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Category:Ballet in London

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{{Portal|The arts|London}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to [[ballet]] in [[London]], a city in [[England]] (a constituent country of the European country of the [[United Kingdom]])}}

[[Category:Dance in London]]
[[Category:Ballet in the United Kingdom|-London]]
[[Category:Ballet by city|London]]

Category:Classical music in London

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{{Portal|Classical music|London}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to [[classical music]] in [[London]], a city in the [[England]] (a constituent country of the European country of the [[United Kingdom]])}}

[[Category:Classical music in England|-London]]
[[Category:Music in London]]

Category:Performing arts in London

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{{Portal|The arts|London}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to the [[performing arts]] in [[London]], a city in [[England]] (a constituent country of the European country of the [[United Kingdom]])}}

[[Category:Arts in London]]
[[Category:Entertainment in London]]
[[Category:Performing arts in England|-London]]
[[Category:Performing arts in the United Kingdom by city|London]]

Category:Music of Finland

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{{Portal|Finland|Music}}
{{Commons category|Music of Finland}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to the [[music]] of the European country of [[Finland]]}}
{{Category main article|music of Finland}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Finland}}
[[Category:Performing arts in Finland|music]]
[[Category:Music by country]]
[[Category:Music of Europe by country]]
[[Category:Nordic music]]

Music of the Philippines

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[[File:Filipina woman playing harp.png|thumb|257x257px|Filipina woman playing [[Harp]] which was popular in the Philippines together with [[Piano]], [[Guitar]], [[Rondalla]] and [[Organ (instrument)|Organ]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippine Liturgical Music |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/music/philippine-liturgical-music/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |language=en-US}}</ref>]]
{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=October 2022}}
{{Culture of the Philippines}}

The '''music of the Philippines''' ({{langx|fil|Musika ng Pilipinas}}) includes the musical performance arts in the [[Philippines]] and the music of [[Filipinos]] composed in various local and international [[Music genre|genres]] and [[List of music genres and styles|styles]]. Philippine musical compositions are often a mixture of Indigenous styles, and various [[Music of Asia|Asian]] styles, as well as [[Music of Spain|Spanish]]/[[Music of Latin America|Latin American]] and (US) [[Music of the United States|American]] influences through foreign rule from those countries.

== Indigenous music ==

{{Main|Philippine folk music}}
Notable indigenous musicians include Ukà of Lange-Lange who specialized in the [[kutiyapi]], the most difficult of all indigenous Philippine instruments,<ref>Schlegel, S. A. (2003). Wisdom from a Rainforest: The Spiritual Journey of an Anthropologist. University of Georgia Press.</ref><ref name="bcpch.bangsamoro.gov.ph">{{cite web | url=https://bcpch.bangsamoro.gov.ph/samaon-sulaiman/#:~:text=The%20Magindanao%20kutyapi%20is%20one,too%20keen%20to%20learn%20it. | title=Samaon Sulaiman }}</ref> [[Masino Intaray]] who specialized in the basal, aroding, and babarak,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2022/04/10/celebrating-the-life-of-manlilikha-ng-bayan-masino-intaray/ | title=Celebrating the life of Manlilikha ng Bayan Masino Intaray – National Museum | date=April 10, 2022 }}</ref> and [[Samaon Sulaiman]], who specializes as well in the kutiyapi.<ref name="bcpch.bangsamoro.gov.ph"/> Notable folk song composers include the National Artist for Music [[Lucio San Pedro]], who composed the famous "[[Sa Ugoy ng Duyan]]" that recalls the loving touch of a mother to her child. Another composer, the National Artist for Music [[Antonino Buenaventura]], is notable for notating folk songs and dances. Buenaventura composed the music for "[[Pandanggo|Pandanggo sa Ilaw]]".

===Gong music===

[[File:Kaamulan 2007 - Matigsalug kulintang ensemble.jpg|thumb|[[Matigsalug]] kulintang ensemble|left]]

Philippine gong music today can be geographically divided into two types: the flat gongs commonly known as ''gangsà'' unique to the groups in the [[Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordillera mountains]] and the [[Nipple gong|bossed gongs]] of [[Moro people|Muslim]] and [[Indigenous peoples of the Philippines|animist]] groups spanning the [[Sulu archipelago]], much of [[Mindanao]], [[Palawan]], and the inlands of [[Panay]] and [[Mindoro]]. The latter were once ubiquitous throughout coastal, lowland Philippine societies before widespread Christianization, and less frequently imports of [[Chau gong|flat ''chau'' gongs]] from China.

''[[Kulintang]]'' refers to a racked [[gong chime]] instrument played in the southern islands of the Philippines, along with its varied accompanying ensembles. Different groups have different ways of playing the ''kulintang''. Two major groups seem to stand out in ''kulintang'' music. These are the Maguindanaon and the Maranao. The kulintang instrument itself could be traced to either the introduction of gongs to Southeast Asia from [[China]] before the 9th century CE or more likely, to the introduction of bossed gong chimes from [[Java]] in the 16th century. Nevertheless, the kulintang ensemble is the most advanced form of ensemble music with origins in the [[History of the Philippines (900–1565)|pre-colonial epoch of Philippine history]] and is a living tradition in southern parts of the country.

The musical traditions involving the ''kulintang'' ensemble consist of regional musical styles and varying instrumentation transcending the present national borders of maritime Southeast Asia, comprising [[Buddhist]], animist, [[Islam in Southeast Asia|Muslim]], and Christian peoples around [[Borneo]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands|lesser Sunda islands]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], [[Sulu Archipelago|Sulu]], and [[Mindanao]]. It is distantly related to the ''[[gamelan]]'' ensembles of [[Music of Java|Java]], [[Music of Bali|Bali]], [[Malay gamelan|Sumatra & the Malay peninsula]], and [[Banjar people|south Borneo]], even moreso the ensembles of [[Khong wong yai|mainland Southeast Asia]], primarily because of the usage for the same racked bossed gong chimes that play melody and/or percussion

== Hispanic-influenced music ==

[[Philippine folk music]] has some Spanish and Latin American influence, derived from the period the country, along with Guam and the Mariana islands, was ruled from Mexico City and Madrid by the [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|Spanish viceroyalty]]. It is seen in folk and traditional music, of coastal lowland regions of [[Luzon]], [[Visayas]], and the predominantly Visayan [[Misamis (disambiguation)|north]] and [[Caraga|east]] Mindanao alongside the westernmost tip of [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]].

[[File:DOT to boost Japanese tourist arrivals 04.jpg|thumb|[[Rondalla]]]]

Hispanic music in the Philippines derived from [[Music of Spain|Iberian]] and some [[Music of Mexico|Mexican]] traditions, owing to the Philippine colony's [[Manila galleon|orientation]] as a distant entrepôt for resale of primarily Chinese and other Asian luxury goods across the Pacific to mainland [[New Spain]] (present-day [[Acapulco]], [[Mexico]]). Aside from standardized genres are many precolonial musical forms syncretized with Catholic and general Hispanic idioms, typically involving in religious folk rituals. The [[Pasyon]] chants ubiquitous among Christian Filipinos preserve prehispanicized vocal styles, and invocations of patron saints throughout many towns inherited [[Anito|precolonial forms of ancestor and spirit worship]]. Examples include ''[[subli]]'' (Batangas), ''[[sinulog]]'' (Cebu), ''[[tinikling]]'' (Leyte), and ''bolibong kingking'' (Bohol).

=== Rondalla ===

The ''[[rondalla]]'' is a traditional string orchestra comprising four-string, [[mandolin]]-type instruments such as the [[banduria]] and [[Laúd|laud]]; a [[guitar]]; a [[double bass]]; and often a drum for percussion. The rondalla has its origins in the Iberian ''rondalla'' tradition and is used to accompany several Hispanic-influenced song forms and dances.
[[File:El Cundiman by José Honorato Lozano.jpg|thumb|267x267px|1847 depiction of the traditional [[Kundiman]] of the Philippines. ]]

=== Harana and kundiman ===

The [[Harana (serenade)|''harana'']] and ''[[kundiman]]'' are popular lyrical songs dating back to the Spanish period and are customarily used in courtship rituals. The ''harana'' is rooted in the [[Music of Mexico|Mexican]]-[[Music of Spain|Spanish]] from Spain, traditional and based on the rhythmic patterns of the [[habanera (aria)|habanera]]. The ''kundiman'', meanwhile, has precolonial origins from the [[Tagalog language|Tagalophone]] parts of the country, uses a triple meter rhythm, and is characterized by beginning in a [[minor key]] and shifting to a major one in the second half. Harana and kundiman are stylistically different. Whereas harana is in 2/4 time, kundiman is in 3/4. The formula is verse 1 on minor key followed by verse 2 on parallel major key midway through.

In the 1920s, ''harana'' and ''kundiman'' became more mainstream after performers such as [[Atang de la Rama]], [[Jovita Fuentes]], Conching Rosal, [[Sylvia La Torre]], and [[Ruben Tagalog]] introduced them to a wider audience.

==Classical music==
{{listen
| type = music
| filename = 1908 Recording of Ang Maya by Maria Evangelista Carpena.ogg
| title = "Ang Maya" from the zarzuela "Filipinas para los Filipinos"
| description = Composed by Jose Estella and sung by [[Maria Carpena|Maria Evangelista Carpena]] under [[Victor Recording Company]] (1908)
}}

Introduced during the Spanish colonial period, classical music was highly enjoyed by the wealthy elite class. From the latter part of the 19th century, the rise of the "illustrados" or the "educated natives" began to dominate the classical music scene. Such native composers include [[Julián Felipe]], [[Jose Canseco, Jr.]], [[Marcelo Adonay]], Simplicio Solis, Fulgencio Tolentino, and Bonifacio Abdon.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Baes |first=Jonas |title=Westernized Musical Traditions in the Philippines |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/music/westernized-musical-traditions-in-the-philippines/ |website=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]}}</ref>
[[File:Jose Estella Filipino composer in a 1924 book (cropped).jpg|thumb|186x186px|[[Jose Estella]]]]
The theatrical Spanish [[zarzuela]] was later adapted and localized in Philippine music. It was first introduced in 1879 and appeared in 1900.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Canave-Dioquino |first=Corazon |title=Music in the Philippines since 1898 |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/music/music-in-the-philippines-since-1898/ |website=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]}}</ref> During the aftermath of the American invasion, the colonizers view the music form as "seditious" due to its use to promote nationalistic sentiments.<ref name=":0" /> Composers who specialized in zarzuela include [[Jose Estella]] and Bonifacio Abdon.<ref name=":1" /> The zarzuela was considered to be the predecessor of kundiman.<ref name=":0"/>

Formal classical music training appeared during the 1900s. Because of the new public school system, music was included in the curriculum. The establishment of music conservatories and colleges were implemented for tertiary education. The earlier schools include the Scholastica's College (1906) and the University of the Philippines Conservatory of Music (1916). Most of the graduates of these schools became leading classical composers such as Franscisco Buencamino, [[Nicanor Abelardo]], [[Francisco Santiago]], and [[Antonio Molina (composer)|Antonio Molina]].<ref name=":1" />

Centro Scholar University founded in 1907 as Centro Escolar de las Señoritas had a Music department under the direction of the famous composer Francisco Buencamino, Sr. In 1930 the department was elevated to a Conservatory of Music with Buencamino as its first director. It was at this time that the CEU Rondalla and the CEU Choir were organized.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tertiary Level Music Teaching |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/music/tertiary-level-music-teaching/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |language=en-US}}</ref>

Inspired by American neoclassism, contemporary methods were employed by [[Lucrecia Kasilag]] and Eliseo Pajaro in their classical works. However, it was [[Jose Maceda]] that made a Filipino expressionism that is distinct from the traditional European forms of classical music.<ref name=":1" />

Between the late 20th century and the 21st century, notable classical composers include [[Ramon Pagayon Santos]] and [[Francisco Feliciano]]. Groups who specialized in classical music include the Philippine Youth Orchestra, [[Manila Symphony Orchestra]], and the U.P. Symphony Orchestra.<ref name=":1" />

== Choral music ==

Choral music has become an important part of Philippine music culture. It dates back to the choirs of churches that sung during mass in the old days. In the middle of the 20th century, performing choral groups started to emerge and increasingly become popular as time goes by. Aside from churches, universities, schools, and local communities have established choirs.

