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Yury of Moscow

2025-11-03T01:05:12Z

2601:156:8400:A040:E9B5:4A38:74FB:B6CD:

{{short description|Prince of Moscow (1303–1325)}}
{{family name hatnote|Danilovich||lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2009}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Yury I
| image = Юрий III Московский (стенопись Архангельского собора).jpg
| caption = Portrait from the [[Cathedral of the Archangel]] (17th century)
| reign = 1303–1325
| succession = [[List of Russian rulers#Grand Princes of Moscow|Prince of Moscow]]
| predecessor = [[Daniel of Moscow]]|
| successor = [[Ivan I of Moscow|Ivan I]]
| spouse = Konchaka
| issue =
| house = [[Rurikids|Rurik]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = [[Daniel of Moscow]]
| mother =
| birth_date = 1281
| birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Principality of Moscow]], [[Vladimir-Suzdal]]
| death_date = November 21, 1325 (aged 44–45)
| death_place =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
| succession5 = [[Grand Prince of Vladimir]]
| predecessor5 = [[Mikhail Yaroslavich]]
| successor5 = [[Dmitry of Tver]]
| reign5 = 1318–1322
| religion = [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]]
}}

'''Yury (Georgy) Danilovich'''{{efn|Also spelled '''Yuri Daniilovich'''{{sfn|Halperin|1987|pp=71, 131}}}} ({{langx|ru|Юрий (Георгий) Данилович}}; 1281 – 21 November 1325) was [[Prince of Moscow]] from 1303 to 1325 and [[Grand Prince of Vladimir]] from 1318 to 1322.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Borrero |first1=Mauricio |title=Russia: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present |date=2004 |publisher=Facts On File |location=New York |isbn=978-0816044542 |page=393}}</ref> He contested the title of [[Grand Prince of Vladimir]] with his uncle [[Mikhail of Tver]]. As [[Daniel of Moscow|Yury's father]] had never held the title, he had no legitimate claim. Despite two failed campaigns by Mikhail to subdue Yury, the latter allied with the [[Golden Horde]] and married the khan's sister Konchaka. However, he never had any children with her and was made grand prince after Mikhail's execution in 1318.

Yury III faced resistance and difficulties in collecting tribute for the Horde, prompting several punitive expeditions. In 1322, Mikhail's son [[Dmitry of Tver]] accused him of embezzlement and obtained the grand princely title. Dmitry also succeeded in killing Yury. Before his death, Yury led a campaign against the [[Kingdom of Sweden (800–1521)|Swedes]] and founded a fort at the [[Neva River]].

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
Yury was the oldest son of [[Daniel of Moscow]], the first [[prince of Moscow]] and progenitor of the ''Daniilovichi''.{{sfn|Martin|2004|p=428}} His first military action was to defend [[Pereslavl-Zalessky]] against the [[grand prince of Vladimir]], [[Andrey of Gorodets]].

=== Conflict with Mikhail of Tver ===
After his father Daniel died in 1303, Yury became prince of Moscow, and contended over the title of grand prince of Vladimir (the supreme position among princes in the northeast) with his uncle [[Mikhail of Tver]].{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=193}} Because Daniel had never been grand prince of Vladimir,{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=193}} his descendants, including his son Yury, had no legitimate claim to the throne of Vladimir according to traditional succession practices.{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=193}} This is why the [[Golden Horde]]'s khan, [[Tokhta]], granted Mikhail of Tver the grand princely title when Andrey of Gorodets died the next year on 27 July 1304.{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=193}} Mikhail went to the Golden Horde's capital city [[Sarai (city)|Sarai]], where the khan elevated him grand prince.{{cn|date=May 2023}} His nephew Yury rebelled against this appointment, but two military campaigns by Mikhail of Tver against Moscow in 1305 and 1308 forced Yury to comply with the khan's decision.{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=194}} The Tverian army besieged Pereslavl and Moscow itself.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

In the meantime, Yury arranged the murder of Prince Konstantin of [[Ryazan Principality|Ryazan]]. This unlucky ruler had been captured by Yury's father back in 1302 and had been incarcerated in Moscow since then. While Ryazan was shocked by such a barbarity, Yury annexed the key Ryazanian fortress of [[Kolomna]] to Moscow. He also captured [[Mozhaisk]], which formerly belonged to the princes of [[Smolensk]]. By 1314, Yury secured backing from the [[Peter of Moscow|Metropolitan Peter]] and formed a military alliance with [[Novgorod]] against Tver. Now, he felt strong enough to challenge Mikhail of Tver in the Horde.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

In 1315, Yury went to the [[Golden Horde]] and, after spending two years there, constructed an alliance with [[Uzbeg Khan]]. Yury married the khan's sister Konchaka,{{sfn|Halperin|1987|p=71}} a [[Tatars|Tatar]] princess{{sfn|Halperin|1987|p=131}} who converted to [[Russian Orthodoxy|Russian Orthodox Christianity]] for her marriage to Yury, and adopted "Agafiia" as her baptismal name.{{sfn|Halperin|1987|p=71}} Uzbeg Khan deposed Mikhail and nominated Yury as the Grand Prince of Vladimir.{{sfn|Halperin|1987|p=71}} Back in Moscow with a large force of Tatars, Yury approached [[Tver]]. However, Yuri's army was defeated and his brother Boris and his wife were taken prisoners. Thereupon he fled to Novgorod and sued for peace. At that time his wife, still held in Tver as a hostage, died unexpectedly. Yury availed himself of the confusion that followed and announced to the khan that she had been poisoned on Mikhail's order. Uzbeg Khan summoned both princes to Sarai and, after a trial, had Mikhail executed on 22 November 1318.{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=195}} Yury, who both depended on and benefited from Uzbeg Khan's favour, was allowed to be the grand prince of Vladimir for the next four years (1318–1322).{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=195}}

=== Last years ===
Yury returned to Suzdalia in 1319, spending much time in Novgorod.{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=195}} He was fiercely resisted by other princes and populace alike, as his appointment to grand prince was considered illegitimate.{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=195}} Now entrusted with the task of gathering tribute to the Horde, Yury faced much opposition; Uzbeg sent no fewer than four punitive expeditions to the northeastern principalities of Rus' during Yury's last two years as grand prince (1320–1322) in order to enforce their joint authority.{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=195}} In particular, Mikhail's son and successor, [[Dmitry of Tver|Dmitry "the Terrible Eyes" of Tver]], still opposed him. In 1322,{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=195}} Dmitry, seeking revenge for his father's murder,{{cn|date=May 2023}} went to Sarai{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=195}} and persuaded the khan that Yury had appropriated a large portion of the tribute due to the Horde.{{cn|date=May 2023}} Uzbek granded Dmitry the patent for grand prince of Vladimir.{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=195}} Yury was summoned to the Horde for a trial but, before any formal investigation, was killed by Dmitry. Eight months later, Dmitry was also executed in the Horde.<ref>John Fennell, "Princely Executions in the Horde 1308-1339," ''Forschungen zur Osteuropaischen Geschichte'' 38 (1988), 9-19.</ref> In early 1326, Yury's remains were returned to Moscow and buried by the bishops of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] headed by [[Peter of Moscow|Metropolitan Peter]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fennell |first1=John |title=The Emergence of Moscow, 1304-1359 |date=September 2022 |isbn=978-0-520-34758-8 |page=102 |publisher=Univ of California Press |url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520347588/the-emergence-of-moscow-1304-1359 |language=en}}</ref>

Shortly before his death, Yury led the army of Novgorod to fight the [[Sweden|Swedes]] and founded a fort in the mouth of the [[Neva River]]. Upon signing the [[Treaty of Orekhovo]] in 1323, Yury continued eastward and conquered [[Velikiy Ustyug]] the same year.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Halperin|first=Charles J.|year=1987| title=Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History |pages=222 |publisher=Indiana University |isbn=9781850430575}} (e-book).
* {{cite book |title=Medieval Russia: 980–1584 |last=Martin |first=Janet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCc3TtL9bIC |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521368322 |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423152842/https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCc3TtL9bIC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |title=Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book |last=Martin |first=Janet |url=https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/book/802816/medieval-russia-980-1584/janet-martin/ |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-511-36800-4}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Daniel of Moscow|Daniel]] |
title=[[Prince of Moscow]] |
years=1303–1325 |
after=[[Ivan I of Moscow|Ivan I]]
}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Mikhail of Tver]] |
title=[[Grand Prince of Vladimir]] |
years=1318–1322 |
after=[[Dmitry of Tver]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yury Of Moscow}}
[[Category:1281 births]]
[[Category:1325 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century grand princes of Moscow]]
[[Category:14th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century princes from Kievan Rus']]
[[Category:Grand princes of Vladimir]]
[[Category:Murdered Russian monarchs]]
[[Category:Daniilovichi family]]
[[Category:Assassinated Russian politicians]]

Yaropolk Rostislavich

2025-11-03T01:01:12Z

2601:156:8400:A040:E9B5:4A38:74FB:B6CD:

[[File: Ярополк III во Владимире.jpg|thumb|Yaropolk III on the throne, miniature from the [[Radziwiłł Chronicle]] (15th century)]]

'''Yaropolk III Rostislavich''' (11XX - 1182?) was a [[grand prince of Vladimir]] between 1174 and 1175. He was a nephew of [[Andrey Bogolyubsky]]. In 1173, Andrey seized [[Kyiv|Kiev]] (Kyiv) from [[Roman I of Kiev]] and gave it to his brother [[Mikhalko Yuriyevich]], who in turn gave it to his brother [[Vsevolod the Big Nest]] and Yaropolk Rostislavich. However on March 24, 1173, Roman's brothers retaliated against Vsevolod and Yaropolk, taking them captive and giving Kiev to [[Rurik Rostislavich]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dimnik |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9wuVyw5QpgC |title=The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246 |date=2003-06-12 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-43684-7 |pages=XXVI, 126–127 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rostislavich, Yaropolk}}
[[Category:Grand princes of Vladimir]]
[[Category:12th-century births]]
[[Category:1182 deaths]]

{{Russia-noble-stub}}

Iziaslav III of Kiev

2025-11-03T01:00:03Z

2601:156:8400:A040:E9B5:4A38:74FB:B6CD:

