Symphony No. 104 (Haydn)

2025-08-20T22:14:51Z

2600:4040:9A43:D800:FD99:19E9:50A0:3A85:

{{Short description|Musical work by Joseph Haydn, composed in 1795}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Joseph Haydn.jpg|thumb|Joseph Haydn]]

The '''Symphony No. 104''' in [[D major]] ([[Hoboken-Verzeichnis|H]]. 1/104) is [[Joseph Haydn]]'s final symphony. It is the last of the twelve [[London symphonies]], and is known (somewhat arbitrarily, given the existence of eleven others) as the '''London Symphony'''. In Germany it is commonly known as the '''Salomon Symphony''' after [[Johann Peter Salomon]], who arranged Haydn's two tours of London, even though it is one of three of the last twelve symphonies written for [[Viotti]]’s Opera Concerts, rather than for Salomon.<ref>[[Michael Steinberg (music critic)|Steinberg, Michael]]. "The Symphony: a listeners guide". p. 245. Oxford University Press, 1995.</ref>

The work was composed in [[1795 in music|1795]] while Haydn was living in London, and premiered there at the [[King's Theatre, London|King's Theatre]] on 4 May 1795, in a concert featuring exclusively Haydn's own compositions and directed by the composer.<ref>Michael Steinberg, "The Symphony: A Listeners Guide" (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 246.</ref> The premiere was a success; Haydn wrote in his diary "The whole company was thoroughly pleased and so was I. I made 4,000 [[Austro-Hungarian florin|gulden]] on this evening: such a thing is possible only in England."<ref>[[Michael Steinberg (music critic)|Steinberg, Michael]]. "The Symphony: a listeners guide". pp. 245–47. Oxford University Press, 1995.</ref>

The autograph manuscript of the symphony is preserved in the [[Berlin State Library]].

==Scoring==
The work is scored for 2 [[Western concert flute|flute]]s, 2 [[oboe]]s, 2 [[clarinet]]s in A, 2 [[bassoon]]s, 2 [[Horn (instrument)|horns]] in D and G, 2 [[trumpet]]s in D, [[timpani]], [[violins]] 1 & 2, [[violas]], [[cellos]], and [[double bass|double basses]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Joseph Haydn: Thematisch-bibliographisches Werkverzeichnis |last=Hoboken |first=Anthony van |year=1957 |publisher=B. Schott's Söhne |location=Main |page=221 }}</ref>

==Movements==
{{Listen
|type=music
|filename=The Evergreen Symphony Orchestra - Haydn's Symphony No.104 in D major, Hob.I-104 - I. Adagio-Allegro.ogg
|title=I. Adagio – Allegro
|filename2=The Evergreen Symphony Orchestra - Haydn's Symphony No.104 in D major, Hob.I-104 - II. Andante.ogg
|title2=II. Andante
|filename3=The Evergreen Symphony Orchestra - Haydn's Symphony No.104 in D major, Hob.I-104 - III. Menuetto allegro-Trio.ogg
|title3=III. Menuetto and Trio: Allegro
|filename4=The Evergreen Symphony Orchestra - Haydn's Symphony No.104 in D major, Hob.I-104 - IV. Finale spiritoso.ogg
|title4=IV. Finale: Spiritoso
|description4=Performed by the [[Evergreen Symphony Orchestra]]
}}
#''[[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Adagio]] – [[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Allegro]]''
#''[[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Andante]]''
#''[[Minuet|Menuetto]] and [[Trio (music)|Trio]]: Allegro''
#''Finale: [[Spiritoso]]''

===First movement===

The symphony opens with a slow and grand introduction in [[D minor]], whose first two bars are as follows:
:<score sound="1">
<<
\new Staff
\relative a'
{
\key d \minor
\time 2/2
\tempo "Adagio"
\tempo 4 = 50
\clef treble
<d d,>4 <d d,>8.. <d d,>32 <a' a,>2\fermata
<d, d,>4 <d d,>8.. <d d,>32 <a a,>2\fermata
}
\new Staff
\relative a,
{
\key d \minor
\clef bass
<d d,>4 <d d,>8.. <d d,>32 <a' a,>2\fermata
<d, d,>4 <d d,>8.. <d d,>32 <a a,>2\fermata
}
>>
</score>

Note that since the only notes used are the tonic and dominant, it is not clear whether the movement is in the major or minor key. This heralds a lengthy introduction in the minor key – in performance, the introduction is typically two minutes of the movement's overall nine-minute length.
The introduction transitions to the main body of the movement in [[D major]], which is in [[sonata form]]. Its opening theme is as follows:

:<score sound="1">
\relative a' {
\key d \major
\time 2/2
\tempo "Allegro"
\tempo 4 = 230
fis2\p (g4 e)
d2~ d8 e fis g
a4\staccato a\staccato a\staccato a\staccato
b2 (a)
d (cis
b a~)
a8 g (b a) g4 fis4
a4. (fis8 e4\staccato) r 4
fis2\p (g4 e)
d2~ d8 e fis g
a4\staccato a\staccato a\staccato a\staccato
b2 (a)
d (e
fis g~)
g8 fis (g e) d4 cis4
<d, a' fis' d'>2\f b''4 g
a d,,16 (cis d cis) d4 d4
}
</score>