Philippine choral arrangers like Robert Delgado, Fidel Calalang, [[Lucio San Pedro]], [[Eudenice Palaruan]] among others have included in the vast repertoires of choirs beautiful arrangements of OPM, folk songs, patriotic songs, novelty songs, love songs, and even foreign songs.

The [[Philippine Madrigal Singers]] (originally the University of the Philippines Madrigal Singers) is one of the most famous choral groups not only in the Philippines, but also worldwide. Winning international competitions, the group became one of the most formidable choral groups in the country. Other award-winning choral groups are the [[University of Santo Tomas Singers]], the Philippine Meistersingers (Former Adventist University of the Philippines Ambassadors), the [[University of the Philippines Singing Ambassadors|U.P. Singing Ambassadors]], and the [[University of the Philippines Concert Chorus|U.P. Concert Chorus]], among others.

== Popular music {{anchor|OPM}} ==

=== Manila sound ===
{{Main|Manila sound}}

Manila sound is a musical genre that began in the mid-1970s in the city of [[Metro Manila|Manila]]. The genre flourished and peaked in the mid to late-1970s. It is often considered the "bright side" of the [[Martial law in the Philippines#Under the Marcos administration|Philippine martial law era]] and has influenced most of the modern genres in the country, being the forerunner to [[Original Pilipino Music|OPM]].

=== Original Pilipino Music (OPM) ===
[[File:Rico J Puno 2019 stamp of the Philippines.jpg|thumb|158x158px|[[Rico J. Puno]] is considered as a Philippine music icon.]]
'''Original Pilipino Music''', more commonly referred to as OPM, a commercial [[acronym]] coined by [[Danny Javier]] of the [[APO Hiking Society]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pagulong |first=Charmie Joy |date=November 2, 2022 |title=APO Hiking Society's Danny Javier: 'The man who coined OPM' |pages=1 |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2022/11/02/2220813/apo-hiking-societys-danny-javier-the-man-who-coined-opm |access-date=November 24, 2022}}</ref> originally referred only to the pop genre of music from the Philippines, predominantly ballads and novelty numbers, that became popular after the wane of its direct 1970s commercial predecessor, '''Manila sound'''. The term ''"OPM"'' became a catch-all description for all popular music of any genre composed, performed and recorded by Filipinos in the Philippines,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Santos |first=Tomas U. |date=May 13, 2012 |title=Now and Then: Is OPM Going Extinct? |language=en |work=The Varsitarian |url=http://varsitarian.net/circle/20120513/now_and_then_is_opm_going_extinct |access-date=November 11, 2018}}</ref> originating from the Philippines.

Before the emergence of OPM in the 1970s, Philippine popular music through the 1950s and 1960s encompassed songs, mostly with [[vernacular]] lyrics and frequently with [[Film score|cinematic themes]] as recorded by artists such as [[Sylvia La Torre]], [[Diomedes Maturan]], [[Ric Manrique Jr.]], [[Ruben Tagalog]], [[Helen Gamboa]], [[Vilma Santos]], [[Edgar Mortiz]], and [[Carmen Camacho (singer)|Carmen Camacho]], among many others. There were exceptions, however, such as [[Pilita Corrales]], dubbed ''Asia's Queen of Song'', whose popular releases included [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Philippine English|English]] and [[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]] adaptations. From its heyday, OPM was entrenched in Manila, as Tagalog and English stood as the dominant languages. It was also heavily influenced from American [[country music]].

The country's first songwriting competition, [[Metro Manila Popular Music Festival]], was first established in 1977 and launched by the Popular Music Foundation of the Philippines. The event featured many prominent singers and songwriters during its time. It was held annually for seven years until its discontinuation in 1985. It was later revived in 1996 as the "Metropop Song Festival", running for another seven years before being discontinued in 2003 due to the decline of its popularity.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World |publisher=Continuum |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8264-7436-0 |editor-last=John Shepherd |edition=1. publ. |location=London |page=210 |quote=This annual songwriting competition was geared toward discovering new Filipino talent in popular music, and produced a rich repertoire of Filipino music ...}}</ref> Another variation of the festival had been established called the [[Himig Handog]] contest which began in 2002, operated by [[ABS-CBN Corporation]] and its subsidiary music label [[Star Music]] (formerly Star Records).
[[File:Pilita Corrales - 2017.jpg|thumb|237x237px|[[Pilita Corrales]] dubbed ''Asia's Queen of Song'' was also known for her [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] and [[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]] songs]]
Five such competitions were staged between 2000 and 2003 and was revived in 2013. Unlike their predecessors, the contest had different themes which reflect the type of song entries chosen as finalists each year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himig Handog |url=http://himighandog.abs-cbn.com/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207135440/http://himighandog.abs-cbn.com/index.html |archive-date=February 7, 2013 |access-date=February 25, 2013 |website=[[Himig Handog]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Policarpio |first=Allan |date=February 25, 2013 |title=Director-Composer Wins Himig Handog |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/82603/director-composer-wins-himig-handog |access-date=February 13, 2022}}</ref> In 2012, the [[Philippine Popular Music Festival]] was launched and is said to be inspired by the first songwriting competition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.philpop.com.ph/#aboutus |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723064355/http://www.philpop.com.ph/#aboutus |archive-date=July 23, 2013 |access-date=June 25, 2013 |website=Popular Philippine Musical Festival 2013}}</ref> Another songwriting competition for OPM music being held annually is the Bombo Music Festival, being conducted by the radio network [[Bombo Radyo]], first conceived in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bombo Music Festival: An Original Song Writing Competition |url=https://bmf.bomboradyo.com/about/ |access-date=February 13, 2022 |website=Bombo Music Festival |date=December 5, 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

=== OPM in other Philippine languages ===
{{For|OPM/popular music mainly in Cebuano|Visayan pop}}

Recording artists of other regional languages, such as [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] and others [[languages of the Philippines]] rarely broke into national prominence until the 1970s and after, particularly in the emergence of [[Bisrock]] (Visayan rock music); exemplified by ''1017'', a Davao-based band and ''Maldita'', a [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]]-based [[Chavacano]] band. 

The debut music video of "Oras" ("''Time''") by [[Tarlac]]-based band Mernuts penetrated MTV Pilipinas, making it the first-ever Kapampangan music video to join the ranks of other mainstream Filipino music videos. ''RocKapampangan: The Birth of Philippine Kapampangan Rock'',<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=RocKapampangan: The Birth of Philippine Kapampangan Rock |date=2008 |type=CD |language=en |publisher=Holy Angel University Center for Kapampangan Studies |place=Angeles City |oclc=319585853}}</ref> an album of modern remakes of Kapampangan folk extemporaneous songs by various Kapampangan bands was also launched in February 2008, and was regularly played via Kapampangan cable channel Infomax-8 and via one of Central Luzon's biggest FM radio stations, GVFM 99.1. Inspired by what the locals call "Kapampangan cultural renaissance", Angeles City-born balladeer [[Ronnie Liang]] rendered Kapampangan translations of some of his popular songs such as "Ayli" (Kapampangan version of "Ngiti"), and "Ika" (Kapampangan version of "Ikaw") for his repackaged album.

Despite the growing clamor for non-Tagalog and non-English music and the greater representation of other [[Philippine languages]], the local Philippine music industry, which is centered in Manila, is unforthcoming in venturing investments to other locations. Some of the major reasons for this include the language barrier, small market size, and socio-cultural emphasis away from regionalism in the Philippines. An example would be the [[Ilocano people|Ilokano]] group The Bukros Singers,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Best of Ilocano Songs Vol. 1 |url=http://www.alphamusic.ph/artist/fa_regional_dialects/The-Best-Of-Ilocano-Songs-Volume-1.html |website=Alpha Music}}</ref> who swept through [[Ilocos Region|Ilocandia]] in the 1990s and became a precursor for other Ilokano performers into the 2000s, but rarely broke through other music markets in the Philippines.
[[File:Bini Billboard K POWER 100 (cropped).jpg|thumb|BINI - the first Filipino to win the "Best Asia Act" award at the [[MTV Europe Music Awards]] 2024.<ref name="mega1">{{Cite news |last=Del Rosario |first=Moira |date=November 11, 2024 |title=BINI Wins the Best Asia Act Award at the 2024 MTV EMAs |url=https://mega-onemega.com/bini-wins-the-best-asia-act-award-at-the-2024-mtv-emas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111151433/https://mega-onemega.com/bini-wins-the-best-asia-act-award-at-the-2024-mtv-emas/ |archive-date=November 11, 2024 |access-date=November 11, 2024 |work=Mega}}</ref>]]

=== Philippine Pop and P-Pop ===
{{See also|Pinoy pop}}

While Filipino pop music artists have existed for decades, [[Pinoy pop|P-pop]] emerged in the 2010s with increased quality, budget, investment and variety, mirroring that of the country's rapid [[economy of the Philippines|economic growth]], and an accompanying social and cultural resurgence of its Asian identity. Heavy influence from [[K-pop]] and [[J-pop]], Asian style ballads, idol groups, and EDM can be heard, with less reliance on Western genres, mirroring the [[Korean wave]] and similar Japanese wave popularity among young Filipinos and mainstream culture. Notable Filipino pop music artists who define the growth of this now mainstream genre include [[Regine Velasquez]], [[Sarah Geronimo]], [[Yeng Constantino]], [[Erik Santos]], [[KZ Tandingan]], [[Moira Dela Torre]], and [[Morissette (singer)|Morissette]], as well as P-Pop bands [[SB19]] and [[Bini (group)|BINI]].

== Pinoy rock ==
{{see also|Pinoy rock}}

The [[United States]] occupied the Islands from 1898 until 1946 and introduced American [[blues]], [[folk music]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] and [[rock & roll]] which became popular. In the late 1950s, native performers adapted Tagalog lyrics for North American rock & roll music, resulting in the seminal origins of Philippine rock. The most notable achievement in Philippine rock of the 1960s was the hit song "Killer Joe", which propelled the group [[The Rocky Fellers|Rocky Fellers]], reaching number 16 on the American radio charts.

===1970s===
Up until the 1970s, popular rock musicians wrote and produced songs primarily in English. In the early 1970s, rock music began to be written using local languages, with bands like the [[Juan de la Cruz Band|Juan Dela Cruz Band]] being among the first popular bands to do so. Mixing Tagalog and English lyrics within the same song was also popular, an example of which includes the song "Ang Miss Universe Ng Buhay Ko ("''The Miss Universe of My Life''") by the band [[Hotdog (band)|Hotdog]], who was a primary innovator in the [[Manila sound]] scene. The mixing of the two languages (known as "Taglish"), while common in casual speech in the Philippines,{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} was seen as a bold move,{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} but the success of Taglish in popular songs, including [[Sharon Cuneta]]'s first hit, "Mr. DJ", broke the barrier.

Philippine rock musicians' acts were influenced by [[folk music]] and other various cultures, helping to lead to the 1978 breakthrough success of [[Freddie Aguilar]]. Aguilar's "[[Anak (song)|Anak]]" ("''Child''"), his debut recording, is the most commercially successful Filipino recording, and was popular throughout Asia and Europe, and has been translated into numerous languages by singers worldwide. [[Asin (band)|Asin]] also broke into the music scene in the same period and was popular. Other similar artists included [[Sampaguita (singer)|Sampaguita]], Coritha, [[Florante]], [[Mike Hanopol]], and [[Heber Bartolome]].

===1980s===
[[Folk rock]] became the Philippine protest music of the 1980s, and Aguilar's rendition of "[[Bayan Ko]]" ("''My Country''") became popular as an [[anthem]] during the [[People Power Revolution|1986 EDSA Revolution]]. At the same time, a counterculture rejected the rise of politically focused lyrics. In [[Metro Manila|Manila]], an underground Do-It-Yourself [[hardcore punk]], [[punk rock]] scene developed, led by bands like Betrayed, [[the Jerks]], Urban Bandits, and Contras. The influence of [[New wave music|new wave]] was also felt during these years, spearheaded by [[The Dawn (band)|the Dawn]].