{{Short description|Grand Prince of Kiev (r. 1154–1155; 1157–1158; 1161)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Izyaslav III Davydovich
| full name =
| title =
| image = File:Изяслав Давыдович.jpg
| caption = Izyaslav III depicted in [[Facial Chronicle]], 16th century
| succession = [[Prince of Chernigov]]
| reign1 = 1151–1154
| predecessor1 = [[Vladimir Davydovich]]
| successor1 = [[Sviatoslav Olgovich]]
| succession2 = [[Grand Prince of Kiev]] (first)
| reign2 = late 1154 – March 1155
| predecessor2 = [[Rostislav I of Kiev]]
| successor2 = [[Yuri Dolgorukiy]]
| succession3 = [[Grand Prince of Kiev]] (second)
| reign3 = 19 May 1157 – autumn 1158
| predecessor3 = [[Yuri Dolgorukiy]]
| successor3 = [[Mstislav II of Kiev]]
| succession4 = [[Grand Prince of Kiev]] (third)
| reign4 = 12 February – 6 March 1161
| predecessor4 = [[Rostislav I of Kiev]]
| successor4 = [[Rostislav I of Kiev]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| house = [[Sviatoslavichi]]
| father = [[Davyd Sviatoslavich]]
| mother =
| religion = [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]]
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1161
| death_place = [[Chernigov]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
}}

'''Izyaslav III Davydovich'''{{efn|{{langx|ru|Изяслав III Давыдович}}; {{langx|uk|Ізяслав Давидович}}}} (died 1161) was [[Prince of Chernigov]] and [[Grand Prince of Kiev]] (1154–1155; 1157–1158; 1161).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morby |first1=John E. |title=Dynasties of the world: a chronological and genealogical handbook |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780198604730 |page=167}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vernadsky |first1=George |title=Political & Diplomatic History of Russia |date=1936 |publisher=Little, Brown |page=452 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yuxoAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>Igor Jermolajew: Rjurikowitschi. Proschloje w lizach. Biografitscheski slowar. Olma Media Group, 2002, S. 73. ISBN 978-5-224-03862-6.</ref> He was the son of [[Davyd Sviatoslavich]] of Chernigov.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Yuri Dolgoruky|George I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Grand Prince of Kiev]]|years=1154–1155; 1157–1158; 1161}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rostislav I of Kiev|Rostislav I]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iziaslav 03 Of Kiev}}
[[Category:Sviatoslavichi family]]
[[Category:Grand princes of Kiev]]
[[Category:1161 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century princes from Kievan Rus']]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{East-Slavic-hist-stub}}

Rostislav I of Kiev

2025-11-03T00:58:38Z

2601:156:8400:A040:E9B5:4A38:74FB:B6CD:

{{Short description|Grand Prince of Kiev (r. 1154–1155; 1159–1161; 1161–1167)}}
[[File:Ростислав Смоленский.jpg|thumb|Attempts at negotiations between Rostislav Smolensky and Izyaslav Davydovich and Gleb Yuryevich who came out against him , miniature from the [[Radziwiłł Chronicle]] (15th century)]]
'''Rostislav I Mstislavich'''{{efn|{{langx|ru|Ростисла́в Мстисла́вич}}; {{langx|be|Расціслаў Мсціславіч}}; {{langx|uk|Ростисла́в Мстисла́вич}}}} ({{circa|1110}} – 1167) was [[Prince of Smolensk]] (1125–1160), [[Prince of Novgorod|Novgorod]] (1154) and [[Grand Prince of Kiev]] (1154–1155; 1159–1161; 1161–1167).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morby |first1=John E. |title=Dynasties of the world: a chronological and genealogical handbook |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780198604730 |page=167}}</ref> He is the founder of the [[Rostislavichi]] branch of [[Rurikids|Rurikid]] princes in [[Smolensk]].{{sfn|Martin|2007|pp=112, 124, 145, 501}} He was the son of [[Mstislav I of Kiev]] and [[Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden]].

==Reign==
After [[Yaroslav II of Kiev]] was driven out of Novgorod, Rostislav was invited to become the ruler of Novgorod. He accepted, and became the prince on April 17, 1154. Then, learning that [[Iziaslav II of Kiev|Iziaslav II]] had died, Rostislav left Novgorod to take the Kievan throne. Indignant that their prince had abandoned them and angered that "he did not make order among them, but tore them more apart", the citizens of Novgorod drove out Rostislav's son, [[Davyd Rostislavich|Davyd]], who was their governor. They replaced him with Mstislav Yurievich, the son of [[Yury Dolgoruky]].

Rostislav ruled Kiev for one week before [[Iziaslav III of Kiev]] forced him to flee to [[Chernigov]] .

== Issue ==
Rostislav had four sons:
* [[Davyd Rostislavich]], prince of Smolensk (1180–1197);
* [[Mstislav Rostislavich of Smolensk|Mstislav Rostislavich]], prince of Smolensk (1175–1177);
* [[Roman I of Kiev]], prince of Smolensk (1160–1172; 1177–1180), prince of Kiev (1171–1173; 1175–1177); and
* [[Rurik Rostislavich]], prince of Belgorod (1173–1194), intermittently prince of Kiev.

He also had two daughters:
* Elena Rostislavna of Kiev-Smolensk (died 1204); and
* Agrafena Rostislavna (died 1237).

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |title=Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book |last=Martin |first=Janet |url=https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/book/802816/medieval-russia-980-1584/janet-martin/ |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-511-36800-4}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|Rostislavichi of Smolensk{{sfn|Martin|2007|pp=112, 124, 145, 501}}||± 1110||1167||name=Rostislav Mstislavich}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|unknown}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Smolensk]]|years=1125–1160}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Roman I of Kiev|Roman Rostislavich]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Yaroslav II of Kiev|Iaroslav Iziaslavich]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Novgorod]]|years=1154}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Davyd Rostislavich]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Iziaslav II of Kiev|Iziaslav II Mstislavich]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Rulers of Kievan Rus|Grand Prince of Kiev]]|years=1154 }}
{{s-aft|after=[[Iziaslav III of Kiev|Izyaslav III Davidovich]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Iziaslav III of Kiev|Izyaslav III Davidovich]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Rulers of Kievan Rus|Grand Prince of Kiev]]|years=1159–1167}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mstislav II of Kiev|Mstislav II]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rostislav 01 of Kiev}}
[[Category:Rostislavichi family (Smolensk)|*]]
[[Category:1110s births]]
[[Category:1167 deaths]]
[[Category:Princes of Smolensk]]
[[Category:Princes of Novgorod]]
[[Category:Grand princes of Kiev]]
[[Category:12th-century princes from Kievan Rus']]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

{{Europe-royal-stub}}
{{East-Slavic-hist-stub}}

Viacheslav I of Kiev

2025-11-03T00:58:00Z

2601:156:8400:A040:E9B5:4A38:74FB:B6CD:

{{Short description|Grand Prince of Kiev in 1139}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{family name hatnote|Vladimirovich||lang=Eastern Slavic}}
'''Viacheslav I Vladimirovich'''{{efn|{{langx|ru|Вячеслав Владимирович}}; {{langx|uk|В'ячеслав Володимирович}}}} (1083 – 2 February 1154) was a [[Prince of Smolensk]] (1113–1125), [[prince of Turov|Turov]] (1125–1132; 1134–1146), [[Principality of Pereslavl|Pereyaslavl]] (1132–1134; 1142), [[Peresopnytsia]] (1146–1149), [[Vyshhorod|Vyshgorod]] (1149–1151) and [[Grand Prince of Kiev]] (1139).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morby |first1=John E. |title=Dynasties of the world: a chronological and genealogical handbook |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780198604730 |page=167}}</ref>

[[File: Вячеслав Владимирович.jpg|thumb|Vyacheslav at the head of his cavalry, miniature from the [[Radziwiłł Chronicle]] (15th century)]]

He was a son of [[Vladimir II Monomakh|Vladimir Monomakh]] and [[Gytha of Wessex]]. On 18 February 1139 he succeeded his brother [[Yaropolk II of Kiev]] as grand prince, but was driven out in March by [[Vsevolod II of Kiev]]. He later ruled Kiev jointly with his nephew [[Iziaslav II of Kiev]] and died not long after Iziaslav in late 1154 or early 1155 and is buried in the [[St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev]]. His only son, Michael Viacheslavovich, had predeceased him in 1129.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Rurikids|Rurik]]||1083|2 February|1154||name=Viacheslav I Vladimirovich}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sviatoslav Vladimirovich]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Smolensk]]|years=1113–1127}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rostislav Mstislavich]]}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Viacheslav Iaropolkovich]]|reason=control of grand prince}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Turov]]|years=1127–1132}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vsevolod of Pskov|Vsevolod Mstislavich]]}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Iziaslav II of Kiev|Izyaslav Mstislavich]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Pereyaslavl]]|years=1132–1134}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Andrey Vladimirovich]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Turov]]|years=1134–1146}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Andrey Bogolyubsky]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Andrey Vladimirovich]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Pereyaslavl]]|years=1142}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Iziaslav II of Kiev|Izyaslav Mstislavich]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Yaropolk II of Kiev|Yaropolk II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Grand Prince of Kiev]]|years=1139}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vsevolod II of Kiev|Vsevolod II]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Yuri Dolgoruki|Yuri I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Grand Prince of Kiev]]|years=1151–1154|regent1=[[Iziaslav II of Kiev|Iziaslav II]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rostislav I of Kiev|Rostislav I]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viacheslav 01 Of Kiev}}
[[Category:1083 births]]
[[Category:1154 deaths]]
[[Category:Monomakhovichi family]]
[[Category:Princes of Smolensk]]
[[Category:Princes of Turov]]
[[Category:Princes of Pereyaslavl]]
[[Category:Grand princes of Kiev]]
[[Category:Burials at Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv]]
[[Category:12th-century princes from Kievan Rus']]

{{East-Slavic-hist-stub}}

Iziaslav I of Kiev

2025-11-03T00:57:10Z

2601:156:8400:A040:E9B5:4A38:74FB:B6CD:

