edb3fb391.html |date=4 March 2016 }}

{{Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hawes (Ffg-53)}}
[[Category:1984 ships]]
[[Category:Gulf War ships of the United States]]
[[Category:Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates of the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in Bath, Maine]]