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Alfonso XIII

2025-10-21T18:30:17Z

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{{Short description|King of Spain from 1886 to 1931}}
{{Family name hatnote|Borbón|Habsburgo-Lorena|lang=Spanish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Alfonso XIII
| image = Rey Alfonso XIII de España, by Kaulak.jpg
| caption = Formal portrait, 1916
| moretext = ([[List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown|more...]])
| reign = {{start and end date|1886|05|17|1931|04|14|df=y}}
| reign-type = [[Reign of Alfonso XIII|Reign]]
| succession = [[King of Spain]]
| cor-type = Enthronement
| coronation = 17 May 1902
| predecessor = [[Alfonso XII]]
| successor = [[Niceto Alcalá-Zamora]] (President of Spain, 1931) [[Juan Carlos I]] (King of Spain, 1975)
| regent = [[Maria Christina of Austria|Maria Christina]] (1886–1902)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1886|05|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Royal Palace of Madrid]], [[Madrid]], Spain
| death_date = {{death date and age|1941|02|28|1886|05|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Rome]], Italy
| burial_date =
| burial_place = {{ubli|[[Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli]], Rome (until 1980)|[[El Escorial]], San Lorenzo de El Escorial (since 1980)}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg]]|31 May 1906}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
*[[Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)|Alfonso, Prince of Asturias]]
*[[Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia]]
*[[Infanta Beatriz of Spain|Infanta Beatriz, Princess of Civitella-Cesi]]
*[[Infanta María Cristina of Spain|Infanta María Cristina, Countess Marone]]
*[[Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona]]
*[[Infante Gonzalo of Spain|Infante Gonzalo]]
}}
| issue-link = #Legitimate and illegitimate children
| full name = {{ubl|{{langx|es|Alfonso León Fernando María Santiago Isidro Pascual Antón de Borbón y de Habsburgo-Lorena}}|{{langx|fr|Alphonse Léon Ferdinand Marie Jacques Isidore Pascal Antoine de Bourbon}}}}
| house = [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]]
| father = [[Alfonso XII]]
| mother = [[Maria Christina of Austria]]
| religion = [[Catholic Church in Spain|Catholic]]
| signature = FirmaAlfonsoXIII (v).svg
}}
'''Alfonso XIII'''{{efn|In the [[languages of Spain]], his name was:
*[[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]: ''Alifonso XIII''
*[[Asturian language|Asturian]]: ''Alfonsu XIII''
*[[Basque language|Basque]]: ''Alfontso XIII''
*[[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Alfons XIII''
*[[Occitan language|Occitan]]: ''Anfós XIII''
*[[Galician language|Galician]]: ''Afonso XIII''
*[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Alfonso XIII''}} ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena''; [[French language|French]]: ''Alphonse Léon Ferdinand Marie Jacques Isidore Pascal Antoine de Bourbon''; 17 May 1886 – 28 February 1941), also known as '''El Africano''' or '''the African''' for his [[Africanist (Spain)|Africanist]] views, was [[King of Spain]] from his birth until 14 April 1931, when the [[Second Spanish Republic]] was proclaimed. He became a [[monarch]] at birth as his father, [[Alfonso XII]], had died the previous year. Alfonso's mother, [[Maria Christina of Austria]], served as [[regent]] until he assumed full powers on his sixteenth birthday in [[1902]].

Alfonso XIII's upbringing and public image were closely linked to the military estate; he often presented himself as a soldier-king.<ref>{{Cite journal|page=178|journal=Royal Studies Journal|volume=7|issue=2|year=2020|first=Carolyn|last=Harris|title=Raising Heirs to the Throne in Nineteenth Century Spain: The Education of the Constitutional Monarchy|doi=10.21039/rsj.270|s2cid=234552045|doi-access=free}}</ref> His effective reign started four years after the [[Spanish–American War]], when various social milieus projected their expectations of national regeneration onto him.<ref>{{Cite journal|page=319|first=Javier|last=Moreno Luzón|author-link=Javier Moreno Luzón|publisher=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas|Editorial CSIC]]|location=Madrid|url=https://hispania.revistas.csic.es/index.php/hispania/article/view/398/400|trans-title=Alfonso el Regenerador. Performing Monarchy and Spanish Nationalist Imaginary, from a comparative perspective (1902–1913)|title=Alfonso el Regenerador. Monarquía escénica e imaginario nacionalista español, en perspectiva comparada (1902–1913)|journal=[[Hispania (journal)|Hispania]]|year=2013|volume=LXXIII|issue=244|issn=0018-2141|doi=10.3989/hispania.2013.009|doi-access=free}}</ref> Like other European monarchs of his time he played a political role, entailing a controversial use of his constitutional executive powers.{{Sfn|Moreno Luzón|2013|p=319}} [[Wedding of Alfonso XIII and Princess Victoria Eugenie|His wedding]] to Princess [[Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg]] in 1906 was marred by [[Morral affair|an attempt at regicide]]; he was unharmed.

With public opinion divided over [[World War I]], and moreover a split between [[Central Powers|pro-German]] and [[Allies of World War I|pro-Entente]] sympathizers, Alfonso XIII used his relations with other European royal families to help preserve a stance of neutrality, as espoused by his government;<ref>{{Cite journal|title=La política exterior de España en el contexto europeo, 1898–1931|first=Fernando|last=Peris Alcantud|journal=Tiempo y Sociedad|issue=22|year=2016|pages=152–153|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6347293.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6347293.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|issn=1989-6883}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/114350/1/07075332.2021.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/114350/1/07075332.2021.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|page=7|first=Marina|last=Pérez de Arcos|year=2021|title='Finding Out Whereabouts of Missing Persons': The European War Office, Transnational Humanitarianism and Spanish Royal Diplomacy in the First World War|journal=The International History Review|volume=44|issue=3|doi=10.1080/07075332.2021.1976809|s2cid=250585535}}</ref> however, several factors weakened the monarch's constitutional legitimacy: the rupture of the {{lang|es|[[turno]]}} system, the deepening of the [[Restoration (Spain)|Restoration system]] crisis in the 1910s, [[Spanish crisis of 1917|a trio of crises in 1917]], the spiral of violence in Morocco,<ref>{{Cite journal|pages=503–504|title=La espiral irresistible: La gran guerra y el protectorado español en Marruecos|journal=Hispania Nova|location=Getafe|publisher=[[Charles III University of Madrid|Universidad Carlos III de Madrid]]|first=Pablo|last=La Porte|issue=15|year=2017|volume=15|doi=10.20318/hn.2017.3499|issn=1138-7319|doi-access=free}}</ref> and especially the lead-up to the 1923 installment of the [[dictatorship of Primo de Rivera|dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera]], an event that succeeded by means of both military coup d'état and the king's acquiescence.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera: A Political Reassessment|jstor=260237|author-link=Shlomo Ben-Ami|first=Shlomo|last=Ben-Ami|year=1977|issn=0022-0094|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=12|issue=1|pages=65–84|doi=10.1177/002200947701200103|s2cid=155074826}}</ref> Over the course of his reign, the monarch ended up favouring an authoritarian solution rather than constitutional liberalism.{{Sfn|Moreno Luzón|2023|p=24}}

Upon the political failure of the dictatorship, Alfonso XIII removed support from Primo de Rivera (who was thereby forced to resign in 1930) and favoured (during the ''[[dictablanda]]'') an attempted return to the pre-1923 state of affairs. Nevertheless, he had lost most of his political capital along the way. He left Spain voluntarily after the [[1931 Spanish local elections|municipal elections of April 1931]] – which was understood as a plebiscite on maintaining the monarchy or declaring a republic – the result of which led to the proclamation of the [[Second Spanish Republic]] on 14 April 1931.

For his efforts with the [[European War Office]] during [[World War I]],<ref name="royal-knight">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2018/01/royal-knight-of-charity-king-alfonso-xiii-of-spain-in-wwi/|title="Royal Knight of Charity": King Alfonso XIII of Spain in WWI | 4 Corners of the World: International Collections and Studies at the Library of Congress|first=Anchi|last=Hoh|date=18 January 2018|website=Blogs.loc.gov|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> he earned a nomination for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1917, which was ultimately won by the [[Red Cross]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=687|title=Nomination%20archive|date=1 April 2020|website=NobelPrize.org|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> To date, he remains the only monarch known to have been nominated for a Nobel Prize.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2018/11/08/inenglish/1541680126_698719.html|first=Vicente G.|last=Olaya|title=A king with a mission: the humanitarian deeds of Alfonso XIII during the Great War|work=[[El País]]|date=November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.es/cultura/libros/20140319/abci-alfonsoxiii-oficina-cautivos-gran-201403181911.html?ref=https:%2F%2Fwww.google.com|first=Inés Martín|last=Rodrigo|title=Alfonso XIII, aliado de los cautivos en la Gran Guerra|work=ABC|date=19 March 2014}}</ref>

==Reign==
{{Main|Reign of Alfonso XIII of Spain}}

===Early life and education===
{{See also|Regency of Maria Christina of Austria}}
[[File:Alfonso_XIII, cadete, de Manuel García Hispaleto.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|Alfonso XIII as a cadet; by [[Manuel García Hispaleto]]]]
Alfonso XIII was born at the [[Royal Palace of Madrid]] on 17 May 1886. He was the posthumous son of [[Alfonso XII]] of Spain, who had died in November 1885, and became king upon his birth. Just after he was born, he was carried naked to the prime minister [[Práxedes Mateo Sagasta]] on a silver tray.

