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Kevin Brennan (comedian)

2025-10-20T14:14:29Z

2601:14D:4A02:3210:2C40:7C8B:402F:D7AB:

{{short description|American stand-up comedian and podcaster}}
{{other people||Kevin Brennan (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox comedian
| name = Kevin Brennan
| image = Brennan_thestandnyc_20190824.jpg
| caption = Brennan at ''[[The Stand Comedy Club]]'' in 2019
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chicago]], Illinois, U.S.
| medium = {{hlist|Stand-up|television|[[podcast]]}}
| alma mater =
| years_active = 1980s–2025
| genre = {{hlist|[[Observational comedy]]}}
| subject = {{hlist|[[Racism]]|[[sexism]]}}
| partner =
| relatives = [[Neal Brennan]] (brother)
| notable_work = {{ubl|''[[Weekend Update]]''|''[[Sports Show with Norm Macdonald]]''|''[[Red Eye (talk show)|Red Eye w/ Tom Shillue]]''}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.kevinbrennan.com/}}
| module = {{Infobox social media personality
| child = yes
| twitter_handle = mlcpodcast
| youtube_handle = MLCPodcast
| youtube_display_name = MLC Podcast
| youtube_years_active = 2016–present
| youtube_genre =
| youtube_subscribers = 14.9 thousand
| youtube_views = 687 thousand
| stats_update = October 20, 2025
}}
}}

'''Kevin Brennan''' is an American retired stand-up comedian, [[podcast|podcaster]], and writer. He is the host of the ''[[#Misery Loves Company|Misery Loves Company]]'' podcast, and is best known for his work on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''{{'s}} ''[[Weekend Update]]'' in 1999 and 2000.<ref name=FORBES>{{cite magazine |last=King |first=Scott |date=September 25, 2018 |title=How Comic Kevin Brennan Turned Burning Bridges Into A Business |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottking/2018/09/25/how-comic-kevin-brennan-turned-burning-bridges-into-a-business/#66fe6aca35ed |magazine=[[Forbes]] |location=Jersey City, New Jersey, United States |access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name=AUSTIN>{{cite news |last=Egner |first=Jeremy |date=July 22, 2003 |title=Double the laughs for half the price |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/357132921/ |work=[[Austin American-Statesman]] |location=Austin, Texas, United States |page=E2 |access-date=April 20, 2020 |via=Newspapers.com |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Brennan was voted "Best Comedian" at the 2005 [[Aspen Comedy Festival]] and his half-hour stand-up special was featured on [[HBO]] that same year. He was featured on the 2007 cross-Canada [[Just for Laughs]] comedy tour and performed at the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal in 2009. He was also a repeat panelist on ''[[Red Eye (talk show)|Red Eye w/ Tom Shillue]]'' in 2016 and 2017.

==Early life==
Brennan was born in [[Chicago]] to an [[Irish Catholic]] family and has nine siblings including brother [[Neal_Brennan|Neal]].<ref name=FORBES/><ref name=CHICAGOREADER>{{cite news |last=Hubbard |first=Ryan |date=December 28, 2006 |title=Kevin Brennan |url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/kevin-brennan/Content?oid=923941 |work=[[Chicago Reader]] |location=Chicago, Illinois, United States |access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref> The family also lived in [[Philadelphia]].

==Career==

=== Early career (1980s–1998) ===
Brennan first started stand-up in Chicago in the 1980s at the suggestion of a coworker at a restaurant where he was working.<ref name=REPOSITORY>{{cite news |last=Lisko |first=B.J. |date=April 17, 2018 |title=Going for broke: Comedian Kevin Brennan lets loose; Funny Stop shows set |url=https://www.cantonrep.com/entertainmentlife/20180417/going-for-broke-comedian-kevin-brennan-lets-loose-funny-stop-shows-set |work=[[The Repository]] |location=Canton, Ohio, United States |access-date=April 20, 2020 |archive-date=December 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212093608/https://www.cantonrep.com/entertainmentlife/20180417/going-for-broke-comedian-kevin-brennan-lets-loose-funny-stop-shows-set |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=CTPOST>{{cite news |last=Gargan |first=Scott |date=December 28, 2010 |title=Comics ring in the new year with "2011 Comedy Countdown" at Foxwoods |url=https://www.ctpost.com/news/article/Comics-ring-in-the-new-year-with-2011-Comedy-925024.php |work=[[Connecticut Post]] |location=Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States |access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref> He moved to [[New York City]] in 1987 to further pursue a career in stand up comedy.<ref name=CHICAGOREADER/><ref name=CTPOST/>

Within two years of moving to New York City, Brennan was hosting [[open mic]]s and other comedy shows at the [[Boston Comedy Club]], a now defunct comedy club in New York City.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=May 28, 1989 |title=City Lights Guide: Comedy/Magic |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/406581452/ |work=[[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |location=New York City, New York, United States |page=19 |access-date=April 20, 2020 |via=Newspapers.com |url-access=subscription|quote=BOSTON COMEDY CLUB (82 West Third St., 477-0622):Kevin Brennan hosts "Comedy Showcase" tonight at 9...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |date=June 11, 1989 |title=City Lights Guide: Comedy/Magic |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/406581452/ |work=[[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |location=New York City, New York, United States |page=19 |access-date=April 20, 2020 |via=Newspapers.com |url-access=subscription|quote=BOSTON COMEDY CLUB (82 West Third St., 477-0622):Kevin Brennan hosts "Comedy Showcase" tonight at 9...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |date=September 3, 1989 |title=City Lights Guide: Comedy/Magic |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/358227484/ |work=[[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |location=New York City, New York, United States |page=19 |access-date=April 20, 2020 |via=Newspapers.com |url-access=subscription|quote=BOSTON COMEDY CLUB (82 W. 3RD ST., 477-0622): Jimmy Tingle performs in his one-man show tonight. Kevin Brennan hosts "Open Mike" Mon...}}</ref> By the early 1990s he was appearing on [[A&E (TV channel)|A&E]]'s stand-up comedy series ''[[An Evening at the Improv]]'' and ''[[Caroline's Comedy Hour]]''.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=September 5, 1990 |title=TV listings: 11:00 p.m. A&E—Richard Dysert at the Improv. Comics: Kevin Brennan, Jeff Stillson and Joe Bolster. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/163411018/ |work=[[The Journal News]] |location=White Plains, New York |page=C5 |access-date=April 20, 2020 |via=Newspapers.com |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |date=July 9, 1993 |title=TV listings: Caroline's Comedy Hour. Comics: Billy Martin; Henriette Mantel; Daniel Rosen; Bob Rubin; Kevin Brennan. Host: Richard Jeni. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/285885428/ |work=[[Times Recorder]] |location=White Plains, New York |page=8-D |access-date=April 20, 2020 |via=Newspapers.com |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In 1993, Brennan appeared on the entertainment competition show ''[[Star Search]]'' where he competed unsuccessfully against 19-year-old [[Dave Chappelle]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2014/03/65224/comedians-before-they-were-famous |title=Peep Your 9 Favorite Comedians Before They Were Famous |last=Barna |first=Daniel |date=March 27, 2014 |website=[[Refinery29]] |publisher=[[Vice Media]] |access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref>

Brennan first appeared as a guest on ''[[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]]'' in 1994 and went on to make multiple appearances on the show from 1995 to 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://classic.teamcoco.com/late-night-with-conan-obrien/season-1/episode-147/kevin-brennan-stand-up-04-21-1994?playlist=x%3BeyJ0eXBlIjoidGFnIiwiaWQiOjEwODk1fQ |title=Video playlist of Kevin Brennan's Conan appearances |author= |website=[[TeamCoco.com]] |access-date=April 20, 2020 }}</ref>

In 1997, Brennan appeared in a small role in the film ''[[Half Baked]]'', which was co-written by his brother Neal Brennan and Chappelle.<ref name=NYT2>{{cite news|title=A Comic Who Won't Hold Back; Nothing Is Out of Bounds For Dave Chappelle's Show|first=Lola|last=Ogunnaike|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/18/arts/a-comic-who-won-t-hold-back-nothing-is-out-of-bounds-for-dave-chappelle-s-show.html?pagewanted=3&src=pm|newspaper=New York Times|date=February 18, 2004|accessdate=April 20, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Alspector |first=Lisa |title=Kevin Brennan |url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/half-baked/Film?oid=46046500 |work=[[Chicago Reader]] |location=Chicago, Illinois, United States |access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref> By this time Brennan was established in the New York comedy circuit and had appeared twice on ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]''.<ref name=VARIETY>{{cite magazine |last=Hontz |first=Jenny |date=December 9, 1997 |title=NBC, U plan sitcom for Brennans |url=https://variety.com/1997/tv/news/nbc-u-plan-sitcom-for-brennans-1116679690/ |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref> That same year the Brennan brothers had a development deal with [[NBC]] and [[NBCUniversal|Universal]] for a sitcom based on their own experiences growing up in an Irish-Catholic family with 10 kids in Philadelphia.<ref name=VARIETY/>

