Chum salmon

2025-10-28T17:24:43Z

2601:601:1400:8:0:0:0:1000: The term “silverbrite” is no longer used to reduce confusion. Tenders and processors now long the Chum as simply “Chum Salmon”. The only mention of “silver” is occasionally used in grading logs.

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{About|a particular species of fish|the food|Salmon as food}}{{Redirects here|White salmon|3=White Salmon, Washington}}{{Speciesbox
| name = Chum salmon
| image = Dog Salmon Breeding Male.jpg
| taxon = Oncorhynchus keta
| authority = ([[Johann Julius Walbaum|Walbaum]], 1792)
}}

The '''chum salmon''' ('''''Oncorhynchus keta'''''), also known as '''dog salmon''' or '''keta salmon''',<ref name=ladonna>{{Cite web |author=LaDonna Rose Gundersen|date=2012-07-18 |title=Shelf Life of Canned Salmon|url=https://ladonnarose.com/shelf-life-of-canned-salmon/|access-date=2024-06-28|website=LaDonna Rose|language=en}}</ref> is a [[species]] of [[anadromous]] [[salmonid]] [[fish]] from the [[genus]] ''[[Oncorhynchus]]'' (Pacific salmon) native to the coastal rivers of the [[North Pacific]] and the [[Beringia]]n [[Arctic]]. The English name "chum salmon" comes from the [[Chinook Jargon]] term ''tsəm'', meaning "spotted" or "marked"; while ''keta'' in the [[scientific name]] comes from [[Russian language|Russian]], which in turn comes from the [[Evenki language]] of [[Eastern Siberia]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=dfg.webmaster@alaska.gov|title=Chum Salmon Species Profile, Alaska Department of Fish and Game|url=https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=chumsalmon.main|access-date=2021-10-01|website=www.adfg.alaska.gov|language=en}}</ref>

In [[Japan]], chum salmon is also known as the {{nihongo|'''white salmon'''|白鮭シロサケ|shiro sake}}, {{nihongo|'''autumn salmon'''|秋鮭アキサケ|aki sake}} or simply {{nihongo|"the [[salmon]]"|鮭サケ|sa ke}}, while historically it was known in ''[[kun'yomi]]'' as {{nihongo|"stone ''[[Cercidiphyllum|katsura]]'' fish"|石桂魚さけ|sa ke}} up until the [[Meiji period]].<ref>{{Cite book  |author=フジテレビトリビア普及委員会 |year=2003 |title=トリビアの泉〜へぇの本〜 1 |publisher=講談社 }}</ref> In [[Greater China]], it is known academically as the "[[kype|hook-snout]] salmon" ({{lang-zh|钩吻鲑}}), but is more often called the '''''damaha'' fish''' ({{zh|s=大马哈鱼|t=大麻哈魚}}), which is [[loanword|borrowed]] from ''dawa ịmaχa'', the [[Nanai language|Nanai]] name of the fish used by the [[Nanai people|Hezhe minority]] in northern [[Northeast China]].

==Description==
{{Nutritionalvalue
| name=Chum salmon, raw
| water=75.38 g
| kJ=502
| protein=20.14 g
| fat=3.77 g
| carbs=0 g
| fiber=0 g
| calcium_mg=11
| iron_mg=0.55
| magnesium_mg=22
| phosphorus_mg=283
| potassium_mg=429
| sodium_mg=50
| zinc_mg=0.47
| manganese_mg=0.015
| selenium_ug=36.5
| vitC_mg=0
| thiamin_mg=0.08
| riboflavin_mg=0.18
| niacin_mg=7
| pantothenic_mg=0.75
| vitB6_mg=0.4
| folate_ug=4
| vitB12_ug=3
| vitA_ug=30
| vitE_mg=1.09
| satfat=0.84 g
| monofat=1.541 g
| polyfat=0.898 g
| tryptophan=0.226 g
| threonine=0.883 g
| isoleucine=0.928 g
| leucine=1.637 g
| lysine=1.849 g
| methionine=0.596 g
| cystine=0.216 g
| phenylalanine=0.786 g
| tyrosine=0.68 g
| valine=1.037 g
| arginine=1.205 g
| histidine=0.593 g
| alanine=1.218 g
| aspartic acid=2.062 g
| glutamic acid=3.006 g
| glycine=0.967 g
| proline=0.712 g
| serine=0.822 g
| alcohol=0 g
| float=right
| source_usda=1
}}

The body of the chum salmon is deeper than most salmonid species. In common with other species found in the Pacific, the anal fin has 12 to 20 rays, compared with a maximum of 12 in European species. Chum have an ocean coloration of silvery blue green with some indistinct spotting in a darker shade, and a rather paler belly. When they move into fresh water the color changes to dark olive green and the belly color deepens. When adults are near [[spawning]], they have purple blotchy streaks near the [[caudal peduncle]], darker towards the tail. Spawning males typically grow an elongated snout or [[kype]], their lower fins become tipped with white and they have enlarged teeth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/kalat/chum-salmon |title=Chum salmon: ''Oncorhynchus keta'' (Walbaum) |publisher=NatureGate |access-date=2013-12-16}}</ref> Some researchers speculate these characteristics are used to compete for mates.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