Five days later, he was carried in a solemn court procession with a [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Golden Fleece]] around his neck and was baptised with water specially brought from the [[River Jordan]] in Palestine.<ref>''Magnificent Monarchs'' (Fact Attack series) p. 21 by [[Ian Locke]]; published by [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] in 1999; {{ISBN|978-0330-374965}}</ref> The French newspaper {{lang|fr|[[Le Figaro]]}} described the young king in 1889 as "the happiest and best-loved of all the rulers of the earth".<ref>"The Happiest Living Monarch", ''The New York Times''. 14 August 1889.</ref> His mother, [[Maria Christina of Austria]], served as his regent until his sixteenth birthday. During the regency, in 1898, Spain lost its colonial rule over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the United States as a result of the [[Spanish–American War]].

Alfonso became seriously ill during the [[1889–1890 pandemic]].<ref>Kempińska-Mirosławska, B., & Woźniak-Kosek, A. (2013). The influenza epidemic of 1889–90 in selected European cities{{snd}}a picture based on the reports of two Poznań daily newspapers from the second half of the nineteenth century. Medical Science Monitor, 19, 1131–1141. {{doi|10.12659/MSM.889469}}</ref> His health deteriorated around 10 January 1890, and doctors reported his condition as the flu attacked his nervous system leaving the young king in a state of indolence. He eventually recovered.

When Alfonso came of age in May 1902, the week of his majority was marked by festivities, bullfights, balls and receptions throughout Spain.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1902/03/29/archives/alfonsos-reign-begins-may-17-he-will-take-the-oath-on-that-day.html?sq=Alfonso+XIII&scp=101&st=p "Alfonso's Reign Begins on 17 May; He Will Take the Oath on That Day – Festivities to Last a Week,"] ''New York Times,'' 29 March 1902.</ref> He took his oath to the constitution before members of the [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]] on 17 May.

Alfonso received, to a large extent, a military education that imbued him with "a [[Spanish nationalism]] strengthened by his military vocation".<ref name=casals /> Besides the clique of military tutors, Alfonso also received political teachings from a liberal, {{ill|Vicente Santamaría de Paredes|es}}, and moral precepts from an [[Integralism|integrist]], [[José Fernández Montaña|José Fernández de la Montaña]].<ref name=casals>{{Cite book|first=Xavier|last=Casals|title=Franco y los Borbones. Historia no oficial de la corona española|year=2019|publisher=Ariel|isbn=978-84-344-2970-3|author-link=Xavier Casals|orig-year=2005|location=Barcelona|url=https://xaviercasals.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/portada-sumario-fragmento-franco-y-los-borbones.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://xaviercasals.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/portada-sumario-fragmento-franco-y-los-borbones.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|page=32}}</ref>

===Engagement and marriage===
{{Main|Wedding of King Alfonso XIII and Princess Victoria Eugenie}}
[[File:The Nine Sovereigns at Windsor for the funeral of King Edward VII.jpg|thumb|right|The Nine Sovereigns at [[Windsor Castle|Windsor]] for the funeral of King Edward VII, photographed on 20 May 1910. Standing, from left to right: [[Haakon VII of Norway]], [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria]], [[Manuel II of Portugal]], [[Wilhelm II]] of Germany, [[George I of Greece]] and [[Albert I of Belgium]]. Seated, from left to right: Alfonso XIII of Spain, [[George V]] of the United Kingdom and [[Frederick VIII of Denmark]].]]By 1905, Alfonso was looking for a suitable consort. On a state visit to the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], he stayed in London at [[Buckingham Palace]] with King [[Edward VII]]. There he met Princess [[Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg]], the daughter of Edward VII's youngest sister [[Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom|Princess Beatrice]], and a granddaughter of [[Queen Victoria]]. He found her attractive, and she returned his interest. There were obstacles to the marriage. Victoria was a [[Protestantism|Protestant]], and would have to become a Catholic. Victoria's brother, [[Lord Leopold Mountbatten|Leopold]], was a [[haemophilia]]c, so there was a 50 percent chance that Victoria was a carrier of the trait. Finally, Alfonso's mother Maria Christina wanted him to marry a member of her family, the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]], or some other Catholic princess, as she considered the Battenbergs to be non-dynastic.

Victoria was willing to change her religion, and her being a haemophilia carrier was only a possibility. Maria Christina was eventually persuaded to drop her opposition. In January 1906 she wrote an official letter to Princess Beatrice proposing the match. Victoria met Maria Christina and Alfonso in [[Biarritz]], France, later that month, and converted to Catholicism in [[San Sebastián]] in March.

[[File:Anarchist attack on the King of Spain Alfonso XIII (1906).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Photograph taken moments after the assassination attempt on Alfonso and [[Victoria Eugenie]] on their wedding day]]
In May, diplomats of both kingdoms officially executed the agreement of marriage. Alfonso and Victoria were married at the [[San Jerónimo el Real|Royal Monastery of San Jerónimo]] in Madrid on 31 May 1906, with British royalty in attendance, including Victoria's cousins the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]]). The wedding was marked by [[Morral affair|an assassination attempt]] on Alfonso and Victoria by Catalan [[Anarchism in Spain|anarchist]] Mateu Morral. As the wedding procession returned to the palace, he threw a bomb from a window which killed 30 bystanders and members of the procession, while 100 others were wounded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edwardianpromenade.com/weddings/royal-wedding-1-victoria-eugenie-alfonso-xiii/|title=Royal Wedding #1: Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg & King Alfonso XIII of Spain|work=Edwardian Promenade|date=25 March 2011|access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

On 10 May 1907, the couple's first child, [[Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)|Alfonso, Prince of Asturias]], was born. Victoria was in fact a haemophilia carrier, and Alfonso inherited the condition.

Neither of the two daughters born to the King and Queen were haemophilia carriers, but another of their sons, [[Infante Gonzalo of Spain|Gonzalo]] (1914–1934), had the condition. Alfonso distanced himself from his wife for transmitting the condition to their sons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2002/339/1018871276.html|title=Reinas Borbones de cuidado|work=elmundo.es|access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref> From 1914 on, he had several mistresses, and fathered five illegitimate children. A sixth illegitimate child had been born before his marriage.

===World War I===
{{See also|European War Office|Spain during World War I}}
[[File:Alphonse à Vaux, 1919, 3.jpg|thumb|right|Alfonso XIII visiting [[Verdun]] in 1919]]
During [[World War I]], because of his family connections with both sides and the division of popular opinion, Spain remained neutral.<ref>His wife was British, his mother Austrian, amongst other family relationships.</ref> The King established an office for assistance to prisoners of war on all sides. This office used the Spanish diplomatic and military network abroad to intercede for thousands of POWs – transmitting and receiving letters for them, and other services.<ref name="royal-knight"/> The office was located in the [[Palacio Real|Royal Palace]].

Alfonso attempted to save the Russian Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] and his family from the [[Bolsheviks]] who captured them, sending two telegrams offering the Russian imperial family refuge in Spain. He later learned of the [[execution of the Romanov family]], but was mistaken in believing that only Nicholas II and his son [[Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia|Alexei]] had been killed. As such, he continued to push for the Tsarina [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Alexandra]], a first cousin of Victoria Eugenie, and her four daughters to be brought to Spain, not having realized that they had also been murdered.<ref>{{cite news|last=Olaya|first=Vicente G.|title=Cuando Alfonso XIII intentó salvar al zar|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/11/06/actualidad/1541517435_674442.html|language=Spanish|work=El País|date=6 November 2018}}</ref>

Alfonso became gravely ill during the [[1918 flu pandemic]]. Spain was neutral and thus under no wartime censorship restrictions, so his illness and subsequent recovery were reported to the world, while flu outbreaks in the belligerent countries were concealed. This gave the misleading impression that Spain was the most affected area and led to the pandemic being dubbed "the Spanish Flu".<ref name="Barry">Barry 171.</ref>

===Cracking of the system and dictatorship===
{{main|Rif War|1923 Spanish coup d'état|Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-09411, Primo de Rivera und der König von Spanien.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Alfonso (left) with his dictatorial prime minister, [[Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella|Miguel Primo de Rivera]]]]
Following World War I, Spain entered the lengthy yet victorious [[Rif War]] (1920–1926) to preserve its colonial rule over northern Morocco. Critics of the monarchy thought the war was an unforgivable loss of money and lives, and nicknamed Alfonso ''el Africano'' ("the African").<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7hTl3WyxE3cC&pg=PA115|title=Alfonso XIII: un político en el trono|first=Javier|last=Moreno Luzón|publisher=Marcial Pons Historia|year=2003|location=Madrid|language=es|isbn=84-95379-59-7|access-date=12 May 2023|page=115}}</ref> Alfonso had not acted as a strict constitutional monarch, and supported the [[Africanist (Spain)|Africanists]] who wanted to conquer for Spain a new empire in Africa to compensate for the lost empire in the Americas and elsewhere.<ref>Perry, James ''Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them'', Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 274</ref> The Rif War had starkly polarized Spanish society between the Africanists who wanted to conquer an empire in Africa vs. the ''abandonistas'' who wanted to abandon Morocco as not worth the blood and treasure.<ref name="Perry, James page 286">Perry, James ''Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them'', Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 286.</ref> Alfonso liked to play favourites with his generals, and one of his most favoured generals was [[Manuel Fernández Silvestre]].<ref>Perry, James ''Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them'', Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 276</ref> In 1921, when Silvestre advanced up into the [[Rif|Rif mountains]] of Morocco, Alfonso sent him a telegram whose first line read "Hurrah for real men!", urging Silvestre not to retreat at a time when Silvestre was experiencing major difficulties.<ref>Perry, James ''Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them'', Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 280.</ref> Silvestre stayed the course, leading his men into the [[Battle of Annual]], one of Spain's worst defeats. Alfonso, who was on holiday in the south of France at the time, was informed of the "Disaster of the Annual" while he was playing [[golf]]. Reportedly, Alfonso's response to the news was to shrug his shoulders and say "Chicken meat is cheap", before resuming his game.<ref>Perry, James ''Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them'', Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 284.</ref> Alfonso remained in France and did not return to Spain to comfort the families of the soldiers lost in the battle, which many people at the time saw as a callous and cold act, a sign that the King was indifferent over the lives of his soldiers. In 1922, the Cortes started an investigation into the responsibility for the Annual disaster and soon discovered evidence that the King had been one of the main supporters of Silvestre's advance into the Rif mountains.

