Ğ

2025-10-29T02:03:48Z

2601:282:237C:4250:5DCD:3002:47AB:775: /* Current use */

{{short description|Latin letter G with breve}}
{{Infobox grapheme
| name = G with [[breve]]
| letter = Ğ ğ
| variations = [[ǧ]], [[ĝ]], [[ḡ]], [[ġ]], [[ǥ]], [[ǵ]], [[g̃]], [[ģ]], [[ɠ]]
| image = Latin letter G with breve.svg
| imageclass = skin-invert-image
| imagesize = 200px
| imagealt = G with breve
| imagesize2 = 200px
| imagealt2 = Ğ in a Serif typeface
| script = [[Latin script]]
| type = [[Alphabet]]
| typedesc = ic
| language = [[Azerbaijani language]], [[Crimean Tatar language]], [[Turkish language]]
| phonemes = [{{IPAlink|.}}] [{{IPAlink|ː|◌ː}}] [{{IPAlink|ɣ}}] [{{IPAlink|ʁ}}] [{{IPAlink|ɰ}}] [{{IPAlink|j}}] [{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}]
| unicode = U+011E, U+011F
| alphanumber =
| number =
| fam1 = <hiero>T14</hiero>
| fam2 = [[Image:Proto-semiticG-01.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Gimel]]
| fam3 = [[Image:phoenician gimel.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Gimel]]
| fam4 = [[File:Greek Gamma 03.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Early Greek Gamma]]
| fam5 = [[File:Early Etruscan C.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Early Etruscan C]]
| fam6 = [[Gamma|Γ γ]]
| fam7 = [[𐌂]]
| fam8 = [[C]]
| fam9 = [[G]]
| usageperiod = 1928 to present
| children = {{bull}}[[Ǧ]] {{bull}}[[Ġ]]
| sisters = [[G]] [[Г]] [[Ґ]] [[Ғ]] [[Ҕ]] [[Ӻ]] {{lang|fa|[[Che (Persian letter)|چ{{popdf}}]]}} {{lang|ar|[[ج]]}} [[ገ]] [[ࠂ]] {{Script/Hebrew|[[gimel|ג]]}} [[Ð]]
| equivalents = {{lang|ar|[[غ]]}}, [[Gh (digraph)]], [[Ғ]]
| associates = [[Gh (digraph)|gh]], [[ǧ]], [[ĝ]], [[ḡ]], [[ġ]], [[ǥ]], [[ǵ]], [[g̃]], [[ģ]], [[ɠ]]
| direction = Left-to-Right
}}
'''Ğ''' ([[g]] with [[breve]]; [[Letter case|minuscule]]: '''ğ''') is a [[Latin script|Latin]] letter found in the [[Turkish alphabet|Turkish]] and [[Azerbaijani alphabet]]s as well as the Latin alphabets of [[Zaza language|Zazaki]], [[Laz language|Laz]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], [[Tatar language|Tatar]], and [[Kazakh alphabets#Latin script|Kazakh]]. It traditionally represented the [[voiced velar fricative]] {{IPA|/ɣ/}} or the [[voiced uvular fricative]] {{IPA|/ʁ/}}. However, in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], the phoneme has in most cases been [[elision|reduced to]] a [[silent letter]], serving as a [[Vowel length|vowel-lengthener]]. But for [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] spelling in [[Romania]] it represents the [[voiced palato-alveolar affricate]] {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}.

== Turkish use ==

=== Current use ===
In [[Turkish language|Turkish]], the {{angbr|ğ}} is known as {{lang|tr|yumuşak ge}} ({{IPA|tr|jumuˈʃak ˈɟe|pron}}; 'soft g') and is the ninth letter of the [[Turkish alphabet]]. It always follows a vowel, and can be compared to the {{lang|da|blødt g}} ('soft g') in [[Danish language|Danish]].

Similarly to [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] and other Turkic languages, Turkish used to have a /ɣ/ phoneme which could occur in all positions. However, the phoneme was gradually lost as it [[Fortition|fortified]] to a /g/ if not preceded by a vowel and eroded away elsewhere. The fortified form is now written with a ⟨g⟩, while the eroded form is shown with a ⟨ğ⟩; showing that in native Turkish words which have vowels in contact with each other, there used to be a consonant separating them (in fact Turkish language resources will still insist native words do not have consecutive vowels). In loanwords, consecutive vowels are not separated with a ğ, but in speech they may be separated by a [[glottal stop]]. For example, the Arabic loanword {{lang|tr|cemaat}} or {{lang|tr|cemaât}} may be pronounced as either {{IPA|[dʒeˈma.atʲ]}} or {{IPA|[dʒeˈmaʔatʲ]}}.