=== ''Saturday Night Live'' (1999–2000) ===
Brennan was a writer for ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' in 1999 and 2000 and also appeared on the show as a ''[[Weekend Update]]'' correspondent in two episodes of the show's 25th season while [[Colin Quinn]] held the [[News presenter|anchor]] post.<ref name=FORBES/><ref>{{cite episode |title=Political Correspondent Kevin Brennan discusses candidates Al Gore and George Bush. |url=https://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/weekend-update-segment---super-tuesday-primaries/n11314 |series=[[Saturday Night Live]] |network=[[NBC]] |date=March 11, 2000 |season=25 |number=14|access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode |title=Correspondent Kevin Brennan gives his personal response to Cuban immigrant Elian Gonzalez. |url=https://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/weekend-update-segment---elian-gonzalez/n11344 |series=[[Saturday Night Live]] |network=[[NBC]] |date=May 6, 2000 |season=25 |number=18|access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref> Quinn left ''Saturday Night Live'' in 2000 and Brennan was in contention for the anchor position but, after the job was given to [[Jimmy Fallon]] and [[Tina Fey]], Brennan decided not to return as a writer for the following season.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vulture.com/2011/10/the-lost-weekend-update-anchors.html |title=The Lost Weekend Update Anchors |last=Evans |first=Bradford |date=October 27, 2011 |website=[[Vulture.com]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref>

=== Post ''Saturday Night Live'' (2001–present) ===
From 2003 to 2005 Brennan made multiple appearances on ''[[Last Call with Carson Daly]]''.<ref name=BROADWAY>{{cite web |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/las-vegas/article/Kevin-Brennan-Steve-Byrne-and-More-Are-Coming-to-the-Plaza-Hotel-Casino-20200129 |title=Kevin Brennan, Steve Byrne and More Are Coming to the Plaza Hotel & Casino |author= |date=January 29, 2020 |website=[[BroadwayWorld]] |access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ranker.com/list/full-list-of-last-call-with-carson-daly-episodes/reference?page=21 |title=Full List of Last Call With Carson Daly Episodes |author= |website=[[Ranker]] |access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref> Brennan was voted “Best Comedian” at the 2005 [[Aspen Comedy Festival]], which led to his half-hour stand-up special on the [[HBO]] series ''[[One Night Stand (U.S. TV series)|One Night Stand]]'' that same year.<ref name=BROADWAY/><ref name=PHILLY>{{cite magazine |author= |date=November 20, 2006 |title=Kevin Brennan at Helium Comedy Club |url=https://www.phillymag.com/news/2006/11/20/kevin-brennan-at-helium-comedy-club/ |magazine=[[Philadelphia (magazine)|Philadelphia]] |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |publisher=[[Metrocorp]] |access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref> He was one of six comedians featured on the 2007 cross-Canada [[Just for Laughs]] comedy tour, which also featured [[Greg Behrendt]], [[John Wing Jr.|John Wing]], [[Louis Ramey]], [[Fiona O'Loughlin (comedian)|Fiona O'Loughlin]] and [[Tom Papa]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Fuller |first=Cam |date=November 7, 2007 |title=On tour, just for fun |url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/saskatoon-starphoenix/20071106/281943128527850 |work=[[The StarPhoenix]] |location=Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada |via=[[PressReader]] |access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref> He also performed at the [[Just For Laughs]] festival in Montreal in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hahaha.com/en/funny-videos?kevin-brennan-stand-up-2009&videoid=PZLRlZgLwxE |title=Kevin Brennan Stand Up - 2009 |author= |website=[[Just For Laughs]] |access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref> In 2011, Brennan wrote for the [[Comedy Central]] series ''[[Sports Show with Norm Macdonald]]''.<ref name=REPOSITORY/>

====''Misery Loves Company''====
{{Infobox podcast
| title = Misery Loves Company
| italic title = no
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| hosting = Kevin Brennan
| genre = Comedy [[talk radio|Talk]] Entertainment Culture [[Satire]]
| format = Audio & video
| creator = Kevin Brennan
| length = 90 – 240 min.
| language = {{lang|en|[[English language|English]]}}
| production = Adam Hiniker<ref name=Hiniker1>{{cite web |url= https://soundbetter.com/profiles/53775-adam-hiniker |title= Adam Hiniker: Mixing Engineer |website= SoundBetter.com |publisher= |access-date= 27 December 2022 |quote=}}</ref> (2018-2024)
| num_episodes = 641 (Patreon) 
''(as of {{date|2023-09-25|MDY}})''
| began = January 2016
| ended =
| provider = SoundBetter<ref name=Hiniker1/> (2018-2024)
| website = {{URL|https://www.patreon.com/mlcpodcast/|Patreon (Premium audio and video, and livestream archives)}} 
{{URL|https://www.youtube.com/@MLCPodcast/|YouTube (Video and livestreams)}}
}}

Brennan started the podcast '''''Misery Loves Company''''' '''(MLC)''' in January 2016, and added fellow New York-based comedian Lenny Marcus as his co-host. Marcus quit the podcast after ten months following several on-air and off-air disagreements between the two comedians.<ref name="FORBES" />

====''Burning Bridges''====
In 2017, [[Compound Media]] owner and former ''[[Opie and Anthony]]'' [[radio personality]] [[Anthony Cumia]], a fan of Brennan's tirades against other comedians on ''[[#Misery Loves Company|Misery Loves Company]]'' (including Brennan's brother, [[Neal Brennan|Neal]]), brought Brennan to his [[Compound Media]] network, where Brennan hosted ''Burning Bridges'' with co-host Brian Mccarthy. Brennan and Mccarthy left Compound Media in 2019.<ref name="FORBES" />

==Other ventures==
In 2018 he produced a live comedy show in New York City called ''White Guys Matter'' that was billed as "all white guys" and "no safe spaces" with the promise to "make comedy great again."<ref name=NOW1>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Tracey Erin |date=April 17, 2018 |title=Why I attended a comedy show called White Guys Matter |url=https://nowtoronto.com/stage/comedy/why-i-saw-a-show-called-White-Guys-Matter-yuk-yuks/ |work=[[Now (newspaper)|NOW]] |location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada |access-date=April 20, 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=THIS>{{cite magazine |last=Di Menna |first=Hillary |date=May 10, 2018 |title=Comedy is a reflection of our society. It's time for it to get with the times |url=https://this.org/2018/05/10/comedy-is-a-reflection-of-our-society-its-time-for-it-to-get-with-the-times/ |magazine=[[This Magazine]] |location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada |access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref> Comedian Aaron Berg, who performed at the New York show, brought the show to [[Yuk Yuk's]] comedy club in [[Toronto]], Canada that same year, causing several local comedians to take to social media to protest the show.<ref name=THIS/><ref name=NOW2>{{cite news |last1=da Silva |first1=Michelle |last2=Jackson-Kelso |first2=Rhianna |date=April 11, 2018 |title=Toronto stand-ups call out White Guys Matter comedy show |url=https://nowtoronto.com/stage/comedy/toronto-stand-ups-call-out-white-guys-matter-comedy-show/ |work=[[Now (newspaper)|NOW]] |location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada |access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref>

Brennan played himself in an episode of [[Pete Holmes]]' HBO series ''[[Crashing (American TV series)|Crashing]]'' that aired in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theinterrobang.com/live-set-crashing-nyc-bo-burnham-talks-acclaimed-movie/ |title=Live From the Set of Crashing in NYC, Bo Burnham Talks About His Acclaimed Movie, and More |last=Gurian |first=Jeffrey |date=July 23, 2018 |website=The Interrobang |publisher=Orange Pop Media |access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref> A [[Roast (comedy)|roast]] of Kevin Brennan was held at The Stand comedy club in New York City that same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thestandnyc.com/shows/show/721/20191001-900-pm-the-roast-of-kevin-brennan |title=The Roast of Kevin Brennan! |author= |website=TheStandNYC.com |access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref> Roasters at the event included comedians [[Dan Soder]], [[Jim Norton (comedian)|Jim Norton]] (in character as Chip Chipperson), Krystyna Hutchinson and Corinne Fischer of the ''[[Guys We Fucked]]'' podcast, [[Patty Rosborough]], Chad Zumock and [[Mike Bocchetti]].<ref>{{cite AV media |title=The Roast of Kevin Brennan |medium=Live recording |language=en |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GA6Np49X1g |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/_GA6Np49X1g| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=March 2023}}

In October 2022, Brennan, along with fellow comedian [[Bob Levy (comedian)|Bob Levy]], opened a comedy club called the ''Brennan & Levy's Comedy Loft'' in [[Vineland, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news |author= Steve Trevelise |date= October 11, 2022 |title= SNL and Howard Stern Alumni Open Comedy Club in Vineland, NJ |url= https://nj1015.com/snl-and-howard-stern-alumni-open-comedy-club-in-vineland-nj/ |location= Trenton, New Jersey, United States |publisher= [[WKXW]] |access-date= December 18, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.kayceerays.com/brennanlevycomedyloft | title= Brennan & Levy's Comedy Loft: Kaycee Ray's | website= kayceerays.com |access-date = December 18, 2022 }}</ref>

Brennan announced his retirement from comedy on March 10, 2025 during his Misery Loves Company podcast.