[[File:Alfonso XIII in uniform of a British Field Marshall.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Alfonso in uniform of [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|field marshal of the United Kingdom]], 1928]]
After the "Disaster of the Annual", Spain's war in the Rif went from bad to worse, and as the Spanish were barely hanging on to Morocco, support for the ''abandonistas'' grew as many people could see no point to the war.<ref name="Perry, James page 286"/> In August 1923, Spanish soldiers embarking for Morocco mutinied, other soldiers in [[Málaga]] simply refused to board the ships that were to take them to Morocco, while in Barcelona huge crowds of left-wingers had staged anti-war protests at which Spanish flags were burned while the flag of the [[Republic of the Rif|Rif Republic]] was waved about.<ref name="Perry, James page 286"/> With the [[Africanist (Spain)|Africanists]] comprising only a minority, it was clear that it was only a matter of time before the ''abandonistas'' forced the Spanish to give up on the Rif, which was part of the reason for the [[Miguel Primo de Rivera#Establishment of dictatorship|military coup d'état later in 1923]].<ref name="Perry, James page 286"/>

On 13 September 1923, [[Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella|Miguel Primo de Rivera]], Captain General of Catalonia, staged a military coup with the collaboration from a quad of ''Africanist'' generals based in Madrid (José Cavalcanti, Federico Berenguer, Leopoldo Saro and Antonio Dabán). These generals were associated with the innermost military clique of Alfonso XIII and wanted to prevent investigations about Annual from tarnishing the monarch, even if Primo de Rivera had embraced ''Abandonista'' positions prior to that point.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/P/D/PDF426.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/P/D/PDF426.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|page=164|first=Guillermo|last=Serrano Sáenz de Tejada|title=De la guerra de Marruecos y el combate que no debió ser|year=2013|isbn=978-84-9781-816-2|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Spain)|Ministerio de Defensa]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0PODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT182|title=Manual de Historia Política y Social de España (1808–2018)|first1=Miguel|last1=Martorell|year=2019|isbn=9788490562840|first2=Santos|last2=Juliá|publisher=RBA Libros|author-link2=Santos Juliá}}</ref> Primo de Rivera ruled as a dictator with the king's support until January 1930.

During the dictatorship, the king increased his public presence, siding with a Catholic, [[anti-Catalan]]ist, dictatorial and militarist brand of Spanish nationalism.{{Sfn|Moreno Luzón|2023|p=29}}

In 1925, Alfonso was the target of [[Garraf plot|an assassination plot]] by Catalan separatists while in Barcelona. While the attempt was foiled, Miguel Primo de Rivera used the incident to further solidify his rule.

{{See also|Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer}}
On 28 January 1930, amid economic problems, general unpopularity and a putschist plot led by General [[Manuel Goded]] in motion,{{Sfn|Casals|2004|p=211}} of which Alfonso XIII was most probably aware,{{Sfn|Tuñón de Lara|2000|p=225}} Miguel Primo de Rivera was forced to resign, exiling to Paris, only to die a few weeks later of the complications from [[diabetes]] in combination with the effects of a [[flu]].{{Sfn|Casals|2004|pp=214–216}} Alfonso XIII appointed General [[Dámaso Berenguer]] as the new prime minister. Back in 1926, Alfonso XIII had appointed Berenguer as Chief of Staff of the Military House of the King, a post conventionally fit for burned-out generals in order to move them away from the spotlight for a time in a show of affection.<ref>{{Cite journal|issn=1138-7319|first=Alberto|title=Padrino y patrón. Alfonso XIII y sus oficiales (1902–1923)|url=http://hispanianova.rediris.es/6/articulos/6a003.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://hispanianova.rediris.es/6/articulos/6a003.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|last=Bru Sánchez-Fortún|year=2006|publisher=[[Charles III University of Madrid|Universidad Carlos III de Madrid]]|location=Getafe|journal=Hispania Nova. Revista de Historia Contemporánea|issue=6}}</ref> The new period was nicknamed as ''[[Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer|dictablanda]]''. The King was so closely associated with the [[dictatorship of Primo de Rivera]] that it was difficult for him to distance himself from the regime that he had supported for almost seven years. The enforced changes relied on the incorrect assumption that Spaniards would accept the notion that nothing had happened after 1923 and that going back to the prior state of things was possible.{{Sfn|Avilés Farré|Elizalde Pérez-Grueso|Sueiro Seoane|2002|p=308}}

==Dethronement and politics in exile==
{{See also|1931 Spanish local elections}}
[[File:13 d'abril portada.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|13 April 1931 ''[[Heraldo de Madrid]]'' frontpage reporting the Republican victory]]
On 12 April, the Republican coalition, short of winning a majority of councillors overall, won a sweeping majority in major cities in the [[1931 Spanish local elections|1931 municipal elections]], which were perceived as a [[plebiscite]] on monarchy. The results shocked the government, with foreign minister [[Álvaro de Figueroa, 1st Count of Romanones|Romanones]] admitting to the press an "absolute monarchist defeat" and [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]] honcho [[José Sanjurjo]] reportedly telling government ministers that, given circumstances, the Armed Forces could not be "absolutely" relied upon for the sustainment of the monarchy.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46N-pNbNG2kC&pg=PP13|pages=31–32|first=Stanley G.|last=Payne|author-link=Stanley G. Payne|title=Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931–1936|year=1993|publisher=[[The University of Wisconsin Press]]|isbn=9780299136741}}</ref> Alfonso XIII fled the country and the Second Spanish Republic was peacefully proclaimed on 14 April 1931.

In November 1931, the Constituent Republican Cortes held an impassionate debate about the political responsibilities of the former monarch.{{Sfn|Contreras Casado|2003|p=165}} Some of the grievances against the actions of Alfonso XIII as a king included interference in state institutions to reinforce his personal power, bargaining personal support from the military clique with rewards and merits, his abuse of the power to dissolve the legislature, rendering the co-sovereignty between the Nation and the Crown a total fiction; that he had disproportionately fostered the Armed forces (often to contain internal protest), had used the armed forces abroad with imperialist aims alien to the interests of the nation but his own, that he had personally devised the military operation of Annual behind the back of the Council of Ministers, and that following the massacre of Annual that "cost the lives of thousands of Spanish lads", he had decided to launch a coup with the help of a few generals rather than facing scrutiny in the legislature.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Anuario de Historia del Derecho Español |url=https://www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/anuarios_derecho/abrir_pdf.php?id=ANU-H-2020-10043900508|page=472|first=Sebastián|last=Martín Martín|title=Los enemigos de la II República, 1931–1933|volume=90|year=2020}}</ref>

Other than Romanones, who exculpated the actions of the monarch, disconformity towards the Primo de Rivera dictatorship notwithstanding, no other legislator intervened in his favour, with the debate focusing on whether to label the monarch's actions as a military rebellion, [[lèse-majesté]], [[high treason]], or even condemning "a delinquent personality" or "a wholly punishable life".{{Sfn|Contreras Casado|2003|pp=165–166}} The debate ended with an eloquent speech by Prime Minister [[Manuel Azaña]] pleading for the unanimity of the house "to condemn and exclude D. Alfonso de Borbón from the law, proclaiming the majesty of our republic, the unbreakable will of our civism and the permanence of the Spanish glories framed by the institutions freely given by the Nation".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Responsabilidad regia, memoria histórica y transiciones a la democracia en España|first=Manuel|last=Contreras Casado|journal=[[Revista de Estudios Políticos]]|issn=0048-7694|issue=121|year=2003|pages=167–168|publisher=[[Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales]]|location=Madrid|url=https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/RevEsPol/article/view/46082}}</ref> The house passed the act brought forward by the Commission of Responsibilities, summarizing Alfonso de Borbón's responsibilities as being guilty of high treason.{{Sfn|Contreras Casado|2003|p=168}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-13726, Spanischer König Alfons XIII..jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|The former king in London in 1932]]
Involved in anti-Republican plots from his exile, and keen to draw support from the Carlists in the context of the uneasy and competing relations between the Carlist and Alfonsist factions within the radicalised monarchist camp, in the aftermath of so-called [[Pact of Territet]] he issued a statement dated 23 January 1932 endorsing the manifesto launched by Carlist claimant [[Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime|Alfonso Carlos]] (in which the latter hinted at the cession of dynastic rights should the former king accept "those fundamental principles which in our traditional regime have been demanded of all Kings with precedence of personal rights"), with the dethroned king likewise accusing in the document the reformist Republic to be "[[Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory|inspired and sponsored by communism, freemasonry and judaism]]".<ref>{{Cite book|first=Eduardo|last=González Calleja|author-link=Eduardo González Calleja|page=77|publisher=[[Alianza Editorial]]|location=Madrid|year=2011|isbn=978-84-206-6455-2|title=Contrarrevolucionarios. Radicalización violenta de las derechas durante la Segunda República, 1931–1936}}</ref>

In 1933, his two eldest sons, Alfonso and Jaime, renounced their claims to the defunct throne on the same day, and in 1934 his youngest son Gonzalo died. This left his third son [[Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona|Juan]] his only male heir.