{{Short description|Grand Prince of Kiev (r. 1054–1068; 1069–1073; 1077–1078)}}
{{family name hatnote|Yaroslavich||lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Iziaslav I
| image = File:Seal of Izyaslav I with his portrait.png
| caption = Seal of Iziaslav I with his portrait
| succession = [[Grand Prince of Kiev]]
| reign1 = 1054–1068{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=31}}
| predecessor1 = [[Yaroslav the Wise]]
| successor1 = [[Vseslav of Polotsk|Vseslav]]
| reign2 = 1069–1073{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=33}}
| predecessor2 = Vseslav
| successor2 = [[Sviatoslav II of Kiev|Sviatoslav II]]
| reign3 = 1077–1078{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=33}}
| predecessor3 = [[Vsevolod I of Kiev|Vsevolod I]]
| successor3 = Vsevolod I
| succession4 = [[Prince of Novgorod]]
| reign4 = 1052–1054
| predecessor4 = [[Vladimir of Novgorod]]
| successor4 = Mstislav I
| succession5 = [[Prince of Turov]]
| reign5 = 1045–1052
| full name = Iziaslav Yaroslavovich
| spouse = [[Gertrude of Poland]], [[Casimir I of Poland|Casimir's]] sister
| issue = [[Yaropolk Izyaslavich]], Mstislav, [[Sviatopolk II of Kiev|Sviatopolk II]]
| house = [[Rurikids|Rurik]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = [[Yaroslav the Wise]]
| mother = [[Ingegerd Olofsdotter]] (a daughter of [[Olof Skötkonung]])
| birth_date = 5 February 1024
| birth_place =
| death_date = 3 October 1078 (aged 54)
| death_place = [[Nizhyn|Nezhatyna Nyva]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Church of the Tithes]], [[Kiev]]
| signature_type = Seal
| signature = Seal of Iziaslav I of Kiev 1052–1054.svg
}}
[[File:Совместный обед Изяслава I.jpg|thumb|Iziaslav having a meal with his boyars, a miniature from [[Radziwill Chronicle]]]]
[[File:Izyaslav I Yaroslavich.png|thumb|Portrait of Izyaslav I from [[Novospassky Monastery]]]]
'''Iziaslav I Yaroslavich''' ({{langx|orv|Изѧславь Ѩрославичь|Izęslavǐ Jęroslavičǐ}};{{efn|{{langx|ru|Изяслав Ярославич}}; {{langx|uk|Ізяслав Ярославич}}}} 1024 – 3 October 1078; baptized as ''Demetrius'') was [[Prince of Turov]] and [[Grand Prince of Kiev]] (1054–1068; 1069–1073; 1077–1078).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morby |first1=John E. |title=Dynasties of the world: a chronological and genealogical handbook |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780198604730 |page=167}}</ref>

Iziaslav's children Yaropolk and Sviatopolk would rule the [[Turov Principality]]. Their authority was mainly challenged by the descendents of [[Rostislav Vsevolodovich]].

==Biography==
Iziaslav was the oldest son of [[Yaroslav I the Wise]] by his second wife [[Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden|Ingigerd Olafsdottir]]. Iziaslav succeeded his father, after Yaroslav's oldest child, [[Vladimir of Novgorod|Vladimir]] (the only child by Yaroslav's first wife), had predeceased his father. Iziaslav was one of the authors of the ''Pravda of Yaroslav's Descendants'' – a part of the first legal code of the ''[[Russkaya Pravda]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Letiche |first1=John M. |title=A History of Russian Economic Thought: Ninth through Eighteenth Centuries |date=15 November 2023 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-31869-4 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWLhEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

He is also credited with the foundation of the [[Kiev Pechersk Monastery]]. [[Knyaz|Prince]] Iziaslav I of Kiev ceded the whole mountain to Antonite monks who founded a monastery built by architects from [[Constantinople]]. According to the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'', in the early 11th century, [[Saint Anthony of Kiev|Antony]], a [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] [[monk]] from [[Esphigmenou Monastery|Esphigmenon monastery]] on [[Mount Athos]], originally from [[Liubech]] in the [[Principality of Chernigov]], returned to [[Kievan Rus'|Rus']] and settled in Kiev as a [[missionary]] of the monastic tradition to Kievan Rus'. He chose a [[cave]] at the Berestov Mount that overlooked the [[Dnieper|Dnieper River]] and a community of disciples soon grew.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In 1043, his father Yaroslav made an agreement with King [[Casimir I of Poland]] that recognized [[Červień|Cherven]] as part of [[Kiev]]. The agreement was sealed with a double marriage: Casimir to [[Maria Dobroniega of Kiev|Dobronega]], Yaroslav's sister; and Iziaslav to [[Gertrude of Poland|Gertrude]], Casimir's sister.<ref name="Franklin">Simon Franklin, Jonathan Shepard, ''The Emergence of Rus 750–1200'', (Routledge, 2013), 253.</ref> From this marriage were born three children: [[Yaropolk Iziaslavich|Yaropolk]], Mstislav and [[Sviatopolk II of Kiev|Sviatopolk]]. From 1045–1052, Iziaslav reigned as [[Prince of Turov]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

=== First reign (1054–1068) ===
Upon the death of [[Yaroslav the Wise]] in 1054, his realm was divided between three of his older sons ([[Vladimir of Novgorod]] died before that), Iziaslav, [[Sviatoslav II of Kiev|Sviatoslav]], and [[Vsevolod I of Kiev|Vsevolod]], creating the Yaroslavichi triumvirate that ruled the country for the next 20 years.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In 1060, the triumvirate campaigned together in the steppes against the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

=== Rebellion of Vseslav of Polotsk (1065–1069) ===
In 1065, their cousin [[Vseslav of Polotsk|Vseslav]], who was the prince of [[Principality of Polotsk|Polotsk]], besieged [[Pskov]], but was defeated. In the winter of 1066–1067, he also attacked Novgorod. The prince of Novgorod at the time was Iziaslav's son Mstislav, who fled for Kiev. In response, the triumvirate marched up to take out Vseslav. Their first stop was the town of [[Minsk]], whose people reportedly shut themselves into the town. However, the triumvirate managed to take Minsk and met Vseslav at the [[Nyamiha|Nemiga river]]. On 3 March 1067, the two armies faced off at the [[Battle on the Nemiga River]]. Ultimately, the triumvirate was victorious and Vseslav fled. On 10 June, there was a formal truce between the two parties and Iziaslav invited Vseslav to his camp, but it was a trap. Vseslav and his two sons were arrested and brought to Kiev.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In 1068, the [[Cumans]] defeated the triumvirate at the [[Alta (river)|Alta river]], which dangerously exposed some major cities, including Kiev. Sviatoslav went to Chernigov, while Iziaslav and Vsevolod went to Kiev. On September 15, a [[veche]] met in Kiev that encouraged Iziaslav to fight the invaders, but he refused to even negotiate. The Kievans decided that if he wasn't going to send them, maybe another prince would, and started a [[Kiev uprising of 1068|popular uprising]] against him. Part of that uprising was that they freed Vseslav from his captivity and acclaimed him as their new prince. Iziaslav fled to Poland to get aid from [[Bolesław II the Bold|Boleslaw II]] and marched back to reclaim the city. However, Vseslav didn't want to rule Kiev, so he fled in the night, leaving the people of the city with no leader to face Iziaslav and his Polish allies. Sviatoslav and Vsevolod asked him to show restraint, so he sent his son Mstislav, former prince of Novgorod, to blind and kill the important people. Iziaslav was received back in Kiev by 2 May 1069.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

=== Second reign (1069–1073) ===
His brother Sviatoslav had gained more power from the whole affair. He was the one who defeated the Cumans in autumn of the previous year and even captured their leader while Iziaslav was off in Poland. During that time, Sviatoslav even installed his own son, [[Gleb Svyatoslavich|Gleb]], as the new prince of Novgorod. Iziaslav's son Mstislav got Polotsk instead, though after his death in 1069 it went to his brother Sviatopolk. Unfortunately for Iziaslav, Sviatopolk was expelled from the city by Vseslav in 1071 who returned to ruling it, leaving Iziaslav's family with nothing to show for losing Novgorod.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In 1072, the triumvirate presided over the celebration of the sanctity of [[Boris and Gleb]], which involved the transfer of their relics to a new church in [[Vyshhorod|Vyshgorod]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

=== Exile in Poland (1073–1076) ===
By 1073, Iziaslav had alienated so many people that Sviatoslav and Vsevolod drove him out of Kiev on 22 March in a seemingly bloodless coup. He once again went to Poland, but this time Boleslaw took his bribes and didn't give him any aid. In January of 1075, he showed up at the court of King [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] of Germany in [[Mainz]] to ask for help, but Henry didn't immediately provide aid, instead sending an emissary to Kiev for more information. At the same time, Iziaslav sent his son Yaropolk to Rome to ask for the support of Pope [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

=== Third reign (1077–1078) ===
Luckily for Iziaslav, Sviatoslav died in 1076 and he was able to return to Kiev on 15 July 1077 to once again rule.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} A conflict broke out after Sviatoslav's death about the rightful succession to Chernigov. Iziaslav and Vsevolod drove out Sviatoslav's son [[Oleg I of Chernigov|Oleg]] in April 1078. That summer, Oleg's brother Gleb, who was still ruling Novgorod, was driven out, killed, and replaced with Iziaslav's son Sviatopolk. But around the same time, Oleg got support from the Cumans and his cousin [[Boris Vyacheslavich|Boris]], and came back to claim Chernigov. Oleg and Boris defeated Vsevolod in August and Vsevolod came to Kiev to ask Iziaslav for support. He agreed, but died in battle against Oleg on 3 October 1078.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Franklin |first1=Simon |title=The emergence of Rus, 750-1200 |last2=Shepard |first2=Jonathan |date=1996 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-49090-1 |series=Longman history of Russia |location=London; New York}}</ref> He was the only incumbent Grand Prince of Kiev to be killed in battle.

== Children ==
Iziaslav had the following children with [[Gertrude of Poland|Gertrude]]:{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* [[Yaropolk Izyaslavich|Yaropolk]]
* Mstislav (?–1069), was a Prince of Novgorod (1054–1067) which he lost to [[Vseslav of Polotsk]]. He had a son Rostislav Mstislavich that died in 1093.
* Eupraxia, may have been married to [[Mieszko Bolesławowic]], son of [[Bolesław II the Bold]] in 1088.
* [[Sviatopolk II of Kiev|Sviatopolk ΙΙ]] grand prince of Kiev.

