Cultural conservatism

2025-10-09T16:54:50Z

2601:18F:283:5800:C63:29C0:49BD:2B74: /* List of cultural conservative political parties */

{{Short description|Conservative ideology advocating for the preservation of cultural traditions}}
{{redirect|Cultural right|rights related to a people's art and culture|Cultural rights}}
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{{more citations needed|date=May 2010}}
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{{use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{conservatism sidebar}}
'''Cultural conservatism''' is described as the protection of the [[cultural heritage]] of a [[nation state]], or of a culture not defined by state boundaries.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RbwDNb5jtzUC ''Cultural conservatism, political liberalism: from criticism to cultural studies''] by James Seaton, University of Michigan Press, 1996 {{ISBN|978-0472106455}}</ref> It is sometimes associated with [[criticism of multiculturalism]], and [[anti-immigration]] sentiment. Because their cultural preservationist objectives are in conflict with those of [[anti-racism|anti-racists]], cultural conservatives are often accused of racism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/cultural-conservatism-3303795 |title=Cultural Conservatism |last=Hawkins |first=Marcus |date=February 23, 2018 |website=ThoughtCo |publisher=Dotdash Meredith}}</ref> Despite this, however, cultural conservatism can be more nuanced in its approach to minority languages and cultures; it is sometimes focused upon [[heritage language learning]] or threatened [[language revitalization]], such as of [[Quebec French|the distinctive local dialect of French]] in [[Quebec]], [[Acadian French]], [[Canadian Gaelic]], and the [[Mi'kmaq language]] in [[Nova Scotia]] and [[New Brunswick]], or the [[Irish language in Newfoundland]]. Other times cultural conservatism is more focused upon the preservation of an ethnic minority's endangered ancestral culture, such as those of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]].

In the United States, ''cultural conservatism'' may imply a conservative position in the [[culture wars]]. Because cultural conservatism expresses the social dimension of [[conservatism]] according to the [[political compass]] theory, it is sometimes referred to as social conservatism. Instead, ''[[social conservatism]]'' describes conservative moral and [[social values]], or [[traditionalist conservative]] stances on socio-cultural issues, such as [[abortion]] and [[same-sex marriage]], in opposition to ''[[cultural liberalism]]'' (''social liberalism'' in the United States).<ref>{{cite book|first=Farai|last=Chideya|year=2004|chapter=The Red and the Blue: A Divided America|title=Trust: Reaching the 100 Million Missing Voters and Other Selected Essays|publisher=Soft Skull Press|pages=33–46|isbn=978-1932360264}}</ref> Meanwhile, ''[[nationalism]]'' also differs from cultural conservatism as it does not always focus upon a particular culture.