==Comedic style==
Brennan's delivery has been described as "laid-back" and "[[Laconic phrase|laconic]]".<ref name=AUSTIN/> He is also known for [[insult comedy]] directed at members of the audience, and for jokes about racism, pedophilia and misogyny.<ref name=CTPOST/> As his podcast title ''Burning Bridges'' suggests, Brennan is also known for confrontational and untrue statements about other comedians and podcasters.<ref name=FORBES/> Brennan drew public criticism for his remarks about the unexpected death of ''[[Friends]]'' actor [[Matthew Perry]] on social media, in late October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2023/10/30/news/outrage-as-kevin-brennan-mocks-matthew-perrys-death/ |title=Ex-‘SNL’ writer Kevin Brennan mocks Matthew Perry’s death: ‘I do love it when junkies die’ |last=Koenig |first=Melissa |date=October 30, 2023 |access-date=October 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030153958/https://nypost.com/2023/10/30/news/outrage-as-kevin-brennan-mocks-matthew-perrys-death/ |archive-date=October 30, 2023}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Brennan is married and resides in [[New Jersey]].<ref name=CHICAGOREADER/> His youngest brother is [[Neal Brennan]], comedian and co-creator of ''[[Chappelle's Show]]''.<ref name=FORBES/>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" | 1998
| ''[[Half Baked]]''
| Pothead
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2008
| ''Turbocharge: The Unauthorized Story of The Cars''
| Alan Hunter
|
|
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" | 1990, 1992
| ''[[The Improv|An Evening at the Improv]]''
| Self
| Season 6, Episode 17 (October 20, 1990)
Season 9, Episode 2 (January 4, 1992)
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1994–2007
| ''[[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]]''
| Self
| Season 1, Episode 147 ''Pam Dawber/Dixie Carter/Kevin Brennan'' (April 21, 1994) 
Season 3, Episode 56 ''Garth Brooks/Kevin Brennan/Kimberly Williams'' (December 12, 1995) 
Season 5, Episode 89 ''Scott Wolf/Flea/Kevin Brennan'' (March 5, 1998) 
Season 6, Episode 34 ''Jennifer Love Hewitt/Marc Maron/Kevin Brennan'' (November 19, 1998) 
Season 10, Episode 4 ''Topher Grace/Jamie-Lynn Sigler/Kevin Brennan'' (September 6, 2002) 
Season 13, Episode 36 ''Reese Witherspoon/Jon Favreau/Kevin Brennan'' (November 15, 2005) 
Season 14, Episode 90 ''Serena Williams/Donal Logue/Kevin Brennan'' (February 1, 2007) 
Season 14, Episode 132 ''Kevin Brennan'' (April 23, 2007) 
Season 14, Episode 200 ''Kevin Brennan'' (September 4, 2007)
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1996
| ''[[Jeff Ross#Filmography|Tompkins Square]]''
| Self
| Season 1, Episode 2
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1997
| ''[[Late Night with David Letterman|Late Show with David Letterman]]''
| Self
| September 21, 1994; January 17, 1997
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1999
| ''[[Comedy Central Presents]]''
| Self
| Season 1, Episode 8 (January 19, 1999)
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2000
| ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| Self
| Season 25, Episode 14 ''Joshua Jackson/'N Sync'' (March 11, 2000)
Season 25, Episode 18 ''John Goodman/Neil Young'' (May 6, 2000)
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2002
| ''[[Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist]]''
| Ken ([[Voice acting|voice]])
| Season 6, Episode 17 (February 13, 2002)
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2003, 2005
| ''[[Last Call with Carson Daly]]''
| Self
| February 14, 2003; October 3, 2003; April 2, 2004; November 11, 2004; February 25, 2005; July 22, 2005
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2005
| ''[[One Night Stand (American TV series)|One Night Stand]]''
| Self
| Season 1, Episode 3 ''Kevin Brennan'' September 2, 2005
| <ref>{{cite news |title=''HBO One Night Stand Presents: Kevin Brennan'' |url=https://www.hbo.com/one-night-stand/season-1/3-one-night-stand-kevin-brennan |work=[[HBO]] |access-date=December 6, 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2009
| ''[[Just for Laughs]]''
| Self
| Season 1, Episode 4 ''Martin Short'' (October 19, 2009)
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2016, 2017
| ''[[Red Eye (talk show)|Red Eye w/ Tom Shillue]]''
| Self ([[Panel discussion|Panelist]])
| June 22, 2016; August 31, 2016; October 5, 2016; December 20, 2016; February 7, 2017; March 10, 2017; March 29, 2017
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2018
| ''[[WGN Morning News]]''
| Self
| August 17, 2018
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2018
| ''Porsalin''
| Self
| ''Almost Famous: A Kevin Brennan Documentary'' (March 27, 2021)
| <ref>{{cite news |date=March 27, 2021|title=''Almost Famous: A Kevin Brennan Documentary'' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jR87dcG8fEs |work=[[YouTube]] |access-date=December 6, 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
| ''[[Crashing (American TV series)|Crashing]]''
| Self
| Season 3, Episode 6 ''The Viewing Party'' (February 24, 2019)
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.kevinbrennan.com/}}
*{{IMDb name|id=0996057|name=Kevin Brennan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brennan, Kevin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:American comedy writers]]
[[Category:American male comedians]]
[[Category:American male television writers]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American comedy podcasters]]
[[Category:American stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:American television writers]]
[[Category:Archbishop John Carroll High School alumni]]
[[Category:Comedians from Chicago]]
[[Category:Comedians from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Comedians from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Writers from Chicago]]
[[Category:Writers from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sankt Pölten

2025-10-19T19:49:53Z

2601:14D:4A02:3210:2C40:7C8B:402F:D7AB: conflicting parameter

{{Short description|Capital city of Lower Austria}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sankt Pölten
| native_name = {{native name|bar|Sant Pödn}}
| settlement_type = [[Statutory city (Austria)|Statutory city]]

| image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center
| photo1a = 13-04-13-st-poelten-pathausplatz-714.jpg
| photo1b = 13-04-13-st-poelten-domplatz-318.jpg
| photo3b = 13-04-13-st-poelten-landhausviertel-607.jpg
| photo2a = Sankt Poelten.jpg
| photo3a = St. Poelten Rathaus 2.jpg
| size = 250
| spacing = 2
| color = #FFFFFF
| border = 0
| foot_montage = From top down, left to right: Rathausplatz with Franciscan Church and Monastery, [[Sankt Pölten Cathedral]], view of the city, City Hall, Lower Austrian Government Quarter}}
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Banner Sankt Poelten.svg
| image_shield = AUT Sankt Poelten COA.svg
| shield_size = 80x110px
| shield_link =

| pushpin_map = Austria Lower Austria#Austria
| pushpin_mapsize = 270
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Lower Austria##Location within Austria
| image_map = Karte A Noe P.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of St. Pölten within Lower Austria

| coordinates = {{Coord|48|12|00|N|15|37|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Austria}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of Austria|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Lower Austria}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[District (Austria)|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Statutory city (Austria)|Statutory city]]
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =

| leader_title = [[Burgomaster|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Matthias Stadler
| leader_party = {{Polparty|Austria| [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|SPÖ]] }}
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =

| area_footnotes = {{Austria population Wikidata|area_footnotes}}
| area_total_km2 = {{Austria population Wikidata|area_total_km2}}
| area_metro_km2 =
| elevation_m = 267
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| population_as_of = 2025
| population = 59767
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Population 01.01.2025 |url=https://www.statistik.at/statistiken/bevoelkerung-und-soziales/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand/bevoelkerung-zu-jahres-/-quartalsanfang|access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref>
| population_urban =
| population_metro =
| population_note =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| established_title =
| established_date =
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset = +1
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of Austria|P]]
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Austria|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 3100, 3104, 3105, 3106, 3107, 3108, 3140, 3151, 3385
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Austria|Area code]]
| area_code = 02742
| website = {{URL|www.st-poelten.gv.at}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sankt Pölten''' ({{IPA|de|zaŋkt ˈpœltn̩|-|De-at St Pölten.ogg}}; [[Central Bavarian]]: ''St. Pödn''), mostly abbreviated to the official name '''St. Pölten''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=LrNO&Gesetzesnummer=20000101|title=St. Pöltner Stadtrecht 1977|access-date=28 February 2015 }}</ref> is the capital and largest city of the [[States of Austria|State]] of [[Lower Austria]] in northeast Austria, with 59,767 inhabitants as of 1 January 2025. St. Pölten is a city with its own statute (or ''[[Statutarstadt]]'') and therefore it is both a municipality and a district in the ''[[Mostviertel]]''. Due to its cultural status, it has recently enjoyed an increase of visitors passing through Sankt Pölten on their way to Vienna.