===1990s===
The 1990s saw the emergence of [[Eraserheads]], considered by many Filipinos as the number one Filipino musical artist. The wake of their success saw the emergence of a string of influential Filipino rock bands such as [[True Faith (band)|True Faith]], [[Yano]], Siakol, the Youth, Introvoys, After Image, [[Teeth (Filipino band)|Teeth]], [[Parokya ni Edgar]] and [[Rivermaya]], each of which mixed the influence of a variety of rock sub-genres into their style.<ref>[[Pinoy rock]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}} A 1990s [[death metal]] emergence (Skychurch, Genital Grinder, Death After Birth, Disinterment, Kabaong ni Kamatayan, Mass Carnage, Apostate, Murdom, Exhumed, Sacrilege, Rumblebelly, [[Disinterment (band)|Disinterment]], Dethrone, Aroma) had bands as prominent fixtures at [[Club Dredd]] of the "tunog kalye" era.

By the 1990s, the [[hardcore punk]] scene had begun to die down in Manila. "All the punks disappeared," recalls Jep Peligro, creator of ''Konspirazine'', a zine published in the late 1990s and early 2000s documenting the local DIY music scene. Still, there were hubs of activity, such as in Laguna, a province southeast of Manila with a rich DIY punk culture, and the neighboring Cavite region, which is jointly called Strong South known as the [[Punk rock|punk]] capital of the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://daily.bandcamp.com/scene-report/a-short-history-of-the-hardcore-punk-underground-in-the-philippines | title=A Short History of the Hardcore Punk Underground in the Philippines | date=September 7, 2018 }}</ref>

===2000s===
Filipino rock in the 2000s also developed to include [[punk rock]], [[hardcore punk]], [[emo]], [[hard rock]], [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], and [[alternative rock]], with acts like [[Razorback (band)|Razorback]], [[Wolfgang (band)|Wolfgang]], [[Greyhoundz]], [[Slapshock]], Queso, [[Typecast (band)|Typecast]], PILEDRIVER, [[Chicosci]], [[Kamikazee]], [[Bamboo (Filipino band)|Bamboo]], [[Franco (band)|Franco]], [[Urbandub]], [[Tanya Markova]], Kiko Machine, and the [[Progressive rock|progressive]] bands Paradigm, Fuseboxx, Earthmover, and Eternal Now.

===2010s===
The 2010s saw the rise of various unsigned acts of different subgenres from another format of rock, [[independent music]] which included [[Independent music|indie]] acts such as [[Autotelic (band)|Autotelic]], [[Ang Bandang Shirley]], [[the Ransom Collective]], [[Ben&Ben]], [[December Avenue (band)|December Avenue]], [[IV of Spades]], [[Munimuni]], and the Purplechickens<ref name="KatipCoreCNN">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-20 |title=Notes on Katipcore and how we talk about music |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/life/entertainment/music/2023/5/18/defining-katipcore.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520024332/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/life/entertainment/music/2023/5/18/defining-katipcore.html |archive-date=2023-05-20 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=CNN Philippines |language=en}}</ref> among others.

Rock festivals have emerged, becoming annual events for rock and metal enthusiasts. One big event is the [[Pulp Summer Slam]] where local rock/metal bands and international bands such as [[Lamb of God (band)|Lamb of God]], [[Anthrax (American band)|Anthrax]], [[Death Angel]], and [[Arch Enemy]] have performed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santos |first=Kevin L. |date=May 11, 2012 |title=Metal Bliss |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/47409/metal-bliss/ |access-date=February 13, 2022 |website=Lifestyle.inq |language=en}}</ref> Another all-local annual event, [[Rakrakan Festival]], is one where over 100 Pinoy rock acts perform.

The neo-traditional genre in Filipino music is also gaining popularity, with artists such as [[Joey Ayala]], [[Grace Nono]], [[Bayang Barrios]], Kadangyan, and [[Pinikpikan]] reaping relative commercial success while utilizing the traditional musical sounds of [[Indigenous peoples of the Philippines|Indigenous peoples in the Philippines]].

===2020s===
The 2020s gave birth of new breed of rock and indie artists/bands: [[Magnus Haven]], [[Bandang Lapis]], [[the Vowels They Orbit]] and [[Nobita (band)|Nobita]]. [[Zild Benitez]], who previously played for IV of Spades, also made his solo recordings.

== Pinoy jazz {{anchor|Pinoy Jazz}} ==

===Early jazz by Filipinos===

[[jazz|Jazz music]] in the Philippines originated during the [[American occupation of the Philippines]] between 1910s and 1920s. At this period, Filipinos began experimenting with Afro-American and Hispano-Filipino music. One of the notable musicians of this age was the self-proclaimed ''"King of Jazz"'', [[Luis Borromeo]]. The music produced by Borromeo was [[ragtime]] which was common among his contemporaries. Other composers such as classical composers like [[Francisco Santiago]] and [[Jose Estella]] began fusing jazz elements, which was considered "modern music" at the time, and created new genres of dance music such as "himno one-step", "Filipino foxtrot", and "‘Filipino tango-foxtrots". During the 1920s, with the arrival of recording companies such as [[Parlophone]] and with the gained momentum of the aforementioned hybrid dance genres, many department stores and shopping streets especially at [[Escolta, Manila]] began selling and advertising for new "Filipino Dance Records".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barendregt |first1=Bart |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1zkjzjw |title=Popular Music in Southeast Asia: Banal Beats, Muted Histories |last2=Keppy |first2=Peter |last3=Nordholt |first3=Henk Schulte |date=2017-12-15 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-485-3455-5 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1zkjzjw.4|jstor=j.ctt1zkjzjw }}</ref> Furthermore, the original compositions of Filipino bassist Angel Peña in the 1950s became a catalyst for the ''Jazz Friends'' to converge, consisting of alto saxophonist Lito Molina, pianist Emil Mijares, drummer Tony Velarde and other jazz orchestra professionals.

{{listen |type=music |filename=1920 recording of Malayan (Foxtrot) by Banda Victor.ogg |title=Malayan (Foxtrot) |description=Composed by Francisco Santiago and performed by the Victor Band conducted by Rosario Bourdon (recorded under [[Victor Recording Company]] in 1920).}}

===''Adobo Jazz''===
According to the [[Filipinas Heritage Library]], Pinoy jazz became a unique genre because it mixed Filipino folk music elements with the emerging modern jazz trends of the '70s and onwards, with the JEM Records albums of Eddie Munji and [[Ryan Cayabyab]] music in the mid-1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All That Jazz |url=https://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/himig/all-that-jazz/ |website=Filipinas Heritage Library}}</ref> A renewed interest in their recordings caused a resurgence of Pinoy jazz, reinvented as ''[[Adobo Jazz]]'' in the late 1990s and after. The initial impetus was provided by groups such as JRCOBB Jazz Chamber; and bands such as WDOUJI (<small>acronym:</small> Witch Doctors of Underground Jazz Improvization)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arcellana |first=Juaniyo |date=February 3, 2002 |title=Witchdoctors of Pinoy Jazz |work=Philstar Global |department=Playback |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2002/02/03/149264/witchdoctors-pinoy-jazz |access-date=February 13, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2008 |title=DMUS |url=http://www.elib.gov.ph/details.php?uid=e904009b3f9d7e9cd277f90794546701 |website=Philippine eLib |language=en}}</ref> that released an award-winning album in 2002 entitled ''Ground Zero'' (under the now-defunct N/A Records label); and ''Buhay'' (under the now-defunct [[Star Records]] label), led by saxophonist [[Tots Tolentino]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tots Tolentino |url=http://www.pmauriatmusic.com/artists/artist/94-tots-tolentino |access-date=May 18, 2021 |website=P. Mauriat}}</ref> After-hours jazz jams became a norm in venues such as Freedom Bar (located along Anonas Street in [[Quezon City#Cubao|Cubao]], [[Quezon City]]) during the early 2000s; and Tago Jazz Cafe in the 2010s,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebastian |first=Vic |date=July 5, 2019 |title=Rediscovering Jazz: Tago Jazz Cafe |url=https://clavelmagazine.com/2019/07/05/redeeming-jazz-tago-jazz-cafe/ |website=Clavel}}</ref> (also located in Cubao) that became incubators for emerging jazz groups and recording talent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranada |first=Pia |date=June 20, 2013 |title=Fete dela Musique 2013: Music Mecca |url=http://r3.rappler.com/entertainment/music/concerts/31642-fete-dela-musique-2013 |website=Rappler |language=en}}</ref>

Pinoy jazz paved the way for post-modern innovations, most notably the Filipino jazz [[Supergroup (music)|supergroup]] [[Johnny Alegre Affinity]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Johnny Alegre |url=https://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/johnnyalegre |website=All About Jazz}}</ref> releasing its eponymous debut album in 2005 under the [[UK]]-based [[Candid Records]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gil |first=Baby A. |date=May 25, 2005 |title=Smooth Jazz from Affinity |work=Philstar Global |department=Sounds Familiar |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2005/05/25/279001/smooth-jazz-affinity |access-date=February 13, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Johnny Alegre – Jazzhound |url=http://store.candidrecords.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=122 |website=Candid}}</ref> Other notables were guitarist Bob Aves<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bob Aves |url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/tag-bob-aves |access-date=February 13, 2022 |website=All About Jazz|date=February 2014 }}</ref> with his ethno-infused jazz recordings,<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Musical Melting Pot: The Bob Aves Jazz Group |url=http://www.wazzuppilipinas.com/2013/12/a-musical-melting-pot-bob-aves-jazz.html |access-date=February 13, 2022 |website=WazzupPilipinas.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tina |first=Arceo-Dumlao |date=December 22, 2013 |title=Bob Aves Fuses Jazz with Southeast Asian Heritage |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/144205/bob-aves-fuses-jazz-with-southeast-asian-heritage/ |access-date=February 13, 2022 |website=Lifestyle.inq |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chua |first=Zsarlene B. |date=January 17, 2019 |title=Jazz Musician, Producer Bob Aves, 64 |language=en-US |work=BusinessWorld |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/jazz-musician-producer-bob-aves-64/ |access-date=February 13, 2022}}</ref> and the [[spoken-word]] fusion ensemble [[Radioactive Sago Project]] also displayed jazz underpinnings. The [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]] singer {{ill|Mon David|pam}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mon David |url=https://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/mondavid |website=All About Jazz|date=November 13, 2021 }}</ref> likewise cultivated his persona as a Filipino jazz vocalist to win the London International Jazz Competition for Vocalists in 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Isorena-Arcega |first=Susan |date=April 9, 2006 |title=Mon David: Master Jazzman |work=Philstar Global |url=https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/starweek-magazine/2006/04/09/330705/mon-david-master-jazzman |access-date=February 13, 2022}}</ref> Among the female jazz singer-songwriters, the British-Filipino Mishka Adams became very popular as a flagship artist of [[Candid_Records_(UK)_albums_discography|Candid Records]], releasing two well-received albums.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ayson |first=Jim |date=December 11, 2005 |title=Mishka Adams: Jazz for You |work=Philstar Global |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/sunday-life/2005/12/11/311686/mishka-adams-jazz-you |access-date=February 13, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ropeta |first=Patrick Camara |date=April 27, 2010 |title=British Filipino Jazz Artist Relaunches Monthly Show |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/04/27/10/british-filipino-jazz-artist-relaunches-monthly-show|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126055532/https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/04/27/10/british-filipino-jazz-artist-relaunches-monthly-show|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 26, 2020}}</ref> The multi-awarded music of [[Humanfolk]] in the new millennium became a cause for fusing genuine [[indigenous music]] rhythms and instrumentation with [[Para sa Tao|urban folk music]] and jazz [[harmonization]].

== Other genres ==
Many other genres are growing in popularity in the Philippine music scene, including several alternative groups and tribal bands promoting cultural awareness in the Philippines.