After the [[Spanish coup of July 1936|July 1936 attempted coup d'état]] against the democratically elected Republican government<ref>Paul Preston, History of the Spanish Civil War</ref> a [[Spanish Civil War|war broke out in Spain]]. On 30 July 1936, Alfonso's son Juan took the initiative of leaving [[Cannes]] to go to Spain to join the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|rebel faction]], with the former king (then in a hunting trip in [[Czechoslovakia]]) reportedly giving consent, so Juan de Borbón crossed the border set to join the front in Somosierra dressed in a blue jumpsuit and red beret under the fake name "Juan López".<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.cofradiainternacionaldeinvestigadores.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/CAP-7-5.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cofradiainternacionaldeinvestigadores.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/CAP-7-5.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|pages=130–131|title=La monarquía en España de 1939 a 1975|first=José|last=Peña González|journal=Beresit: Revista Interdiciplinar científico-humana|issn=0213-9944|issue=5|year=2003}}</ref> However, rebel general [[Emilio Mola]], mastermind behind the putschist plot, was warned of the move and had Juan returned.{{Sfn|Peña González|2003|p=130}} The former king made it clear he favoured the rebel faction against the Republican government. In September 1936, the general who had emerged as leader of the rebel faction, [[Francisco Franco]], declared that he would not restore Alfonso as king.

==Death==
[[File:ABDICACION 15 DE ENERO DE 1941.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Ending part of the January 1941 renouncement manuscript]]
On 15 January 1941, Alfonso XIII renounced his rights to the defunct Spanish throne in favour of Juan. He died in Rome on 28 February that year following weeks in agony after a first severe attack of [[angina pectoris]].{{Sfn|Moreno Luzón|2023|pp=15–18}}

In Spain, dictator Francisco Franco ordered three days of national mourning.<ref>"Mourning in Spain", ''The Times'' (3 March 1941): 3.</ref> The ex-king's funeral was held in Rome in the Church of [[Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri]]. He was buried in the Church of [[Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli]], the Spanish national church in Rome, immediately below the tombs of Popes [[Pope Callixtus III|Callixtus III]] and [[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1941/03/02/archives/italians-to-mourn-death-of-alfonso-threeday-period-is-orderedtroops.html?sq=Italians+to+Mourn+Death+of+Alfonso&scp=1&st=p "Italians to Mourn Death of Alfonso,"] ''The New York Times.'' 2 March 1931.</ref> In January 1980 his remains were transferred to [[El Escorial]] in Spain.<ref>"21 Guns for Dead King's Homecoming", ''The Times'' (21 January 1980): 4.</ref>

==Legacy==
Alfonso was a promoter of tourism in Spain. The need for the lodging of his wedding guests prompted the construction of the luxurious [[Hotel Palace]] in Madrid. He also supported the creation of a network of state-run lodges, [[Paradores]], in historic buildings of Spain. His fondness for the sport of [[Association football|football]] led to the patronage of several "royal" ("real" in Spanish) football clubs, the first being [[Real Club Deportivo de La Coruña]] in 1907.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.football-espana.net/clubs/Deportivo/history|title=Deportivo history – Football Espana|work=football-espana.net|date=29 August 2012|access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref> Selected others include [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]], [[Real Sociedad]], [[Real Betis]], [[Real Unión]], [[RCD Espanyol|Espanyol]], [[Real Zaragoza]] and [[Real Racing Club]].

An avenue in the northern Madrid neighbourhood of Chamartín, Avenida de Alfonso XIII, is named after him. A plaza or town centre in [[Iloilo City]], Philippines (now Plaza Libertad) was named in his honour called Plaza Alfonso XIII.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iloiloilove.com/plaza-libertad-face-ilonggo-history/|title=Plaza Libertad: The face of Ilonggo History|work=Iloilo I LOVE!|access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref> A street in [[Merthyr Tydfil]], in [[Wales]], was built especially to house Spanish immigrants in the mining industry and named Alphonso Street after Alfonso XIII.<ref>{{cite book|last=Morris|first=Jan|title=The Matter of Wales|publisher=Penguin Books|edition=1986|page=339|isbn=0-14-008263-8|year=1986}}</ref>

[[Ratoncito Pérez]] first appeared as the Spanish equivalent to the [[Tooth Fairy]] in a 1894 tale written by [[Luis Coloma]] for King Alfonso XIII, who had just lost a [[Deciduous teeth|milk tooth]] at the age of eight, with the King appearing in the tale as "King Buby".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/luis-coloma-y-ratoncito-perez-cuento-que-nacio-como-regalo-para-reina_14131|author=Sadurní, J. M.|title=Luis Coloma and Ratoncito Pérez, the tale that born as a gift for a Queen|magazine=[[National Geographic]]|date=7 May 2019|language=es}}</ref> The tale has been adapted into further literary works and movies since then, with the character of King Buby appearing in some. The tradition of Ratoncito Pérez replacing the lost milk teeth with a small payment or gift while the child sleeps is almost universally followed today in Spain and Hispanic America. Alfonso XIII is also mentioned on the plaque that the [[City Council of Madrid]] dedicated in 2003 to Ratoncito Pérez on the second floor of number eight of {{ill|Calle del Arenal|es}}, where the mouse was said to have lived.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2003/01/06/madrid/1041855866_850215.html|title=El Ratoncito Pérez has his official plaque in the streets of Madrid already|newspaper=[[El País]]|date=6 January 2003|language=es}}</ref>

==Personal life==
===Legitimate and illegitimate children===
[[File:Alfonso XIII and Queen Victoria Eugenia with their six children.jpg|thumb|King Alfonso XIII and [[Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg|Queen Victoria Eugenie]] with their children at [[Santander, Spain|Santander]]'s [[Palacio de la Magdalena]]. Standing, from left to right: [[Infanta María Cristina of Spain|Infanta María Cristina]], the [[Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)|Prince of Asturias]] and [[Infanta Beatriz of Spain|Infanta Beatriz]]. Seated, from left to right: [[Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia|Infante Jaime]], the Queen, the King, [[Infante Gonzalo of Spain|Infante Gonzalo]] and [[Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona|Infante Juan]] seated on ground.]]
{{Main|Descendants of Alfonso XIII}}
Alfonso and his wife [[Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg|Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg]] (Ena) had seven children:
#[[Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)|Alfonso, Prince of Asturias]] (10 May 1907 – 6 September 1938);
#[[Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia]] (23 May 1908 – 20 March 1975);
#[[Infanta Beatriz of Spain|Infanta Beatriz]] (22 June 1909 – 22 November 2002);
#Infante Fernando ([[Stillbirth|stillborn]] 21 May 1910);
#[[Infanta María Cristina of Spain|Infanta María Cristina]] (12 December 1911 – 23 December 1996);
#[[Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona]] (20 June 1913 – 1 April 1993);
#[[Infante Gonzalo of Spain|Infante Gonzalo]] (24 October 1914 – 13 August 1934).

Alfonso also had a number of reported illegitimate children that are known, including:
*[[Roger de Vilmorin|Roger Marie Vincent Philippe Lévêque de Vilmorin]] (1905–1980; by French aristocrat Mélanie de Gaufridy de Dortan, married to [[Philippe de Vilmorin]]);<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://dynastie.capetienne.free.fr/13Jean_Fred_Tourtchine_bulletins_CEDRE/Manuscrits/06Espagne/Generations/12eme_generation/12010_11009.html XII. Roger de Vilmorin], sur [http://dynastie.capetienne.free.fr/ Dynastie capétienne], consulté le 9 September 2013</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}} Jean-Fred Tourtchine (préf. Juan Balansó), ''Les manuscrits du C.E.D.R.E. – dictionnaire historique et généalogique'', numéro 6: ''Le royaume d'Espagne'', vol. 3, Cercle d'Études des Dynasties Royales Européennes, Paris, 1996, 213 p. {{ISSN|0993-3964}}</ref>
*Juana Alfonsa Milán y Quiñones de León (1916–2005; by Alfonso's ''[[governess]]'' Béatrice Noon);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diariodeleon.es/articulo/afondo/sangre-azul-bandera-purpura/20061113000000869925.html|website=Diario de León|title=Sangre azul con bandera púrpura|date=13 November 2006|first=M.|last=Romero}}</ref>
*Anna María Teresa Ruiz y Moragas (1925–1965; by Spanish actress [[Carmen Ruiz Moragas]])
*{{ill|Leandro Alfonso Luis Ruiz y Moragas|es|Leandro de Borbón}} (1929–2016; by Spanish actress [[Carmen Ruiz Moragas]]);<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/26774/anna-maria-teresa-ruiz-y-moragas|publisher=[[Real Academia de la Historia]]|title=Anna María Teresa Ruiz y Moragas|first=José Luis|last=Sampedro Escolar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/politica/2016/06/18/actualidad/1466242271_860293.html|journal=[[El País]]|date=18 June 2016|language=es|access-date=1 February 2023|title=Muere Leandro de Borbón, hijo de Alfonso XIII, a los 87 años}}</ref>
*Carmen Gravina (1926–2006; by Carmen de Navascués).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/historiayvida/historia-contemporanea/20190104/472661723532/alfonso-xiii-hijo-ilegitimo-carmen-gravina.html|website=[[La Vanguardia]]|title=La hija misteriosa de Alfonso XIII|date=5 January 2019|first=Plàcid|last=Garcia-Planas}}</ref>