== Arguments ==

=== In favor ===

Proponents argue that cultural conservatism preserves the [[cultural identity]] of a country. They often promote [[cultural assimilation]] into the [[dominant culture]], believing that [[monoculturalism]] is more constructive to national unity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4295318.stm |title=Report attacks multiculturalism |work = [[BBC News]] |date=30 September 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Nagle|first = John|title=Multiculturalism's double bind: creating inclusivity, cosmopolitanism and difference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zqMCc37dW1kC&pg=PA129|year=2009|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0754676072|page=129}}</ref> They claim that assimilation facilitates the integration of immigrants and ethnic minorities into broader society, framing cultural conservatism as a solution to ethnic strife.<ref name="failure">{{cite journal |title=The Failure of Multiculturalism |first=Kenan |last=Malik |author-link=Kenan Malik |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=14 December 2015 |issue=March/April 2015 |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/western-europe/failure-multiculturalism |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref><ref name="trouble">{{cite web |first=Kenan |last=Malik |author-link=Kenan Malik |url=http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/00000002D35E.htm |title=The trouble with multiculturalism |publisher=[[Spiked Online]] |date=18 December 2001 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020102113337/http://www.spiked-online.com/articles/00000002D35E.htm |archive-date=2 January 2002}}</ref> Researchers note that the more [[Cultural homogenization|culturally homogeneous]] a community is, the more people trust each other; a finding which has been substantiated by empirical literature demonstrating ethnic and cultural diversity to be inversely related to social cohesion and trust..<ref>{{cite news |last = Sailer |first = Steve |author-link = Steve Sailer |title = Fragmented future |url = http://www.amconmag.com/article/2007/jan/15/00007/ |work = [[The American Conservative]] |publisher = Jon Basil Utley |date = 15 January 2007 |access-date = 19 November 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110604174328/http://www.amconmag.com/article/2007/jan/15/00007/ |archive-date = 4 June 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Proponents of cultural conservatism have criticized [[multiculturalism]], believing that [[cultural pluralism]] is detrimental to a unified national identity. They argue that [[cultural diversity]] only serves to marginalize immigrants by othering them as outsiders in society. In some countries, multiculturalism is believed to create [[de facto]] [[racial segregation]] in the form of [[ethnic enclave]]s.<ref name="failure"/><ref name="trouble"/> [[Opposition to immigration]] is also a common stance among proponents. Immigrants often bring their home countries' cultures, religions, and languages with them, sometimes influencing and changing the [[Leitkultur|cultures of their host countries]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chapman|first1=Roger|last2=Ciment|first2=James|title=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317473510|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XO9nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA330|language=en|year=2015}}</ref> Proponents of cultural conservatism argue that some of these imported cultural practices, such as [[hijab]]s, [[polygamy]], [[child marriage]], and [[female genital mutilation]], are in direct conflict with the values of the [[dominant culture]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bostonreview.net/forum/susan-moller-okin-multiculturalism-bad-women|title=Is Multiculturalism Bad For Women?|date=1 October 1997|website=Boston Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Nyangweso|first1=Mary|title=Female Genital Cutting in Industrialized Countries: Mutilation or Cultural Tradition?|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1440833472|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AyqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|language=en|year= 2014}}</ref>

=== Against ===

Opponents argue that cultural conservatism harms [[cultural diversity]]. They criticize cultural conservatism for promoting cultural intolerance, creating narrow [[Ethnocentrism|ethnocentric]] mindsets, and stifling self-expression.<ref name="lerman">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/mar/22/multiculturalism-blame-culture-segregation |title=Guardian.co.uk |newspaper=The Guardian |date=22 March 2010 |location=London |first=Antony |last=Lerman}}</ref> Opponents cite numerous historical atrocities that originated from extreme forms of cultural conservatism, such as [[racism]], [[genocide]], [[ethnic cleansing]], [[colonialism]], and [[racial segregation]]. They claim that [[cultural assimilation]] leads to the marginalization of minorities who do not conform to the dominant culture.<ref>Susanne Wessendorf, ''The multiculturalism backlash: European discourses, policies and practices'', p. 35; accessed through Google Books, 12 February 2011.</ref>

Opponents have supported [[multiculturalism]], believing it creates a more diverse and tolerant society. They claim it helps people of the [[ethnic majority]] to learn more about other cultures, adapt better to social change, and be more tolerant of diversity.<ref name="lerman"/> They also believe multiculturalism brings more attention to the historical accomplishments of other ethnic groups, which had been neglected in past times.<ref>{{cite book|author=C. James Trotman|title=Multiculturalism: roots and realities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ht8UKlutUaMC&pg=PR9|year=2002|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253340023|pages=9–10}}</ref> Support for [[immigration]] is also a common stance among opponents of cultural conservatism, who argue that it enriches society by contributing diverse new ideas. In some cases, the art, music, food, or clothing of the immigrants are [[Trans-cultural diffusion|adopted by the dominant culture]].<ref>{{cite book|author=United States Bureau of the Census|title=Celebrating our nation's diversity: a teaching supplement for grades K–12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JYGex7kPR0C&pg=PA1|date=1995|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census|pages=1–}}</ref>

== By country ==

===Australia===
In 2006, the [[Australian Government]] proposed to introduce a compulsory citizenship test which would assess English skills and knowledge of Australian values. This sparked a debate over cultural conservatism in [[Australia]]. [[Andrew Robb]] told a conference that some Australians worried that interest groups had transformed multiculturalism into a philosophy that put "allegiances to original culture ahead of national loyalty, a philosophy which fosters separate development, a federation of ethnic cultures, not one community."<ref>[[The Courier Mail]]: National identity in spotlight, 28 November 2006 [http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,20832674-953,00.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810231828/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,20832674-953,00.html|date=10 August 2009}}.</ref>