The realization of the phoneme depends on its location in a word and the surrounding vowels:<ref name="GökselKerslake2005">{{cite book|last1=Göksel|first1=Aslı|last2=Kerslake|first2=Celia|title=Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fXCKZmee8QC&pg=PA7|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|pages=7–8|isbn=9780415114943}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! spelling !! pronunciation !! spelling !! pronunciation
|-
! ağ
| {{IPA|[aː]}}
! eğ
| {{IPA|[ej]}}
|-
! iğ
| {{IPA|[iː]}}
! ığ
| {{IPA|[ɯː]}}
|-
! oğ
| {{IPA|[oː]}}
! uğ
| {{IPA|[uː]}}
|-
! öğ
| {{IPA|[œː]}}
! üğ
| {{IPA|[yː]}}
|-
! colspan="4"|
|-
! ağa
| {{IPA|[a.a]}}
! ığı
| {{IPA|[ɯ.ɯ]}}
|-
! uğu
| {{IPA|[u.u]}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"|
|-
! eğe
| {{IPA|[e(j)e]}}
! iği
| {{IPA|[i.i]}}
|-
! üğü
| {{IPA|[y(j)y]}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"|
|-
! ağu
| {{IPA|[a(w)u]}}
! oğa
| {{IPA|[o(w)a]}}
|-
! oğu
| {{IPA|[o(w)u]}}
! uğa
| {{IPA|[u(w)a]}}
|-
! öğe
| {{IPA|[œ.e]}}
! öğü
| {{IPA|[œ.y]}}
|-
! üğe
| {{IPA|[y.e]}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"|
|-
! ağı
| {{IPA|[a.ɯ~aː~a]}}*
! ığa
| {{IPA|[ɯ.a]}}
|-
! eği
| {{IPA|[eji~iː~e.i~æ]}}*
! iğe
| {{IPA|[i.e~ije]}}
|}

* in word-final and syllable-final positions it lengthens the preceding vowel, for example: {{lang|tr|dağ(lar)}} {{IPA|[daː(laɾ)]}} ('mountain[s]'), {{lang|tr|sığ}} {{IPA|[sɯː]}} ('shallow'); when following a front vowel (''e, i''), it may sound {{IPAslink|j}} instead: {{lang|tr|değnek}} {{IPA|[dejnek]}} ('cane');
* between identical back vowels (''a, ı, u'') it is silent: {{lang|tr|sığınak}} {{IPA|[sɯːnak]}} ('shelter'), {{lang|tr|uğur}} {{IPA|[uːɾ]}} ('good luck');
* between identical front vowels (''e, i, ü'') it is either silent: {{lang|tr|sevdiğim}} {{IPA|[sevdiːm]}} ('that I love'), or pronounced {{IPA|[j]}}: {{lang|tr|düğün}} {{IPA|[dyjyn]}} ('wedding');
* between different rounded vowels (''o, u, ö, ü''), or between rounded (''o, u, ö, ü'') and unrounded (''a, e'') vowels it is mostly silent, but may be a bilabial glide: {{lang|tr|soğuk}} {{IPA|[so(w)uk]}} ('cold'), {{lang|tr|soğan}} {{IPA|[so(w)an]}} ('onion');
* ''ağı'' may sound as two vowels or as long ''a'': {{lang|tr|ağır}} {{IPA|[a.ɯɾ, aːɾ]}} ('heavy');
* ''ığa'' is always two vowels: {{lang|tr|sığan}} {{IPA|[sɯ.an]}} ('which fits');
* in ''eği'' and ''iğe'' it is either silent or pronounced {{IPA|[j]}} as if written ''y'': {{lang|tr|değil}} {{IPA|[dejil]}} ('not'), {{lang|tr|diğer}} {{IPA|[dijeɾ]}} ('other'); in colloquial speech ''eği'' is long ''i'': {{lang|tr|değil}} {{IPA|[diːl]}};
* ''eği'' and ''ağı'' in the future suffix -''(y)AcAK''- are formally {{IPA|[e.i]}}/{{IPA|[a.ɯ]}} or colloquially {{IPAblink|æ}}/{{IPA|[a]}}: {{lang|tr|seveceğim}} {{IPA|[seveˈdʒe.im, seviˈdʒæm]}} ('I will love'); {{lang|tr|yazacağım}} {{IPA|[jazaˈdʒa.ɯm, jazɯˈdʒam]}} ('I will write').

Some webpages may use {{angbr|[[Ð]]}} (uppercase) and {{angbr|[[ð]]}} (lowercase) for {{angbr|Ğ}} because of improper encoding; see [[m:Help:Turkish characters|Turkish characters]] for the reasons of this.

=== Historical use ===
The letter, and its counterpart in the [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet]], <big>{{angbr|{{lang|ar|[[Ghayn|غ]]}}}}</big>, were once pronounced as a consonant, {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, the [[voiced velar fricative]], until very recently in the history of Turkish, but it has undergone a [[sound change]] by which the consonant was completely lost and [[compensatory lengthening]] of the preceding vowel occurred, hence its function today. The sound change has not completely eliminated the sound in some [[Turkish dialects]]. The previous consonantal nature of the sound is evinced by earlier English loanwords from Turkish, such as ''[[yogurt]]''/''yoghurt'' (modern Turkish {{lang|tr|yoğurt}}) and ''[[Agha (title)|agha]]'' (modern Turkish {{lang|tr|ağa}}), and the corresponding velar fricative found in cognate words in the closely related [[Azerbaijani language]] and the Turkish-influenced [[Crimean Tatar language]]. In [[Old Turkic language|Old Turkic]] (as well as earlier during [[Proto-Turkic]] times), this voiced velar fricative originated as an [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, the [[voiced velar stop]], when it occurred [[intervocalic consonant|intervocalically]]. The expected process of [[lenition]] (weakening and eventual loss of the intervocalic Proto-Turkic consonant *{{IPA|ɡ}}) is thus complete in Turkish and underway in many other [[Common Turkic languages]].