===Attitude towards Jews===
Alfonso was known for his friendly attitude towards Jews and publicly praised them.{{sfn|Flesler|Linhard|Pérez Melgosa|2015|page=81}} He took several actions to offer them protection. In 1917, Alfonso instructed the Spanish consul in [[Jerusalem]], Antonio de la Cierva y Lewita, Count of Ballobar, to help protect [[Palestinian Jews]]. On another occasion, after a high official in Tetuan had committed onslaughts against Jews, a delegation composed of Catholics, Jews, and Muslims appealed to Alfonso. The King then removed the Tetuan official from power, in spite of the fact that the official possessed the support of the Spanish [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]. According to the Jewish Professor Abraham S.E. Yahuda, Alfonso told Yahuda in private conversations that he would issue no policies of discrimination towards Jews, believing all of his Spanish subjects to be entitled to equal rights and protection.<ref>{{cite news|last=Yahuda|first=Abraham S.E.|title=King Alfonso XIII and the Jews|url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/cgs/1941/04/24/01/article/9/|publisher=The Sentinel|date=24 April 1941}}</ref> In 1932 his attitude changed and he embraced the [[Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory|Judeo-Masonic-Communist conspiracy theory]].{{Sfn|González Calleja|2011|p=77}}

===Pornographic cinema===
Alfonso is occasionally referred to as "the playboy king", due in part to his promotion and collection of Spanish pornographic films, as well as his extramarital affairs.<ref name="Alfonso Cinema">{{cite news|last=Navas|first=Sara|title=Alfonso XIII, "el rey 'playboy" que se convirtió en el primer promotor del cine pornográfico en España|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/07/15/icon/1594801844_900794.html|work=El País|date=19 July 2020|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="Alfonso Guardian">{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121070116/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2004/mar/12/2|archive-date=21 November 2021|url-status=live|last=Hodgkinson|first=Will|title=Thank God I took out the duck scene|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2004/mar/12/2|work=The Guardian|date=11 March 2004|access-date=31 January 2023|quote=...as was King Alfonso XIII of Spain, who had a passion for women with enormous breasts.}}</ref> As King, Alfonso commissioned pornographic films through the Barcelona production company ''Royal Films'', with the [[Álvaro de Figueroa, 1st Count of Romanones|Count of Romanones]] acting as an intermediary figure between him and the company. Between forty and seventy pornographic films are said to have been shot in total (three of which have been preserved) and were screened in [[El Raval|Barcelona's Chinatown]], as well as during Alfonso's private screenings.<ref>{{cite news|last=Devereux|first=Charlie|title=Spanish satirical comedy 'Alfonso the African' reveals former king's secret erotic films|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/spanish-satirical-comedy-alfonso-the-african-reveals-former-kings-secret-erotic-films-kks97hbvg|work=[[The Times]]|date=17 November 2021}}</ref> The films, while silent and in black and white, were nonetheless very explicit for the time, showing full nudity and sex scenes. These films featured content considered immoral and degenerate, including sexual relationships involving Catholic priests and "women with [[Breast fetishism|enormous breasts]]" (the last of which is said to have been Alfonso's passion).<ref name="Alfonso Guardian" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Mcclure|first=Alina|title=The National Dramatic Center premieres a satirical comedy about the Bourbons|url=https://www.kiratas.com/the-national-dramatic-center-premieres-a-satirical-comedy-about-the-bourbons/|work=Kiratas|date=15 November 2021|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121070115/https://www.kiratas.com/the-national-dramatic-center-premieres-a-satirical-comedy-about-the-bourbons/|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> Most of these films were later destroyed during [[Francoist Spain|Franco's regime]].

This has led some to speculate that Alfonso may have possessed a [[sexual addiction]].<ref name="Alfonso Cinema" />

==Heraldry==
<gallery caption="Heraldry of Alfonso XIII of Spain" mode="packed" heights="285">
File:Royal Greater Coat of Arms of Spain (1761-1868 and 1874-1931) Version with Golden Fleece and Order of Charles III Collars.svg|Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII (1886–1924/''1931'')<ref name="pidal">{{cite book|author=Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués|author2=María del Carmen Iglesias|title=Símbolos de España|year=1999|publisher=Centro de Estudios Constitucionales|isbn=978-84-259-1074-6}}</ref><ref name="fotw">{{cite web|url=http://flagspot.net/flags/es_r1761.html|title=Discussion on the 1931 addition of Jerusalem arms|last1=Dotor|first1=Santiag|work=Royal Banner of Spain (1761–1931)|publisher=Flags of the World|access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref>
File:Greater Royal Coat of Arms of Spain (1931) Version with Golden Fleece and Charles III Orders.svg|Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII (1924/''1931'')<ref name="fotw" /><ref name="mechano">{{cite book|author=Eduardo García-Menacho y Osset|title=Introducción a la Heráldica y Manual de Heráldica Militar Española|year=2010|publisher=Ministerio de Defensa. Subdir. Gral. Publicaciones|isbn=978-84-9781-559-8|pages=105–107}}</ref>
File:Full Ornamented Royal Coat of Arms of Spain (1931).svg|Achievement Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII (1924/''1931'')<ref name="medrano">{{cite book|author=Ricardo Mateos Sáinz de Medrano|title=La reina María Cristina. Madre de Alfonso XIII y regente de España|year=2007|publisher=La Esfera de los Libros|isbn=978-84-9734-638-2}}</ref>
</gallery>

==Honours==
{{multiple image |total_width= 300
| image1 = Guidon of King Alfonso XIII.svg
| caption1 = Guidon (Military Flag) of King Alfonso XIII
| image2 = Royal Monogram of Alfonso XIII of Spain.svg
| caption2 = Royal Monogram
}}

===Spanish honours===
Some of the most relevant honors are:
*Grand Master of the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]], ''1886'', with Collar, ''1927''<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001063199&search=&lang=es|chapter=Real Orden de Isabel la Católica|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1929|access-date=21 March 2019|page=237|language=es}}</ref>
*Grand Master and Founder of the [[Civil Order of Alfonso XII]], ''23 May 1902''<ref name="Creando">{{Cite journal|url=http://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1902/152/A00953-00953.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1902/152/A00953-00953.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|title=Real Decreto|trans-title=Royal Decree|journal=[[Gaceta de Madrid]]|number=152|page=953|language=es|date=1 June 1902|access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Reglamento">{{Cite journal|url=http://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1902/186/A00073-00074.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1902/186/A00073-00074.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|title=Reglamento de la Orden civil de Alfonso XII|trans-title=Regulation of the Civil Order of Alfonso XII|journal=[[Gaceta de Madrid]]|number=186|pages=73–74|language=es|date=5 July 1902|access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref>
*Grand Master and Founder of the [[Order of Civil Merit]], ''25 June 1926''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120412185157/http://www.maec.es/es/MenuPpal/Ministerio/HistoriayProtocolo/Protocolo/CondecoracionesLasordenesdependientesdelMinisterio/Documents/7620224270fd4b148b94f3ba24f834f2NormasBasicas5.pdf Publication] by Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, pages 117–119</ref>
*Grand Master of the ''[[Maestranza de caballería|maestranzas de caballería]]'' (Royal Cavalry Armories) of Ronda, Sevilla, Granada, Valencia and Zaragoza{{When|date=August 2025}}

=== French dynastic honours ===

* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[House of Bourbon|House of Bourbon-France]]: Sovereign and Knight of the [[Order of Saint Michael|Royal Order of Saint Michael]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[House of Bourbon|House of Bourbon-France]]: Sovereign and Knight of the [[Order of the Holy Spirit|Royal Order of the Holy Spirit]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[House of Bourbon|House of Bourbon-France]]: Sovereign and Knight of the [[Order of Saint Louis|Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis]]

