Catlinite

2025-10-26T03:56:16Z

2601:447:CD7E:1870:DC25:FAC2:3334:B3E7:

{{short description|Type of metamorphosed mudstone}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2015}}
[[Image:WLA brooklynmuseum Native American Plains Pipe Bowl representing Owl.jpg|thumb|Native American, Plains (unidentified). Pipe bowl representing owl, early 20th century. Catlinite or pipestone, 3{{fraction|3|4}} × 5{{fraction|3|8}} in. (9.5 × 13.7 cm). [[Brooklyn Museum]]]]
[[Image:Iowa catlinite pipe wanampito.jpg|thumb|[[Protohistoric]] Catlinite pipe, probably late 17th century [[Iowa people|Ioway]], from the [[Archaeology of Iowa|Wanampito]] site in [[Iowa]].]]

'''Catlinite''', also called '''pipestone''', is a type of [[argillite]] ([[Metamorphic rock|metamorphosed]] [[mudstone]]), usually brownish-red in color, which occurs in a [[Matrix (geology)|matrix]] of [[Sioux Quartzite]]. Because it is fine-grained and easily worked, it is prized by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], primarily those of the [[Plains Indians|Plains nations]], for use in making [[ceremonial pipe]]s, known as [[chanunpa]]s ({{langx|lkt|čhaŋnúŋpa}}). Pipestone quarries are located and preserved in [[Pipestone National Monument]] outside [[Pipestone, Minnesota]], in [[Pipestone County, Minnesota]], and at the [[Pipestone River (Kenora District)|Pipestone River]] in [[Ontario]], [[Canada]].

==Name==
The term ''Catlinite'' came into use after the American painter [[George Catlin]] visited the quarries in Minnesota in 1835; but it was [[Philander Prescott]] who first wrote about the rock in 1832, noting that evidence indicated that [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indians]] had been using the quarries since at least as far back as 1637.

==Catlinite properties and quarries==
[[Image:Black hawk calumet.jpg|thumb|[[Ceremonial pipe]] bowl of catlinite used by [[Black Hawk (Sauk leader)|Black Hawk]], on display at [[Black Hawk State Historic Site]] in [[Illinois]].]]

Minnesota catlinite is buttery smooth and can be cut with a regular hacksaw or even a knife. It comes out of the ground a pinkish color often with a cream layer protecting it from the hard quartzite. It is weaker and more subject to breaking under stress than Utah pipestone.<ref>[http://littlefeathercenter.50megs.com/Catlinite.html/ Little Feather Interpretive Center, Pipestone.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050115013916/http://littlefeathercenter.50megs.com/Catlinite.html/ |date=January 15, 2005 }}</ref> Most catlinite deposits exist beneath the level of groundwater or are in deep enough layers where the soil is constantly moist as the iron compounds which give catlinite its red color quickly convert into iron oxides when exposed to the elements and the stone degrades and breaks down.{{citation needed|reason=clarify|date=July 2015}}

The red catlinite from the Pipestone, Minnesota, quarries is a soft [[claystone]] bed which occurs between layers of hard [[Sioux Quartzite]].<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/pipe/learn/nature/geologicformations.htm Geologic Formations, Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota, National Park Service]</ref> Only hand tools are used to reach the catlinite, and only enrolled Native Americans are allowed to quarry for the stone at the Pipestone National Monument, to protect it from over-mining. Another quarry with harder stone is located near [[Hayward, Wisconsin]], on the reservation, which the [[Ojibwe]] have used for centuries.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}

[[Image:Pipestone1.jpg|thumb|right|High grade red pipestone from [[Delta, Utah]]]]

Utah pipestone has a more variable range of hard and soft forms, since it occurs as layers between deposits of harder [[slate]]s. Utah pipestone is a by-product of slate mining in Delta, Utah, and several natural deposits have been mined and used for pipemaking by Native Americans in the area for millennia.

The Canadian quarry is no longer used, although there are quarries in Canada where another type of pipestone, [[Ceremonial pipe#Pipestone varieties|black stone]], is gleaned. The Ojibwe use both the red and black stone for their sacred pipes.

Catlinite is often used to make the hollow tubes in [[pipeclay triangle]]s.

==Other varieties of pipestone==
{{main|Ceremonial pipe#Pipestone varieties}}

A large range of pipestones exist, not just those in Minnesota, and numerous Native American tribes use a variety of materials in addition to catlinite for pipemaking.

===Pipe clay===
[[Smoking pipe]]s molded from wet [[clay]] are different from those where the bowl is carved from solid pipestone and then fitted with a wooden stem (as is the case with Catlinite pipes).

The [[Eastern Band Cherokee]] are social smokers, and use molded clay pipes for this purpose.

In the United Kingdom, since the 17th century "pipe-clay" has meant a pale, whitish clay. The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] defines it as "fine white kind of clay, which forms a ductile paste with water". It is traditionally used for all sorts of polishing and whitening purposes as well as for making [[tobacco pipe]]s and pottery.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Sigstad, John S. (1970) "A Field Test for Catlinite". ''American Antiquity'' '''35''':3. pp. 377–382.

==External links==
* [http://mvac.uwlax.edu/past-cultures/native-knowledge/technologies/ Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center at the University of Wisconsin – La Crosse]: Describes the process of making pipes from Catlinite
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25669585?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Pipestone Artifacts from Upper Mississippi Valley Sites] by J. T. Penman and J.N. Gundersen in the Plains Anthropologist

[[Category:Native American sculpture]]
[[Category:Native American religion]]
[[Category:Hardstone carving]]
[[Category:Pipestone County, Minnesota]]

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Catlinite