Henry Hamilton (colonial administrator)

2024-08-24T20:42:18Z

2601:601:A502:780:41CD:8304:89A5:ED18:

{{short description|British Army officer and colonial administrator}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Henry Hamilton
| image = HenryHamilton.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Circa|1734}}
| birth_place = [[Dublin]], Ireland
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|1796|09|29|62|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua]], [[British West Indies]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| occupation = Military officer, colonial administrator
| nationality = British
| other_names = Hair Buyer, Hair-buyer General
| spouse = Elizabeth Lee
| children = Mary Anne Pierpoint Hamilton (daughter)
| father = [[Henry Hamilton (Irish politician)|Henry Hamilton]]
| relatives = [[Sackville Hamilton]] (brother)<br>[[Frederick Hamilton (Donegal politician)|Frederick Hamilton]] (uncle)<br>[[Gustavus Hamilton (politician)|Gustavus Hamilton]] (uncle)<br>[[Gustavus Hamilton, 1st Viscount Boyne]] (grandfather)
| signature = Signature of Henry Hamilton (c. 1734 – 1796).png
}}

'''Henry Hamilton''' ({{Circa|1734}} – 29 September 1796) was a [[British Army]] officer and colonial administrator. He served in North America as Lieutenant Governor of the [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Province of Quebec]] and later as Deputy Governor after the [[American Revolutionary War]]. He later served as [[Governor of Bermuda]] and lastly, as [[Governor of Dominica]], where he died in office.

In 1779, Hamilton was captured during the Revolutionary War by American forces at [[Fort Sackville]] while serving as the Lieutenant Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs at [[Fort Detroit]]. He was transported to [[Virginia]], where Hamilton was held by Governor [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s government until October 1780. He was then sent to New York and gained freedom in a [[prisoner exchange]] in 1781, being allowed to depart for [[London]].

==Early life==
Henry Hamilton was born in [[Dublin, Ireland|Dublin]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]], a younger son of [[Henry Hamilton (Irish politician)|Henry Hamilton]], an Irish [[Irish House of Commons|Member of Parliament]], and his wife.

Hamilton was raised in [[County Cork, Ireland]]. His older brother [[Sackville Hamilton]] later served as a Privy Councillor and Under-Secretary to the [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland]]. His direct paternal great-great-grandfather was [[Claud Hamilton, 1st Lord Paisley]].

==Military career==

As was typical of younger sons of the [[Protestant Ascendancy]], Henry Hamilton entered the [[British Army]]. During the [[French and Indian War]] in North America, part of the [[Seven Years' War]] between Britain and France, he served as a Captain in the [[East Yorkshire Regiment|15th Regiment of Foot]]. They fought in the [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)|1758 attack]] on [[Fortress Louisbourg|Louisbourg]] and the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham|Battle of Quebec]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Derleth, August |title=Vincennes: Portal to The West |url=https://archive.org/details/vincennesportalt00derl |url-access=registration |year=1968 |publisher=[[Prentice-Hall]], Inc|location= Englewood Cliffs, NJ |lccn=68020537 | page=[https://archive.org/details/vincennesportalt00derl/page/55 55]}}</ref> He was captured at [[Battle of Sainte-Foy|Sainte-Foy]] in 1760, but a French officer switched coats with him to ease his apprehensions about Native Americans killing British officers.{{sfn|Sheehan|1983|p=11}}

With the support of Governor General of British North America [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester|Guy Carleton]], Hamilton rose to the rank of [[brigade major]]. In 1775, he sold his commission, leaving the Army for a political career.

==American Revolutionary War==

===Lieutenant Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs at Fort Detroit===
In 1775, Henry Hamilton was appointed as Lieutenant Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs at [[Fort Detroit]], [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Province of Quebec]] (it then extended from the Atlantic to this area), [[British North America]]. (The fort site is now within the borders of [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]).