===Foreign honours===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
*{{flagicon|Austrian Empire}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary|1896}} [[Austria-Hungary]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of St. Stephen of Hungary|Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen]], ''1900''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|url-status=dead|title="A Szent István Rend tagjai"|archive-date=22 December 2010|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>
*{{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]], ''1902''<ref>[[Royal order (Belgium)|Royal Decree]] of 14 February 1902</ref>
*{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}: [[Order of the White Lion|Collar of the White Lion]], ''28 April 1925''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/file/edee/vyznamenani/cs_rbl.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/file/edee/vyznamenani/cs_rbl.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|title=Československý řád Bílého lva 1923–1990|website=Prazskyhradarchiv.cz|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>
*{{flag|Denmark}}: [[Order of the Elephant|Knight of the Elephant]], ''20 July 1901''<ref>{{cite book|author=Jørgen Pedersen|title=Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Syddansk Universitetsforlag|language=da|isbn=978-87-7674-434-2|page=470}}</ref>
*{{flagcountry|French Third Republic}}: Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]], ''January 1903''<ref>{{cite book|author=M. Wattel, B. Wattel.|title=Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers|location=Paris|date=2009|publisher=Archives & Culture|page=451|isbn=978-2-35077-135-9|ref=M. et B. Wattel}}</ref>
*{{flag|Kingdom of Prussia}}: [[Order of the Black Eagle|Knight of the Black Eagle]]<ref name="p36">Justus Perthes, ''Almanach de Gotha'' (1922) [https://archive.org/details/almanachdegotha1922goth/page/36 p. 36]</ref>
*{{flag|Kingdom of Bavaria}}: [[Order of St. Hubert|Knight of St. Hubert]], ''1904''<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nTedipoxoGcC/page/n39 Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern]'' (1906), "Königliche-Orden" p. 8</ref>
*{{flag|Grand Duchy of Hesse}}: Grand Cross of the [[Ludwig Order]], ''23 August 1910''<ref name="ordensliste">{{citation|title=Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste|chapter=Ludewigs-orden|page=6|language=German|location=Darmstadt|year=1914|publisher=Staatsverlag}}</ref>
*{{flag|Kingdom of Saxony}}: [[Order of the Rue Crown|Knight of the Rue Crown]]<ref name="p36"/>
*{{flag|Württemberg}}: [[Order of the Crown (Württemberg)|Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown]], ''1890''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pc5CAAAAYAAJ/page/n63 Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg] (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 29</ref>
*{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}: [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation|Knight of the Annunciation]], ''20 September 1900''<ref name="dell'interno1920">{{cite book|author=Italy. Ministero dell'interno|title=Calendario generale del regno d'Italia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PR3|year=1920|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PA57 57]}}</ref>
*{{flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion<ref name="p36"/>
*{{flag|Empire of Japan}}: Collar of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]], ''1930''{{efn|Emperor Hirohito's second brother, [[Prince Takamatsu]], travelled to Madrid to confer the Great Collar of the Chrysanthemum on King Alfonso. This honour was intended, in part, to commemorate the diplomatic and trading history which existed long before other Western nations were officially aware of Japan's existence. [[Prince Takamatsu]] travelled with his wife, [[Princess Takamatsu]], to Spain. Her symbolic role in this unique mission to the Spanish Court was intended to emphasize the international links which were forged by her 16th-century ancestor, [[Ieyasu Tokugawa]]. In the years before the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], that innovative ''[[daimyō]]'' from Western Japan had been actively involved in negotiating trade and diplomatic treaties with Spain and with the colonies of New Spain (Mexico) and the Philippines; and it was anticipated that the mere presence of the Princess could serve to underscore the range of possibilities which could be inferred from that little-known history.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/03/archives/japan-to-decorate-kind-alfonso-today-emperors-brother-nears-madrid.html?sq=order+of+the+chrysanthemum+&scp=4&st=p "Japan to Decorate King Alfonso Today; Emperor's Brother Nears Madrid With Collar of the Chrysanthemum for Spanish King,"] ''New York Times,'' 3 November 1930; ''see also'' Nutail, Zelia. (1906). ''The Earliest Historical Relations Between Mexico and Japan'', p. 2.</ref>}}
*{{flag|Norway}}: [[Order of St. Olav|Grand Cross of St. Olav]], with Collar, ''18 April 1911''<ref>{{citation|title=Norges Statskalender|language=Norwegian|year=1922|pages=1173–1174|chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951001416649n&view=1up&seq=635&skin=2021|chapter=Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden|access-date=17 September 2021|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
*{{flagicon image|Early 20th Century Qajar Flag.svg}} [[Qajar Iran|Persian Empire]]: [[Neshan-e Aqdas|Order of the Aqdas, 1st Class]], ''16 May 1902'' – During his enthronement festivities.<ref name=TT17051902 />
*{{flag|Kingdom of Portugal}}: 315th [[Grand Cross]] of the [[Order of the Tower and Sword|Tower and Sword]], ''1900''{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
*{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Carol I]], with Collar, ''1906''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://familiaregala.ro/ordine-si-decoratii/ordinul-carol-i|title=Ordinul Carol I|website=[[Romanian royal family|Familia Regală a României]]|location=Bucharest|language=ro|trans-title=Order of Carol I|access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref>
*{{flag|Russian Empire}}: [[Order of St. Andrew|Knight of St. Andrew]], ''1902'' – During his enthronement festivities.<ref name="p36"/>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Siam (1855).svg}} [[Siam]]: Knight of the [[Order of the Royal House of Chakri]], ''18 October 1897''<ref name="Madrid">{{cite journal|journal=[[Royal Thai Government Gazette]]|date=4 June 1899|url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2442/010/134.PDF|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2442/010/134.PDF|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=dead|title=พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ที่ประเทศยุโรป (ต่อแผ่นที่ ๙ หน้า ๑๓๐)|language=th|access-date=8 May 2019}}</ref>
*{{flag|Sweden|1844}}: [[Order of the Seraphim|Knight of the Seraphim]], ''16 May 1902'' – King [[Oscar II of Sweden]] sent his youngest son, [[Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke|Prince Eugen]] to represent him at the festivities marking the King's enthronement, and he invested the King as a Knight in a special ceremony.<ref name=TT17051902 />
*{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}:
**Honorary Grand Cross of the [[Royal Victorian Order]], ''28 July 1897''<ref name=p423>Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) ''The Knights of England'', '''I''', London, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n513/mode/2up p. 423]</ref>
**Stranger [[Knight]] Companion of the [[Order of the Garter|Garter]], ''16 May 1902'' – King Edward VII's brother, the [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Duke of Connaught]] attended the festivities marking the King's enthronement, and invested him as a Knight in a special ceremony.<ref name=TT17051902>{{Cite news|work=[[The Times]]|title=The King of Spain's enthronement|date=17 May 1902|page=7|issue=36770}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27441 |page=3749 |date=10 June 1902}}</ref>
**Recipient of the [[Royal Victorian Chain]], ''9 June 1905''<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27803|date=9 June 1905|page=4107}}</ref>
}}

In the Royal Library of the Royal Palace of Madrid, there are books containing emblems of the Spanish monarch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://encuadernacion.realbiblioteca.es/index.php?p=searchexlibris&t=identificacion&i=3|title=Real Biblioteca – Búsqueda por ex libris|work=realbiblioteca.es|access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref>
=== Military ranks and honorary appointments ===

* [[Captain general of the Army|Captain general]], Spanish Army, ''17 May 1902'' - ''14 April 1931''
* [[Captain general of the Navy|Captain general]], Spanish Navy, ''17 May 1902'' - ''14 April 1931''
* [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] of the British Army, ''1905'' - ''28 February 1941''
* [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] of the British Army, ''3 June 1928'' - ''28 February 1941''

==Ancestry==
Alfonso XIII is a rare example of [[endogamy]]. In the eleventh generation, he is ''assumed'' to only have 111 ancestors, whereas in a standard situation one expects to identify 1,024 of them, a situation of [[implex]] of 89%.<ref>Jean-Louis Beaucarnot, ''Quoi de neuf dans la Famille,'' Buchet-Chastel, 2021, page 97.</ref> The biological paternity of Alfonso's father [[Alfonso XII]] on the part of [[Infante Francisco de Asís of Spain|Francisco de Asís]], however, is very much in doubt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/historias/larga-tradicion-reproductiva-borbon-200-anos-hijos-reyes-bastardos_0_O9yvJ5egr1.html|date=5 October 2023|website=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|first=Néstor|last=Barreiro|title=La larga tradición reproductiva de los Borbón: más de 200 años de hijos y reyes bastardos}}</ref>
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| boxstyle_5 = background-color: #9fe;
| 1 = 1. '''Alfonso XIII of Spain'''
| 2 = 2. [[Alfonso XII]] of Spain
| 3 = 3. [[Maria Christina of Austria|Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria]]
| 4 = 4. [[Infante Francisco de Asís of Spain]]
| 5 = 5. [[Isabella II]] of Spain
| 6 = 6. [[Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria]]
| 7 = 7. [[Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria]]
| 8 = 8. [[Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain]]
| 9 = 9. [[Princess Luisa Carlotta of the Two Sicilies]]
| 10 = 10. [[Ferdinand VII]] of Spain
| 11 = 11. [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies|Princess Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies]]
| 12 = 12. [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen]]
| 13 = 13. [[Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg]]
| 14 = 14. [[Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary]]
| 15 = 15. [[Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg]]
}}

==See also==
*[[1902 Copa de la Coronación]]
*[[List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)]], [[List of covers of Time magazine (1930s)|(1930s)]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|author-link1=Juan Avilés Farré|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMkCp_3hL2YC&pg=PA307|publisher=Ediciones Istmo|title=Historia política de España, 1875–1939|volume=1|location=Tres Cantos|isbn=84-7090-320-9|year=2002|last1=Avilés Farré|last2=Elizalde Pérez-Grueso|last3=Sueiro Seoane|first1=Juan|first2=María Dolores|first3=Susana}}
*{{cite book|last=Barry|first=John M.|author-link=John M. Barry|title=The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History|year=2004|publisher=Viking Penguin|isbn=0-670-89473-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/greatinfluenzaep00john}}
*{{cite book|last1=Flesler|first1=Daniela|last2=Linhard|first2=Tabea Alexa|last3=Pérez Melgosa|first3=Adrián|title=Revisiting Jewish Spain in the Modern Era|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-31798-057-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABQtCgAAQBAJ}}
*{{Cite book|chapter=Miguel Primo de Rivera, el espejo de Franco|title=Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja|first=Xavier|last=Casals|author-link=Xavier Casals Meseguer|year=2004|isbn=84-666-1447-8|publisher=Ediciones B|location=Madrid|pages=123–253}}
*[[Winston Churchill|Churchill, Sir Winston]]. ''Great Contemporaries''. London: T. Butterworth, 1937. Contains the most famous single account of Alfonso in the English language. The author, writing shortly after the Spanish Civil War began, retained considerable fondness for the ex-sovereign.
*Collier, William Miller. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20071227193220/http://www.openlibrary.org/details/atcourtofhiscath00collrich At the Court of His Catholic Majesty]''. Chicago: McClurg, 1912. The author was American ambassador to Spain from 1905 to 1909.
* {{Cite book|first=Javier|last=Moreno Luzón|author-link=Javier Moreno Luzón|title=El rey patriota. Alfonso XIII y la nación|publisher=Galaxia Gutenberg|year=2023|isbn=978-84-19392-11-4|location=Barcelona}}
*Noel, Gerard. ''Ena: Spain's English Queen''. London: Constable, 1984. Considerably more candid than Petrie about Alfonso, the private man, and about the miseries the royal family experienced because of their haemophiliac children.
*{{cite book|last=Nuttall|first=Zelia|title=The earliest historical relations between Mexico and Japan: from original documents preserved in Spain and Japan|url=https://archive.org/details/earliesthistori00nuttgoog|year=1906|publisher=The University Press}}
*[[Charles Petrie (historian)|Petrie, Sir Charles]]. ''King Alfonso XIII and His Age''. London: Chapman & Hall, 1963. Written as it was during Queen Ena's lifetime, this book necessarily omits the King's extramarital affairs; but it remains a useful biography, not least because the author knew Alfonso quite well, interviewed him at considerable length, and relates him to the wider Spanish intellectual culture of his time.
*Pilapil, Vicente R. ''Alfonso XIII''. Twayne's rulers and statesmen of the world series 12. New York: Twayne, 1969.
*Sencourt, Robert. ''King Alfonso: A Biography''. London: Faber, 1942.
*{{Cite book|author-link=Manuel Tuñón de Lara|first=Manuel|last=Tuñón de Lara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMn23WuJpHYC&pg=PA225|year=2000|orig-year=1967|title=La España del siglo XX. Vol. 1. La quiebra de una forma de Estado (1898–1931)|publisher=Ediciones Akal|location=Tres Cantos|isbn=84-460-1491-2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Alfonso XIII of Spain}}
*[http://historiaantiqua.byethost8.com/paginas/liberalismo.htm#AlfonsoXIII Historiaantiqua.] ''Alfonso XIII''; {{in lang|es}} (2008)
*[http://www.normandythenandnow.com/an-incognito-king-in-deauville/ Visit by Alphonso XIII to Deauville in 1922 (with images)]
*{{PM20|FID=pe/000350}}
*{{NPG name|name=Alfonso XIII, King of Spain}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Bourbon]]|17 May|1886|28 February|1941|[[Capetian dynasty]]}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Alfonso XII]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Spain]]|years=17 May 1886 – 14 April 1931}}
{{s-vac|reason=[[Second Spanish Republic]]|next=[[Juan Carlos I]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-pre}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-new|loss}}
{{s-tul|title=[[King of Spain]]|years=14 April 1931 – 15 January 1941}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime]]}}
{{s-tul|title=[[List of French monarchs|King of France and Navarre]]|line=[[Legitimists|Legitimist succession]]|years=29 September 1936 – 28 February 1941}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia]]}}
{{s-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Dwight F. Davis]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)|Cover of ''Time'' magazine]]
| years = 22 December 1924}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Charles Evans Hughes]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Monarchs of Spain}}
{{Carlist Pretenders}}
{{French Pretenders}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Spain|Monarchy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alfonso 13}}
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[[Category:People convicted of treason against Spain]]