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
| 1. '''Iziaslav I of Kiev'''
| 2. [[Yaroslav the Wise]]<ref>Yaroslav the Wise in Norse Tradition, Samuel Hazzard Cross, Speculum, 181-182.</ref>
| 3. [[Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden]]<ref>Winroth, Anders (2016). The age of the Vikings. Princeton. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-691-16929-3. OCLC 919479468.</ref>
| 4. [[Vladimir the Great]]
| 5. [[Rogneda of Polotsk]] or [[Anna Porphyrogenita]]<ref>Arrignon J. —P. Les relations diplomatiques entre Bizance et la Russie de 860 à 1043 // Revue des études slaves. - 1983 .-- T. 55 . - S. 133-135 .</ref>
| 6. [[Olof Skötkonung]]<ref>Samuel Hazzard Cross (April 1929). "Yaroslav the Wise in Norse Tradition". Speculum. 4: 181.</ref>
| 7. [[Estrid of the Obotrites]]
| 8. [[Sviatoslav I of Kiev]]
| 9. [[Malusha]]<ref>Harvard Ukrainian studies, Vol. 12–13, p. 190, Harvard Ukrainian studies, 1990</ref>
|
|
| 12. [[Erik Segersäll]]
| 13. [[Sigríð Storråda]] or [[Świętosława]]
|
|
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |title=Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book |last=Martin |first=Janet |url=https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/book/802816/medieval-russia-980-1584/janet-martin/ |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-511-36800-4}}

==External links==
* [http://www.lavra.ua/ Holy Dormition Kiev-Pechersk Lavra – Official site] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://litopys.org.ua/dynasty/dyn26.htm#poz4 Genealogy of Yaroslav descendants] {{in lang|uk}}
* [http://www.hrono.info/biograf/bio_i/izaslav6jar.php Izyaslav Yaroslavich] at hrono.info

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Rurikids|Rurik]]||1024||1078||name=Iziaslav I Yaroslavich}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=reestablished}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Turov]]|years=1042–1078}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yaropolk Izyaslavich]]}}

{{s-bef|before=[[Yaroslav I the Wise|Yaroslav I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Rulers of Kievan Rus|Grand Prince of Kiev]]|years=1054–1073}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sviatoslav II of Kiev|Sviatoslav II]]}}

{{s-pre}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Vladimir of Novgorod|Vladimir Yaroslavich]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Grand Prince of Kiev]]|years=1052–1054}}
{{s-aft|after=Mstislav Izyaslavovich}}

{{s-bef|before=Sudislav Vladimirovich}}
{{s-ttl|title=2nd in line [[Grand Prince of Kiev]]|years=1042–1052}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sviatoslav II of Kiev|Sviatoslav Yaroslavich]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iziaslav 01 Of Kiev}}
[[Category:Family of Vladimir the Great]]
[[Category:Grand princes of Kiev]]
[[Category:1024 births]]
[[Category:1078 deaths]]
[[Category:Princes of Turov]]
[[Category:11th-century princes from Kievan Rus']]
[[Category:Burials at the Church of the Tithes]]

Sviatopolk I of Kiev

2025-11-03T00:56:09Z

2601:156:8400:A040:E9B5:4A38:74FB:B6CD:

{{Short description|Grand Prince of Kiev from 1015 to 1019}}
{{family name hatnote|Vladimirovich||lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sviatopolk I the Accursed
| succession = [[Grand Prince of Kiev]]
| image = Печать князя Ярополчича.JPG
| caption = Photographic reproduction of Sviatopolk's contemporary seal
| reign = 1015–1019
| predecessor = [[Vladimir the Great]]
| successor = [[Yaroslav the Wise]]
| coronation =
| succession1 = [[Prince of Turov]]
| reign1 = 988–1019
| full name = Sviatopolk Vladimirovich
| spouse = daughter of [[Bolesław I the Brave]]
| house = [[Rurik dynasty|Rurik]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = [[Yaropolk I]] or [[Vladimir the Great]]
| mother = [[Irina, Grand Princess of Kiev]]
| birth_date = ~980
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1019 (aged ~39)
| death_place =
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature_type = Sign
| signature = Alex K Sviatopolk I.svg
}}
'''Sviatopolk I Vladimirovich''' (also called ''Sviatopolk the Accursed'' or the ''Accursed Prince''; {{langx|orv|Свѧтоплъкъ|translit=Svętoplŭkŭ}};{{efn|{{langx|ru|Святополк Окаянный}}; {{langx|uk|Святополк Окаянний}}}} {{circa|980}} – 1019) was [[Prince of Turov]] from 988 to 1015 and [[Grand Prince of Kiev]] from 1015 to 1019. He earned his sobriquet after allegedly murdering his brothers during his bid to take the throne. His actual responsibility is disputed by historians.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

The [[Svyatopolk-Mirsky]] family of [[Rurik dynasty|Rurikid]] origin attribute their descent from Sviatopolk. Tsar [[Peter the Great ]] recognized their descent during his reign.

==Early life==

Sviatopolk's mother was a Greek nun captured by [[Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav I]] in [[Bulgaria]] and married to his lawful heir [[Yaropolk I]], who became the prince in 972. In 980, Yaropolk's brother [[Vladimir the Great|Vladimir]] had him murdered, and the new sovereign married his predecessor's wife, who gave birth to a child. Thus, Sviatopolk may have been the eldest of Vladimir's sons, although [[Family life and children of Vladimir I|his parentage has been questioned]].

When Sviatopolk was eight years old, Vladimir put him in charge of Turov and later arranged his marriage with the daughter of [[Bolesław I the Brave|Bolesław I the Brave of Poland]]. The young princess came to Turov together with [[Reinbern]], the [[Bishop]] of Kolberg (now [[Kołobrzeg]]). Dissatisfied with Vladimir and encouraged by his own wife and Reinbern, Sviatopolk began preparations for war against Vladimir, probably counting on support from his father-in-law. Vladimir soon discovered Sviatopolk's intentions, however, and threw him, his wife and Reinbern in prison, where Reinbern died.

==Biography according to domestic sources==
[[File:Boleslaw Chrobry with Swietopelk near The Golden Gate in Kyiv MNK ND 11610.jpg|thumb|297x297px|Jan Matejko, Sviatopolk (in red) with [[Bolesław the Brave]] at the Golden Gate in Kiev]]
The primary domestic source is the [[Primary Chronicle]]. Not long before Vladimir's death, Sviatopolk was freed from prison. In 1015, Sviatopolk's retinue concealed Vladimir's death from him to prevent him from claiming the Kievan throne. When Sviatopolk learned of Vladimir's demise, he seized power in Kiev almost immediately.

The citizens of Kiev did not show much sympathy for Sviatopolk and, therefore, he decided to distribute presents in order to win them over. Then, he decided to rid himself of three of Vladimir's sons, [[Boris and Gleb|Boris, Gleb]], and Sviatoslav, whose claims for the Kievan throne threatened his power. Boris presented the most danger to him because he had been in charge of Vladimir's [[druzhina]] (personal guards) and army, and enjoyed the support of the citizens.

He sent the [[boyar]]s of Vyshgorod to execute Boris. Boris and his manservant were stabbed to death when sleeping in a tent. The prince was discovered still breathing when his body was being transported in a bag to Kiev, but the [[Varangians]] put him out of his misery with the thrust of a lance.

Sviatopolk's cold-blooded reprisal earned him the nickname of the Accursed. The news of this triple murder reached another son of Vladimir, [[Yaroslav I the Wise|Yaroslav]], Prince of [[Novgorod]], who decided to go to war against Sviatopolk with the support from the citizens of Novgorod and the [[Varangian]]s. The battle took place in 1016 not far from [[Lubech]], near the [[Dnieper river]]. Sviatopolk was defeated and fled to [[Poland]].

In 1018, he returned to [[Kievan Rus'|Rus']], defeated Yaroslav [[Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis, 1018|with help from his father-in-law]] and seized Kiev. [[Bolesław I the Brave|Bolesław of Poland]] and his army [[Kiev Expedition (1018)|remained in Rus' for several months]], but later returned to Poland, seizing some [[Red Ruthenia|Cherven towns]] on the way.

Meanwhile, the [[posadnik]] [[Konstantin Dobrynich]] and other citizens of Novgorod persuaded Yaroslav to go to war against Kiev once again. Sviatopolk was defeated and fled to the [[steppe]]s. Soon he returned with the [[Pecheneg]] army and attacked Yaroslav on the [[Alta River]], but was once again defeated and fled to Poland, dying on his way there in July 1019. Sviatopolk may have been murdered by a descendant of [[Valuk (duke)|Valuk Conqueror]] (Wallux dux Winedorum)<ref>Słownik starożytności słowiańskich. T. 2. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1965, s. 382.</ref> who in 1018 helped him and his father-in-law Bolesław I in expedition against Yaroslav.

<gallery>
File:Sviatopolk silver srebrenik.jpg|Sviatopolk's silver [[Money of Kievan Rus'#Srebrenik|srebrenik]]
File:Владимир царь Киев Праздничная минея 1619.JPG|A miniature of Vladimir the Great from a 17th-century ''[[Menaion]]''
File:YaroslavWiseSeal.jpg|The seal of [[Yaroslav the Wise]]
</gallery>

==Biography according to foreign sources==
[[File:Zaślubiny Świętopełka.JPG|thumb|''Wedding of Sviatopolk'' (1892) by Jan Matejko]]
During the last century, the traditional account of Sviatopolk's career has been somewhat modified. It has been argued that it was Boris who succeeded Vladimir in Kiev, while Sviatopolk was still in prison. One [[Norse saga]] called ''[[Eymund's saga]]'' (a part of ''[[Yngvars saga víðförla]]''), with remarkable details, puts on Yaroslav the blame of his brother Burizlaf's murder. This Burizlaf, however, may be Sviatopolk{{clarify|date=January 2024}} (whose troops were commanded by the Polish duke Bolesław; the latter name is also rendered as Burizlaf in some sagas) as well as Boris.

Therefore, it has been suggested that Sviatopolk ascended the throne after Boris's assassination and tried to fend off Yaroslav's attacks as well as to punish his agents guilty of Boris's murder. The chronicle of [[Thietmar of Merseburg]], who died in 1018, could have been regarded as the only contemporary and unbiased account of events, save that Thietmar's data may have been supplied by Sviatopolk himself during his brief exile at the Polish court. Unfortunately it can be interpreted ambiguously as far as the question of Sviatopolk's guilt is concerned. One place in his chronicle can be interpreted as Sviatopolk escaping from Kiev to Poland ''immediately'' after his father's death.