The [[Pauline Hanson's One Nation|One Nation Party]] is a conservative political party that opposes multiculturalism, calling it "a threat to the very basis of the Australian culture, identity and shared values."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australianpolitics.com/parties/onenation/immigration-policy-98.shtml|title=Pauline Hanson's One Nation:Immigration, Population and Social Cohesion Policy 1998|publisher=Australianpolitics.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629143605/http://www.australianpolitics.com/parties/onenation/immigration-policy-98.shtml|archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref>

===Canada===
{{Main articles|Canadian cultural protectionism|Culture of Canada}}
Unlike the United States, [[Canada]] has always been a culturally divided country, though to varying degrees. Since the premiership of [[Pierre Trudeau]], [[Canadian identity]] has been viewed as a [[cultural mosaic]]. Trudeau Sr. once stated that there is "no such thing as a model or ideal Canadian," and that to desire one is a "disastrous" pursuit.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-21|title=Pierre Trudeau Called It 'Absurd' That Canadians Must Be Alike|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2016/11/21/pierre-trudeau-quote-canadians-diversity_n_13130350.html|access-date=2020-11-14|website=HuffPost Canada|language=en}}</ref> His son [[Justin Trudeau]], likewise Prime Minister, has continued to spread this spirit in declaring Canada "the first post-national state" due to its lack of a core identity and mainstream.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Trudeau's neglect of the nation has led us to this place|language=en-US|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/donna-kennedy-glans-don-hill-trudeau-confederation-risk-1.4937499|access-date=2020-11-14}}</ref> The fifth wave of [[immigration to Canada]] which followed Trudeau Sr.'s premiership and continues to this day is the largest manifestation of this change. For example, the city of [[Richmond, British Columbia]] is majority Chinese, and nearly half of [[Toronto]]nians are foreign-born, the city which now bears the motto "Diversity Our Strength."<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Toronto |first1=City of |date=2017-08-16|title=History of City Symbols|url=https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/awards-tributes/tributes/history-of-city-symbols/|access-date=2020-11-14|website=City of Toronto|language=en-CA}}</ref> Canadian cultural conservatism as a reaction to the multiculturalism of Pierre Trudeau (and subsequently of [[Brian Mulroney]]) reached its peak with the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] and waned over time. Its decline has been marked by the [[2019 Canadian federal election|electoral failure]] of the [[People's Party of Canada]], which formed partly as a response to the [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party]]'s perceived weakness on the issue.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-23|title=Maxime Bernier Quits Conservatives To Form His Own Federal Party|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2018/08/23/maxime-bernier-quits-conservatives-new-party_a_23508059/|access-date=2020-11-14|website=HuffPost Canada|language=en}}</ref>

====Quebec====
{{See also|Quebec sovereignty movement|French in Canada}}
[[Quebec]] is unique in Canada for its cultural conservatism. Though not a socially conservative province, nor religiously conservative (not since the [[Silent Revolution|aftermath]] of the ''[[Grande Noirceur]]''), Quebecois culture has always maintained a certain suspicion and reluctance towards unity with the rest of Canada. Language protectionism (reflected in laws such as [[Bill 101]]) is a central concern of Quebec cultural conservatives. Quebec has held two referendums on separation and has never ratified the [[Constitution Act, 1982|Constitution Act of 1982]]. The [[Bloc Québécois]] formed in reaction to the Mulroney premiership (like the Reform Party) to advocate for Quebecois interests in the federal parliament. It once held the office of [[Official Opposition (Canada)|Official Opposition]], which was followed by a decline, but the party has seen a surge in popularity as of late, currently holding 32 of Quebec's 78 seats in the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]].