Philip the Bold

2025-10-21T17:12:17Z

2601:49:8401:C410:B9DC:B9CA:A9C5:A943:

{{Short description|Duke of Burgundy from 1363 to 1404}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{For|the king of France known as Philip the Bold|Philip III of France}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Philip II the Bold
| image = 16th-century unknown painters - Philip the Bold - WGA23677.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Later copy of an early 15th-century portrait of Philip, possibly by [[Jean Malouel]]
| succession = [[Duke of Burgundy]]
| reign = 6 September 1363 – 27 April 1404
| predecessor = [[Philip I, Duke of Burgundy|Philip I]]
| successor = [[John the Fearless]]
| birth_date = 17 January 1342
| birth_place = [[Pontoise]], [[Kingdom of France]]
| death_date = 27 April 1404 (aged 62)
| death_place = [[Halle, Belgium|Halle]], [[County of Hainaut]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Margaret III of Flanders]]|19 June 1369}}
| issue = {{ubl|[[John the Fearless]]|[[Margaret of Burgundy (1374-1441)|Margaret, Duchess of Bavaria]]|[[Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Savoy|Mary, Duchess of Savoy]]|[[Anthony, Duke of Brabant]]|[[Philip II, Count of Nevers]]}}
| issue-link = #Marriage and issue
| issue-pipe = among others
| house = [[House of Valois-Burgundy|Valois-Burgundy]]
| father = [[John II of France]]
| mother = [[Bonne of Bohemia]]
| signature =
| succession1 = [[List of regents#France|Regent of France]]
| reign-type1 = Regency
| reign1 = 1382–1388
| pre-type1 = Monarch
| predecessor1 = [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]]
| reg-type1 = Co-Regent
| regent1 = [[John, Duke of Berry]] [[Louis II, Duke of Bourbon]]
}}

'''Philip II the Bold''' ({{Langx|fr|link=yes|Philippe II le Hardi}}; {{Langx|nl|Filips de Stoute}}; 17 January 1342 – 27 April 1404) was [[Duke of Burgundy]] and ''[[jure uxoris]]'' [[Count of Flanders]], [[Count of Artois|Artois]] and [[Count of Burgundy|Burgundy]]. He was the fourth and youngest son of King [[John II of France]] and [[Bonne of Luxembourg]].{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=152}}

Philip was the founder of the [[House of Valois-Burgundy|Burgundian branch]] of the [[House of Valois]]. His [[Burgundian State|vast collection of territories]] made him the undisputed premier peer of the [[Kingdom of France]] and made his successors formidable subjects, and later rivals, of the [[kings of France]].

Philip played an important role in the development of [[Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages|gunpowder artillery]] in European warfare, making extensive and successful use of it in his military campaigns.{{sfn|Smith|Smith|DeVries|2005|p=16-19}}
By political marriage, from 1384 Philip gained control over Flanders, one of the most wealthy provinces of Europe in that time. He and his successors ruled it until 1482. This period is referred to as the [[Burgundian Netherlands]].

==Early life==
Philip was born in [[Pontoise]] in 1342 to [[John II of France|John]] and Bonne of Luxembourg.{{sfn|Keane|2016|p=17}} His father, John, was the eldest son of [[Philip VI of France]] and [[Joan the Lame of Burgundy|Joan of Burgundy]].{{sfn|Keane|2016|p=17}} His father became [[king of France]] in 1350. Philip became known as "the Bold" at the age of 14, when he fought beside his father at the [[Battle of Poitiers]] in 1356.{{sfn|Villalon|Kagay|2017|p=53}} They were captured during the battle by the English.{{sfn|Poupardin|1911}} He remained in custody with his father until the terms of their ransom were agreed to in the [[Treaty of Brétigny]] of 1360. He was created [[duke of Touraine]] in 1360, but in 1363, he returned this duchy to the crown to receive instead the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] in [[apanage]] from his father as a reward for his courage at the Battle of Poitiers.{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=3}}

==Duke of Burgundy==
{{see also|List of territories of the Valois dukes of Burgundy}}
[[File:Arms of Philippe le Hardi.svg|thumb|right|Coat of arms (after 1363)]]
On 19 June 1369, Philip married the 19-year-old [[Margaret III, Countess of Flanders|Margaret]], daughter of Count [[Louis II of Flanders]], who in 1382 inherited the [[County of Flanders]], the [[Duchy of Brabant]], the [[County of Artois]], and the [[Free County of Burgundy]].{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=16}}

From 1379 to 1382, Philip helped his father-in-law Louis II put down revolts in Flanders, particularly in [[Ghent]], by organising an army against [[Philip van Artevelde]].{{sfn|Poupardin|1911}} The revolts were finally ended in 1385, following the death of Louis II, with the [[Peace of Tournai]]. As ''[[jure uxoris]]'' Count of Flanders, he would keep in mind the economic interests of the [[Flemings|Flemish]] cities, which mainly made their money from weaving and spinning. He was aided in this by the expansion of the Three Members – a parliament consisting of representatives from the towns of [[Bruges]], [[Ghent]] and [[Ypres]] – to the [[Four Members]] through the addition of the rural area [[Franc of Bruges]].

In 1390, Philip also became the Count of [[Charolais (county)|Charolais]], a title used by [[Philip the Good]] and [[Charles the Bold]] as the heirs of Burgundy.

[[File:Filips de Stoute Jangelaar of dubbele groot Vlaanderen Gent.jpg|thumb|Flanders, double groat or ''jangelaar'', struck in Ghent under Philip the Bold (1384–1404) with the arms of Burgundy and Flanders.]]
Philip was very active at the court of France, particularly after the death in 1380 of his brother King [[Charles V of France|Charles V]], whose successor [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]] became king at the age of 11. During Charles' [[Minor (law)|minority]], a council of [[Regent]]s was set up to govern France that was made up of four of his uncles: [[Louis I, Duke of Anjou|Louis, Duke of Anjou]], [[John, Duke of Berry]], and Philip himself from his father's side, and from his mother's side, [[Louis II, Duke of Bourbon]]. Among Philip's acts while regent was the suppression of a tax revolt in 1382 known as the [[Harelle]]. The regency lasted until 1388, always with Philip assuming the dominant role: Louis of Anjou spent much effort fighting for his claim to the [[Kingdom of Naples]] after 1382 and died in 1384, John of Berry was interested mainly in the [[Languedoc]]{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|pp=40-41}} and not particularly interested in politics, and Louis of Bourbon was largely an unimportant figure due to his personality (he showed signs of mental instability) and his status (since he was not the son of a king). However, Philip, along with John of Berry and Louis of Bourbon, lost most of their power at court in 1388, when Charles VI chose to favour the advice of the [[Marmousets]], his personal advisors, over that of his uncles when he attained his majority.{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=42}}

In 1392, events conspired to allow Philip to seize power once more in France. Charles VI's friend and advisor [[Olivier de Clisson]] had recently been the target of an assassination attempt by agents of [[John V, Duke of Brittany]]. The would-be assassin, [[Pierre de Craon]], had taken refuge in [[Brittany]]. Charles, outraged at these events, determined to punish Craon, and on 1 July 1392 led an expedition against Brittany. While travelling to Brittany, the king, already overwrought by the slow progress, was shocked by a madman who spent half-an-hour following the procession to warn the king that he had been betrayed. When a page dropped a lance, the king reacted by killing several of his knights and had to be wrestled to the ground. Philip, who was present, immediately assumed command and appointed himself regent, dismissing Charles' advisors. He was the principal ruler of France until 1402.{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=42}}