==Geography==
The city lies on the [[Traisen (river)|Traisen]] river and is located north of the Alps and south of the [[Wachau]]. It is part of the ''Mostviertel'', the southwest region of Lower Austria.

===Subdistricts===

St Pölten is divided into the following subdistricts: Altmannsdorf, Dörfl at Ochsenburg, Eggendorf, Ganzendorf, Hafing, Harland, Hart, Kreisberg, Matzersdorf, Mühlgang, Nadelbach, Oberradlberg, Oberwagram, Oberzwischenbrunn, Ochsenburg, Pengersdorf, Pottenbrunn, Pummersdorf, Ragelsdorf, Ratzersdorf at the Traisen, Reitzersdorf, Schwadorf, Spratzern, St Georgen on the Steinfelde, St Pölten, Stattersdorf, Steinfeld, Teufelhof, Unterradlberg, Unterwagram, Unterzwischenbrunn, Viehofen, Völtendorf, Waitzendorf, Wasserburg, Weitern, Wetzersdorf, Windpassing, Witzendorf, Wolfenberg, Wörth and Zwerndorf.

=== Transport ===
The city's main railway station, [[St. Pölten Hauptbahnhof]], is located directly on the [[West railway (Austria)|West railway]] of the [[ÖBB]] and is also the terminus of the Leobersdorfer Railway, the [[Mariazellerbahn]], the regional railway to Tulln and the regional railway to [[Krems an der Donau|Krems]]. It is at the intersection of the [[Westautobahn|Western Motorway A1]] and the Kremser Speedway S33, and is traversed by the Vienna Road B1. St Pölten is a junction of the ''Wieselbus'' bus lines, which provides radial connections between the capital and the different regions of Lower Austria.

====In the city====
Between 1911 and 1976, a [[tram]]line operated in St Pölten. Today, a network of eleven bus lines operates at regular intervals within the city. Every summer, a free tourist train in the city centre connects the ancient parts of the city with the government district.

=== Climate ===
{{Weather box
|location = Sankt Pölten (1991–2020)
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 17.9
|Feb record high C = 19.2
|Mar record high C = 24.3
|Apr record high C = 30.9
|May record high C = 32.2
|Jun record high C = 37.7
|Jul record high C = 37.6
|Aug record high C = 38.2
|Sep record high C = 34.2
|Oct record high C = 28.0
|Nov record high C = 23.6
|Dec record high C = 16.4
|year record high C = 37.7
|Jan high C = 2.5
|Feb high C = 5.3
|Mar high C = 10.0
|Apr high C = 16.5
|May high C = 20.1
|Jun high C = 24.5
|Jul high C = 25.7
|Aug high C = 25.4
|Sep high C = 20.5
|Oct high C = 13.8
|Nov high C = 7.9
|Dec high C = 3.2
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 0.2
|Feb mean C = 1.7
|Mar mean C = 6.0
|Apr mean C = 11.0
|May mean C = 15.4
|Jun mean C = 19.0
|Jul mean C = 20.9
|Aug mean C = 20.6
|Sep mean C = 15.8
|Oct mean C = 10.5
|Nov mean C = 5.3
|Dec mean C = 1.0
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = -2.2
|Feb low C = -1.6
|Mar low C = 1.6
|Apr low C = 5.6
|May low C = 9.6
|Jun low C = 13.6
|Jul low C = 14.7
|Aug low C = 14.5
|Sep low C = 11.0
|Oct low C = 6.4
|Nov low C = 2.6
|Dec low C = -1.2
|year low C =
|Jan record low C = -22.1
|Feb record low C = -20.7
|Mar record low C = -23.1
|Apr record low C = -4.3
|May record low C = 0.6
|Jun record low C = 2.9
|Jul record low C = 6.8
|Aug record low C = 7.0
|Sep record low C = 1.1
|Oct record low C = -6.9
|Nov record low C = -13.4
|Dec record low C = -20.0
|year record low C = -23.1
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 31.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 25.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 45.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 45.4
|May precipitation mm = 93.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 105.7
|Jul precipitation mm = 102.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 101.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 74.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 50.9
|Nov precipitation mm = 41.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 33.7
|year precipitation mm =
|Jan snow cm = 16
|Feb snow cm = 17
|Mar snow cm = 8
|Apr snow cm = 2
|May snow cm = 0
|Jun snow cm = 0
|Jul snow cm = 0
|Aug snow cm = 0
|Sep snow cm = 0
|Oct snow cm = 0
|Nov snow cm = 6
|Dec snow cm = 14
|year snow cm = 64
|time day = 14:00
|Jan humidity = 78.3
|Feb humidity = 69.4
|Mar humidity = 60.0
|Apr humidity = 52.2
|May humidity = 55.2
|Jun humidity = 55.2
|Jul humidity = 54.3
|Aug humidity = 54.2
|Sep humidity = 60.0
|Oct humidity = 68.4
|Nov humidity = 77.6
|Dec humidity = 80.6
|year humidity =
|Jan sun = 60.0
|Feb sun = 92.0
|Mar sun = 146.3
|Apr sun = 203.0
|May sun = 230.9
|Jun sun = 243.7
|Jul sun = 253.3
|Aug sun = 251.7
|Sep sun = 179.6
|Oct sun = 123.8
|Nov sun = 62.6
|Dec sun = 50.3
|year sun =
|Jan percentsun = 23.2
|Feb percentsun = 33.1
|Mar percentsun = 40.4
|Apr percentsun = 50.3
|May percentsun = 50.1
|Jun percentsun = 52.0
|Jul percentsun = 53.7
|Aug percentsun = 58.1
|Sep percentsun = 48.7
|Oct percentsun = 38.0
|Nov percentsun = 23.9
|Dec percentsun = 20.6
|year percentsun =
|source 1 = [[Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics]] (snowfall 1981-2010)<ref name="Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics">
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605200319/https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_klimauebersichten/copy_of_klimanormalperiode_19912020.xlsx |archive-date=5 June 2023 |url=https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_klimauebersichten/copy_of_klimanormalperiode_19912020.xlsx |title=Klimamittelwerte 1991–2020 |publisher=Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics |language=de |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref name =ZAMGsnow>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141229003014/http://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_ip-klimawandel/daten-download/klimamittel/klimamittel-schnee
| archive-date = 29 December 2014
| url = https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_ip-klimawandel/daten-download/klimamittel-schnee
| title = Klimamittel 1981–2010: Schnee
| language = de
| publisher = Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics
| access-date = 24 November 2019}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
|location = Sankt Pölten (1971–2000)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|collapsed = yes
|Jan record high C = 16.2
|Feb record high C = 19.2
|Mar record high C = 25.6
|Apr record high C = 27.3
|May record high C = 30.8
|Jun record high C = 34.9
|Jul record high C = 37.0
|Aug record high C = 38.2
|Sep record high C = 33.8
|Oct record high C = 26.9
|Nov record high C = 23.4
|Dec record high C = 14.6
|year record high C = 38.2
|Jan high C = 1.8
|Feb high C = 4.0
|Mar high C = 9.7
|Apr high C = 14.5
|May high C = 20.3
|Jun high C = 22.8
|Jul high C = 25.0
|Aug high C = 25.1
|Sep high C = 20.1
|Oct high C = 14.0
|Nov high C = 6.5
|Dec high C = 3.0
|year high C = 13.9
|Jan mean C = −1.0
|Feb mean C = 0.4
|Mar mean C = 4.7
|Apr mean C = 8.9
|May mean C = 14.3
|Jun mean C = 17.2
|Jul mean C = 19.1
|Aug mean C = 18.9
|Sep mean C = 14.5
|Oct mean C = 9.1
|Nov mean C = 3.5
|Dec mean C = 0.4
|year mean C = 9.2
|Jan low C = −3.3
|Feb low C = −2.3
|Mar low C = 1.1
|Apr low C = 4.4
|May low C = 9.2
|Jun low C = 12.3
|Jul low C = 14.1
|Aug low C = 14.0
|Sep low C = 10.6
|Oct low C = 5.9
|Nov low C = 1.3
|Dec low C = −1.7
|year low C = 5.5
|Jan record low C = −22.1
|Feb record low C = −20.7
|Mar record low C = −23.1
|Apr record low C = −4.8
|May record low C = −0.9
|Jun record low C = 2.4
|Jul record low C = 6.8
|Aug record low C = 5.6
|Sep record low C = 1.3
|Oct record low C = −6.9
|Nov record low C = −13.4
|Dec record low C = −20.0
|year record low C = −23.1
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 29.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 31.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 42.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 53.4
|May precipitation mm = 73.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 82.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 88.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 75.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 56.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 38.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 48.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 38.6
|year precipitation mm = 659.0
|Jan snow cm = 18.1
|Feb snow cm = 16.5
|Mar snow cm = 10.1
|Apr snow cm = 4.0
|May snow cm = 0.0
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jul snow cm = 0.0
|Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 0.1
|Nov snow cm = 7.4
|Dec snow cm = 17.1
|year snow cm = 73.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 7.2
|Feb precipitation days = 7.2
|Mar precipitation days = 7.9
|Apr precipitation days = 8.5
|May precipitation days = 9.2
|Jun precipitation days = 10.5
|Jul precipitation days = 10.7
|Aug precipitation days = 9.0
|Sep precipitation days = 7.6
|Oct precipitation days = 6.5
|Nov precipitation days = 9.0
|Dec precipitation days = 8.1
|year precipitation days = 101.4
|time day = 14:00
|Jan humidity = 76.7
|Feb humidity = 69.1
|Mar humidity = 58.0
|Apr humidity = 52.5
|May humidity = 50.7
|Jun humidity = 53.8
|Jul humidity = 52.7
|Aug humidity = 51.1
|Sep humidity = 57.4
|Oct humidity = 63.8
|Nov humidity = 75.7
|Dec humidity = 79.2
|year humidity = 61.7
|Jan sun = 55.2
|Feb sun = 87.4
|Mar sun = 129.7
|Apr sun = 168.8
|May sun = 224.6
|Jun sun = 221.9
|Jul sun = 234.9
|Aug sun = 232.5
|Sep sun = 165.8
|Oct sun = 118.3
|Nov sun = 58.8
|Dec sun = 45.4
|year sun = 1743.3
|Jan percentsun = 22.3
|Feb percentsun = 33.6
|Mar percentsun = 38.7
|Apr percentsun = 44.4
|May percentsun = 50.7
|Jun percentsun = 49.3
|Jul percentsun = 51.4
|Aug percentsun = 55.5
|Sep percentsun = 47.6
|Oct percentsun = 38.6
|Nov percentsun = 23.2
|Dec percentsun = 19.3
|year percentsun = 39.6
|source 1 = [[Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics]]<ref name = ZAMG>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191012234750/http://www.zamg.ac.at/fix/klima/oe71-00/klima2000/klimadaten_oesterreich_1971_frame1.htm
| archive-date = 12 October 2019
| url = http://www.zamg.ac.at/fix/klima/oe71-00/klima2000/klimadaten_oesterreich_1971_frame1.htm
| title = Klimadaten von Österreich 1971–2000 – Niederösterreich-St. Pölten
| language = de
| publisher = Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics
| access-date = 24 November 2019}}</ref>
}}