===Sizes===
Adult chum salmon usually weigh from {{cvt|4.4|to|10.0|kg}} with an average length of {{cvt|60.0|cm}}. The [[fishing tackle|all-tackle]] [[world record]] for chum recognized by the [[International Game Fish Association|IGFA]] is {{cvt|35|lb|2}} and {{cvt|112.0|cm}} caught by Todd Johansson on July 11, 1995 at Edye Pass (a [[channel (geography)|channel]] between [[Prescott Island (British Columbia)|Prescott]] and [[Porcher Island]]s in the [[Hecate Strait]]) in the [[North Coast of British Columbia|North Coast]] region of [[British Columbia]];<ref name="IGFA records">{{cite web|url=https://igfa.org/igfa-world-records-search/?search_type=CommonNameSummary&search_term_1=Salmon%2C+chum|title=All Tackle World Records - Salmon, chum (Oncorhynchus keta)|publisher=[[International Game Fish Association]]}}</ref> while the all-tackle length world record is {{cvt|71.0|cm}} caught by Vicki D. Martin on October 20, 2021 at [[Wynoochee River]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<ref name="IGFA records"/>

==Life cycle==
Chum live for an average of three to five years, and chum in Alaska mature at the age of five years.

===Spawning===
{{See also|Salmon run}}
[[File:Salmon (breeding color).jpg|thumb|left|Male chum salmon, female chum salmon and female pink salmon]]

Most chum salmon [[Spawn (biology)|spawn]] in small streams and [[intertidal zone]]s. Some chum travel more than {{convert|3,200|km|mi|abbr=on}} up the [[Yukon River]]. Chum'' [[fry (biology)|fry]]'' migrate out to sea from March through July, almost immediately after becoming ''free swimmers''. They spend one to three years traveling very long distances in the ocean. These are the last salmon to spawn (November to January) in some regions. In Alaska they are the first to spawn in June and August and are then followed by [[pink salmon|pink]] and [[coho salmon]]. They die about two weeks after they return to the freshwater to spawn. They utilize the lower tributaries of the watershed, tend to build nests called ''[[Redd (biology)|redd]]s'', really little more than protected depressions in the gravel, in shallow edges of the watercourse and at the tail end of deep pools. The female lays eggs in the redd, the male sprays milt on the eggs, and the female covers the eggs with gravel. The female can lay up to 4000 eggs.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

===Diet===
Juvenile chum eat [[zooplankton]] and [[insects]]. Recent studies show that they also eat [[comb jelly|comb jellies]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} As adults, they eat smaller fish.

==Distribution==
[[File:Alaskan Coastal Brown bear.....11.jpg|thumb|left|[[Alaska Peninsula brown bear]] having caught a chum salmon]]

Chum salmon have the largest [[natural range]] of any Pacific salmon. Chum are found all around the [[North Pacific]], off the coasts of [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[Russian Far East|the Russian Far East]], [[British Columbia]] in [[Canada]], and from [[Alaska]] to [[California]] in the [[United States]]. They undergo the longest migrations within the genus ''Oncorhynchus'', far up the [[Yukon River]] in [[Alaska]] and Canada, and deep into the [[Amur River]] basin in [[Northeast China]] and [[Russia]]. In lesser numbers they migrate thousands of kilometers up the [[Mackenzie River]]. In the [[Arctic Ocean]] they are found in limited numbers from the [[Laptev Sea]] to the [[Beaufort Sea]].<ref name="AugerotFoley2005">{{cite book |last1=Augerot |first1=Xanthippe |title=Atlas of Pacific salmon: the first map-based status assessment of salmon in the North Pacific |last2=Foley |first2=Dana Nadel |publisher=University of California Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-520-24504-4 |pages=68–71}}</ref> In [[North America]] chum salmon spawn from the Mackenzie River in the [[Arctic]]<ref>{{cite report |title=Pacific Salmon in Canada's Arctic Draining Rivers, With Emphasis on Those in British Columbia and the Yukon |vauthors=Irvine JR, Linn E, Gillespie K, McLeod C, Reist JD |date=March 2009 |publisher=Pacific Fisheries Resource Conservation Council |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263542874 |access-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref> to as far south as the [[Umpqua River]], [[Oregon]], although they were also reported in the [[San Lorenzo River]] near [[Santa Cruz, California]] in 1915<ref name=Scofield>{{cite journal |title=The humpback and dog salmon taken in San Lorenzo River. |author=N. B. Scofield |year=1916 |journal=California Fish and Game |volume=2 |number=1 |page=41}}</ref> and the [[Sacramento River]] in northern California in the 1950s.<ref name=Hallock>{{cite journal |title=Five Species of Salmon, Oncorhynchus, in the Sacramento River, California |vauthors= Hallock Richard J, Fry Donald H Jr |journal=California Fish and Game |volume=53 |number=1 |pages=5~22 |citeseerx=10.1.1.475.6744 }}</ref> In fall 2017 a half dozen chum salmon were counted in [[Lagunitas Creek]] about {{convert|25|mi|km}} north of [[San Francisco, California]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Marin's Lagunitas Creek Welcomes Unexpected Guests in this Year's Spawning Season |author=Tiffany Camhi |date=December 9, 2017 |newspaper=KQED News California Report |url=https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/12/09/marins-lagunitas-creek-welcomes-unexpected-guests-in-this-years-spawning-season/ |access-date=December 29, 2017 }}</ref>

