Stromboli

2025-09-30T20:58:55Z

2600:4040:53F9:5A00:B431:4F3B:DFF:E4B8: /* Volcano */

{{short description|Active volcanic island off the coast of Sicily, Italy}}
{{Other uses|Stromboli (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Stromboli
| native_name = {{native name|scn|Struògnuli}} {{native name|el|Στρογγύλη}}
|settlement_type = Island
|image_skyline = Aerial image of Stromboli (view from the northeast).jpg
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption = Aerial view of Stromboli from the northeast; to the right, the [[Sciara del Fuoco]] can be seen.
| elevation_m = 924
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="peakbagger">{{cite peakbagger | pid = 10260 | title = Stromboli, Italy | access-date = 20 July 2013}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|38|47|38|N|15|12|40|E|type:mountain_region:IT_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type1 = Country
|subdivision_name1 = Italy
|subdivision_type2 = Island grouping
|subdivision_name2 = [[Aeolian Islands]]
|subdivision_type3 = Region
|subdivision_name3 = [[Sicily]]
|population_as_of = 2016
|population = 500<ref name="Populat" />
|area_total_km2 = 12.6
|pushpin_map = Sicily#Italy#Europe
}}
[[File:DenglerSW-Stromboli-20040928-1230x800.jpg|thumb|September 2004 Stromboli eruption]]

'''Stromboli''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|t|r|ɒ|m|b|ə|l|i}} {{respell|STROM|bə|lee}}, {{IPA|it|ˈstromboli|lang|link=yes}}; {{langx|scn|Struògnuli}} {{IPA|scn|ˈʂː(ɽ)wɔɲɲʊlɪ|}}) is an island in the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]], off the north coast of [[Sicily]], containing Mount Stromboli, one of the four active [[Volcanology of Italy|volcanoes in Italy]]. It is one of the seven [[Aeolian Islands]], a [[volcanic arc]] north of [[Sicily]], and the mythological home of [[Aeolus (son of Poseidon)|Aeolus]].<ref name=Strabo1877>{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D11 |last=Strabo |editor-first=A. |editor-last=Meineke |translator-last1=Hamilton |translator-first1=H.C. |translator-last2=Falconer |translator-first2=W. |title=The Geography of Strabo |location=Leipzig |publisher=Teubner |orig-year=1877 |year=1903 |via=Perseus Digital Library }}</ref>

The island, with an area of {{convert|12.6|km2|sqmi}},<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Stromboli-Island |title=Stromboli Island, Italy |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |first=Amy |last=Tikkanen |access-date=May 5, 2021}}</ref> represents the upper third of the volcano.<ref name=Tibaldi2009 /> Its population was about 500 {{as of|2016|lc=y}}.<ref name="Populat">{{cite web |url=http://www.comunelipari.gov.it/lipari/zf/index.php/servizi-aggiuntivi/index/index/idtesto/25 |title=Isola di Stromboli |language=Italian |trans-title=Stromboli Island |publisher=Comune di [[Lipari]] |access-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> The [[Vulcano (Sicily)|volcano]] has erupted many times and is constantly active with minor eruptions, often visible from many points on the island and from the surrounding sea, giving rise to the island's nickname "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean".<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last1=Scheffel|editor-first1=Richard L.|location=United States|pages=360–361|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name Stromboli is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] name {{translit|grc|Strongýlē}} ({{lang|grc|Στρογγύλη}}), which was derived from {{translit|grc|strongýlos}} ({{lang|grc|στρογγύλος}} {{gloss|round}}), after the volcano's round, conical appearance when seen from a distance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Strabo |translator-last1=Hamilton |translator-first1=H.C. |translator-last2=Falconer |translator-first2=W. |title=The Geography of Strabo |series=Bohn's classical library,v. 74-76 |date=1892 |publisher=George Bell & Sons |location=London |volume=1 |page=419 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015001690588;view=1up;seq=427 |quote=footnote 4 of Book VI, Chapter II, §11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Edward Herbert |editor1-last=Smith |editor1-first=William |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography |date=1856 |publisher=Walton and Maberly |location=London |volume=1 |pages=51–52 |chapter=Aeoliae Insulae |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_cJJF0qpgYC&pg=PA51}}</ref>

==Height and shape==
Stromboli stands {{convert|926|m|ft}} above sea level,<ref name="gvp">{{cite gvp
| vn = 211040
| name = Stromboli
| access-date = 1 January 2009 }}</ref>
and over {{convert|2700|m|ft}} above the sea floor.<ref name=Tibaldi2009>{{cite journal |last1=Tibaldi |first1=A. |last2=Corazzato |first2=C. |last3=Marani |first3=M. |last4=Gamberi |first4=F. |year=2009 |title=Subaerial-submarine evidence of structures feeding magma to Stromboli Volcano, Italy, and relations with edifice flank failure and creep. |journal=[[Tectonophysics]] |volume=469 |number=1 |pages=112–136 |doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2009.01.031
|bibcode=2009Tectp.469..112T |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040195109000651 |access-date=May 5, 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The area of Stromboli island is {{convert|12.6|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="britannica" />

As of June 2024, there are two active craters at the peak, each with multiple vents showing volcanic activity and lava flows.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Volcanism Program {{!}} Stromboli |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=211040 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Smithsonian Institution {{!}} Global Volcanism Program |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Sciara del Fuoco]] ("stream of fire") is a large horseshoe-shaped depression created in the last 13,000 years by several collapses on the northwestern side of the cone. Approximately {{convert|2|km|mi|frac=4|abbr=off}} northeast lies [[Strombolicchio]], the [[volcanic plug]] remnant of the original volcano.