===China===
Central to the ideas of the [[Cultural Revolution]] was the elimination of the [[Four Olds]], which were elements of Chinese culture that at the time were seen to oppose the goals of [[Communism in china|Communism in China]]. However, the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) at the time protected some of the most important Chinese historical monuments, including some archaeological discoveries such as the [[Terracotta Army]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gao|first1=Mobo C. F.|url=http://archive.org/details/battleforchinasp00gaom|title=The battle for China's past [electronic resource] : Mao and the Cultural Revolution|last2=ebrary|first2=Inc|date=2008|publisher=London; Ann Arbor, Mich.: Pluto Press|others=Library Genesis|isbn=978-0745327815}}</ref> [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] has overseen a revival in the popularity of historical [[Chinese culture|Chinese cultural]] figures such as [[Confucius]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|title=Xi Jinping's Love of Confucius May Backfire|url=https://time.com/3547467/china-beijing-xi-jinping-confucius-communism/|access-date=2020-11-14|magazine=Time}}</ref> He has placed more emphasis on the value of Chinese culture than his predecessors and has included it among his [[Four Comprehensives|"comprehensive"]] political goals.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=从"三个自信"到"四个自信"–理论-人民网|url=http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0707/c49150-28532466.html|access-date=2020-11-14|website=theory.people.com.cn}}</ref> Preservation of traditional culture is a major concern of modern Chinese conservatism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Aymeric |date=2020 |title=What Made Chinese Conservatism a Cultural Movement: A Case Study of the Southern Society |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/765149 |journal=Twentieth-Century China |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=331–350 |doi=10.1353/tcc.2020.0028 |issn=1940-5065|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Germany===
In [[Germany]], [[Parallel society|parallel societies]] established by some immigrant communities have been criticized by cultural conservatives, giving rise to the concept of the [[Leitkultur]]. Conservative Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] of the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] described attempts to build a multicultural German society to have "failed, utterly failed". Many Germans have expressed alarm over the large number of Muslim immigrants in their country, many of whom have failed to integrate into German society.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11559451|work=BBC News |title=Merkel says German multicultural society has failed|date=17 October 2010}}</ref>

===Italy===
[[Italy]] is a culturally conservative society. Recent surveys{{when|date=March 2025}} show that the vast majority of Italians want fewer immigrants to be allowed into the country, while few want to keep the current level or increase immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/12/10/many-worldwide-oppose-more-migration-both-into-and-out-of-their-countries/|title=Many worldwide oppose more migration – both into and out of their countries|last1=Connor|first1=Phillip|last2=Krogstad|first2=Jens Manuel|website=Pew Research Center|date=10 December 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/05/10/actualidad/1557507327_934513.html|title=Inmigración y medio ambiente centran la inquietud de los europeos|date=2019-05-13|work=El País|language=es|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

===Japan===
[[Japan]] has been a culturally conservative society. Being [[monoculturalism|monocultural]], it has traditionally refused to recognize ethnic differences in Japan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abe fine with 'homogeneous' remark|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070227a9.html|publisher=Kyodo News|date=27 February 2007}}</ref>

===Netherlands===
[[Paul Cliteur]] criticized multiculturalism, [[political correctness]], [[cultural relativism]], and non-Western cultural values. He argued that cultural relativism would lead to acceptance of outdated practices brought to the Western World by immigrants such as [[sexism]], [[homophobia]], and [[antisemitism]].<ref>Paul Cliteur. De filosofie van mensenrechten. Nijmegen 1999.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Business Immigration to Canada |url=https://sobirovs.com/ |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>

[[Paul Scheffer]] believes that cultural conservatism and integration are necessary for a society, but the presence of immigrants undermines this. He cites failure to assimilate, de facto segregation, unemployment, [[immigration and crime|crime]], and Muslim opposition to secularism as the main problems resulting from immigration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrc.nl/W2/Lab/Multicultureel/scheffer.html |title=The Multicultural Tragedy |last=Scheffer |first=Paul |publisher= }}</ref>