== History ==
The oldest part of the city is built on the site of the ancient [[Roman Empire|Roman]] city of ''Aelium Cetium'' that existed between the 2nd and the 4th century AD. A [[Benedictine]] monastery was founded in 791;<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fasching|first=Heinrich|title=Dom und Stift St. Pölten und ihre Kunstschätze|publisher=Verlag Niederösterr. Pressehaus|year=1985|isbn=3853267270|location=Leinen|pages=19}}</ref> in the year 799, it was called ''Treisma''. St Pölten did not become a town until 1050, and officially became a city in 1169. Until 1494, St Pölten was part of the [[diocese of Passau]], and then became the property of the state. In 1081 it hosted the [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] ''Chorherren'', and in 1784 their ''[[Prince of the church|Kollegiatsstift]]'' closed. Since 1785, this building has hosted the cathedral of St Pölten. The city replaced [[Vienna]] as the capital of Lower Austria with a resolution by the Lower Austrian parliament on 10 July 1986. The Lower Austrian government has been hosted in St Pölten since 1997.

The name ''Sankt Pölten'' is derived from St. [[Hippolytus of Rome]] (a [[martyr]]ed early [[Church Father]]). The city was renamed to ''Sankt Hippolyt'', then [[Clipping (morphology)|clipped]] to ''St Polyt'', and finally ''St Pölten''.

== Politics ==
[[File:Stp-politics.png|thumb|240 px|Municipal council and City's senate (Outdated as of 2021)]]

=== Municipal council ===
The municipal council (''Gemeinderat'') consists of 45 members. Since the 2021 local elections, it is made up of the following parties:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gemeinderatswahlen St. Pölten - Land Niederösterreich |url=https://www.noe.gv.at/noe/Wahlen/GemeinderatswahlenStPoelten.html |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=www.noe.gv.at |language=de}}</ref>

* [[Social Democratic Party of Austria]] (SPÖ): 25 seats
* [[Austrian People's Party]] (ÖVP): 10 seats
* [[Freedom Party of Austria]] (FPÖ): 3 seats
* [[The Greens (Austria)|The Greens - The Green Alternative]] (GRÜNE): 3 seats
* [[NEOS (Austria)|NEOS - The New Austria and Liberal Forum]] (NEOS): 1 seat

The current mayor of the city, Matthias Stadler, was first elected by the municipal council in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bürgermeister – St. Pölten |url=https://www.st-poelten.at/gv-buergerservice/politik/buergermeister |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=www.st-poelten.at}}</ref>

=== City's senate ===
[[File:St. Poelten Rathaus 2.jpg|thumb|The town hall]]
The City's senate (''Stadtsenat'') consists of 13 members. It is chaired by the mayor. The other members—two vice-mayors and eleven town councillors—are appointed by the municipal council, with party affiliations according to the election results.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stadtsenat – St. Pölten |url=https://www.st-poelten.at/gv-buergerservice/politik/stadtsenat |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=www.st-poelten.at}}</ref>

* Mayor Matthias Stadler (SPÖ)
* Deputy Mayor Harald Ludwig (SPÖ)
* Deputy Mayor Matthias Adl (ÖVP)
* Councillor: Ewald Buschenreiter (SPÖ)
* Councillor: Dietmar Fenz (SPÖ)
* Councillor: Renate Gamsjäger (SPÖ)
* Councillor: Heinz Hauptmann (SPÖ)
* Councillor: Ingrid Heihs (SPÖ)
* Councillor: Walter Hobiger (SPÖ)
* Councillor: Gabriele Vavra (SPÖ)
* Councillor: Mario Burger (ÖVP)
* Councillor: Florian Krumböck (ÖVP)
* Councillor: Klaus Otzelberger (FPÖ)
* Councillor: Christina Engel-Unterberger (GRÜNE)

[[File:Seal of Sankt Pölten.png|thumb|120px|The city's Seal]]

=== Coat of arms, colours and seals ===
The [[coat of arms|arms]]' [[blazon]] is silver and azure; on the right a fess gules, on the left a [[wolf]] rampant silver langued gules and armed Or.

The colours of the city are red and yellow. The seal of the city contains its coat of arms surrounded by the text '''Landeshauptstadt St. Pölten'''. The administration's seal of the magistrate also contains the city's coat of arms with the text '''Magistrat der Stadt St. Pölten'''.

==Economy==
As of 15 May 2001, 40,041 people worked in 2,711 companies in the city. 23 of those companies are large-scale enterprises with more than 200 employees each.

=== Media ===
Several media companies are based in St Pölten. These are "@cetera", a literary-cultural magazine; "City-Flyer", an online magazine describing the cultural offerings of the city, which is published on paper monthly; "Campus Radio", a radio station from the University of Applied Sciences; "HiT FM", a radio station broadcasting in Lower Austria; "LetHereBeRock", an online youth magazine about the alternative rock scene; ''[[Niederösterreichische Nachrichten|NÖN]]'', a Lower Austrian newspaper; the [[ORF (broadcaster)|Austrian Broadcasting Corporation]] for Lower Austria; and the local television channel "P3tv".

=== Large-scale enterprises ===
The largest companies based in St Pölten are the furniture producer Leiner, the paper manufacturer Salzer, and the family owned engineering conglomerate [[Voith]].