==Volcano==
[[File:Stromboli animiert 800x600.gif|right|thumb|alt=Animated eruption of Stromboli|Eruption of Stromboli]]
Mount Stromboli has been in almost continuous [[Types of volcanic eruptions|eruption]] for the past 2,000–5,000 years;<ref name="readersnatural" /> its last serious one occurred on 11 September, 1930 when 6 people were killed.<ref name="Stromboli's 1930 eruption">{{cite web |title=Stromboli's 1930 eruption |website=Michigan Technological University |date=1996-06-06 |url=https://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/boris/mirror/mirrored_html/STROMBOLI-1930.html |access-date=2025-04-04}}</ref> A pattern of eruption is maintained in which explosions occur at the summit craters, with mild to moderate eruptions of incandescent [[volcanic bomb]]s, a type of [[tephra]], at intervals ranging from minutes to hours. This pattern of [[Strombolian eruption]], as it is known, is also observed at other volcanoes worldwide.

Eruptions from the summit craters typically result in a few short, mild, but energetic bursts, ranging up to a few hundred meters in height, containing ash, incandescent lava fragments, and stone blocks. Stromboli's activity is almost exclusively explosive, but lava flows do occur at times when volcanic activity is high: an effusive eruption occurred in [[2002 Stromboli Tsunami|2002]], the first in 17 years, and again in 2003, 2007, and 2013–14. Volcanic gas emissions from this volcano are measured by a [[multi-component gas analyzer system]], which detects pre-eruptive degassing of rising magma, improving [[prediction of volcanic activity]].<ref name="volcanic monitoring">{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223943167 |title=The 2007 eruption of Stromboli volcano: Insights from real-time measurement of the volcanic gas plume CO2/SO2 ratio |last1=Aiuppa|first1=Alessandro|first2=Cinzia|last2=Federico|first3=Geatano|last3=Giudice|first4=Paolo|last4=Papale |date=October 11, 2008 |publisher=Elsevier |access-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref>

On 3 July 2019, two major explosive events occurred at around 16:46 local time, alongside 20 additional minor explosive events identified by Italy's [[National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology]]. A hiker near the volcano's summit died after being struck by flying debris when the eruption began.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stromboli: One dead as volcano erupts on Italian island |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-48857422 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=July 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/03/europe/stromboli-italy-volcano-eruption/index.html|title=Volcanic eruption rocks Italian island of Stromboli, kills 1 hiker |first1=Marnie |last1=Hunter |first2=Darran |last2=Simon |work=CNN |date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=July 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinandrews/2019/07/03/a-huge-explosion-just-rocked-italys-stromboli-volcano-heres-what-happened/|title=Deadly Explosions Just Rocked Italy's Stromboli Volcano – Here's What Happened|last=Andrews|first=Robin |work=[[Forbes]]|language=en|access-date=July 3, 2019}}</ref> Additionally, 6 people suffered minor injuries due to the eruption.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Stromboli clears up ash after deadly volcano eruption |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-stromboli-ash-deadly-volcano-eruption.html |access-date=April 30, 2021 |date=July 4, 2019 |first=Giovanni |last=Isolino |work=Phys Org |language=en}}</ref>

On 28 August 2019, at 10:16 local time, an explosive eruption sent a pyroclastic flow down the volcano's northern flank and into the sea, where it continued for several hundred meters before collapsing. The resulting [[Eruption column|ash column]] reached a height of {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/1716786028369949/posts/2316404518408094 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/1716786028369949/2316404518408094 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |url-access=limited|title=Comunicato di attivita' vulcanica del 2019-08-28 11:41:57 (UTC) – Stromboli. |trans-title= Volcanic activity announcement of 2019-08-28 11:41:57 at Stromboli |author=INGVvulcani |website=Facebook |language=it |access-date=August 29, 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On 4 July 2024, Stromboli erupted along with [[Mount Etna]], and the Italian Civil Protection Department (Protezione Civile) issued the highest alert level.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stato di attività e livelli di allerta del vulcano Stromboli |url=https://rischi.protezionecivile.gov.it/static/72f86fbcb70ea270a5f16a768b5bb14e/luglio-stromboli.pdf |website=Protezione Civile |access-date=4 July 2024 |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sicily closes airport as Etna and Stromboli volcanoes erupt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/5/sicily-closes-airport-as-etna-and-stromboli-volcanoes-erupt |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=6 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Settlements==
[[File:Strombolielicottero.jpg|right|thumb|From a helicopter]]
Two villages, San Bartolo and San Vincenzo, lie in the northeast, while the smaller village [[Ginostra (village)|Ginostra]] lies in the southwest.<ref name="strombolivillages">{{cite web|url=http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/volcano/historical-1953/village-en.html |title=Stromboli 1952–1953 – The village and the land |last=Alean|first=Jürg|author2=Roberto Carniel |author3=Marco Fulle |date=2005-05-21|publisher=Stromboli online|access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref> Administratively, they are one of the {{lang|it|[[frazioni]]}} (unit of a commune and municipality) of [[Lipari]], [[Metropolitan City of Messina|Messina]].