But Thietmar states that Bolesław supported his son-in-law against Yaroslav in 1017, which is the date, according to the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'', of Sviatopolk's first defeat by Yaroslav. Preparing a campaign against Kiev, Bolesław abruptly stopped a successful war against the German Emperor [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]]. So, it is unlikely that Sviatopolk had been present at his court since 1015, which is often supposed by the historians who consider Sviatopolk guilty of Boris and Gleb's murders.

==Archeological record==
The I-S2077 subclade of [[Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe|Y-DNA]] haplogroup [[Haplogroup I-Z63|I-Z63]] was sampled on an elite warrior buried in [[Bodzia Cemetery]] in a rich burial from ca. 1010-1020 AD. All artefacts there indicate a strong relation to the [[Kievan Rus']] ruling elite, so this man who probably succumbed to combat wounds, was closely related to Sviatopolk. The cemetery in Bodzia is exceptional in terms of Scandinavian and Kievan Rus' links. The Bodzia man (sample VK157, or burial E864/I) was not a simple warrior from the princely retinue, but he belonged to the princely family himself.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Duczko|first=Wladyslaw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC|title=Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe|date=2004-01-01|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-13874-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sample from Homo sapiens - BioSample - NCBI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosample/?term=SAMEA6799933&fbclid=IwAR2ffDWsGEtbJVHFuyAY7WXIv75lMJ4sLW9YlBItsjhUJ4mJjvEjGM071xI|access-date=2020-09-26|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Margaryan|first1=Ashot|last2=Lawson|first2=Daniel J.|last3=Sikora|first3=Martin|last4=Racimo|first4=Fernando|last5=Rasmussen|first5=Simon|last6=Moltke|first6=Ida|last7=Cassidy|first7=Lara M.|last8=Jørsboe|first8=Emil|last9=Ingason|first9=Andrés|last10=Pedersen|first10=Mikkel W.|last11=Korneliussen|first11=Thorfinn|date=September 2020|title=Population genomics of the Viking world|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2688-8|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=585|issue=7825|pages=390–396|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8|pmid=32939067|bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M|issn=1476-4687|hdl=10852/83989|s2cid=221769227|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

His burial is the richest one in the whole cemetery, and strontium analysis of his tooth enamel shows he was not local. It is assumed that he came to Poland with Sviatopolk, and met a violent death in combat. This corresponds to the events of 1018 AD when Sviatopolk disappeared after having retreated from Kiev to Poland. It cannot be excluded that the Bodzia man was Sviatopolk.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Duczko|first=Wladyslaw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC|title=Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe|date=2004-01-01|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-13874-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sample from Homo sapiens - BioSample - NCBI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosample/?term=SAMEA6799933&fbclid=IwAR2ffDWsGEtbJVHFuyAY7WXIv75lMJ4sLW9YlBItsjhUJ4mJjvEjGM071xI|access-date=2020-09-26|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Margaryan|first1=Ashot|last2=Lawson|first2=Daniel J.|last3=Sikora|first3=Martin|last4=Racimo|first4=Fernando|last5=Rasmussen|first5=Simon|last6=Moltke|first6=Ida|last7=Cassidy|first7=Lara M.|last8=Jørsboe|first8=Emil|last9=Ingason|first9=Andrés|last10=Pedersen|first10=Mikkel W.|last11=Korneliussen|first11=Thorfinn|date=September 2020|title=Population genomics of the Viking world|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2688-8|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=585|issue=7825|pages=390–396|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8|pmid=32939067|bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M|issn=1476-4687|hdl=10852/83989|s2cid=221769227|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Rurikids|Rurik]]||979||1019||name=Sviatopolk I of Kiev|Sviatopolk I Vladimirich}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=established}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Turov]]|years=987–1019}}
{{s-aft|after=annexed}}

{{s-bef|before=[[Vladimir the Great|Vladimir I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Rulers of Kievan Rus|Grand Prince of Kiev]]|years=1015–1019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yaroslav I the Wise|Yaroslav I]]}}

{{s-pre}}
{{s-bef|before=Vysheslav Vladimirovich}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Grand Prince of Kiev]]|years=1010–1015}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yaroslav the Wise]]}}

{{s-bef|before=title established}}
{{s-ttl|title=2nd in line [[Grand Prince of Kiev]]|years=1000–1010}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yaroslav the Wise]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sviatopolk 01 Of Kiev}}
[[Category:980s births]]
[[Category:1019 deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century princes from Kievan Rus']]
[[Category:Grand princes of Kiev]]
[[Category:Princes of Turov]]
[[Category:Children of Vladimir the Great]]
[[Category:Kievan succession crisis of 1015–1019]]

Sviatoslav I

2025-11-03T00:55:36Z

2601:156:8400:A040:E9B5:4A38:74FB:B6CD:

{{Short description|Prince of Kiev from 945 to 972}}
{{family name hatnote|Igorevich||lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sviatoslav I
| title =
| image = Sviatoslav_by_Eugene_Lanceray_1886.JPG
| image_size =
| caption = Sviatoslav I by [[Eugene Lanceray]] (1886)
| succession = [[Prince of Kiev]]
| reign = 945–972
| coronation =
| othertitles =
| regent = [[Olga of Kiev|Olga]] (945–962)
| predecessor = [[Igor of Kiev|Igor]]
| successor = [[Yaropolk I of Kiev|Yaropolk I]]
| succession1 = [[Prince of Novgorod]]
| reign1 = 945–970
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = [[Vladimir the Great|Vladimir I]]
| spouse = [[Predslava, Grand Princess of Kiev|Predslava]]
| issue = {{unbulleted list|[[Yaropolk I of Kiev|Yaropolk I]]|[[Oleg of Drelinia|Oleg]]|[[Vladimir the Great|Vladimir I]]}}
| dynasty = [[Rurik dynasty|Rurik]]
| religion = [[Slavic paganism]]
| royal anthem =
| father = [[Igor of Kiev]]
| mother = [[Olga of Kiev]]
| birth_date = {{circa|943}}
| birth_place = [[Kyiv|Kiev]]
| death_date = 972 (aged 28–29)
| death_place = [[Khortytsia]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[Kievan Rus']]
| branch = [[Military of Kievan Rus']]
| battles = {{ubl|[[Rus' conquest of Khazar Khaganate]]|[[Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria]]|{{*}}[[Siege of Dorostolon]]|{{*}}[[Battle of Silistra]]|{{*}}[[Battle of Arcadiopolis (970)]]|[[Siege of Kiev (968)]]}}
}}
}}

'''Sviatoslav I''' or '''Svyatoslav I Igorevich''' ({{langx|orv|Свѧтославъ Игорєвичь|Svętoslavŭ Igorevičǐ}};<ref>{{cite web|url=http://litopys.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat04.htm |title=E.g. in the ''Primary Chronicle'' under year 970 |publisher=Litopys.org.ua |access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> [[Old Norse]]: ''Sveinald'';{{efn|{{langx|ru|Святослав Игоревич}}; {{langx|uk|Святослав Ігорович|Sviatoslav Ihorovych}}; {{langx|be|Святаслаў Ігаравіч
}}}} {{circa|943}} – 972) was [[Prince of Kiev]] from 945 until his death in 972.{{sfn|Borrero|2009|p=389}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morby |first1=John E. |title=Dynasties of the world: a chronological and genealogical handbook |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780198604730 |page=167}}</ref> He is known for his persistent campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated the collapse of two great powers in Eastern Europe, [[Khazars|Khazaria]] and the [[First Bulgarian Empire]]. He conquered numerous [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] tribes, defeated the [[Alans]] and attacked the [[Volga Bulgaria|Volga Bulgars]],<ref>A History of Russia: Since 1855, Walter Moss, pg 29</ref><ref>[http://www.world-history.ru/countries_about/572/2054.html Khazarian state and its role in the history of Eastern Europe and the Caucasus] A.P. Novoseltsev, Moscow, Nauka, 1990. {{in lang|ru}}</ref> and at times was allied with the [[Pechenegs]] and [[Hungarian people|Magyars]] (Hungarians).

Following the death of his father [[Igor of Kiev|Igor]] in 945, Sviatoslav's mother [[Olga of Kiev|Olga]] reigned as [[regent]] in Kiev until 962.{{sfn|Gleason|2014|p=53}}{{sfn|Gasparov|Raevsky-Hughes|2018|p=42}}{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=2}}{{sfn|Bushkovitch|2011|p=6–7}} His decade-long reign over the [[Kievan Rus']] was marked by rapid expansion into the [[Volga|Volga River]] valley, the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|Pontic steppe]], and the [[Balkans]], leading him to carve out for himself the largest state in [[Europe]]. In 969, he moved his seat to [[Pereyaslavets]] on the [[Danube]].{{sfn|Stephenson|2000|p=56}}{{sfn|Curta|2019|p=296}} In 970, he appointed his sons [[Yaropolk I of Kiev|Yaropolk]] and [[Oleg of Drelinia|Oleg]] as subordinate princes of Kiev and Drelinia, while he appointed [[Vladimir the Great|Vladimir]], his son by his housekeeper and servant [[Malusha]], as the prince of [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]].{{sfn|Feldbrugge|2017|p=473}}{{sfn|Franklin|Shepard|2014|p=38}}

In contrast with his mother's conversion to [[History of Christianity#Early Middle Ages (c. 600–1000)|Christianity]], Sviatoslav remained a staunch [[paganism|pagan]] all of his life.{{sfn|Bushkovitch|2011|p=7}} Due to his abrupt death in an ambush, his conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to a [[fratricide|fratricidal]] feud among his three sons, resulting in the deaths of Yaropolk and Oleg, while Vladimir emerged as the sole ruler.{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=1–2}}

==Name==
The ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'' records Sviatoslav as the first ruler of the [[Kievan Rus']] with a name of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] origin, as opposed to his predecessors, whose names had [[Old Norse]] forms. Some scholars see the name of Sviatoslav, composed of the Slavic roots for "holy" and "glory", as an artificial derivation combining the names of his predecessors [[Oleg of Novgorod|Oleg]] and [[Rurik]],<ref>See {{lang|ru|А.М. Членов. К вопросу об имени Святослава, in Личные имена в прошлом, настоящем и будущем: проблемы антропонимики}} (Moscow, 1970).</ref> but modern researchers question the possibility of such a translation of names from one language to another.<ref>Anna Litvina. Fyodor Uspensky. The choice of the name of the Russian princes in the X–XVI centuries. Dynastic history through the prism of anthroponymy. – Moscow, 2006 .– 904 p. – 1000 copies. – ISBN 5-85759-339-5. – P. 41.</ref><ref>Elena Rydzevskaya. Ancient Russia and Scandinavia in the 9th–14th centuries Moscow: Nauka, 1978. Pp. 203</ref> '''Sveinald''' or '''Sveneld''' is identical to Sviatoslav, as the Norse rendition of the Slavic name.<ref>Paul R. Magocsi (2010) A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, University of Toronto Press, p. 68, {{ISBN|1442610212}}.</ref>
The 10th-century Eastern Roman Emperor [[Constantine VII]]'s Greek-language work ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' ("On the Governance of the Empire") records his name as ''Σφενδοσθλάβος'' ("Sfendostlabos").