=== Transport ===
The nearest airport is [[Vienna Airport]], which is located {{convert|87|km|0|abbr=on}} southeast of St Pölten. It can easily be accessed by train operated by [[Railjet]] and road.

== Public facilities ==

=== Educational facilities ===
* ''Bundesgymnasium'' and ''Bundesrealgymnasium'' St. Pölten<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgstpoelten.ac.at/ |title=Home |website=bgstpoelten.ac.at}}</ref> (public [[gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]])
* Public educational facility for kindergarten pedagogy and social pedagogy
* Public economics school and economics academy
* ''[[Realschule|Bundesreal]]- and Bundesoberstufenrealgymnasium'' (BORG) Schulring (public high-level gymnasium)
* [[St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences]] (fields: computer simulation, media management, social work, telecommunication and media)
* Public higher educational facility for professions in economics and school for social professions
* Public higher technical educational facility and laboratory (fields: EDP and organisation, electronics, electrical engineering, machine engineering, economic engineering) with [[Fachhochschule|university of applied sciences]] for machine construction
* New Design University (interior architecture and graphics design)
* Lower Austrian state academy
* Philosophical-theological university
* [[Folk high school]]
* Lower Austrian institute for promotion of economy development (''WIFI'')

=== Leisure and sports sites ===
[[File:St. Pölten Luftbild.jpg|thumb|Aerial photo]]
[[File:St. Pölten - Fußballstation.JPG|thumb|NV Arena]]
Swimming is available at Aquacity (indoor [[swimming pool]]), the St. Pölten outdoor swimming pool and Ratzersdorf Lake (a bathing pond where a [[nudism|nudist]] beach, [[beach volleyball]], and [[miniature golf]] are available). For fitness training there is the ''City-Treff - Pueblo'', the ''Lifeline'', the ''Reebok'' and the ''Seepark''. In addition, the city has:
* [[American football]] Club - St. Pölten Invaders
* [[Badminton]] Club
* [[Country club|Golf club]] St. Pölten
* [[Skittles (sport)|Skittles]] at the leisure park Megafun
* [[Miniature golf]] at the Tennis-Allround Center
* [[Model aircraft]] airport of the ''BSV VOITH''
* [[Equestrianism|Riding club]] St. Pölten-Wagram
* [[Shooting range]] of the private ''Schützenkompagnie''
* [[Skatepark]]
* [[Gliding]] club St. Pölten

St Pölten hosts a primary base of the Lower Austrian state sports school.

==== Tennis ====
Every year in the third week of May an [[ATP 250]] tournament takes place in St Pölten. There are multiple local tennis stadiums, including the Arena im Aufeld, the tennis centre Allround, the tennis courts by the local ice sport association 1872, the courts in St. Georgen, the courts at the Ratzersdorfer Pond, the courts in the Lower Austrian state sports school and the courts of the leisure park Megafun.

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Austria}}

===Twin towns – Sister cities===

St Pölten is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with the following cities:<ref name="Staedtepartnerschaften">{{cite web
| url = https://www.st-poelten.at/kultur/kulturservice/internationale-kontakte/8551-staedtepartnerschaften
| title = Städtepartnerschaften
| publisher = Sankt Pölten city
| language = de
}}</ref>

* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Altoona, Pennsylvania|Altoona]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States|USA]], (since 2000) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sister City program still alive {{!}} News, Sports, Jobs - Altoona Mirror|url=https://www.altoonamirror.com/news/local-news/2018/03/sister-city-program-still-alive/|access-date=2020-06-11|language=en-US}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Brno]], Czech Republic, (since 1990) <ref name="Brno twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en&nav01=2222&nav02=1249|title=City of Brno Foreign Relations - Statutory city of Brno|year=2003|publisher=City of Brno|language=cs|access-date=6 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115084015/http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en&nav01=2222&nav02=1249|archive-date=15 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Brno">{{cite web|url=http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|title=Brno - Partnerská města|date=2006–2009|publisher=City of Brno|language=cs|access-date=17 July 2009}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine|Clichy]], [[Hauts-de-Seine]], [[Île-de-France]], France, (since 1968)
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Heidenheim an der Brenz|Heidenheim]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], Germany, (since 1967)
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kurashiki]], Japan, (since 1957)
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Wuhan]], China, (since 2005)

== Culture and objects of interest ==
[[File:13-04-13-st-poelten-domplatz-315a.jpg|thumb|[[Sankt Pölten Cathedral]]]]
[[File:13-04-13-st-poelten-landhausviertel-574.jpg|thumb|State administrative building]]
[[File:13-04-13-st-poelten-landhausviertel-516.jpg|thumb|Theatre]]
[[File:13-04-13-st-poelten-landhausviertel-510.jpg|thumb|State Museum]]
[[File:13-04-13-st-poelten-landhausviertel-526.jpg|thumb|upright|Klangturm]]
[[File:13-04-13-st-poelten-landhausviertel-548.jpg|thumb|upright|State Library]]

=== Theatres ===
* Lower Austrian state theatre
* Bühne im Hof
* [[Festspielhaus St. Pölten]]

=== Museums ===
* Diocese museum St. Pölten
* Museum im Hof
* Lower Austrian state museum
* Lower Austrian documentation institute for modern art
* Private museum "Wilhelmsburger ornament and utensil dishes"
* City museum St. Pölten

=== Others ===
* Repertory theatre Cinema Paradiso
* Former [[synagogue]]
* ''Klangturm'' (tower), the city's landmark
* ''Stadtsäle'' (public event hall)
* Youth culture hall ''frei.raum''
* VAZ (Veranstaltungszentrum, event-centre)
* ''Underground'', a pub in the inner city
* [[Tonkünstler Orchestra]]
* [[Business Center Niederösterreich]]
* ''Apotheke zum goldenen Löwen'' (pharmacy since 1545), oldest shop in town, famous [[baroque]] facing

=== Regular events ===
* ATP tennis tournament
* Cinema at the cathedral (''Film am Dom'')
* Capital city festival
* International culture and film festival
* Parliament festival
* St Pölten festival weeks "''Klangweile''"
* St Pölten ''Höfefest''
* [[FM4 Frequency Festival]]
* Pro Golf Tour tournament

== Notable people ==
{{Category see also|People from Sankt Pölten}}
[[File:Julius-Raab-1961.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Julius Raab]], 1961]]
* [[Jakob Prandtauer]] (1660–1726), Austrian Baroque architect, died locally
* [[Ernst Stöhr]] (1860–1917), painter, graphic artist, writer and founding member of the [[Vienna Secession]]
* [[Julius Raab]], (1891–1964), conservative politician, [[Chancellor of Austria]], 1953–1961
* [[Walter Fischer (politician)|Walter Fischer]] (1901–1978), medical doctor, journalist, radio broadcaster, poet and resistance fighter
* [[Maria Emhart]] (1901–1981), resistance activist, survived the Hitler years and became a national politician (SPÖ)
* [[Otto Demus]] (1902–1990), art historian and Byzantinist; member of the [[Vienna School of Art History]]
* [[Walter Graf (musicologist)|Walter Graf]] (1903–1982), musicologist
* [[Heinrich Maier]] (1908–1945), priest and resistance fighter against Nazi Germany, attended local gymnasium
* [[Bernhard Wicki]] (1919–2000), Austrian-Swiss actor, film director and screenwriter
* [[Karl Österreicher]] (1923–1995), conductor, music educator, died locally
* [[Peter Minich]] (1927–2013), stage actor who became a tenor performing in operas, operettas and musical films
* [[Jörg Demus]], (1928–2019), Austrian classical pianist
* [[Lolita (Austrian singer)|Lolita]] (1931–2010), singer and actress
* [[Erwin Leder]], (born 1951), actor e.g. ''[[Das Boot]]'' & ''[[Underworld (2003 film)|Underworld]]''
* [[Alfred Gusenbauer]], (born 1960), politician (SPÖ) and former [[Chancellor of Austria]], 2007/2008
* [[:de:Martin Fiala (Komponist)|Martin Fiala, (DE Wiki)]] (born 1961), Austrian composer
* [[Oliver Stummvoll]] (born 1995), model
* [[The Clairvoyants]] (founded 2011), (Thommy Ten and Amélie van Tass) magician and [[Mentalism|mentalist]] duo

=== Sport ===
* [[Franz Binder]] (1911–1989), footballer and coach; played 242 games and 28 for [[Austria national football team|Austria]] & [[Germany national football team|Germany]]
* [[Karl Daxbacher]] (born 1953), football manager and player; played 393 games for [[FK Austria Wien]] & 6 for [[Austria national football team|Austria]]
* [[Jochen Fallmann]] (born 1979), football coach and a former player who played over 450 games
* [[Markus Wagesreiter]] (born 1982), handball player who has played 134 games for [[Austria men's national handball team|Austria]]
* [[Lukas Mössner]] (born 1984), footballer who played over 370 games
* [[Maria Gstöttner]] (born 1984), football striker, played 467 games for [[SV Neulengbach]] and also for [[Austria women's national football team|Austria women]]
* [[Benjamin Karl]] (born 1985), snowboarder with medals from three Winter Olympics