In the early 20th century, a few thousand people inhabited the island,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sersale.org/mancuso/loschitx.html|title=Return of the Native to Stromboli|last=Loschiavo|first=LindaAnn|access-date=31 August 2010|quote=high point of 2,100 citizens in 1891}}</ref> but after several waves of emigration, the population has numbered a few hundred since the mid-1950s.<ref name="stromboli1950s">{{cite web|url=http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/volcano/historical-1953/index-en.html|title=Stromboli 1952–1953 – Stromboli in 1952 and 53|last=Alean|first=Jürg|author2=Roberto Carniel |author3=Marco Fulle |date=2005-05-21|publisher=Stromboli online|access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref> The population on the island was about 500 {{as of|2016|lc=y}}.<ref name="Populat" />

In addition to Italian, a derivative of the Sicilian dialect that is called Aeolian is generally spoken on this and the other Aeolian islands.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lipari.biz/notizia.asp?idnews=23467 |title=Lipari news e curiosita' dalle isole eolie |trans-title=The Aeolian dialect and its linguistic influences |first=Francesca |last=Zampaglione |date=10 August 2015 |work=Lipari News |language=Italian |access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* In ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'' (1864) by [[Jules Verne]], the conclusion of the novel is set on Stromboli.
* Author [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] identified his fictional volcano [[Mount Doom]] in [[Mordor]] with the volcano of Stromboli, according to scholar [[Clyde S. Kilby]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kilby | first1 = Clyde S | last2 = Plotz | first2 = Dick | title = Many Meetings with Tolkien: An Edited Transcript of Remarks at the December 1966 TSA Meeting | journal = [[Niekas]] | publisher = Niekas Publications, New Hampshire, United States | issue = 19 | pages = 39–40 | year = 1968 | author-link = Clyde S. Kilby | title-link = Mythopoeic Society }} Referred to at [https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/wiwimod/index.php?page=Niekas19 tolkienguide.com ] and by [http://efanzines.com/ERM/veh36.htm another publication of the Niekas editor].</ref>
* ''[[Stromboli (1950 film)|Stromboli]]'' (1950), also known as ''Stromboli, Land of God'', is an Italian-American film set on Stromboli, directed by [[Roberto Rossellini]] and starring [[Ingrid Bergman]].
*[[Rising Appalachia]]'s 2015 song "Stromboli" was written on and titled after the island. The studio version appears on ''[[Wider Circles]]'' (2015), and a live version appears on ''[[Alive (Rising Appalachia album)|Alive]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wooldridge |first=Talia |year=2017 |title=''Alive'' with Rising Appalachia: A Conversation with Leah Smith |work=The Spill Magazine |url=https://spillmagazine.com/spill-feature-alive-rising-appalachia-conversation-leah-smith/ |access-date=2021-12-30}}</ref>
*The lyrics of the [[Woody Guthrie]] song "Ingrid Bergman" (set to music & released on the 1998 album ''[[Mermaid Avenue]]'' by [[Billy Bragg]] & [[Wilco]]) focus on images of the actress in the Rossellini film ''Stromboli'', and erotic references to the island's volcanic nature.
*An Italian-American savory pastry is named [[Stromboli (food)|stromboli]] after the island.{{cn|date=August 2025}}
* The novel ''[[The Book of the Dead (novel)|The Book of the Dead]]'', written by [[Douglas Preston]] and [[Lincoln Child]] features the island as part of its conclusion.

==See also==
* [[2002 Stromboli tsunami]]
* [[List of islands of Italy]]
* [[Vulcano (Sicily)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons|Stromboli}}
* {{wikivoyage inline|Stromboli}}
* [http://www.ov.ingv.it/ov/en/stromboli.html Information about Stromboli and on its seismic monitoring network (italian)]
* [http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20191016-the-italian-island-of-perpetual-fire BBC documentary Island of Fire]
* [http://www.mobyfilm.it/ Scuola In Mezzo Al Mare] School in the Middle of the Sea documentary (2019)

{{Portalbar|Geography|Islands|Italy}}
{{Aeolian Islands}}
{{Magna Graecia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Islands of Italy]]
[[Category:Islands of Sicily]]
[[Category:Aeolian Islands]]
[[Category:Stromboli| ]]
[[Category:Volcanic islands]]

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Stromboli