===Russia===
In [[Russia]], [[Russian culture]] has been defended by cultural conservatives on the grounds that the destruction of traditional values is undemocratic.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Arakelyan|first=Lilia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLA0DwAAQBAJ&q=putin+-+today%2C+many+nations+are+eroding+ethnic&pg=PA1970|title=Russian Foreign Policy in Eurasia: National Interests and Regional Integration|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1315468358|language=en}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
In the 20th century, [[immigration]] to the [[United Kingdom]] gave rise to multicultural policies. However, a report from the [[University of York]] in 2010 stated that since the beginning of the 21st century the UK government moved towards cultural conservatism and the assimilation of minority communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.york.ac.uk/ipup/projects/raceandfaith/discussion/bam-hutchison.html|title=Race, faith, and UK policy: A brief history|last=Bam-Hutchison|first=June|publisher=Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past; [[University of York]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605081638/http://www.york.ac.uk/ipup/projects/raceandfaith/discussion/bam-hutchison.html|archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref> Opposition has grown to multicultural government policies, with some viewing it as a costly failure. After the [[7 July 2005 London bombings]], the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician [[David Davis (British politician)|David Davis]] called such policies "outdated".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1495397/Multicultural-Britain-is-not-working-says-Tory-chief.html|title=Multicultural Britain is not working, says Tory chief|author=George Jones|date=4 August 2005|work=Daily Telegraph|location=London}}</ref>

[[Ed West (journalist)|Ed West]] argues that the British establishment had blindly embraced multiculturalism without proper consideration of the downsides of ethnic diversity.<ref>West, Ed (2013). ''The Diversity Illusion: What We Got Wrong About Immigration & How to Set it Right'', Gibson Square Books Ltd ({{ISBN|978-1908096050}})</ref> According to cultural conservatives, while minority cultures are allowed to remain distinct, traditional British culture is abhorred for being exclusive and adapts to accommodate minorities, often without the consent of the local population.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/210672.stm |title=Winterval gets frosty reception |work=BBC News |date=9 November 1998}}</ref>

===United States===
{{Main|Social conservatism in the United States}}
A prominent criticism by cultural conservatives in the [[United States]] is that multiculturalism undermines national unity, hinders social integration, and leads to the fragmentation of society.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tilove|first=Jonathan|url=http://www.statesman.com/opinion/content/editorial/stories/insight/07/08/0708diversity.html?cxtype=rss&cxsvc=7&cxcat=45|title=A diversity divide: Beneath the surface, Americans are deeply ambivalent about diversity|publisher=Statesman.com|date=8 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070923071216/http://www.statesman.com/opinion/content/editorial/stories/insight/07/08/0708diversity.html?cxtype=rss&cxsvc=7&cxcat=45|archive-date=23 September 2007}}</ref> [[Samuel P. Huntington]] described multiculturalism as an anti-Western ideology that attacked the United States' inclusion in Western civilization, denied the existence of a common American culture, and promoted ethnic identities over national ones.<ref>[[Samuel P. Huntington|Huntington, Samuel P.]], ''The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order'', New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996 {{ISBN|0684844419}}</ref>

Discussions to do with the conservation of American culture often involve definitional disputes. Some consider the United States as a nation of immigrants or "[[melting pot]]," others (such as [[David Hackett Fischer]]) argue that [[Albion's Seed|British immigrant cultures]] are responsible for the development of modern American culture and values. American cultural conservatives often claim that the culture is at risk due primarily to demographic change from immigration, as well as the influence of academia, which has produced increasingly left-wing alumni over time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-27|title=Is cultural conservatism doomed by demographics?|url=https://spectator.us/cultural-conservatism-demographics/|access-date=2020-11-14|website=Spectator USA|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Dinesh D'Souza]] argues that multiculturalism in American universities undermines the [[moral universalism]] that education once stood for. In particular, he criticized the growth of ethnic studies programs.<ref>{{cite book|last=D'Souza|first=Dinesh|title=Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus|publisher=Free Press|location=New York|year=1991|isbn=978-0684863849|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/illiberaleducati00dsou}}</ref>

== List of cultural conservative political parties ==

===Australia===
* [[Australia First Party]]
* [[Australian Defence League]]
* [[Australian Protectionist Party]]
* [[Pauline Hanson's One Nation]]

===Bulgaria===
* [[Bulgarian National Union – New Democracy]]