The movement is [[Sonata form#Monothematic expositions|monothematic]]: the second theme is simply the first theme transposed to [[A major]]. The [[Sonata form#The basic outline of a sonata-allegro movement|exposition]] is in D major, with the strings playing the first theme. The theme goes straight into A major with the woodwinds to form a second theme. The exposition closes with a codetta and is followed by the [[Sonata form#The basic outline of a sonata-allegro movement|development]] which begins in [[B minor]], using the rhythmic pattern of the second half of the theme. The development ends with the full orchestra. In the [[Sonata form#The basic outline of a sonata-allegro movement|recapitulation]], the first theme is heard again in D major. It uses imitative patterns of the woodwinds in the second theme. The movement closes with a [[coda (music)|coda]], also in D major.

===Second movement===

:<score sound="1">
\relative a' {
\key g \major
\time 2/4
\tempo "Andante"
\tempo 4 = 55
b8..\p (c32) a8\staccato d\staccato
g,\staccato r8 r e'8\fz
(fis,)\staccato g\p\staccato a\staccato b\staccato
c\staccato c32 b a b a8 r8
b8..\p (c32) a8\staccato d\staccato
g,\staccato b8\staccato e,\staccato bes'8\fz
(d,)\staccato g\p\staccato fis\staccato e\staccato
d4\staccato r4
}
</score>

This movement, in G major, opens with the main theme in the strings. After this, a brief episode highlighting A minor and D minor leads to a modified repeat of the main theme in both strings and bassoon. From here, a second section begins which modulates to various other keys, including G minor and B{{music|flat}} major, but continues to feature the melody of the main theme. After arriving on the dominant of G major, the music of the first section returns. The rest of the movement consists of a modification of the first section of music, with several changes in rhythm and more prominence to the winds, especially the flute.

===Third movement===

:<score sound="1">
\relative a''' {
\key d \major
\time 3/4
\partial 4
\tempo "Allegro di molto"
\tempo 4 = 180
d,,8\f (fis)
a4\staccato a\staccato b\fz
(a)\staccato a\staccato gis\fz
(a)\staccato a\staccato d8\fz (b)
a4\staccato a\staccato d,8 (fis)
g4\staccato g (fis)
e\staccato e\staccato b'\fz\staccato
cis,2.\trill
(\grace { b16 cis }) d4 r4
}
</score>

The third movement is a [[minuet]] and trio in D major. The minuet section consists of a rounded binary (A,B,A') form with an opening section emphasizing the tonic, while the second section visits the relative minor (B minor) and the dominant (A major). The trio is in B{{music|flat}} major, and uses the oboe and bassoon extensively. Like in the minuet, this trio's B section emphasizes the relative minor (in this case, G minor). The trio ends with a transition back to dominant of the main key in preparation for the return to the minuet.

===Fourth movement===
:<score sound="1">
<<
\new Staff
\relative a'
{
\key d \major
\time 2/2
\tempo "Spiritoso"
\tempo 4 = 260
\clef treble
r1
r1
a4\p (g4) e2
g4 (fis4) d2
a4\staccato a\staccato e'\staccato e8 (fis8)
d2 e2
a4 (g4) e2
g4 (fis4) d2
a4\staccato a\staccato e'\staccato e8 (fis8)
d2 d2
}
\new Staff
\relative a
{
\key d \major
\clef bass
d,,1~\p
d1~
d1~
d1~
d1~
d1~
d1~
d1~
d1~
d1)}
>>
</score>

The exuberant finale, in fast tempo and in sonata form, opens in the mode of [[folk music]], using a [[drone (music)|drone bass]] and a theme often claimed to have originated as a Croatian folk song; for details see [[Haydn and folk music]]. The development section settles on the dominant of the main key, as is typical, but the recapitulation does not occur immediately. Instead, the development is extended with a section in F{{music|sharp}} minor, after which the recapitulation in D major follows immediately.

==See also==
*[[List of symphonies by name]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/werkansicht?PPN=PPN1749160447&PHYSID=PHYS_0006&DMDID=DMDLOG_0001/ Symphony No. 104]: Haydn's autograph manuscript in the Berlin State Library
* [https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=add_ms_64937_fs001r/ Symphony No. 104]: Copyist's manuscript in the [[British Library]]
*The Finale can be found on http://www.pointclassics.com/dl/2650902.4.Finale-%20spirituoso.48k.mp3 to listen to.
*[http://www.stefan-neudeck.info/Musik/pdf/Haydn_Sinf104.pdf Piano reduction (pdf)]
* {{IMSLP2|work=Symphony_No.104_%28Haydn%2C_Joseph%29|cname=Symphony No. 104}}

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[[Category:Symphonies by Joseph Haydn|Symphony 104]]
[[Category:Music about London]]
[[Category:Compositions in D major]]
[[Category:1795 compositions]]

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Symphony No. 104 (Haydn)