=== Hip hop ===
{{Main|Pinoy hip hop}}
Filipino hip-hop is [[hip hop music]] performed by musicians of Filipino descent, both in the Philippines and overseas, especially by Filipino-Americans. The Philippines is known to have the first hip-hop music scene in Asia, emerging in the early 1980s, largely due to the country's historical connections with the United States where hip-hop originated. Rap music released in the Philippines has appeared in different languages such as Tagalog, Chavacano, Cebuano, Ilocano, and English. In the Philippines, [[Francis Magalona|Francis M]], [[Andrew E.]], Vincent Daffalong, Michael V., Denmark, and [[Gloc-9]] are cited as the most influential rappers in the country, being the first to release mainstream rap albums. A new breed of hip hop/rap/trap artists like [[Abra (rapper)|Abra]], Bassilyo, Curse 1, Flict-G, Smugglaz, Dello, Loonie, [[Shehyee]], [[Shanti Dope]], 1096 Gang, [[Al James]], Because, Bugoy na Koykoy, Nik Makino, Honcho, [[Skusta Clee]], [[Flow G]], [[Ex Battalion]], [[ALLMO$T]], [[O.C. Dawgs]] and [[Ez Mil]] would later follow in the early 2010s to present.

=== Novelty pop ===
Pinoy [[novelty song]]s became popular in the 1970s up to the early 1980s. Popular novelty singers around this time were [[Reycard Duet]], [[Fred Panopio]] and [[Yoyoy Villame]]. Novelty pop acts in the 1990s and 2000s included [[Michael V.]], [[Bayani Agbayani]], Grin Department, Masculados ("Lagot Ka!"), [[Blakdyak]], [[Vhong Navarro]], Lito Camo, [[Sexbomb Girls]], [[Joey de Leon]] ("Itaktak Mo"), [[Viva Hot Babes]], and [[Willie Revillame]].

=== Latin and bossa-nova ===
{{more citations needed|section|date=June 2024}}
[[Latin music (genre)|Afro-Cuban a.k.a. "latin]] and [[Bossa nova|bossa-nova]] rhythms in Philippine popular music became pervasive through the Philippines' post-Liberation years and onwards. Performers such as Annie Brazil and her son Richard Merk, the Katindig family of musicians (<small>Eddie Katindig, Romy Katindig, Boy Katindig, Henry Katindig and Tating Katindig</small>), Bo Razon, Eileen Sison and [[Sitti]], achieved popularity and commercial success with latin and bossa-nova inflected live performances and recordings.

=== Reggae ===
{{main|Pinoy reggae}}
While there has long been a flourishing underground [[reggae]] and [[ska]] scene, particularly in [[Baguio]], it was only recently that such genres were accepted into the mainstream scene. Acts like [[Tropical Depression (band)|Tropical Depression]], [[Brownman Revival]], [[Put3ska]], [[Roots Revival]] of Cebu, and the Brown Outfit Bureau of [[Tarlac City]] have been instrumental in popularizing what is called "Island Riddims". There is also a burgeoning [[Mod (subculture)|mod]] revival, spearheaded by Juan Pablo Dream and a large indie-pop scene.

=== Electronica and ambient ===
[[Electronic music]] began in the mid-1990s in the Manila underground spearheaded by such acts as Manolet Dario of the Consortium. In 2010, local artists started to create [[electropop]] songs themselves. As of now, most electronic songs are used in commercials. The only radio station so far that purely plays electronic music is 107.9 U Radio. The 2010s also saw the rise of [[budots]], popularly known as "[[Budots|bombtech]]" from [[Davao City]], regarded as the first "Filipino-fied" EDM, as well as high-profile [[nightclub]] venues such as The Palace Manila (BGC, Taguig) and Cove Manila ([[Okada Manila]] in Parañaque). Indie electronic producers, DJs, and artists like that of [[Somedaydream]], Borhuh, Kidwolf, Zelijah, John Sedano, MVRXX, MRKIII, Bojam, CRWN, NINNO, Kidthrones, and Jess Connelly have also gained popularity. Some mainstream club DJs, including the likes of Ace Ramos, Mars Miranda, Marc Marasigan, Martin Pulgar, Katsy Lee, Patty Tiu, and David Ardiente, has also made their names on popular club concerts and festivals which featured international DJs. Ato Mariano, an adherent of what he describes as "earth music", released a digital album{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} containing sound samples of indigenous instruments that included various percussion.

=== Bangsamoro pop ===
Centered in [[Maguindanao del Norte]], [[Maguindanao del Sur]] and [[Soccsksargen]], an underground pop music scene known as Bangsamoro pop (B-pop; also called Moropop) emerged in the late 2000s, gaining local radio listeners and fans in the area, but also attracted some worldwide following among Maguindanaon diaspora thanks to [[YouTube]]. Notable B-pop artists include Datu Khomeini Camsa Bansuan (dubbed as the "King of Moro Songs"), Tamtax, [[Shaira]] (dubbed as the "Queen of Bangsamoro Pop", known for her song "[[Selos (Shaira song)|Selos]]"),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telo |first=Kelsey |date=2024-03-15 |title='B-Pop excellence': TikTok dubs trending singer Shaira the 'Queen of Bangsamoro Pop' |url=https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2024/03/15/272096/tiktok-shaira-queen-bangsamoro-pop/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Interaksyon |language=en-US}}</ref> and Johnson Ampatuan, among others who perform in such venues as barangay basketball courts, residential neighborhoods, birthday or wedding parties and even remotest areas such as forest villages rather than clubs. Similar to a [[dangdut]] music scene in Indonesia, the genre's lyrics are mainly written in both Maguindanaon and Tagalog, and has influences from other genres, especially EDM.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Talusan |first=Mary |date=2010-04-12 |title=FROM REBEL SONGS TO MORO SONGS: POPULAR MUSIC AND MUSLIM FILIPINO PROTEST |url=https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/humanitiesdiliman/article/view/1614 |journal=Humanities Diliman: A Philippine Journal of Humanities |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |issn=2012-0788}}</ref> Because Bangsamoro is a Muslim-populated region in the Philippines, female Bangsamoro pop artists often faced criticisms from ultra-conservative Muslim communities in the region especially from its religious scholars called ulamas, for showing sexual forms of dance such as [[twerking]] onstage and for wearing just shirts and jeans (even torn jeans) performing on public, instead of including hijab and abaya, concerning religious morality.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== Music as protest in the Philippines ==

{{see also|Protest music against the Marcos dictatorship}}
The Philippines has had a long history of songs associated with associated with protest and social change, dating back to the days of the [[Philippine Revolution]], during which important protest music included patriotic marches and the traditional Filipino [[kundiman]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hila |first=Antonio C. |date=1997 |title=The Music of the Philippine Revolution |journal=Anuaryo/Annales: Journal of History |volume=16 |issue=1}}</ref> One of the most notable examples of protest songs from this early period were [[Julián Felipe]]'s 1898 composition "Marcha Nacional Filipina", which was combined with [[José Palma]]'s 1899 poem "Filipinas" to create [[Lupang Hinirang]], now the Philippines' official National anthem. Another song that nearly became the Philippines' national anthem was [[Julio Nakpil]]'s 1896 composition [[Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan]] (''Honorable Hymn of the Tagalog Nation/People'') which was commissioned by [[Andres Bonifacio]] as the anthem of the revolutionary [[Tagalog Republic]].<ref name="nakpil">{{cite book|title=Julio Nakpil and the Philippine Revolution: With the Autobiography of Gregoria de Jesús|author-link=Julio Nakpil|author-last=Nakpil|author-first=Julio|editor-last=Alzona|editor-first=Encarnacion|orig-year=1964|year=1997|location=Quezon City|publisher=Academic Publishing Corporation|translator=Encarnacion Alzona|isbn=971-707-048-2}}</ref><ref name="richardson malacanang">{{cite web|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/7815-the-national-anthems-predecessor-and-influences/|title=The National Anthem's predecessor and influences|website=malacanang.gov.ph}}</ref><ref name = "richardson book">{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Jim|title=The Light of Liberty: Documents and Studies on the Katipunan, 1892-1897|location=Quezon City|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press|year=2013|isbn=9789715506755}}</ref><ref name ="chua web">{{cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/opinion/content/502782/kasaysayan-ang-masalimuot-na-kuwento-ng-ating-pambansang-awit/story/|last=Chua|first=Michael Charleston B.|author-link=Xiao Chua|publisher=[[GMA Network]]|website=gmanetwork.com|date=June 12, 2015|title=KASAYSAYAN: Ang masalimuot na kuwento ng ating pambansang awit}}</ref>

The song ''Bayan Ko'' was an important protest song from the [[History of the Philippines (1898-1946)|American Occupation period]], with the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] version composed in 1929 by Constancio de Guzmán with lyrics attributed to [[José Corazón de Jesús]] based on a Spanish piece attributed to ''[[Propaganda Movement]]'' hero [[José Alejandrino]]. It was later banned by [[Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos]] when it was deemed seditious under Martial Law, but it became an important rallying cry when protesters chose to sing it at funeral after the 1983 [[Assassination of Ninoy Aquino]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rodell|first=Paul A.|title=Culture and Customs of the Philippines|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|year=2001|isbn=0-313-30415-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyH01t-6HbcC|access-date=2008-04-05|page=187}}</ref>

The use of music as protest became more widespread and began to incorporate popular, folk, and rock music during the years of the [[Marcos dictatorship]], especially after the [[human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship|human rights abuses]] that came after the [[Proclamation 1081|1972 proclamation]] of [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|Martial Law]].<ref name="FQSSongsSCMP">{{Cite web |last=Beltran |first=Michael |date=2020-01-26 |title=Protest songs of Ferdinand Marcos era revived in Philippines |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3047573/revival-philippine-protest-songs-era-ferdinand-marcos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206162506/https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3047573/revival-philippine-protest-songs-era-ferdinand-marcos |archive-date=2022-12-06 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> The trend towards the popular use of music as protest continued until Marcos was deposed during the 1986 [[People Power revolution]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mia |first=Ron |date=2015-02-25 |title=5 Songs that remind us of EDSA People Power Revolution |url=https://www.gigsmanila.com/news/5-songs-reminds-us-edsa-people-power-revolution/5710 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930053034/http://www.gigsmanila.com/news/5-songs-reminds-us-edsa-people-power-revolution/5710 |archive-date=2023-09-30 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Gigsmanila |language=en-US}}</ref> after which the use of songs as protest or as a means of advocating social change became a constant feature of Filipino musical culture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lontoc |first=Jo Florendo B. |date=2019-01-14 |title=UP's Tradition of Protest Music |url=https://up.edu.ph/ups-tradition-of-protest-music/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=University of the Philippines |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Purple |date=2022-04-21 |title=The Young Filipinos Using Music and Fandom in the Elections |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/philippines-president-elections-ppop-kpop-fandom-genz/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Adobo Jazz (anthology series)]]
* [[Rondalla]]
* [[List of Philippine-based music groups]]
* [[List of Philippine films of the 1930s]]
* [[Manila sound]]
* [[Pinoy hip hop]]
* [[Pinoy pop]]
* [[Pinoy reggae]]
* [[Pinoy rock]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Clewley |first=John |title=World Music: The Rough Guide |date=2000 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=1-85828-636-0 |editor-last=Broughton |editor-first=Simon |volume=2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific |location=London |pages=213–217 |chapter=Pinoy Rockers |editor-last2=Ellingham |editor-first2=Mark}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barlow |first=Sanna Morrison |title=Mountains Singing: The Story of Gospel Recordings in the Philippines |date=1952 |publisher=Alliance Press |location=Hong Kong}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://daily.bandcamp.com/scene-report/a-short-history-of-the-hardcore-punk-underground-in-the-philippines Hardcore Punk Underground in the Philippines]

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{{Short description|Lens implanted in the eye to treat cataracts and/or myopia or hyperopia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox interventions
| Name = Intraocular lens
| Image = Hinterkammerlinse 01 (fcm).jpg
| Caption = A posterior chamber IOL (with haptics)
| ICD10 =
| ICD9 = {{ICD9proc|13.72}}
| MeshID = D054120
| OPS301 = 5-984
| OtherCodes =
}}

[[Image:Visian Implantable Collamer Lens.jpg|thumb|A phakic IOL]]
An '''intraocular lens''' ('''IOL''') is a [[lens (optics)|lens]] implanted in the [[human eye|eye]] usually as part of a treatment for [[cataract]]s or for correcting other vision problems such as [[myopia|near-sightedness]] (myopia) and [[farsightedness|far-sightedness]] (hyperopia); a form of [[refractive surgery]]. If the natural lens is left in the eye, the IOL is known as [[Phakic intraocular lens|''phakic'']], otherwise it is a ''pseudophakic'' lens (or false lens). Both kinds of IOLs are designed to provide the same light-focusing function as the natural [[crystalline lens]].<ref name=pmid21029908>{{cite journal | vauthors = Güell JL, Morral M, Kook D, Kohnen T | title = Phakic intraocular lenses part 1: historical overview, current models, selection criteria, and surgical techniques | journal = Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery | volume = 36 | issue = 11 | pages = 1976–1993 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21029908 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcrs.2010.08.014 | s2cid = 23014138 }}</ref> This can be an alternative to [[LASIK]], but LASIK is not an alternative to an IOL for treatment of cataracts.