==Early life and personality==
Almost nothing is known about Sviatoslav's childhood and youth, which he spent reigning in [[Velikiy Novgorod|Novgorod]].{{sfn|Basilevsky|2016|p=99}} Sviatoslav's father, [[Igor, Grand Prince of Kiev|Igor]], was killed by the [[Drevlyans|Drevlians]] around 945, and his mother, [[Olga of Kiev|Olga]], ruled as [[regent]] in [[Kiev]] until Sviatoslav reached maturity (ca. 963).<ref>If Olga was indeed born in 879, as the [[Primary Chronicle]] seems to imply, she should have been about 65 at the time of Sviatoslav's birth. There are clearly some problems with chronology.</ref> Sviatoslav was tutored by a [[Varangians|Varangian]] named Asmud.<ref>''Primary Chronicle'' entry for 968</ref> The tradition of employing Varangian tutors for the sons of ruling princes survived well into the 11th century. Sviatoslav appears to have had little patience for administration. His life was spent with his ''[[druzhina]]'' (roughly, "company") in permanent warfare against neighboring states.<ref>Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, ''Primary Chronicle'', p. 84.</ref>

According to the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'', he carried neither wagons nor kettles on his expeditions, and he boiled no meat, rather cutting off small strips of horseflesh, game, or beef to eat after roasting it on the coals. Nor did he have a tent, rather spreading out a horse-blanket under him and setting his saddle under his head, and all his retinue did likewise.<ref>Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, ''Primary Chronicle'', p. 84.</ref>

[[Image:The mother of the Russian sovereign Svjatoslav, Olga along with her escort from the Chronicle of John Skylitzes.jpg|thumb|Sviatoslav's mother, Olga, with her escort in [[Constantinople]], a miniature from the late 11th century chronicle of [[John Skylitzes]].]]

Sviatoslav's appearance has been described very clearly by [[Leo the Deacon]], who himself attended the meeting of Sviatoslav with [[John I Tzimiskes]]. Following Deacon's memories, Sviatoslav was a bright-eyed man of average height but of stalwart build, much more sturdy than Tzimiskes. He had a bald head and a wispy beard and wore a bushy mustache and a [[Czupryna|sidelock]] as a sign of his nobility.<ref>For the alternative translations of the same passage of the Greek original that say that Sviatoslav may have not shaven but wispy beard and not one but two sidelocks on each side of his head, see e.g. Ian Heath "The Vikings (Elite 3)", Osprey Publishing 1985; {{ISBN|978-0-85045-565-6}}, p.60 or David Nicolle "Armies of Medieval Russia 750–1250 (Men-at-Arms 333)" Osprey Publishing 1999; {{ISBN|978-1-85532-848-8}}, p.44</ref> He preferred to dress in white, and it was noted that his garments were much cleaner than those of his men, although he had a lot in common with his warriors. He wore a single large gold earring bearing a [[Carbuncle (gemstone)|carbuncle]] and two [[pearl]]s.<ref>Vernadsky 276–277. The sidelock is reminiscent of Turkic hairstyles and practices and was later mimicked by [[Cossack]]s.</ref>

==Religious beliefs==
Sviatoslav's mother, [[Olga of Kiev|Olga]], converted to Orthodox Christianity at the court of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Emperor [[Constantine Porphyrogenitus]] in 957.<ref>Based on his analysis of ''[[De Ceremoniis]]'', [[Alexander Nazarenko]] hypothesizes that Olga hoped to orchestrate a marriage between Sviatoslav and a Byzantine princess. If her proposal was peremptorily declined (as it most certainly would have been), it is hardly surprising that Sviatoslav would look at the Byzantine Empire and her Christian culture with suspicion. Nazarenko 302.</ref> Sviatoslav remained a [[Paganism|pagan]] all of his life. In the treaty of 971 between Sviatoslav and the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes, the Rus' swore by the gods [[Perun]] and [[Veles (god)|Veles]].<ref name="Balzer1992">{{cite book|last1=Froianov|first1=I. Ia.|author2=A. Iu. Dvornichenko|author3=Iu. V. Krivosheev|editor=Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer|title=Russian Traditional Culture: Religion, Gender, and Customary Law|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJmqeYPEbdwC&pg=PA4|access-date=19 February 2017|year=1992|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-039-3|page=4|chapter=The Introduction of Christianity in Russia and the Pagan Traditions}}</ref> According to the ''Primary Chronicle'', he believed that his warriors (''[[druzhina]]'') would lose respect for him and mock him if he became a Christian.<ref>Primary Chronicle _____.</ref> The allegiance of his warriors was of paramount importance in his conquest of an empire that stretched from the Volga to the Danube.

==Family==
Very little is known of Sviatoslav's family life. It is possible that he was not the only (or the eldest) son of his parents. The [[Rus'-Byzantine Treaty (945)|Rus'-Byzantine treaty of 945]] mentions a certain Predslava, Volodislav's wife, as the noblest of the Rus' women after Olga. The fact that Predslava was Oleg's mother is presented by [[Vasily Tatishchev]]. He also speculated that Predslava came from the Hungarian nobility. [[George Vernadsky]] was among many historians to speculate that Volodislav was Igor's eldest son and heir who died at some point during Olga's regency. Another chronicle relates that Oleg (? – 977?) was the eldest son of Igor. At the time of Igor's death, Sviatoslav was still a child, and he was raised by his mother or under her instructions. Her influence, however, did not extend to his religious observance.

[[File:Святослав I Храбрый, - Царский титулярник.png|thumb|upright|Portrait of Sviatoslav I in the ''[[Tsarsky titulyarnik]]'', 1672]]
Sviatoslav had several children, but the origin of his wives is not specified in the chronicle. By his wives, he had [[Yaropolk I of Kiev|Yaropolk]] and [[Oleg of Drelinia|Oleg]].<ref>Shared maternal paternity of Yaropolk and Oleg is a matter of debate by historians.</ref> By [[Malusha]], a woman of indeterminate origins,<ref>She is traditionally identified in Russian historiography as [[Dobrynya]]'s sister; for other theories on her identity, [[Malusha|see here]].</ref> Sviatoslav had [[Vladimir I of Kiev|Vladimir]], who would ultimately break with his father's paganism and [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'|convert Rus' to Christianity]]. [[John Skylitzes]] reported that Vladimir had a brother named [[Sfengus]]; whether this Sfengus was a son of Sviatoslav, a son of Malusha by a prior or subsequent husband, or an unrelated Rus' nobleman is unclear.<ref>Indeed, Franklin and Shepard advanced the hypothesis that Sfengus was identical with [[Mstislav of Tmutarakan]]. Franklin and Shepard 200–201.</ref>

'''Children'''

[[Predslava, Grand Princess of Kiev|Predslava]]

* [[Oleg of Drelinia]] (died 977?)
* [[Yaropolk I of Kiev]] (952–978)

[[Malusha]]

* [[Vladimir the Great]] (c. 958 – 1015)
* [[Sfengus]]?

==Eastern campaigns==
Shortly after his accession to the throne, Sviatoslav began campaigning to expand Rus' control over the Volga valley and the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|Pontic steppe]] region. His greatest success was the [[Khazar campaign of Svyatoslav (964-965)|conquest of Khazaria]], which for centuries had been one of the strongest states of [[Eastern Europe]]. The sources are not clear about the roots of the conflict between Khazaria and Rus', so several possibilities have been suggested. The Rus' had an interest in removing the Khazar hold on the [[Volga trade route]] because the Khazars collected duties from the goods transported by the Volga. Historians have suggested that the Byzantine Empire may have incited the Rus' against the Khazars, who fell out with the Byzantines after the persecutions of the [[History of the Jews in Russia#Early history|Jews]] in the reign of [[Romanos I|Romanus I Lecapenus]].<ref name="Rus">"Rus", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref>

[[Image:Sviatoslav1.png|thumb|left|The Kievan Rus' at the beginning of Sviatoslav's reign (in red), showing his sphere of influence to 972 (in orange)]]
Sviatoslav began by rallying the [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] vassal tribes of the Khazars to his cause. Those who would not join him, such as the [[Vyatichs]], were attacked and forced to pay tribute to the Kievan Rus' rather than to the Khazars.<ref>Christian 345. It is disputed whether Sviatoslav invaded the land of Vyatichs that year. The only campaign against the Vyatichs explicitly mentioned in the Primary Chronicle is dated to 966.</ref> According to a legend recorded in the Primary Chronicle, Sviatoslav sent a message to the Vyatich rulers, consisting of a single phrase: "I want to come at you!" (Old East Slavic {{Transliteration|orv|ALA-LC|khochiu na vy iti}})<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat03.htm Russian Primary Chronicle (ПСРЛ. — Т. 2. Ипатьевская летопись. — СПб., 1908) for year 6472.] The chronicler may have wished to contrast Sviatoslav's open declaration of war to stealthy tactics employed by many other early medieval conquerors.</ref> This phrase is used in modern Russian and Ukrainian (usually misquoted as {{Transliteration|mul|idu na vy}}) to denote an unequivocal declaration of one's intentions. Proceeding by the [[Oka River|Oka]] and Volga rivers, he attacked [[Volga Bulgaria]]. He employed [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] and [[Pechenegs|Pecheneg]] mercenaries in this campaign, perhaps to counter the superior [[cavalry]] of the Khazars and Bulgars.<ref>For Sviatoslav's reliance on nomad cavalry, ''see, e.g.'', Franklin and Shepard 149; Christian 298; Pletneva 18.</ref>