His seizure of power, however, had disastrous consequences for the unity of the [[House of Valois]] and of France itself. The king's brother [[Louis I de Valois, Duke of Orléans|Louis, Duke of Orléans]], resented his uncle taking over as regent instead of himself; the result was a feud between Philip and Louis that continued after their deaths by their families. In particular, both quarreled over royal funds, which each desired to appropriate for his own ends: Louis to fund his extravagant lifestyle, Philip to further his expansionist ambitions in Burgundy and the [[Low Countries]]. This struggle only served to enhance the reputation of Philip, since he appeared to be a sober and honest reformer in comparison to the profligate and irresponsible Louis. Although Charles VI confirmed his brother as regent in 1402 in a rare moment of sanity, Louis's misrule allowed Philip to regain control of France as regent in 1404, shortly before his death.{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|pp=56-57}}

In 1395, Philip the Bold outlawed cultivation of the [[Gamay]] grape in favour of [[Pinot Noir]] in an early example of agricultural regulation related to wine quality.{{sfn|Dominé|2000|p=210}}{{sfn|Rose|2013|p=44}}

Philip died in [[Halle, Belgium|Halle]], [[County of Hainaut]] (modern [[Belgium]]), on 27 April 1404. His territories were bequeathed to his eldest son [[John the Fearless]], who also inherited Philip's political position in France and the leadership of the Burgundian branch of the Valois family against the Orléans branch.

==Tomb==
{{Main|Tomb of Philip the Bold}}
[[Image:Philippe le Hardi.jpg|thumb|right|Tomb of Philip the Bold at the Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy at [[Dijon]]]]
In 1378, Philip the Bold acquired the domain of Champmol, just outside [[Dijon]], to build the [[Chartreuse de Champmol]] (1383–1388), a [[Carthusian]] monastery ("Charterhouse"), which he intended to house the tombs of his dynasty. His tomb, with [[pleurants]] and his recumbent [[effigy]], is an outstanding work of Burgundian sculpture. They were created by [[Jean de Marville]] (1381–1389), [[Claus Sluter]] (1389–1406) and [[Claus de Werve]] (1406–1410). [[Jean Malouel]], official painter to the duke, was responsible for the polychrome and gilt decoration. After his death, the body of Philip the Bold was eviscerated and embalmed, then placed in a lead coffin. It was then deposited in the choir of Chartreuse de Champmol on 16 June 1404. His internal organs were sent to the church of [[Martin of Tours|Saint Martin]] at Halle. In 1792, his body was transferred to [[Dijon Cathedral]], and in the following year, his tomb was damaged by revolutionaries and looters. It was restored in the first half of the 19th century and today it is in housed the former palace of the dukes, now part of the [[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon]].

==Marriage and issue==
Philip the Bold married the future Countess [[Margaret III of Flanders]] on 19 June 1369,{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=16}} a marriage that would eventually reunite not only the Duchy of Burgundy with the Free County of Burgundy and the County of Artois, but also unite it to the rich County of Flanders. Philip and Margaret had the following children:

*[[John the Fearless]] (1371–1419, murdered at [[Montereau-Fault-Yonne|Montereau]]), his eldest son and successor as Duke of Burgundy{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=82}}
*Charles (1372–1373)
*[[Margaret of Burgundy (1374-1441)|Marguerite]] (October 1374 – 8 March 1441, [[Le Quesnoy]]), [[Countess of Mortain]] married [[William VI, Count of Holland]] and Duke of Bavaria-Straubing{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=82}}
*Louis (1377–1378)
*[[Catherine of Burgundy|Catherine]] (April 1378, [[Montbard]] – 24 January 1425, [[Gray, Haute-Saône]]), married [[Leopold IV of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold IV]], [[Duke of Austria]]{{sfn|Vaughan|2010|p=31}}
*Bonne (1379–1399, [[Arras]]) betrothed to [[John I, Duke of Bourbon]]{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=82}}
*[[Antoine, Duke of Brabant|Antoine]], Duke of Brabant (August 1384 – 25 October 1415, at [[battle of Agincourt|Agincourt]]){{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=82}}
*[[Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Savoy|Mary]] (September 1386, [[Dijon]] – 2 October 1422, [[Thonon-les-Bains]]), married [[Amadeus VIII of Savoy|Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy]]{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=82}}
*[[Philip II, Count of Nevers]] and [[Counts and dukes of Rethel|Rethel]] (1389–1415, at [[battle of Agincourt|Agincourt]])

In arranging the marriages of his children, Philip followed an intelligent diplomatic and strategic design that would be followed by his successors in Burgundy as far as [[Emperor Maximilian I]]. For example, the double marriage in 1385 at [[Cambrai]] of his son, [[John the Fearless]], and his daughter, [[Margaret of Burgundy, Duchess of Bavaria|Margaret]], to [[Margaret of Bavaria]] and [[William II, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing|William of Bavaria]], son and daughter of [[Albert I, Duke of Bavaria|Albert]], Count of Hainault and Holland, prepared the later union of Hainault and Holland with Burgundy and Flanders, as carried out by Philip's grandson, [[Philip the Good]]. The marriages also inserted the new Valois Burgundy dynasty into the [[Wittelsbach]] network of alliances: the other daughters of Count Albert married [[William I, Duke of Guelders|William I]], [[Duke of Guelders]] and [[Wenceslaus, King of the Romans|Wenceslaus]], King of Bohemia; their cousin, [[Isabeau of Bavaria]] married [[Charles VI of France]], and became [[Queen of France]].

In addition to his alliance with the Netherlandish Bavarians, Philip also made links with the Dukes of [[Rulers of Austria|Austria]] and of [[House of Savoy|Savoy]] by marrying his daughter Catherine to [[Leopold IV of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold IV of Austria]] and his daughter Mary to [[Amadeus VIII of Savoy]].

==Residences==
[[Image:Vue aérienne de Germolles.jpg|thumb|The [[Château de Germolles]] in [[Burgundy]].]]
Few of Philip the Bold's residences are still extant. Apart from several elements of the ducal palace in Dijon (Tour de Bar), the [[Château de Germolles]] is largely preserved. This residence was offered to his wife, [[Margaret III, Countess of Flanders]] in 1381. The princess transformed the old fortress into a luxurious home with the help of artists from the Burgundian School [[Claus Sluter]] and [[Jean de Beaumetz]].

==See also==
* [[Duke of Burgundy#Family tree]]
* [[Guy II de Pontailler]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |title=Wine |first=André |last=Dominé |year=2000 |publisher=Könemann}}
*{{cite book |first=Marguerite |last=Keane |title=Material Culture and Queenship in 14th-century France: The Testament of Blanche of Navarre (1331–1398) |publisher=Brill |year=2016 }}
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Philip the Bold |volume=21 |page=386 |first=René |last=Poupardin}}
*{{cite book |title=The Wine Trade in Medieval Europe 1000-1500 |first=Susan |last=Rose |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2013 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Kay Douglas |last2=Smith |first2=Robert Douglas |last3=DeVries |first3=Kelly |year=2005 |title=The Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1363-1477 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=978-1-84383-162-4 }}
*{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Vaughan |title=John the Fearless |publisher=The Boydell Press |year=2009a }}
*{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Vaughan |title=Philip the Bold: The Formation of the Burgundian state |publisher=The Boydell Press |year=2009b }}
*{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Vaughan |title=Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy |publisher=The Boydell Press |year=2010 }}
*{{cite book |title=To Win and Lose a Medieval Battle: Nájera (April 3, 1367), A Pyrrhic Victory for the Black Prince |first1=Andrew |last1=Villalon |first2=Donald |last2=Kagay |publisher=Brill |year=2017 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110112030707/http://www.themourners.org/project.html The Mourners]: Tomb Sculptures from the Court of Burgundy

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Valois-Burgundy]]|15 January|1342|27 April|1404|[[House of Valois]]}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-new}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Duke of Touraine]]|years=1360–1363}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Charles V of France|Charles]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|reason=[[Crown lands of France|Royal domain]]|last=[[Philip I of Burgundy|Philip I]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Duke of Burgundy]]|years=1363–1404}}
{{S-aft|rows=3|after=[[John the Fearless]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac|Bernard]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Charolais (county)|Count of Charolais]]|years=1390–1404}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-bef|rows=3|before=[[Louis II of Flanders|Louis of Male]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Count of Nevers]]|regent1=[[Margaret III, Countess of Flanders|Margaret]]|years=1384}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Count Palatine of Burgundy]] [[Count of Artois]] and [[Counts of Flanders|Flanders]]|regent1=[[Margaret III, Countess of Flanders|Margaret II & III]]|years=1384–1404}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Margaret III, Countess of Flanders|Margaret II & III]]|as=sole ruler}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Count of Rethel]]|regent1=[[Margaret III, Countess of Flanders|Margaret]]|years=1384–1402}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Anthony, Duke of Brabant|Anthony]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Valois Burgundy}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philip The Bold}}
[[Category:1342 births]]
[[Category:1404 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century counts of Flanders]]
[[Category:15th-century counts of Flanders]]
[[Category:14th-century peers of France]]
[[Category:15th-century peers of France]]
[[Category:14th-century regents]]
[[Category:Nobility of the Burgundian Netherlands]]
[[Category:People from the Burgundian State]]
[[Category:House of Valois-Burgundy]]
[[Category:Jure uxoris counts]]
[[Category:Dukes of Touraine|Valois, Philip II of]]
[[Category:Dukes of Burgundy|Philip II]]
[[Category:French prisoners of war in the Hundred Years' War]]
[[Category:Male Shakespearean characters]]
[[Category:People from Pontoise]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]