== Literature ==
* Klaus Nüchtern: ''Kleines Gulasch in St. Pölten'' (German): {{ISBN|3-85439-306-7}}
* Thomas Karl: ''St. Pölten – Ein Wandel durch die Zeit'' (German): {{ISBN|3-89702-641-4}}
* Otto Kapfinger, Michaela Steiner: St. Pölten neu (German): {{ISBN|3-211-82954-7}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|St. Pölten}}
{{wikivoyage|St. Pölten}}
* {{Official website|https://www.st-poelten.at/}} {{in lang|en}}
* {{Official website|www.bgstpoelten.ac.at|name=Official website of BG/BRG St.Pölten}}

{{Principal cities of Austria}}
{{Lower Austria}}
{{Austrian Seats}}
{{List of European capitals by region}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sankt Polten}}
[[Category:Sankt Pölten| ]]
[[Category:Austrian state capitals]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lower Austria]]

Zibelthiurdos

2025-10-19T17:30:38Z

2601:14D:4A02:3210:2C40:7C8B:402F:D7AB:

{{short description|Thracian god of storm and lightning}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
[[File:Iambadoule.jpg|thumb|right|Photo of an epigraphic dedication to Zberthourdos ([[sic]]) and Iambadoule.]]

'''Zibelthiurdos''' is a [[Thracian religion|Thracian]] [[Sky deity|god of heaven]], [[Storm deity|lightning and rain]], whose name is known mainly from epigraphic monuments. The only known reference to this god so far in ancient literature is in [[Cicero]]'s speech against Pizon, where he is mentioned under the name ''Jovi Vrii'' (''Iuppiter Urius'').{{sfn|Cicero}}{{sfn|Tomaschek|1893a|p=62}} According to Cicero, Jupiter Urius had the most ancient and venerated of the barbarian temples, which was sacked by invading armies and resulted in diseases from which those afflicted never recovered.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

There is not enough information to draw clear conclusions about his cult, worship, or functions. The preserved images give reason to connect Zibelthiurdos with the ancient Greek God [[Zeus]] the Thunderer; he is depicted holding a lightning bolt in his raised right hand, and to his right an eagle with wings spread out. Some scholars consider Thracian Zbelsourdos as an equivalent and partially linguistic cognate of [[Getae|Getic]] [[Gebeleizis]] and [[Albanian paganism|Albanian]] [[Shurdh]], all theonyms used to refer to the Indo-European sky and weather god.

==Names and epigraphy==
In the epigraphic evidence, the deity's name is attested in 12 documents, alternatively written as ''Zbelthiourdes'', ''Zbelthourdos'', ''Zbelsourdos'' or ''Zbersurdos'', ''Zbeltiurdus'', ''Svelsurdus''.{{sfn|Popov|2009|p=23}}

Orientalist [[Wilhelm Tomaschek]] reported three Thracian inscriptions:{{sfn|Tomaschek|1893b|p=60}}

* a dedication from [[Moesia]] made by a Mucaporis to a Διί Ζβελθιούρδῳ;
* an inscription in Skopia to a DEO ZBELTHIURDO;
* an inscription from [[Perinthus]] to a Διί Ζιβελσούρδῳ.

According to epigraphic evidence, the name of Greek god [[Zeus]] is found in Thracian inscriptions associated with ''Zbelthiurdos'' and variations: Zbelturd, Zbelsurd, Zbeltiurd, Zpelturd. This combination is believed to attest a syncretism between the Greek deity and a local Thracian god of thunder and lightning.{{sfn|Kovachev|1997|pp=119–120}}{{sfn|Popov|2009|p=25}}

==Etymology==
His name speculatively means "Lightning Carrier" or "Thunderer",{{sfn|Popov|2009|p=24}} but it is uncertain whether Zibelthiurdos is his name or an epithet. Dimitar Detschew supposed that Zbelturdos and variations are epithets of the Thracian reflex of the [[Proto-Indo-European mythology|Proto-Indo-European]] sky-god ''[[*Dyēus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Dimitar |last=Detschev |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut archéologique |volume=18 |date=1952 |page=50 |title=Une triade familiale, dans la religion des Thraces |lang=BG}}</ref>

Tomaschek interpreted that ''Zibel-'' and ''Zbel-'' were the same word, although he believed the former to be the older form (cf. Thracian king Ζιβέλμιος, or [[Ziselmius|Zibelmios]]).{{sfn|Tomaschek|1893c|p=61}} He also derived ''Zbel-'' from a [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European stem]] ''*ģʰeib-'' "light, lightning".{{sfn|Tomaschek|1893c|p=61}}{{sfn|Eliade|1970|pp=58–60}} Also the Getic theonym ''[[Gebeleizis]]'' has been explained as a compound of ''gebele'' and ''zis''; ''gebele'' probably is from the same PIE root {{lang|ine-x-proto|ģʰeib-}}; ''zis'' is a reflex of the PIE day-light-sky god [[*Dyēus]], the same as Messapic [[Zis (deity)|Zis]] (cognate and equivalent of the Greek [[Zeus]]). The Thracian theonym Zibelthiurdos or Zbelsurdos appears to contain the same PIE root, but with a different phonetic development – ''zebele'' instead of ''gebele''.{{sfn|Eliade|1970|pp=58–60}} The second part of the theonym ''Zbelsurdos'', ''surdos'', has been equated with the [[Albanian language|Albanian]] theonym ''[[Shurdh]]'' used in some regions of northern [[Albania]] to refer to the [[Zojz (deity)|weather god]], worshiped until the 20th century and presumably preserved since [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] times.{{sfn|Treimer|1971|pp=31–33}}{{sfn|Elsie|2001|p=238}}{{sfn|Lurker|2004|p=172}} This term has been interpreted as meaning either "water donor"{{sfn|Treimer|1971|pp=31–33}} or "bellow, hum".{{sfn|Eliade|1970|pp=58–60}}

In another line of scholarship, Dimitar Detschew assumed that the particles ''Zber-'' and ''Zbel-'' derived from a [[Proto-Indo-European]] stem ''*ģwer-'' 'briller, éclairer'.<ref name=Detschev>{{Cite journal |first=Dimitar |last=Detschev |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut archéologique |volume=18 |date=1952 |page=50 |title=Une triade familiale, dans la religion des Thraces |lang=BG}}</ref> Furthermore, if the second part of the original form of the Thracian theonym was ''thiurdos'', ''thurdos'', etc. instead of ''surdos'', another etymology has been proposed: derived from a stem ''*twer''/''*tur'' 'to have', while ''*dho'' would indicate a nomen agentis suffix. In this view ''Zbelthiurdos'' would mean 'he who has the lightning'.<ref name=Detschev/>

=== Related words ===
Per Tomaschek, further descendants of ''*ģʰeib-'' would include [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] ''žaibas'' "lightning", verb ''žibėti'' "to shine, to glow", and possibly [[Croatian language|Croatian]] ''zúblja'' "torch" and [[Slovene language|Slovene]] ''zubelj'' "flame".{{sfn|Tomaschek|1893c|p=61}} In the same vein, Bulgarian linguist [[Vladimir I. Georgiev]] proposed a connection to Lithuanian ''Žiburys'' 'light, torch'.<ref>Georgiev, Vladimir I.. "Thrakisch und Dakisch". Band 29/2. Teilband Sprache und Literatur (Sprachen und Schriften [Forts.]), edited by Wolfgang Haase, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1983. p. 1207. {{doi|10.1515/9783110847031-016}}</ref><ref>Georgiev, Vladimir I.. "Thrakisch und Dakisch". Band 29/2. Teilband Sprache und Literatur (Sprachen und Schriften [Forts.]), edited by Wolfgang Haase, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1983. p. 1158. {{doi|10.1515/9783110847031-015}}</ref>

Bulgarian linguist {{ill|Ivan Duridanov|bg|Иван Дуриданов}} indicated the word ''Zbel-'' is related to [[Latvian language|Latvian]] ''zibele'' "lightning".{{sfn|Duridanov|1985|p=69}}

==Cultic locales==

Zibelthiurdos shrines have been found near the village of [[Golemo Selo]] in the [[Kyustendil Region]] – an area inhabited by the Thracian [[Dentheletae|Dentellets]] tribe – as well as near Kapitan Dimitrievo village in the [[Pazardzhik Province]]. His image was discovered in a relief from the [[Esquiline Hill]], where he is depicted along with Yambadula (or [[Iambadoule]]), a figure of an unclear nature.{{sfn|Puhvel|1957|p=446.}}

At least three inscriptions to deity ''Zbeltiurdus'' were found in the ancient [[Dardani]]an territory: one in [[Kaçanik]], another in Ljubanac (near Skopje), and the third in Dovezenac, near [[Kumanovo|Kumanovë]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Vjerovanja i štovanje bogova u predkršćanskoj Dardaniji |trans-title=Cults and Beliefs in Pre-Christian Dardania |first=Naser |last=Ferri |publisher=Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine |journal=Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja |date=2012 |issue=41 |page=138 and footnote nr. 23 |lang=Bosnian |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=157357}}</ref>

==Other uses==
The [[Zbelsurd Glacier]] of [[Antarctica]] is named after the god.