Sviatoslav destroyed the Khazar city of [[Sarkel]] around 965, possibly sacking (but not occupying) the Khazar city of [[Kerch]] on the [[Crimea]] as well.<ref>Christian 298. The Primary Chronicle is very succinct about the whole campaign against the Khazars, saying only that Sviatoslav "took their city and Belaya Vezha".</ref> At Sarkel he established a Rus' settlement called Belaya Vyezha ("the white tower" or "the white fortress", the East Slavic translation for "Sarkel").<ref>The town was an important trade center located near the [[portage]] between the Volga and [[Don River (Russia)|Don Rivers]]. By the early 12th century, however, it had been destroyed by the [[Kipchaks]].</ref> He subsequently destroyed the Khazar capital of [[Atil]].<ref>''See, generally'' Christian 297–298; Dunlop ''passim''.</ref> A visitor to Atil wrote soon after Sviatoslav's campaign: "The Rus' attacked, and no grape or raisin remained, not a leaf on a branch."<ref>Logan (1992), p. 202</ref> The exact chronology of his Khazar campaign is uncertain and disputed; for example, [[Mikhail Illarionovich Artamonov|Mikhail Artamonov]] and [[David Christian (historian)|David Christian]] proposed that the sack of Sarkel came after the destruction of Atil.<ref>Artamonov 428; Christian 298.</ref>

[[File:Svyatoslav chorikovasky.jpg|thumb| ''Sviatoslav's Council of War'' by [[Boris Chorikov]]]]
Although [[Ibn Hawqal|Ibn Haukal]] reports the sack of [[Samandar (city)|Samandar]] by Sviatoslav, the Rus' leader did not bother to occupy the Khazar heartlands north of the [[Caucasus Mountains]] permanently. On his way back to Kiev, Sviatoslav chose to strike against the [[Ossetians]] and force them into subservience.<ref>The campaign against the Ossetians is attested in the Primary Chronicle. The [[Novgorod First Chronicle]] specifies that Sviatoslav resettled the Ossetians near Kiev, but Sakharov finds this claim dubitable.</ref> Therefore, Khazar successor statelets continued their precarious existence in the region.<ref>The [[Mandgelis Document]] refers to a Khazar potentate in the [[Taman Peninsula]] around 985, long after Sviatoslav's death. [[Georgios Kedrenos|Kedrenos]] reported that the Byzantines and Rus' collaborated in the conquest of a Khazar kingdom in the Crimea in 1016, and still later, [[Ali ibn al-Athir|Ibn al-Athir]] reported an unsuccessful attack by [[Al-Fadhl ibn Muhammad|al-Fadl ibn Muhammad]] against the Khazars in the Caucasus in 1030. For more information on these and other references, ''see'' [[Khazars#Late references to the Khazars]].</ref> The destruction of Khazar imperial power paved the way for Kievan Rus' to dominate north–south trade routes through the steppe and across the [[Black Sea]], routes that formerly had been a major source of revenue for the Khazars. Moreover, Sviatoslav's campaigns led to increased Slavic settlement in the region of the [[Saltovo-Mayaki]] culture, greatly changing the demographics and culture of the transitional area between the forest and the steppe.<ref>Christian 298.</ref>

==Campaigns in the Balkans==
{{main|Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria}}
[[File:63-manasses-chronicle.jpg|thumb|upright|Sviatoslav invading Bulgaria, Manasses Chronicle]]
The annihilation of Khazaria was undertaken against the background of the Rus'-Byzantine alliance, concluded in the wake of [[Rus'-Byzantine War (941)|Igor's Byzantine campaign]] in 944.<ref>Most historians believe the Greeks were interested in the destruction of Khazaria. Another school of thought essentializes the report of [[Yahya of Antioch]] that, prior to the Danube campaign, the Byzantines and the Rus' were at war. See Sakharov, chapter I.</ref> Close military ties between the Rus' and Byzantium are illustrated by the fact, reported by John Skylitzes, that a Rus' detachment accompanied Byzantine Emperor [[Nikephoros II|Nikephoros Phokas]] in his victorious naval expedition to [[Crete]].

In 967 or 968,<ref>The exact date of Sviatoslav's Bulgarian campaign, which likely did not commence until the conclusion of his Khazar campaign, is unknown.</ref> Nikephoros sent his agent, [[Kalokyros]], to persuade Sviatoslav to assist the Byzantines in a war against [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]].<ref>[[Mikhail Tikhomirov]] and [[Vladimir Pashuto]], among others, assume that the Emperor was interested primarily in diverting Sviatoslav's attention from [[Chersonesos Taurica|Chersonesos]], a Byzantine possession in the [[Crimea]]. Indeed, Leo the Deacon three times mentions that Sviatoslav and his father Igor controlled [[Strait of Kerch|Cimmerian Bosporus]]. If so, a conflict of interests in the Crimea was inevitable. The Suzdal Chronicle, though a rather late source, also mentions Sviatoslav's war against Chersonesos. In the [[Siege of Dorostolon|peace treaty of 971]], Sviatoslav promised not to wage wars against either [[Constantinople]] or Chersonesos. Byzantine sources also report that Kalokyros attempted to persuade Sviatoslav to support Kalokyros in a coup against the reigning Byzantine emperor. As remuneration for his help, Sviatoslav was supposed to retain a permanent hold on Bulgaria. Modern historians, however, assign little historical importance to this story. Kendrick 157.</ref> Sviatoslav was paid 15,000 pounds of gold and set sail with an army of 60,000 men, including thousands of Pecheneg mercenaries.<ref>All figures in this article, including the numbers of Sviatoslav's troops, are based on the reports of Byzantine sources, which may differ from those of the Slavonic chronicles. Greek sources report Khazars and "Turks" in Sviatoslav's army as well as Pechenegs. As used in such Byzantine writings as ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' by Constantine Porphyrogenitus, "Turks" refers to [[Hungarian people|Magyars]]. The Rus'-Magyar alliance resulted in the Hungarian expedition against the second largest city of the empire, [[Thessalonica]], in 968.</ref><ref name="Treadgold509">W. Treadgold, ''A History of the Byzantine State and Society'', 509</ref>

[[Battle of Silistra|Sviatoslav defeated]] the Bulgarian ruler [[Boris II of Bulgaria|Boris II]]<ref>Boris II was captured by the Byzantines in 971 and carried off to [[Constantinople]] as a prisoner.</ref> and proceeded to occupy the whole of northern Bulgaria. Meanwhile, the Byzantines bribed the Pechenegs to [[Siege of Kiev (968)|attack and besiege Kiev]], where Olga stayed with Sviatoslav's son Vladimir. The siege was relieved by the ''druzhina'' of [[Siege of Kiev (968)|Pretich]], and immediately following the Pecheneg retreat, Olga sent a reproachful letter to Sviatoslav. He promptly returned and defeated the Pechenegs, who continued to threaten Kiev.

{{Campaignbox Russo-Byzantine Wars}}
[[Image:Persecution of Russ by the Byzantine army John Skylitzes.jpg|thumb|left|Pursuit of Sviatoslav's warriors by the Byzantine army, a miniature from 11th century chronicles of [[John Skylitzes]].]]
Sviatoslav refused to turn his Balkan conquests over to the Byzantines, and the parties fell out as a result. To the chagrin of his [[boyar]]s and his mother (who died within three days after learning about his decision), Sviatoslav decided to move his capital to [[Pereyaslavets]] in the mouth of the Danube due to the great potential of that location as a commercial hub. In the Primary Chronicle record for 969, Sviatoslav explains that it is to Pereyaslavets, the centre of his lands, that "all the riches flow: gold, silks, wine, and various fruits from [[Greece]], silver and horses from [[Hungary]] and [[Bohemia]], and from Rus' furs, wax, honey, and slaves".

[[Image:Svyatoslav2.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Madrid Skylitzes]]'', meeting between [[John I Tzimiskes|John Tzimiskes]] and Sviatoslav.]]
In summer 969, Sviatoslav left Rus' again, dividing his dominion into three parts, each under a nominal rule of one of his sons. At the head of an army that included Pecheneg and Magyar auxiliary troops, he invaded Bulgaria again, devastating [[Thrace]], capturing the city of [[Plovdiv|Philippopolis]], and massacring its inhabitants. Nikephoros responded by repairing the defenses of Constantinople and raising new squadrons of armored cavalry. In the midst of his preparations, Nikephoros was overthrown and killed by [[John I Tzimiskes|John Tzimiskes]], who thus became the new Byzantine emperor.<ref>Kendrick 158</ref>

John Tzimiskes first attempted to persuade Sviatoslav to leave Bulgaria, but he was unsuccessful. Challenging Byzantine authority, Sviatoslav crossed the Danube and laid siege to [[Edirne|Adrianople]], causing panic in the streets of Constantinople in summer 970.<ref>Simultaneously, [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] attacked Byzantine possessions in the south of Italy. This remarkable coincidence may be interpreted as an evidence of the anti-Byzantine German-Russian alliance. See: Manteuffel 41.</ref> Later that year, the Byzantines launched a counteroffensive. Being occupied with suppressing a revolt brought by [[Bardas Phokas the Younger|Bardas Phokas]] in [[Asia Minor]], John Tzimiskes sent his commander-in-chief, [[Bardas Skleros]], who defeated the coalition of Rus', Pechenegs, Magyars, and Bulgarians in the [[Battle of Arcadiopolis (970)|Battle of Arcadiopolis]].<ref>Grekov 445–446. The Byzantine sources report the enemy casualties to be as high as 20,000, a figure modern historians find to be highly improbable.</ref> Meanwhile, John, having quelled the revolt of Bardas Phokas, came to the Balkans with a large army and promoting himself as the liberator of Bulgaria from Sviatoslav, penetrated the impracticable mountain passes and shortly thereafter captured [[Marcianopolis]], where the Rus' were holding a number of Bulgar princes hostage.