IOLs usually consist of a small plastic lens with plastic side struts, called haptics, to hold the lens in place in the capsular bag inside the eye.<ref name=pmid17172886>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanders D, Vukich JA | title = Comparison of implantable collamer lens (ICL) and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for low myopia | journal = Cornea | volume = 25 | issue = 10 | pages = 1139–1146 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17172886 | doi = 10.1097/ICO.0b013e31802cbf3c | s2cid = 19435692 }}</ref> IOLs were originally made of a rigid material ([[Poly(methyl methacrylate)|PMMA]]), although this has largely been superseded by the use of flexible materials, such as [[silicone]]. Most IOLs fitted today are fixed monofocal lenses matched to distance vision. However, other types are available, such as a [[multifocal intraocular lens]] that provides multiple-focused vision at far and reading distance, and adaptive IOLs that provide limited visual accommodation. Multifocal IOLs can also be trifocal IOLs or extended depth of focus (EDOF) lenses.

As of 2021, nearly 28 million cataract procedures took place annually worldwide. That is about 75,000 procedures per day globally.<ref name="Lindstrom 2021" /> The procedure can be done under local or topical anesthesia with the patient awake throughout the operation. The use of a flexible IOL enables the lens to be rolled for insertion into the capsular bag through a very small incision, thus avoiding the need for stitches. This procedure usually takes less than 30 minutes in the hands of an experienced [[ophthalmologist]], and the recovery period is about two to three weeks. After surgery, patients should avoid strenuous exercise or anything else that significantly increases blood pressure. They should visit their ophthalmologists regularly for three weeks to monitor the implants.

IOL implantation carries several risks associated with eye surgeries, such as infection, loosening of the lens, lens rotation, inflammation, nighttime halos and retinal detachment.<ref name="Statpearls" /> Though IOLs enable many patients to have reduced dependence on glasses, most patients still rely on glasses for certain activities, such as reading. These reading glasses may be avoided in some cases if multifocal IOLs, trifocal IOLs or EDOF lenses are used.<ref name="Zamora" /><ref name="de Silva et al 2016" /><ref name="Kohnen and Suryakumar 2022" />

==Medical uses==
Intraocular lenses have been used since 1999 for correcting larger errors in [[myopic|near-sighted]], [[farsightedness|far-sighted]], and [[astigmatism|astigmatic]] eyes. This type of IOL is also called [[phakic intraocular lens]] (PIOL), as it is implanted without removing the patient's natural crystalline lens.<ref name="Kohnen et al 2010">{{Cite journal |last1=Kohnen |first1=Thomas |last2=Kook |first2=Daniel |last3=Morral |first3=Merce |last4=Güell |first4=Jose Luis |date=December 2010 |title=Phakic intraocular lenses: Part 2: Results and complications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0886335010014240 |journal=Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery |volume=36 |issue=12 |page=2174 |doi=10.1016/j.jcrs.2010.10.007 |pmid=21111322 |s2cid=44683984 |issn=0886-3350|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Phakic IOLs appear to be lower risk than [[excimer laser]] surgery ([[LASIK]]) in those with significant near-sightedness.<ref name=Barsam2014>{{cite journal |vauthors=Barsam A, Allan BD |title=Excimer laser refractive surgery versus phakic intraocular lenses for the correction of moderate to high myopia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2014 |issue=6 |article-number=CD007679 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24937100 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007679.pub4 |pmc=10726981 }}</ref>

More commonly, IOLs are implanted via ''Clear Lens Extraction And Replacement'' (CLEAR) surgery, also known as refractive lens exchange (RLE)<ref name="Poothullil and Azar 2007" /> or [[clear lens extraction]] (CLE). During CLEAR, the crystalline lens is extracted and an IOL replaces it in a process that is very similar to [[cataract surgery]]: both involve lens replacement, local anesthesia, last approximately 30 minutes, and require making a small incision in the eye for lens insertion. People recover from CLEAR surgery 1–7 days after the operation. During this time, they should avoid strenuous exercise or anything else that significantly raises blood pressure. They should visit their ophthalmologists regularly for several weeks to monitor the IOL implants.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

CLEAR has a 90% success rate (risks include wound leakage, infection, inflammation, and astigmatism). CLEAR can be performed only on patients ages 40 and older. This is to ensure that eye growth, which disrupts IOL lenses, will not occur post-surgery.{{dubious|date=December 2023}}{{cn|date=February 2023}}

Once implanted, IOLs have three major benefits. First, they are an alternative to the excimer laser procedure (LASIK), a form of [[eye surgery]] that does not work for people with serious vision problems. Effective IOL implants also eliminate the need for [[glasses]] or [[contact lens]]es post-surgery for most patients.<ref name="Zamora" /> Cataracts will not appear or return, as the lens has been removed. The disadvantage is that the eye's ability to change focus (accommodate) has generally been reduced or eliminated, depending on the kind of lens implanted.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

Some of the risks that were found in the early 2000s during a three-year study of the Artisan lenses were:{{cn|date=February 2023}}
* a yearly loss of 1.8% of the [[Corneal endothelium|endothelial cells]],
* 0.6% risk of [[retinal detachment]],
* 0.6% risk of [[cataract]] (other studies have shown a risk of 0.5–1.0%), and
* 0.4% risk of corneal swelling.

Other risks include:{{cn|date=February 2023}}
* 0.03–0.05% eye infection risk, which in worst case can lead to blindness. (This risk exists in all eye surgery procedures and is not unique to IOLs.)
* [[glaucoma]],
* [[astigmatism]],
* remaining near- or far-sightedness,
* rotation of the lens inside the eye one or two days after surgery.

[[#Toric|Toric IOLs]] must be of the correct power and aligned inside the eye on a meridian that counteracts the preexisting astigmatism. One of the causes of unsatisfactory refractory correction is that the lens may be incorrectly placed by the surgeon, or rotate inside the eye if is too short, which may occur if the eye was incorrectly measured, or because the [[Ciliary sulcus|sulcus]] has a slightly oval shape. If misaligned, preexisting astigmatism may not be corrected completely or may even increase.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

When standard IOLs are implanted with a CLEAR procedure, in substitution of the patient's crystalline, astigmatism is typically not corrected, as astigmatism is mainly attributable to a deformation of the [[cornea]]. Toric IOLs may be used during the CLEAR procedure to correct astigmatism.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

The surgeon can ascertain the astigmatic, or steepest, meridian in a number of ways, including manifest refraction or [[corneal topography]]. Manifest refraction is the familiar test where the eye doctor rotates lenses in front of the eye, asking the patient, "Which is better (or clearer), this one or this one?" Corneal topography is considered a more quantitative test, and for purposes of aligning a toric IOL, most surgeons use a measurement called simulated keratometry (SimK), which is calculated by the internal programming of the corneal topography machine, to determine the astigmatic meridian on the surface of the cornea. The astigmatic meridian can also be identified using corneal wavefront technology or paraxial curvature matching.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

===Indications for refractive lens exchange===
{{Main|Clear lens extraction}}
Severe [[myopia]] or [[hyperopia]] with coexisting [[presbyopia]] are the primary indicators for refractive lens exchange (RLE), as RLE leads to complete loss of accommodation. Underlying regular astigmatism can also be managed by RLE, even beyond the scope of corneal incisional techniques, by toric lens implants. Marginal indications for RLE are presbyopia without ametropia, using a multifocal lens implant, presbyopia with underlying astigmatism, and prepresbyopoa hyperopia of from +5 to +10 D not amenable to keratorefractive surgery or phakic IOL due to a shallow [[anterior chamber]].<ref name="Kook and Kohnen 2012" />

====Complications====
Complications of RLE are similar to those after cataract surgery, but with the difference that RLE is often used in very short or very long eyes and patients' ages tend to be significantly lower, so consideration must be given to longer-term effects.<ref name="Kook and Kohnen 2012" />

==Type of surgery==
Implants can be used with or without removal of the natural crystalline lens:
* ''Phakia'' is the presence of the natural crystalline lenses. [[Phakic intraocular lens|Phakic IOL]] (PIOL) refers to an intraocular lens implanted without removal of the original crystalline lens, and this is performed solely to correct refractive error.
* [[Aphakia]] is the absence of the natural crystalline lens. The aphakic state is usually due to surgery to remove a cataractous lens, but post-surgical aphakia is rare nowadays because of the ubiquity of intraocular lenses. Rarely, aphakia can be post-traumatic or congenital in nature. Aphakic IOL refers to a lens implanted secondarily in an eye already aphakic from previous surgery or trauma.
* ''Pseudophakia'' is the substitution of the natural crystalline lens with an IOL, as is often done after cataract extraction or less often to correct major refractive error. Pseudophakic IOL refers to a lens implanted during surgery, immediately after removal of the patient's crystalline lens.

Many aphakic and pseudophakic IOLs such as anterior chamber IOLs or 3-piece [[posterior chamber]] IOLs can be used interchangeably. The exception are one piece IOLs, which must be placed within the capsular bag at the time of cataract surgery and hence cannot be used as secondary implants.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

===Location of implant===
[[File:Cataract Before & After Cataract Surgery.png|thumb|Before surgery (natural crystalline lens, left). After surgery (implanted PCIOL, right).]]
[[File:Intraocular lens under cornea, six years after installation (no flash).jpg|thumb|An anterior chamber IOL (ACIOL)]]
* ''Posterior chamber IOL'' (''PCIOL''). This is by far the most common type of implanted lens after cataract surgery, as this is the natural and optimum position for a lens.{{cn|date=February 2023}}
* ''Anterior chamber IOL'' (''ACIOL''). A less-common type of intraocular lens, which is sometimes used if a PCIOL is not an option for a patient or if the situation requires a phakic IOL (PIOL).{{cn|date=February 2023}}

==Pseudophakic IOLs==
Pseudophakic IOLs are lenses implanted during surgery, immediately after removal of the patient's crystalline lens.