==Azerbaijani use==
In [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] {{angbr|ğ}} represents {{IPAslink|ɣ}}, the [[voiced velar fricative]]. In Azerbaijani, ğ never occurs at the beginning of a word.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Essentials of Azerbaijani: An Introductory Course |url=https://minio.la.utexas.edu/webeditor-files/slavic/pdf/azeri.pdf}}</ref>

== Crimean Tatar use==

In [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], {{angbr|ğ}} represents {{IPAslink|ɣ}} the [[voiced velar fricative]].

==Dobruja Tatar use==
For [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] spelling used in [[Romania]], also known as [[Dobrujan Tatar]] it represents the [[voiced palato-alveolar affricate]] {{IPA|/dʒ/}}.

== Tatar use ==
The Turkic [[Tatar language]] is written mostly in [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], but a Latin-based alphabet is also in use. In the Latin alphabet, ğ represents {{IPAslink|ʁ}}, the [[voiced uvular fricative]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tatar (Standard) |url=https://eurphon.info/languages/html?lang_id=46}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tatar Language |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tatar-language}}</ref> In Cyrillic, Tatar uses '''г''' for both g and ğ without distinction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tatar Names |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027192517/https://magarif-uku.ru/tatar-isemnere/ir-at/ |language=tt}}</ref>

Tatar ğ / г is the Arabic [[Ghayn|ghayn غ]]. In Arabic words and names where there’s an [[Ayin|ayin ع]], Tatar adds the ghayn instead (عبد الله, ʻ''Abd Allāh, ’Abdullah;'' Tatar: '''Ğ'''abdulla'','' '''Г'''абдулла; [[Yaña imlâ alphabet|Yaña imlâ]]: غابدوللا /'''ʁ'''abdulla/).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Quranic Names – Abdullah |url=https://quranicnames.com/abdullah/}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yevlampiev, Pentzlin, Joomagueldinov |first=Ilya, Karl, Nurlan |date=2011 |title=Revised Proposal to encode Arabic characters used for Bashkir, Belarusian, Crimean Tatar, and Tatar languages |url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2011/11209-n4072-arabic.pdf}}</ref>

In the [[Mishar Tatar dialect|Mishar Tatar Dialect]], ğ is not pronounced, and thus, a word like ''şiğır'' (شعر, шигыр, "poem") is ''şigır'' or ''şiyır'' for [[Mishar Tatars|Mishars]] (who [[Finnish Tatars|in Finland]] use the Latin alphabet).<ref>''Jazyki Rossijskoi Federatsii i sosednih gosudarstv. Tom 3'', pp. 67–68. Moskva: Nauka, 2005. ISBN 5-02-011237-2. (In Russian)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yabalak Süzlek – Finnish-Tatar Dictionary |url=https://yabalak.fi/ |website=yabalak.fi}}</ref>

== Kazakh use ==
{{see also|Kazakh alphabets#Latin script}}
The current Kazakh Latin alphabet proposal, last updated in March 2021 and commissioned by [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev|President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]], uses ğ to replace the Kazakh Cyrillic [[Ғ]] to represent the IPA {{IPA|/ʁ/}}. The earlier 2020 proposal listed [[Ǵ]] instead, but was replaced after public criticism.

==Friulian use==
The [[Faggin–Nazzi alphabet]] for [[Friulian language]] uses the caron, owing to its Slavic influence. However, {{angbr|Ǧ}}/{{angbr|ǧ}} is often substituted with {{angbr|Ğ}}/{{angbr|ğ}} due to the former's lack of availability in fonts and input systems. This is because {{angbr|Ğ}}/{{angbr|ğ}} is in [[Latin Extended-A]] alongside {{angbr|Č}}/{{angbr|č}} and {{angbr|Š}}/{{angbr|š}}, the other caron bearing letters in the alphabet, whereas {{angbr|Ǧ}}/{{angbr|ǧ}} is in [[Latin Extended-B]], which is available in fewer fonts and input systems. Ǧǧ/Ğğ represents tje phoneme /dʒ/.

==Character encoding==

{{charmap
|011E|name1=LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH BREVE
|011F|name2=LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH BREVE
|map1=[[ISO 8859-3]]|map1char1=AB|map1char2=BB
|map2=[[ISO 8859-9]]|map2char1=D0|map2char2=F0
}}

==See also==
* [[Ǧ]] (g with [[caron]])
* [[Ġayn]] (Arabic)
* [[Ghayn (Cyrillic)]]
* [[Hard sign]]
* [[Soft sign]]

==References==
<references />

{{Latin script}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:G-Breve}}
[[Category:Latin letters with diacritics]]
[[Category:Turkish language]]

Vero - Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Ğ