[[File:64-manasses-chronicle.jpg|thumb|upright|Siege of Durostorum in Manasses Chronicle]]
Sviatoslav retreated to [[Silistra|Dorostolon]], which the Byzantine armies [[Siege of Dorostolon|besieged for sixty-five days]]. Cut off and surrounded, Sviatoslav came to terms with John and agreed to abandon the Balkans, renounce his claims to the southern Crimea, and return west of the [[Dnieper River]]. In return, the Byzantine emperor supplied the Rus' with food and safe passage home. Sviatoslav and his men set sail and landed on [[Berezan Island]] at the mouth of the Dnieper, where they made camp for the winter. Several months later, according to the Primary Chronicle, their camp was devastated by famine, so that even a horse's head could not be bought for less than a half-[[grivna]].<ref>Franklin and Shepard 149–150</ref> While Sviatoslav's campaign brought no tangible results for the Rus', it weakened the Bulgarian state and left it vulnerable to the attacks of [[Basil II|Basil the Bulgar-Slayer]] four decades later.

==Death and aftermath==
Fearing that the peace with Sviatoslav would not endure, the Byzantine emperor induced the [[Pechenegs|Pecheneg]] [[Khan (title)|khan]] [[Kurya (khan)|Kurya]] to kill Sviatoslav before he reached Kiev. This was in line with the policy outlined by [[Constantine VII]] Porphyrogenitus in ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' of fomenting strife between the Rus' and the Pechenegs.<ref>Constantine VII pointed out that, by virtue of their controlling the Dnieper cataracts, the Pechenegs may easily attack and destroy the Rus' vessels sailing along the river.</ref> According to the Slavic chronicle, [[Sveneld]] attempted to warn Sviatoslav to avoid the [[Dnieper rapids]], but the prince slighted his wise advice and was ambushed and slain by the Pechenegs when he tried to cross the cataracts near [[Khortytsia]] early in 972. The Primary Chronicle reports that his skull was [[skull cup|made into a chalice]] by the Pecheneg khan.<ref>The use of a defeated enemy's skull as a drinking vessel is reported by numerous authors through history among various steppe peoples, such as the [[Scythians]]. Kurya likely intended this as a compliment to Sviatoslav; sources report that Kurya and his wife drank from the skull and prayed for a son as brave as the deceased Rus' warlord. Christian 344; Pletneva 19; Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor 90.</ref>

[[Image:Konchina Svyatoslava.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''The Death of Sviatoslav'' by [[Boris Chorikov]]]]
Following Sviatoslav's death, tensions among his sons grew. A war broke out between his legitimate sons, [[Oleg of Drelinia|Oleg]] and [[Yaropolk I of Kiev|Yaropolk]], in 976, at the conclusion of which Oleg was killed. In 977, [[Vladimir I of Kiev|Vladimir]] fled abroad to escape Oleg's fate where he raised an army of [[Varangians]] and returned in 978. Yaropolk was killed, and Vladimir became the sole ruler of Kievan Rus'.{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=1–2}}{{sfn|Hanak|2013|p=15}}

==Art and literature==
Sviatoslav has long been a hero of [[Belarusians|Belarusian]], [[Russians|Russian]], and [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] patriots due to his great military successes. His figure first attracted attention of Russian artists and poets during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]], which provided obvious parallels with Sviatoslav's push towards Constantinople. Russia's southward expansion and the imperialistic ventures of [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine II]] in the Balkans seemed to have been legitimized by Sviatoslav's campaigns eight centuries earlier.

[[Image:Akimov - Svyatoslav's return from the Danube.jpg|thumb|[[Ivan Akimov]]. ''Sviatoslav's Return from the Danube to His Family in Kiev'' (1773)]]
Among the works created during the war was [[Yakov Knyazhnin]]'s tragedy ''Olga'' (1772). The Russian playwright chose to introduce Sviatoslav as his protagonist, although his active participation in the events following Igor's death is out of sync with the traditional chronology. Knyazhnin's rival [[Nikolai Nikolev]] (1758–1815) also wrote a play on the subject of Sviatoslav's life. [[Ivan Akimov]]'s painting ''Sviatoslav's Return from the Danube to Kiev'' (1773) explores the conflict between military honour and family attachment. It is a vivid example of [[Nicolas Poussin|Poussinesque]] rendering of early medieval subject matter.

Interest in Sviatoslav's career increased in the 19th century. [[Klavdiy Lebedev]] depicted an episode of Sviatoslav's meeting with [[John I Tzimiskes|Emperor John]] in his well-known painting, while [[Eugene Lanceray]] sculpted an [[equestrian sculpture|equestrian statue]] of Sviatoslav in the early 20th century.<ref name=Lanceray>
E. A Lanceray. ''"[http://www.sgu.ru/rus_hist/?wid=699 Sviatoslav ] on the way to [[Tsargrad]].{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307182746/http://www.sgu.ru/rus_hist/?wid=699 |date=7 March 2007 }} "'', [http://www.sgu.ru/rus_hist/ The Russian History in the Mirror of the Fine Arts] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114135153/http://www.sgu.ru/rus_hist/ |date=14 November 2006 }} {{in lang|ru}}
</ref> Sviatoslav appears in the 1913 poem of [[Velimir Khlebnikov]] ''Written before the war'' (#70. Написанное до войны)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lib.rus.ec/b/142777/read |title=Велимир Хлебников Творения |publisher=Lib.rus.ec |access-date=17 June 2012}}</ref> as an epitome of militant Slavdom:<ref>Cooke, Raymond Cooke. ''Velimir Khlebnikov: A Critical Study''. Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pages 122–123</ref>

<blockquote><poem lang="ru" style="float:left;">Знаменитый сок Дуная,
Наливая в глубь главы,
Стану пить я, вспоминая
Светлых клич: "Иду на вы!".</poem>

<poem style="margin-left:2em; float:left;">Pouring the famed juice of the Danube
Into the depth of my head,
I shall drink and remember
The cry of the bright ones: "I come at you!"</poem></blockquote>

Sviatoslav is the villain of the novel ''The Lost Kingdom, or the Passing of the Khazars'', by Samuel Gordon,<ref>London: Shapiro, Vallentine, 1926</ref> a fictionalised account of the destruction of Khazaria by the Rus'. The Slavic warrior figures in a more positive context in the story "Chernye Strely Vyaticha" by Vadim Viktorovich Kargalov; the story is included in his book ''Istoricheskie povesti''.<ref>(Moscow: Det. lit., 1989).</ref>

In 2005, reports circulated that a village in the [[Belgorod]] region had erected a monument to Sviatoslav's victory over the Khazars by the Russian sculptor [[Vyacheslav Klykov]]. The reports described the 13-meter tall statue as depicting a Rus' cavalryman trampling a supine Khazar bearing a [[Star of David]] and [[Kolovrat (symbol)|Kolovrat]]. This created an outcry within the [[History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union|Jewish community]] of Russia. The controversy was further exacerbated by Klykov's connections with [[Pamyat]] and other anti-Semitic organizations, as well as by his involvement in the "letter of 500", a controversial appeal to the Prosecutor General to review all Jewish organizations in Russia for extremism.<ref>
{{Cite web |url=http://www.xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/706B4D8?print=on |title=Alexander Verkhovsky. Anti-Semitism in Russia: 2005. Key Developments and New Trends |access-date=12 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809220444/http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/706B4D8?print=on |archive-date=9 August 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
</ref> The Press Centre of the Belgorod Regional Administration responded by stating that a planned monument to Sviatoslav had not yet been constructed but would show "respect towards representatives of all nationalities and religions."<ref>
[http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=600 "The Federation of Jewish Communities protests against the presence of a Star of David in a new sculpture in Belgorod"], ''Interfax'', 21 November 2005; Kozhevnikova, Galina, [http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/6E811ED "Radical nationalism and efforts to oppose it in Russia in 2005"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110094613/http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/6E811ED |date=10 January 2007 }} ; [http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=329123 "FJC Russia Appeal Clarifies Situation Over Potentially Anti-Semitic Monument"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015836/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=329123 |date=27 September 2007 }} ([[Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS]] Press Release), 23 November 2005; Dahan, David, "Jews protest trampled Star of David statue", ''European Jewish Press'', 22 November 2005
</ref> When the statue was unveiled, the shield bore a twelve-pointed star.

Sviatoslav is the main character of the books ''Knyaz'' ({{Transliteration|ru|Kniaz}}) and ''The Hero'' ({{Transliteration|ru|Geroi}}), written by Russian writer [[Alexander Mazin]]. Sviatoslav plays a major role in the [[Soviet]] historical anthology film ''The Legend of Princess Olga'', which tells the story of his mother, Olga. Sviatoslav appears in various segments, both as a child as an adult. The adult prince Sviatoslav is played by [[Les Serdyuk]].

In November 2011, a Ukrainian fisherman found a one metre long sword in the waters of the Dnieper on [[Khortytsia]], near where Sviatoslav is believed to have been killed in 972. The handle is made out of four different metals including gold and silver, and could possibly have belonged to Sviatoslav himself, but this is speculation—the sword could have belonged to any nobleman from that period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magazine-rest.in.ua/en/news/on_khortitsa_found_the_sword_of_prince_svyatoslav.html|title=On Khortitsa found the sword of Prince Svyatoslav|publisher=Rest in Ukraine|date=23 September 2011|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Старые Петровцы памятник Святославу Храброму.jpg|thumb|Monument to Svyatoslav the Brave in the village of Stari Petrivtsi, Kyiv region]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|Rurikovich||942||972||name=Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav I Igorevich}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Olga of Kiev|Olga]] <small>(regent)</small>}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Rulers of Kievan Rus|Prince of Kiev]]|years=960s–972}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yaropolk I of Kiev|Yaropolk I Sviatoslavich]]}}
{{s-pre}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Igor of Kiev|Igor]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Rulers of Kievan Rus|Prince of Kiev]]|years=945–960s}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yaropolk I of Kiev|Yaropolk I]]}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Olga of Kiev|Olga]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Rulers of Kievan Rus']]|years=945–972}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Yaropolk I of Kiev|Yaropolk]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sviatoslav 01 Of Kiev}}
[[Category:Medieval child monarchs]]
[[Category:Murdered royalty of Kievan Rus']]
[[Category:Grand princes of Kiev]]
[[Category:940s births]]
[[Category:972 deaths]]
[[Category:10th-century princes from Kievan Rus']]
[[Category:10th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:Slavic pagans]]
[[Category:Sons of princes regnant]]