===Monofocal===
Monofocal IOLs are standard lenses used in cataract surgery.<ref name="de Silva et al 2016" /> One of the major disadvantages of these conventional IOLs is that they can only be focused for one particular distance – either optical infinity (rendering the eye [[emmetropia|emmetropic]]) or a fixed finite distance (rendering the eye [[myopia|myopic]]). Patients who undergo a standard IOL implantation no longer experience clouding from [[cataracts]], but they are unable to [[accommodation (vertebrate eye)|accommodate]] (change focus from near to far, far to near, and to distances in between). This is not a concern for most cataract surgeries, as they are primarily performed on elderly people that are already completely [[presbyopia|presbyopic]]. However, it can be a problem for patients that are not yet presbyopic (or are in the early stages of presbyopia) undergoing refractive lens exchange for the sake of correcting refractive errors. [[Monovision]], in which one eye is made emmetropic and the other myopic, can partially compensate for the loss of accommodation and enable clear vision at multiple distances. More versatile types of lenses (multifocal and accommodating IOLs) were introduced in 2003 in the United States, with the approval by the Food and Drug Administration. These come at an additional cost to the recipient beyond what Medicare will pay and each has advantages and disadvantages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aao.org/eyenet/article/premium-iols-a-legal-and-ethical-guide |work=EyeNet Magazine |date=October 2018 |title=Premium IOLs—A Legal and Ethical Guide to Billing Medicare Beneficiaries |access-date=26 August 2024 |first1=Sue |last1=Vicchrilli |first2=David B. |last2=Glasser |first3=Cherie |last3=McNett |first4=Mara Pearse |last4=Burke |first5=Michael X. |last5=Repka |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221153222/https://www.aao.org/eyenet/article/premium-iols-a-legal-and-ethical-guide |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Multifocal===
{{Main|Multifocal intraocular lens}}
Multifocal IOLs attempt to provide simultaneous viewing of distance vision and near vision. Trifocal IOLs can provide intermediate vision in addition.<ref name="Zamora">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kretz FT, Breyer D, Diakonis VF, Klabe K, Henke F, Auffarth GU, Kaymak H | title = Clinical Outcomes after Binocular Implantation of a New Trifocal Diffractive Intraocular Lens | journal = Journal of Ophthalmology | volume = 2015 | issue = 5 | page = 962891 | date = 2017 | pmc = 6481478 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012648 }}</ref> Many multifocal IOL designs attempt to achieve this simultaneous viewing focus using a concentric ring design, which alternates distance and near focal points. However, concentric ring multifocal lenses are prone to glare and mildly compromised focus at all ranges of vision.

People who have a multifocal IOL after their cataract is removed may be less likely to need additional glasses compared with people who have standard monofocal lenses.<ref name="de Silva et al 2016" /> However, people receiving multifocal lenses may experience more visual problems than with monofocal lenses.<ref name="de Silva et al 2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = de Silva SR, Evans JR, Kirthi V, Ziaei M, Leyland M | title = Multifocal versus monofocal intraocular lenses after cataract extraction | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | article-number = CD003169 | date = December 2016 | issue = 12 | pmid = 27943250 | pmc = 6463930 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003169.pub4 }}</ref>
The most common adverse visual effects from multifocal IOLs include glare, halos (rings around lights), and a loss of contrast sensitivity in low-light conditions.<ref name="Carson">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carson D, Hill WE, Hong X, Karakelle M | title = Optical bench performance of AcrySof(®) IQ ReSTOR(®), AT LISA(®) tri, and FineVision(®) intraocular lenses | journal = Clinical Ophthalmology | volume = 8 | pages = 2105–2113 | date = 2014 | pmid = 25342881 | pmc = 4206402 | doi = 10.2147/OPTH.S66760 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Adjustable lens===
An adjustable IOL is unlike any other lens as its prescription power can be adjusted after surgery once all healing is complete. All other IOLs require surgeons to use pre-surgery measurements to determine a patient's post-surgery lens power. The drawback of this is that pre-surgery measurements are taken while a patient still has cataracts, and they cannot account for minuscule shifts that occur during healing. An adjustable IOL allows surgeons to implant it and then, once healing is complete, use an ultraviolet light delivery device to fine tune it until it suits the patient. An early example being the (RxSight) Light Adjustable Lens (LAL).<ref name="pmid33373617">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dick HB, Gerste RD | title = Future Intraocular Lens Technologies | journal = Ophthalmology | volume = 128 | issue = 11 | pages = e206–e213 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 33373617 | doi = 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.12.025 | s2cid = 240712452 }}</ref>

The eyes and lenses must not be exposed to random ultraviolet light before and during the adjustment process, and protective glasses must be worn from the operation until the lens is locked. When the eye has healed, which is usually 2 to 4 weeks after IOL implantation, refraction adjustment is done. A prescription is formulated for the patient and customization of the IOL's refractive power is done by exposing either the centre or the periphery of the lens to a metered dose of UV light, with the help of a contact lens on the cornea. This exposed part will swell slightly, adjusting the lens surface curvature. Meridional exposure can be done in much the same way to correct for astigmatism. Several exposures can be made for fine tuning, spaced over several days. Once the lens has been optimised a final exposure of the whole lens is made to lock the changes, after which the lens will no longer be adjustable and can be used outdoors.<ref name="Jain et al" >{{cite web |url=https://eyewiki.aao.org/Light_Adjustable_Intraocular_lenses |first1=Sneha |last1=Jain |first2=Alpa S. |last2=Patel |first3=Koushik |last3=Tripathy |first4=Derek W |last4=DelMonte |first5=Brandon |last5=Baartman |title=Light Adjustable Intraocular lenses |work=EyeWiki |editor1-first=Derek W |editor1-last=DelMonte |publisher=American Academy of Ophthalmology |date=3 October 2022 }}</ref>

===Accommodating===
{{Main|Multifocal intraocular lens}}
Some newer lens designs attempt to allow the eye to regain some ability to change focus from distance to near ([[accommodation (vertebrate eye)|accommodation]]). However, many accommodating IOLs used today only achieve a very limited improvements in near vision which reduced over time.<ref name="Ong et al 2014" /> Accommodative intraocular lenses may also have a slightly higher risk of developing [[#Posterior capsule opacification|posterior capsule opacification]] (PCO), though there is some uncertainty around this finding.<ref name="Ong et al 2014" >{{cite journal |vauthors=Ong HS, Evans JR, Allan BD |title=Accommodative intraocular lens versus standard monofocal intraocular lens implantation in cataract surgery |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=5 |article-number=CD009667 |date=May 2014 |volume=2014 |pmid=24788900 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009667.pub2 |pmc=10505746 |url=https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4086898/1/Accommodative%20intraocular%20lens%20versus_GREEN%20VoR.pdf }}</ref> PCO is a common side-effect of many cataract surgeries and is easily treatable with a one-time laser [[capsulotomy]] procedure (see below).

Accommodating IOLs interact with [[ciliary muscle]]s and [[zonules]], using hinges at both ends to "latch on" and move forward and backward inside the eye using the same nerves and musculature as normal accommodation. These IOLs have a 4.5-mm square-edged optic and a long-hinged plate design with polyimide loops at the end of the haptics. The hinges are made of an advanced [[silicone]] called BioSil that was thoroughly tested to make sure it was capable of unlimited flexing in the eye.<ref name="Slade 2005" >{{Cite web |last=Slade |first=Stephen |title=Accommodating IOLs: Design, Technique, Results |magazine=Review of Ophthalmology |date=July 2005 |url=http://www.revophth.com/index.asp?page=1_751.htm |access-date=2006-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017074609/http://www.revophth.com/index.asp?page=1_751.htm |archive-date=17 October 2006}}</ref>

An accommodating lens made by Eyeonics,<ref name="FDA-Crystalens" /> now [[Bausch & Lomb]], was approved by the US FDA in 2003. The ''Crystalens'' has two hinged struts on opposite edges which displace the lens along the optical axis when an inward transverse force is applied to the haptic loops at the outer ends of the struts (the components transferring the movement of the contact points to the device), and it springs back when the force is reduced. It is implanted in the eye's [[Capsule of lens|lens capsule]], where the contractions of the ciliary body which would focus the eye with the natural lens are used to focus the implant.<ref name="MacRae" /><ref name="Statpearls" />

===Toric===
A toric IOL is a type of [[toric lens]] used to correct preexisting [[cornea]]l astigmatism at the time of [[cataract surgery]].<ref name="Shimizu, Misawa and Suzuki 1994">{{cite journal |url=https://journals.lww.com/jcrs/Abstract/1994/09000/Toric_intraocular_lenses__Correcting_astigmatism.10.aspx |title=Toric intraocular lenses: correcting astigmatism while controlling axis shift |last1=Shimizu |first1=K|last2=Misawa |first2=A |last3=Suzuki |first3=Y |journal=Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=523–526 |date=September 1994 |doi=10.1016/S0886-3350(13)80232-5 |pmid=7996408|s2cid=6525387 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Astigmatism can also be treated with [[limbal relaxing incisions]] or an [[LASIK|excimer laser]] procedure.<ref name="Boyd">{{cite web | vauthors = Boyd K | url=https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/cataracts-iol-implants |title=IOL Implants: Lens Replacement and Cataract Surgery |publisher=American Academy of Ophthalmology |date=16 November 2016 |access-date=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="Heiting">{{cite web | vauthors = Heiting G |url= http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/toric-iols.htm |title=Astigmatism and Cataract? A Toric IOL Can Fix Both |publisher=AllAboutVision.com |date=Sep 2016 |access-date=2 June 2017}}</ref> About 40% of Americans have significant [[astigmatism]] and thus may be candidates for a toric IOL.<ref name=Heiting /> Cataract surgery with implantation of a toric IOL is essentially the same as cataract surgery with a conventional IOL. Like toric [[contact lens]]es, toric IOLs have different powers in different meridians of the lens, and they must be positioned on the correct meridian to reverse the preexisting astigmatism. If the toric IOL is not on the correct meridian, it may need to be repositioned in a second procedure.<ref name=Heiting />

===Multifocal toric===
Standard toric IOLs are monofocal, permanently focused on distant objects. Multifocal toric IOLs are also available. These lenses provide the patient not only with correction of preexisting astigmatism, but also with vision that can focus at far and short distances, including short reading distance.<ref name="pmid28003977">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liang JL, Tian F, Zhang H, Teng H | title = Combination of Toric and multifocal intraocular lens implantation in bilateral cataract patients with unilateral astigmatism | journal = International Journal of Ophthalmology | volume = 9 | issue = 12 | pages = 1766–1771 | date = 2016 | pmid = 28003977 | pmc = 5154990 | doi = 10.18240/ijo.2016.12.11 }}</ref>

===Extended depth-of-focus===
Extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) is an intraocular lens technology for treating presbyopia. Where multifocal IOLs have two or more focal points, EDOF lenses form a single elongated focal point to enhance depth of focus. The intention is to reduce glare, halos, and other photic phenomena which occur with multifocal IOLs. A possible drawback is decrease in image quality due to aberrations.<ref name="Kohnen and Suryakumar 2022" /> EDOF IOLs have often been combined with multifocus designs, which has caused some confusion. It has been suggested that lenses combining more than one optical design be termed "hybrid IOLs".<ref name="Kanclerz et al 2020" />

The principle on which they work is to form a single, axially elongated focal point, unlike monofocal lenses which have a single focal point, and multifocal lenses which have two or more stacked discrete focal points. The elongated zone of focus is intended to prevent the overlapped out-of-focus images of the multifocal lens which cause the halo effect. When matched correctly to the eye, these lenses are intended to have little effect on distance vision, and improve middle distance and near vision. In practice they have been satisfactory for intermediate distances, but not good enough for near vision. [[Spherical aberration]] and the [[Pinhole (optics)|pinhole effect]] have been used to produce the elongated focal zone.<ref name="Kanclerz et al 2020" /><ref name="Kohnen and Suryakumar 2022" /> In effect, accurate focus at any distance is compromised to achieve less noticeable blur at all distances.