==See also==
* [[Gebeleizis]]
* [[Shurdhi]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|35em}}
*{{cite web
| title = Latin Texts and Translations
| last = Cicero
| website = In Pisonem
| publisher = University of Chicago
| url = http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Cic.%20Pis.%2085
| access-date = 1 December 2019
| archive-date = 24 December 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224023910/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Cic.%20Pis.%2085
| url-status = dead
}}
*{{cite book| title = Die Sprache der Thraker
| trans-title = The language of the Thracians
| last = Duridanov | first = Ivan | year = 1985
| publisher = Hieronymus Verlag
| volume = 5 | series = Bulgarische Sammlung
| page = 69
| language = de
| isbn = 3-88893-031-6
}}
*{{cite book|last=Eliade|first=Mircea|author-link=Mircea Eliade|title=De Zalmoxis à Gengis-Khan: études comparatives sur les religions et le folklore de la Dacie et de l'Europe orientale|publisher=Payot|year=1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m14AAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book
| title = A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture
| last = Elsie
| first = Robert
| publisher = C. Hurst & Co. Publishers
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=N_IXHrXIsYkC&pg=PA238
| date = January 2001
| isbn = 978-1-85065-570-1
}}
*{{Cite journal
| title = Ancient Cults in the Sliven Area in the 2nd - 3rd Century
| last = Kovachev
| first = Georgi
| journal = Bulgarian Historical Review
| via = [[Central and Eastern European Online Library]]
| year = 1997
| volume = 4
| pages = 111–133
| url = https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=546805
}}
*{{cite book
| title = The Routledge dictionary of gods and goddesses, devils and demons
| last = Lurker
| first = Manfred
| year = 2004
| publisher = Psychology Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Vtj0wSsw1JcC&dq=Shurdi+%2B+Illyrian&pg=PA172
| isbn = 978-0-415-34018-2
}}
*{{Cite journal
| title = Le Dieu Supreme des Thraces. Incarnations et Identifications, Traductions - Notations et Noms - Appellations
| trans-title = The Supreme God of the Thracians. Embodiments and Identifications, Translations – Notations and Names – Appellations
| last = Popov
| first = Dimitar
| journal = Thracia
| via = [[Central and Eastern European Online Library]]
| date = 2009
| volume = 18
| pages = 15–33
| language = fr
| url = https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=871733
}}
*{{Cite journal | title = Reviewed Work: Die thrakischen Sprachreste by Dimiter Detschew
| last = Puhvel | first = Jaan
| journal = Language
| year = 1957 | volume = 33 | number = 3 | page = 446
| doi = 10.2307/411167
| jstor = 411167 }}
*{{Cite book
| title = Die Alten Thraker. Eine ethnologische Untersuchung
| trans-title = The Ancient Thracians. An ethnological study
| last = Tomaschek
| first = Wilhelm
| year = 1893a
| publisher = Tempsky
| location = Vienna
| volume = II
| page = 62
| language = de
| url = https://archive.org/details/DieAltenThraker/page/n191/mode/1up
| via = [[Internet Archive]]
}}
*{{Cite book
| title = Die Alten Thraker. Eine ethnologische Untersuchung
| trans-title = The Ancient Thracians. An ethnological study
| last = Tomaschek
| first = Wilhelm
| year = 1893b
| publisher = Tempsky
| location = Vienna
| volume = II
| page = 60
| language = de
| url = https://archive.org/details/DieAltenThraker/page/n188/mode/1up
| via = [[Internet Archive]]
}}
*{{Cite book
| title = Die Alten Thraker. Eine ethnologische Untersuchung
| trans-title = The Ancient Thracians. An ethnological study
| last = Tomaschek
| first = Wilhelm
| year = 1893c
| publisher = Tempsky
| location = Vienna
| volume = II
| page = 61
| language = de
| url = https://archive.org/details/DieAltenThraker/page/n189/mode/1up
| via = [[Internet Archive]]
}}
*{{cite book
| chapter = Zur Rückerschliessung der illyrischen Götterwelt und ihre Bedeutung für die südslawische Philologie
| trans-chapter = On the re-development of the Illyrian world of gods and their importance for South Slavic philology
| last = Treimer
| first = Karl
| year = 1971
| title = Arhiv za Arbanasku starinu, jezik i etnologiju
| trans-title = Archive for Arbanian antiquity, language and ethnology
| editor-last = Barić
| editor-first = Henrik
| publisher = R. Trofenik
| volume = I
| pages = 27–33
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dTIBAAAAMAAJ
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Georgieff, Dimitar (2017). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320083166_The_mysterious_goddess_Iambadule_and_her_consort_god_Sbelsurd The mysterious goddess Iambadule and her consort god Sbelsurd]". 10.13140/RG.2.2.10621.87524.
* {{cite journal |first=K. |last=Vlahov |title=Die thrakischen Gottheiten Zberthourdos, Iambadoula und Asdoula |journal=Bulgarian Historical Review |volume=8 |date=1980 |pages=90-96 |lang=DE}}
* {{ill|Попов, Димитър|bg|Димитър Попов (историк)}} [Popov, Dimitar]. "[http://digilib.nalis.bg/dspviewerb/srv/image_singpdff/89b48411-d7e4-466e-b6a4-089c789903fb Збелсурд]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}" [Sbelsurd]. In: Годишник на Софийския университет "Св. Кл. Охридски": Исторически факултет, специалност Етнология [ANNUAIRE DE L'UNIVERSITE DE SOFIA "ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI", FACULTE D'HISTOIRE – STUDIA ETHNOLOGICA]. Tom 2. София: Университетско издателство "Св. Кл. Охридски", 2012. pp. 113-120. {{ISSN|1312-9406}}.
; Archeology:
* {{cite journal |last=Dobruna-Salihu |first=Exhlale |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=70063 |title=ALTARI I PABOTUAR I PERËNDISË ZBELTIURD NGA KOSOVA DHE PËRKUSHTIMET E TJERA NË DARDANI |trans-title=UNPUBLISHED ALTAR OF THE DEITY ZBELTIURD FROM KOSOVA AND OTHER DEVOTIONS IN DARDANIA |journal=Gjurmime Albanologjike – Seria e Shkencave Historike |volume=41-42 |date=2011 |pages=309–320 |lang=Albanian }}
*{{cite journal |title=A monument dedicated to Zbelsurdos by a gerousiast |last=Jovanova |first=L. |journal=Živa Antika |year=2017 |volume=67 |issue=1–2 |pages=125–144 |trans-journal=Antiquité Vivante |url=https://antiquitasvivahome.files.wordpress.com/2021/07/67.1-2.14.-jovanova-l.-a-monument-dedicated-to-zbelsurdos-by-a-gerousiast.pdf |doi=10.47054/ZIVA17671-2125j |ref=none }}
* {{cite journal |title=O încercare de reinterpretare a unui relief descoperit în castrul roman de la Cășeiu (jud. Cluj) |trans-title=An attempt of reinterpretation of a relief discovered in the Roman camp Cășeiu (Cluj county) |first=Radu |last=Ota |journal=Carpica |date=2009 |volume=XXXVIII |pages=60–64 |lang=Romanian |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1038529 }}
*{{cite journal | title = Un Intéressant Monument Représentant Jupiter-Zbelsurdos |last1=Popa |first1=Al |last2=Popa |first2=V. |journal=Latomus |year=1982 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=353–355 |lang=fr |jstor=41532498 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=D. |last=Tudor |chapter=Deux dieux thraco-phrygiens à Drobeta |title=Hommages à M. J. Vermaseren |volume=III |series=Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain (E.P.R.O.) |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |date=1978 |pages=1269–1280 |doi=10.1163/9789004295452_020 |isbn=9789004295452 |lang=FR}}
{{refend}}

{{Dacia topics}}
{{Thracians}}

[[Category:Thracian gods]]