===Canada===
* [[Canadian Nationalist Party (2017)|Canadian Nationalist Party]] (defunct)
* [[People's Party of Canada]]
* [[Coalition Avenir Quebec]]

===Czech Republic===
* [[Freedom and Direct Democracy]]

===Denmark===
* [[Danish People's Party]]
* [[Social Democrats (Denmark)|Social Democrats]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chessum |first=Michael |date=2025-02-16 |title=Why the left failed |url=https://www.thenewworld.co.uk/michael-chessum-why-the-left-failed/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=The New World |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Etzerodt |first=Søren Frank |last2=Kongshøj |first2=Kristian |date=2022 |title=The implosion of radical right populism and the path forward for social democracy: Evidence from the 2019 Danish national election |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9477.12225 |journal=Scandinavian Political Studies |language=en |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=279–300 |doi=10.1111/1467-9477.12225 |issn=1467-9477}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barrie |first=Axford |title=Populism Versus the New Globalization |date=2021 |publisher=SAGE Publications, Limited |isbn=978-1-5297-3741-7 |page=38–39 |chapter=Populism in Practice: Causes, Correlates and Crises}}</ref>

===Estonia===
* [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia]]

===Finland===
* [[Blue and White Front]]
* [[Power Belongs to the People]]

===France===
* [[Blue, White and Red Rally]]
* [[National Rally]]
* [[Reconquête]]

===Germany===
* [[Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht]]

===Greece===
* [[Greek Solution]]
* [[Greeks for the Fatherland]]
* [[LEPEN (political party)|LEPEN]]
* [[National Popular Consciousness]]

===Hungary===
* [[Fidesz]]
* [[Our Homeland Movement]]

===Italy===
* [[Lega Nord]]
* [[Lega per Salvini Premier]]

===Netherlands===
* [[Forum for Democracy]]
* [[Party for Freedom]]

===New Zealand===
* [[New Zealand First]]

===Poland===
* [[Law and Justice]]

===Portugal===
* [[CDS-PP]]
* [[Chega (political party)|Chega]]
* [[Ergue-te]]

===Romania===
* [[Alliance for the Union of Romanians]]
* [[People's Movement Party]]
* [[Romanian Nationhood Party]]

===Serbia===
* [[Serbian Party Oathkeepers]]

===South Korea===
* [[Dawn of Liberty Party]]

===Spain===
* [[Vox (political party)|Vox]]
* [[Workers' Front (Spain)|Worker's Front]]

===Sweden===
* [[Alternative for Sweden]]
* [[Sweden Democrats]]
<big>'''Trinidad and Tobago'''</big>

● [[United National Congress]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=Kamla: "Deport every illegal Venezuelan migrant" |url=https://trinidadexpress.com/newsextra/kamla-deport-every-illegal-venezuelan-migrant/article_a156580e-ac18-11ef-aef1-d3f5c400a8b3.html |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Trinidad Express Newspapers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff 1 |first=A. Z. P. |date=2024-11-26 |title=A Persad-Bissessar Gov't will 'Aggressively' Deport Venezuelans |url=https://azpnews.com/a-persad-bissessar-govt-will-aggressively-deport-venezuelans/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=AZP News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-27 |title=Opposition Leader wants illegal Venezuelans involved in crime deported |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/world-news/20241127/opposition-leader-wants-illegal-venezuelans-involved-crime-deported |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=jamaica-gleaner.com |language=en}}</ref>

<big>'''United Kingdom'''</big>

● [[Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990–present)|Social Democratic Party]]

'''<big>United States</big>'''
* [[Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution Party]]
* [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]

== See also ==
{{portal|Conservatism}}
{{cols}}
* [[Criticism of multiculturalism]]
* [[Cultural appropriation]]
* [[Cultural nationalism]]
* [[Paleoconservatism]]
* [[Paleolibertarianism]]
* [[Social conservatism]]
* [[Traditionalist conservatism]]
{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* John J. Langdale III (2012). ''Superfluous Southerners: Cultural Conservatism and the South, 1920–1990''. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press.

{{conservatism footer}}
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Cultural conservatism