==Phakic IOLs==
{{Main|Phakic intraocular lens}}
Phakic IOLs (PIOLs) are intraocular lenses which are placed in an eye that still contains a natural human crystalline lens. PIOLs are sometimes referred to as an 'implantable contact lenses' (ICLs). As with other IOLs, PIOLs can be either spheric or toric. Toric PIOLs have to be aligned with the meridian of astigmatism; toric IOL misalignment or rotation can lead to residual or even greater astigmatism postoperatively.<ref name=Heiting />

Depending on their attachment site to the eye, PIOLs can be divided into three categories:<ref name=yanoff>{{cite book| first1 = Myron | last1 = Yanoff | first2 = Jay S. | last2 = Duker | name-list-style = vanc |title=Ophthalmology|year=2009|publisher=Mosby Elsevier|isbn=978-0-323-04332-8|edition=3rd}}</ref>
* [[Angle-supported intraocular lens|Angle-supported PIOLs]], placed in the anterior chamber. They are notorious{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} for their negative impact on the corneal endothelial lining, which is vital for maintaining a healthy clear cornea.
* [[Iris-fixated intraocular lens|Iris-fixated PIOLs]], attached by claws to the mid-peripheral iris by a technique called enclavation. It is believed to have a lesser effect on corneal endothelium. The main complication with this type is their tendency to cause endothelial cell reduction.{{cn|date=February 2023}}
* [[Sulcus-supported intraocular lens|Sulcus-supported PIOLs]], placed in the posterior chamber in front of the natural crystalline lens. This type of PIOLs is gaining more and more popularity. They have special vaulting so as not to be in contact with the normal lens. The main complication with older versions was a small possibility of cataract formation.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

In 2006, a centrally perforated ICL (i.e., the Hole-ICL) was created to improve [[aqueous humour]] circulation.<ref name="Shimizu, Kamiya, Igarashi and Shiratani 2012" >{{cite journal |url=https://bjo.bmj.com/content/96/3/409.long |title=Early clinical outcomes of implantation of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens with a central hole (Hole ICL) for moderate to high myopia |last1=Shimizu |first1=K |last2=Kamiya |first2=K |last3=Igarashi |first3=A |last4=Shiratani |first4=T |journal=Br J Ophthalmol
|volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=409–412 |date=March 2012 |doi=10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-300148 |pmid=21733922 |s2cid=31101319 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Blue-light filtering IOLs==
Blue-light filtering IOLs filter the UV and high-energy blue light present in natural and artificial light, both of which can cause vision problems;{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} however, too much filtering of blue light can increase depression, especially in the winter months ([[Seasonal affective disorder|SAD]]). The trademarked "Natural Yellow" material is available in three hydrophilic IOLs. Dr. Patrick H. Benz of Benz Research and Development created the first IOL material to incorporate the same UV-A blocking and violet light filtering [[chromophore]] that's present in the human crystalline lens in order to attempt to protect the retina after cataract extraction of the natural crystalline lens.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

A Cochrane Review found little evidence of important differences between blue‐light filtering and non‐blue‐light filtering lenses for protecting the macula (back of the eye) after cataract surgery.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Downie LE, Busija L, Keller PR | title = Blue-light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 | article-number = CD011977 | date = May 2018 | issue = 5 | pmid = 29786830 | pmc = 6494477 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011977.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group }}</ref> This may have been due to studies being too small and too short‐term to provide reliable results.

==Posterior capsule opacification==
{{See also|Cataract surgery#Complications}}
[[File:Posterior capsular opacification on retroillumination.jpg|thumb|A posterior capsular opacity (PCO) around a posterior chamber IOL (as seen on retroillumination in a [[slit lamp]])]]
[[Posterior capsule opacification]] (PCO), often referred to as "after cataract", is the most common complication of cataract surgery.<ref name="pmid19013456">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wormstone IM, Wang L, Liu CS | title = Posterior capsule opacification | journal = Experimental Eye Research | volume = 88 | issue = 2 | pages = 257–269 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19013456 | doi = 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.016 }}</ref>

In a small percentage of patients, [[#Type of surgery|posterior chamber]] intraocular lenses may form PCOs a few months after implantation. They are easily treatable, and typically only require a one-time [[capsulotomy]] procedure (using a [[Nd:YAG laser]]) to clarify.

==Materials==
[[File:Intraocular-lens-in-holder.jpg|thumb|Acrylic MICS-IOL in holder]]
The materials that have been used to manufacture intraocular lens implants include [[poly(methyl methacrylate)]] (PMMA), [[silicone]], hydrophobic [[acrylate]], hydrophilic acrylate and [[collamer (material)|collamer]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Bellucci |first=Roberto |chapter=An Introduction to Intraocular Lenses: Material, Optics, Haptics, Design and Aberration |editor-last=Güell |editor-first=JL |title=Cataract |series=ESASO Course Series |location=Basel |publisher=Karger |date=2013 |pages= 38–55 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1159/000350902}}</ref> PMMA was the first material to be used successfully in intraocular lenses.

Advances in technology have brought about the use of [[silicone]] and acrylic polymers, both of which are soft foldable inert materials. This allows the lens to be folded and inserted into the eye through a smaller incision.<ref name="Kohnen et al 2010" /> Specifically, acrylic lenses are a better choice in people who have a history of [[uveitis]] or are likely to have to undergo retinal surgery requiring [[vitrectomy]] with replacement by silicone oil, such as persons with proliferative [[diabetic retinopathy]] or who are at high risk of [[retinal detachment]], such as persons with high [[myopia]]. A study found that in participants with a history of uveitis, eyes treated with hydrophobic acrylic IOLs were over twice as likely to have a best corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or more, compared to eyes treated with silicone IOLs.<ref name="Alio">{{cite journal | vauthors = Alió JL, Chipont E, BenEzra D, Fakhry MA | title = Comparative performance of intraocular lenses in eyes with cataract and uveitis | journal = Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery | volume = 28 | issue = 12 | pages = 2096–2108 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12498843 | doi = 10.1016/s0886-3350(02)01452-9 | s2cid = 8768209 }}</ref><ref name="Leung">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leung TG, Lindsley K, Kuo IC | title = Types of intraocular lenses for cataract surgery in eyes with uveitis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | article-number = CD007284 | date = March 2014 | volume = 3 | pmid = 24590672 | pmc = 4261623 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007284.pub2 }}</ref>

==Selection of refractive power==
The appropriate [[refractive power]] of the IOL is selected, much like a spectacle lens prescription, to provide the desired refractive outcome. Pre-operative measurements, including corneal curvature, axial length, and white-to-white measurements are used to estimate the required power of the IOL. These methods include several formulae, including Hagis,<ref name="Goldsberry 2012" /> Hoffer Q,<ref name="Goldsberry 2012" /> Holladay 1,<ref name="Goldsberry 2012" /> Holladay 2,<ref name="Goldsberry 2012" /> and SRK/T.<ref name="SRK/T" /> Free online calculators use similar input data.<ref name="Goldsberry 2012" /> A history of [[LASIK surgery]] requires different calculations to take this into account.<ref name="Goldsberry 2012" /> Refractive results using power calculation formulae based on pre-operative [[biometrics]] leave people within 0.5 dioptres of target (correlates to [[visual acuity]] of 6/7.5 (20/25) when targeted for distance) in 55% of cases and within one dioptre (correlates to 6/12 (20/40) when targeted for distance) in 85% of cases. Developments in intra-operative [[Wavefront|wavefront technology]] have demonstrated power calculations that provide improved outcomes, yielding 80% of patients within 0.5 dioptres (7/7.5 (20/25) or better).<ref name="Roach 2013" />

==History==
[[File:Plaque for Harold Ridley's first intraocular lens at St Thomas' Hospital.jpg|thumb|right|Plaque at [[St Thomas' Hospital]] – site of first permanent insertion of an intraocular lens, 8 February 1950]]
Johan Virgilius Casaamata (1741–1807) of [[Dresden]] had unsuccessfully attempted to place a glass intraocular lens after cataract surgery by January 1797.<ref name="Tadini2025">{{cite book |last=Leffler |first=Christopher T. |editor-last=Leffler |editor-first=Christopher T. |chapter=Casanova's Truths: Tadini's monocular cataract extraction, and Casaamata's intraocular lens in the 1790s |series=A New History of Cataract Surgery. Part 7 |title=The History of Intraocular Lenses and Optical Correction after Cataract Surgery |pages=49–98 |isbn=978-90-6299-482-3 |publication-place=Amsterdam |publisher=Wayenborgh |date=2025}}</ref> When writing his memoirs in the 1790s, [[Giacomo Casanova]] likely heard of Casaamata's attempt, because Casanova falsely claimed that oculist [[Tadini (ophthalmologist)|Felice Tadini]] told him the idea of intraocular lenses in Warsaw in 1766, but Casanova's claim is false, because Tadini was in Constantinople in 1766.<ref name="Tadini2025"/>
[[Harold Ridley (ophthalmologist)|Sir Harold Ridley]] was the first to successfully implant an intraocular lens on 29 November 1949, at [[St Thomas' Hospital]] at London.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams HP | title = Sir Harold Ridley's vision | journal = The British Journal of Ophthalmology | volume = 85 | issue = 9 | pages = 1022–1023 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11520745 | pmc = 1724118 | doi = 10.1136/bjo.85.9.1022 }}</ref> That lens was manufactured by the [[Rayner (company)|Rayner]] company of Brighton, East Sussex, England from [[Perspex CQ]] [[polymethylmethacrylate]] (PMMA) made by ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries). Ridley had observed that [[Royal Air Force]] pilots who sustained [[eye injury|eye injuries]] during [[World War II]] involving PMMA windshield material did not show any rejection or [[foreign body]] reaction, and deduced that the transparent material was inert and useful for implantation in the eye.<ref name="Davis 2016" />

The intraocular lens did not find widespread acceptance in cataract surgery until the 1970s, when further developments in lens design and surgical techniques had come about.

As of 2021, approximately four million cataract procedures take place annually in the U.S. and nearly 28 million worldwide, a large proportion in India.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024|reason=India is not mentioned in the cited source}} That is about 75,000 procedures per day globally.<ref name="Lindstrom 2021" >{{cite news |url=https://www.healio.com/news/ophthalmology/20210126/future-of-cataract-surgery-seems-promising |work=Occular Surgery News |date=10 February 2021 |first=Richard L. |last=Lindstrom |publisher=Healio |title=Future of cataract surgery seems promising |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216152053/https://www.healio.com/news/ophthalmology/20210126/future-of-cataract-surgery-seems-promising |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Makers of IOLs==
* [[Alcon]] (US)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Developing Innovative Eye Care Treatments |url=https://www.alcon.com/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Alcon.com}}</ref>
* Eyekon (US)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intraocular Lens |url=https://www.eyekonmedical.com/product/intraocular-lens/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Eyekon Medical}}</ref>
* [[Bausch & Lomb]] (US)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intraocular Lenses |url=https://www.bausch.com.my/en/our-products/cataract-surgery/intraocular-lenses/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=bausch.com.my}}</ref>
* [[Johnson & Johnson]] (US)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=IOLs & Implants |url=https://www.jnjvisionpro.com/products/iols-and-implants |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Johnson & Johnson Vision}}</ref>
* [[Rayner (company)|Rayner]] (UK)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rayner IOLs |url=https://rayner.com/en/iol/overview/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Rayner : Global}}</ref>
* Morcher (Germany)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home EN - Morcher GmbH |url=https://www.morcher.com/en.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=www.morcher.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Adjustable-focus eyeglasses}}
* {{annotated link|Aphakia}}
* {{annotated link|Contact lens}}
* {{annotated link|Capsulorhexis}}
* {{annotated link|Cataract surgery}}
* {{annotated link|IOLVIP}}
* {{annotated link|Phacoemulsification}}
* {{annotated link|Uveitis–glaucoma–hyphema syndrome}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Davis 2016" >{{cite journal |last=Davis |first=G. |title=The Evolution of Cataract Surgery |journal=Mo. Med. |date=January–February 2016 |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=58–62 |pmid=27039493 |pmc=6139750 |publisher=Missouri State Medical Association }}</ref>

<ref name="FDA-Crystalens">{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/mda/docs/p030002.html |title=New Device Approval – CrystaLens Model AT-45 Accommodating IOL – P030002 |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] |access-date=26 February 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229134841/http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/mda/docs/p030002.html }}</ref>