In the [[open ocean]], chum salmon stay fairly high on the water column, rarely diving below {{cvt|50|m|lk=on}}. Their typical swimming depths are {{cvt|13|m}} from the surface during the day, and {{cvt|5|m}} during the night.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ishida|first=Yukimasa|date=2001|title=Vertical movement of a chum salmon ''Oncorhynchus keta'' in the western North Pacific Ocean as determined by a depth-recording archival tag|journal=Fisheries Science|volume=67|issue=6|pages=1030–1035|doi=10.1046/j.1444-2906.2001.00358.x|doi-access=free|bibcode=2001FisSc..67.1030I }}</ref>

==Commercial use and value==
[[File:Egg oncorhynchus keta.jpg|thumb|''Oncorhynchus keta'' eggs]]
[[File:Chum(=keta=dog) salmon, capture production, thousand tonnes, 1950-2022.svg|thumb|Global capture production of Chum salmon (''Oncorhynchus keta'') in thousand tonnes from 1950 to 2022, as reported by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Production |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/global_production?lang=en |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}}</ref>]]
The registered total harvest of the chum salmon in the North Pacific in 2010 was some 313,000 tons, corresponding to 91 million fish. Half of the catch was from [[Japan]], and about a quarter each from Russia and the United States. In 2010, the chum salmon harvest was about 34% of the total harvest of all [[Pacific salmon]] species by weight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Statistics 2010: Commercial salmon catch by species and country |url=http://www.npafc.org/new/publications/Statistical%20Yearbook/Data/2010/2010page.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142135/http://www.npafc.org/new/publications/Statistical%20Yearbook/Data/2010/2010page.htm |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=16 March 2015 |website=NPAFC Statistical Yearbook |publisher=[[North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission]]}}</ref>{{Efn|The numbers do not include fish taken in Russian waters by non-Russian fleet.}}

The chum salmon is the least commercially valuable salmon in North America. Despite being extremely plentiful in Alaska, [[commercial fishing|commercial fishers]] and sport anglers often choose not to target them because of low market value due to the fact that the chum salmon is the least desirable salmon for human consumption. Recent market developments have increased the demand for chum salmon, due to new markets developed from 1984 to 1994 in Japan and [[Northern Europe]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} They are a traditional source of [[dried fish|dried salmon]].

==Conservation==
{{See also|Steelhead and salmon distinct population segments}}
[[File:Salmon newborn.jpg|thumb|left|Artificially-incubated chum salmon]]

Two populations of chum salmon have been listed under the [[Endangered Species Act]] as threatened species. These are the [[Hood Canal]] Summer Run population and the Lower [[Columbia River]] population.<ref name=Lowercolumbia>{{cite web |url=http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/status_reviews/salmon_steelhead/multiple_species/5-yr-lcr.pdf |title=5-Year Review: Summary & Evaluation of Lower Columbia River Chinook, Columbia River Chum, Lower Columbia River Coho, Lower Columbia River Steelhead |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |year=2011|access-date=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref name=Pugetsound>{{cite web |url=http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/status_reviews/salmon_steelhead/multiple_species/5-yr-ps.pdf |title=5-Year Review: Summary & Evaluation of Puget Sound Chinook, Hood Canal Summer Chum, Puget Sound Steelhead |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |year=2011|access-date=2013-12-03}}</ref>

==Susceptibility to diseases==
Chum are thought to be fairly resistant to [[whirling disease]], but it is unclear.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/fish/chumsalmon.htm National Marine Fisheries Service chum salmon web page]
* [https://www.britannica.com/animal/chum-salmon Chum Salmon]—''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* {{FishBase|genus=Oncorhynchus|species=keta|year=2005|month=10}}
* [http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/fish/chum.php Alaska Department of Fish and Game]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130215134128/http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Chum/Index.cfm National Marine Fisheries Service ESA Listings]

== External links ==
* {{Commons category inline|Oncorhynchus keta}}

{{Salmon}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q475211}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cold water fish]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1792|chum salmon]]
[[Category:Fish of the North Pacific]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of the Arctic]]
[[Category:Oncorhynchus]]
[[Category:Salmon]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Julius Walbaum]]
[[Category:Western North American coastal fauna]]

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Chum salmon