<ref name="Goldsberry 2012" >{{cite web |url=https://crstodayeurope.com/articles/2012-may/achieving-better-outcomes-using-free-online-post-lasik-iol-calculators/ |title=Achieving Better Outcomes Using Free Online Post-LASIK IOL Calculators |first=Dennis H. |last=Goldsberry |date=May 2012 |publisher=CRSTEurope |website=crstodayeurope.com |access-date=11 February 2023 |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211042040/https://crstodayeurope.com/articles/2012-may/achieving-better-outcomes-using-free-online-post-lasik-iol-calculators/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Kanclerz et al 2020" >{{cite journal |last1=Kanclerz |first1=Piotr |first2=Francesca |last2=Toto |first3=Andrzej |last3=Grzybowski |first4=Jorge L. |last4=Alio |title=Extended Depth-of-Field Intraocular Lenses: An Update |journal=Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Open Access |pmc=7299221 |location=Philadelphia, Pa. |volume=9 |issue=3 |date=2020 |pages=194–202 |doi=10.1097/APO.0000000000000296 |pmid=32511121 }}</ref>

<ref name="Kohnen and Suryakumar 2022" >{{cite journal |url=https://journals.lww.com/jcrs/fulltext/2020/02000/extended_depth_of_focus_technology_in_intraocular.20.aspx |title=Extended depth-of-focus technology in intraocular lenses |last1=Kohnen |first1=Thomas |last2=Suryakumar |first2=Rajaraman |journal=Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=298–304 |date=February 2020 |doi=10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000000109 |pmid=32126045 |s2cid=212407635 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<ref name="Kook and Kohnen 2012" >{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Kook |first2=Thomas |last2=Kohnen |chapter=31 - Refractive lens exchange |editor1-first=George L. |editor1-last=Spaeth |editor2-first=Helen V. |editor2-last=Danesh-Meyer |editor3-first=Ivan |editor3-last=Goldberg |editor4-first=Anselm |editor4-last=Kampik |title=Ophthalmic Surgery: Principles and Practice |edition=Fourth |publisher=W.B. Saunders |date=2012 |pages=187–191 |isbn=978-1-4377-2250-5 |doi=10.1016/B978-1-4377-2250-5.00031-X |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978143772250500031X }}</ref>

<ref name="MacRae" >{{cite web |url=https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/eye-institute/lasik/procedures/crystalens-iol.aspx |title=Crystalens: The First Accommodating Intraocular Lens Implant |first=Scott |last=MacRae |website=urmc.rochester.edu |publisher=University of Rochester Flaum Eye Institute |access-date=14 February 2023 }}</ref>

<ref name="Poothullil and Azar 2007" >{{cite book |first1=Antony M. |last1=Poothullil |first2=Dimitri T. |last2=Azar |chapter=1 - Terminology, classification, and history of refractive surgery |editor-first=Dimitri T. |editor-last=Azar |title=Refractive Surgery |edition=Second |publisher=Mosby |year=2007 |pages=1–18 |isbn=978-0-323-03599-6 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-03599-6.50063-8 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323035996500638 }}</ref>

<ref name="Roach 2013" >{{cite news |url=https://www.aao.org/eyenet/article/intraoperative-wavefront-aberrometry-wave-of-futur |title=Intraoperative Wavefront Aberrometry: Wave of the Future? |first=Linda |last=Roach |work=EyeNet Magazine |publisher=American Academy of Ophthalmology |date=September 2013 |access-date=26 February 2023 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226133408/https://www.aao.org/eyenet/article/intraoperative-wavefront-aberrometry-wave-of-futur |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="SRK/T" >{{cite web |url=https://crstodayeurope.com/articles/2012-may/srkt-formula-a-review/ |title=SRK/T Formula: A Review: A combination of linear regression method with a theoretical eye model. |first=Laura |last=Straub |date=May 2012 |publisher=CRSTEurope |access-date=11 February 2023 |website=crstodayeurope.com |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211040534/https://crstodayeurope.com/articles/2012-may/srkt-formula-a-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Statpearls" >{{cite journal |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559253/#article-19009.s9 |title=Cataract Surgery |first1=Majid |last1=Moshirfar |first2=Dallin |last2=Milner |first3=Bhupendra C. |last3=Patel |date=2022 |journal=StatPearls |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information |via=ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |pmid=32644679 |access-date=8 February 2023 }}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite journal |last1=Xia |first1=Tina |last2=Martinez |first2=Christine E. |last3=Tsai |first3=Linda M. |title=Update on Intraocular Lens Formulas and Calculations |journal=Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology |date=May 2020 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=186–193 |doi=10.1097/APO.0000000000000293|pmid=32501896 |pmc=7299214 }}

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Category:Music of the United States

2025-10-22T13:58:29Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Remove redundant category

{{Portal|Music|United States}}
{{Commons category|Music of the United States}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to the [[music]] of the North American country of the [[United States]]}}
{{Category main article|music of the United States}}
{{CatAutoTOC}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:United States}}
[[Category:Performing arts in the United States|music]]
[[Category:Music by country]]
[[Category:Music of North America by country]]

Category:Music of Algeria

2025-10-22T08:32:18Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Housekeeping

{{Portal|Algeria|Music}}
{{Commons category|Music of Algeria}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to the [[music]] of the African country of [[Algeria]]}}
{{Category main article|music of Algeria}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Algeria}}
[[Category:Performing arts in Algeria|music]]
[[Category:Music by country]]
[[Category:Music of North Africa]]
[[Category:Music of Africa by country]]
[[Category:African music genres]]
[[Category:Arabic music]]
[[Category:Francophone music]]

Category:Music of Albania

2025-10-22T04:07:29Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Add portals

{{Portal|Europe|Music}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to the [[music]] of the European country of [[Albania]]}}
{{Category main article|music of Albania}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Albania}}
[[Category:Performing arts in Albania|music]]
[[Category:Music by country]]
[[Category:Music of Europe by country]]
[[Category:Balkan music]]

Category:Music of Burkina Faso

2025-10-22T03:52:20Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Add portals

{{Portal|Africa|Music}}
{{Commons category|Music of Burkina Faso}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to the [[music]] of the African country of [[Burkina Faso]]}}
{{Category main article|music of Burkina Faso}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burkina Faso}}
[[Category:Performing arts in Burkina Faso|music]]
[[Category:Music by country]]
[[Category:Music of West Africa]]
[[Category:Music of Africa by country]]
[[Category:African music genres]]
[[Category:Francophone music]]

Category:Performing arts education in London

2025-10-22T00:46:55Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Adjust sort key

{{Portal|The arts|Education|London}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to [[performing arts education|performing-arts education]] in [[London]], a city in [[England]] (a constituent country of the European country of the [[United Kingdom]])}}

[[Category:Education in London]]
[[Category:Performing arts in London|education]]
[[Category:Performing arts education in the United Kingdom|-London]]

Category:American choreographers

2025-10-21T20:18:54Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Adjust sort key

{{Portal|The arts|Biography|United States}}
{{commons category|Choreographers from the United States}}

{{category explanation| articles about [[choreographer]]s from the North American country of the [[United States]]}}
{{CatAutoTOC}}

[[Category:American people by occupation|choreographers]]
[[Category:Dance in the United States|+choreographers]]
[[Category:Choreographers by nationality]]

Category:Peruvian cuisine

2025-10-21T10:38:26Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Align with tree

{{Portal|Drink|Food|Peru}}
{{Commons category|Cuisine of Peru|Cuisine of Peru}}

{{category explanation |articles related to the [[cuisine]] of the South American country of [[Peru]]}}
{{Category main article|Peruvian cuisine}}
{{CatAutoTOC}}

[[Category:Food and drink in Peru|cuisine]]
[[Category:Cuisine by country]]
[[Category:South American cuisine by country]]
[[Category:Latin American cuisine]]

Category:Music of Peru

2025-10-21T09:23:19Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Add portals

{{Portal|Music|Peru}}
{{commons category|Music of Peru}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to the [[music]] of the South American country of [[Peru]]}}
{{Category main article|music of Peru}}
{{CatAutoTOC}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peru}}
[[Category:Performing arts in Peru|music]]
[[Category:Music by country]]
[[Category:Music of South America by country]]
[[Category:Andean music]]
[[Category:Latin music genres]]
[[Category:Music of Latin America]]
[[Category:Spanish-language music]]

Category:African dances

2025-10-21T09:05:41Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Flyspeck

{{Portal|The arts|Africa}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to [[dance]]s of [[Africa]]}}
{{CatAutoTOC}}
This category is
*for dances common to several cultures of Africa,
*for undecided ethnicity, or
*for cultures with only 1–2 articles, in order not to make very small categories.

[[Category:Dance in Africa|dances]]
[[Category:Dances by ethnicity or region|.Africa]]

Category:Music of Paraguay

2025-10-21T04:23:40Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Remove redundant category

{{Portal|Music|Paraguay}}
{{Commons category|Music of Paraguay}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to the [[music]] of the South American country of [[Paraguay]]}}
{{Category main article|music of Paraguay}}
{{CatAutoTOC}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paraguay}}
[[Category:Performing arts in Paraguay|music]]
[[Category:Music of Latin America]]
[[Category:Music by country]]
[[Category:Music of South America by country]]

Category:Music of Panama

2025-10-20T21:48:30Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Remove redundant category

{{Portal|Music|Panama}}
{{Commons category|Music of Panama}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to the [[music]] of the North American country of [[Panama]]}}
{{Category main article|music of Panama}}
{{CatAutoTOC}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panama}}
[[Category:Performing arts in Panama|music]]
[[Category:Music by country]]
[[Category:Music of Central America]]
[[Category:Music of North America by country]]
[[Category:Music of Latin America]]
[[Category:Spanish-language music]]
[[Category:Latin music genres]]

Category:Music of Pakistan

2025-10-20T12:29:48Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Remove redundant category

{{Portal|Music|Pakistan}}
{{Commons category|Music of Pakistan}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to the [[music]] of the Asian country of [[Pakistan]]}}
{{Category main article|music of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan}}
[[Category:Performing arts in Pakistan|msic]]
[[Category:Music by country]]
[[Category:Music of South Asia]]
[[Category:Himalayan music]]
[[Category:Music of Asia by country]]
[[Category:English-language music]]

Category:Music of Oman

2025-10-20T10:41:06Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Add portals

{{Portal|Music|Oman}}
{{Commons category|Music of Oman}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to the [[music]] of the Asian country of [[Oman]]}}
{{Category main article|music of Oman}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oman}}
[[Category:Performing arts in Oman|music]]
[[Category:Arabic music]]
[[Category:Music of Asia by country]]
[[Category:Music by country]]

Category:Music of Norway

2025-10-20T04:47:01Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Add portals

{{Portal|Music|Norway}}
{{Commons category|Music of Norway}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to the [[music]] of the European country of [[Norway]]}}
{{Category main article|music of Norway}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Norway}}
[[Category:Performing arts in Norway|music]]
[[Category:Music by country]]
[[Category:Music of Europe by country]]
[[Category:Nordic music]]

Category:Norwegian musicians

2025-10-20T03:11:41Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Expand portals

{{portal|Biography|Music|Norway}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Category explanation |articles about [[musician]]s from the European country of [[Norway]]}}
{{Category main article|music of Norway|musician}}
{{category diffuse}}
{{CatAutoTOC}}

[[Category:Norwegian entertainers|musicians]]
[[Category:Norwegian music people|musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians by nationality]]
[[Category:European musicians]]

Category:Music of Niger

2025-10-19T21:26:24Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Expand categories

{{Portal|Africa|Music}}

{{category explanation |articles related to the [[music]] of the African country of [[Niger]]}}
{{Category main article|music of Niger}}
{{Distinguish category |Music of Nigeria}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Niger}}
[[Category:Arts in Niger|music]]
[[Category:Entertainment in Niger|music]]
[[Category:Music of West Africa]]
[[Category:Music by country]]
[[Category:Music of Africa by country]]
[[Category:African music genres]]

Category:Music of Nigeria

2025-10-19T12:39:23Z

2600:4041:57B1:3E00:A41A:C268:B711:3C17: Housekeeping

{{Portal|Music|Nigeria}}
{{Commons category|Music of Nigeria}}

{{Category explanation |articles related to the [[music]] of the African country of [[Nigeria]]}}
{{Category main article|music of Nigeria}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nigeria}}
[[Category:Performing arts in Nigeria|music]]
[[Category:Music of West Africa]]
[[Category:Music by country]]
[[Category:Music of Africa by country]]
[[Category:African music genres]]
[[Category:English-language music]]