This was one of five newly created lieutenant governorships in the recently expanded eastern territory of Canada. When Governor Hamilton reached his base at Fort Detroit to assume his government duties in the [[Great Lakes]] region, the American Revolutionary War was already underway. Hamilton was in a difficult position: as a civil official, he had few British Army regulars at his command, and the loyalty of local [[French Canadians|Canadians]] and [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]] was far from assured. [[Normand Macleod]], a local fur trader and army officer, acted as the temporary "town major", a British government official in command of a fortified town, before Hamilton's arrival.<ref>{{cite book |last=Macleod |first=Normand |title=Detroit to Fort Sackville, 1778–1779 |location=Detroit: Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library |year=1778 |pages=x–xiii |url=https://digital.library.wayne.edu/item/wayne:WayneStateUniversityPress4318/file/PDF_FULL |accessdate=31 July 2023}}</ref>

===British war policies on the western frontier===

Governor Henry Hamilton became adept at diplomacy with the Indians, establishing good relations with local Indian leaders of the Huron and Odawa tribes. An amateur artist, Hamilton also sketched portraits of many Indians while in Detroit, leaving what has been called the "earliest and largest collection of life portraits of Native Americans of the Upper Great Lakes." This is now held by Houghton Library at Harvard University.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/deepLinkDigital?_collection=oasis&inoid=2686&histno=2&uniqueId=hou00125 |title=Henry Hamilton drawings of North American scenes and Native Americans: Guide |year=2009 |publisher=Houghton Library, Harvard College Library|location=Cambridge |access-date=8 March 2012}}</ref>

At the beginning of the war, British policy encouraged neutrality among the Indians leaders. But in 1777 Hamilton received instructions to encourage Indian raids against American frontier settlements in [[Pennsylvania]], [[Virginia]], and [[Kentucky]]. Hamilton responded to [[George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville|Lord Germain]], "Would to God this storm which is ready to fall on the Frontiers could be directed upon the guilty heads of those wretches who have raised it, and pass by the miserable many who must feel its fatal effects."{{sfn|Sheehan|1983|p=11}}

This was a controversial policy, because he and other British officials realised that [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] would inevitably be killed in these raids. Hamilton tried to limit civilian casualties by sending British Army regulars and Canadian militia alongside Indian raiding parties.{{sfn|Sheehan|1983|p=12}} Despite this, Indian warriors carried out their own customs during the raids, resulting in hundreds of women and children in [[Kentucky]] and western Pennsylvania being killed and [[Scalping|scalped]] during the war. This, as feared, led to an increase in anti-British sentiment in the region. According to an early 20th-century local history, Americans on the frontier accused Hamilton of paying bounties for prisoners and scalps brought in by the Indian warriors, calling him the "Hair-buyer General".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Greene|first1=George E.|title=History of Old Vincennes and Knox County, Indiana, Volume 1|date=1911|publisher=S.J. Clarke Publishing Company|page=182|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBQVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA182|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=Zachary |date=1 September 2016 |title=The Rhetoric and Practice of Scalping |journal=Journal of the American Revolution |url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2016/09/rhetoric-practice-scalping/ |accessdate=19 October 2021}}</ref> Hamilton denied ever paying Indians for scalps.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} He did, however, accept scalps as evidence of success, for which Indian war parties were rewarded with additional supplies.{{sfn|Sheehan|1983|pp=13-4}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Farrell |first=D. R. |title=Mobilizing for War: Logistics and the British War Effort in the West, 1775-1783 |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url=http://npshistory.com/series/symposia/george_rogers_clark/1983-1984/sec2.htm |accessdate=31 July 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Vincennes 1779.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Hamilton surrendering to Clark in the [[Siege of Fort Vincennes]]]]

===George Rogers Clark and Illinois Regiment, Virginia state forces in the Illinois Country===
In 1778, Patriot Colonel [[George Rogers Clark]], commanding Virginia state forces, captured several undermanned British posts in the [[Illinois Country]], including [[Fort Sackville]]<ref>Fort Sackville was named in honor of [[George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville]].</ref> at [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]] (then in Virginia-claimed land, now in present-day Indiana). Hamilton led an armed party from Detroit on 7 October 1778{{sfn|Skaggs|1977|p=182}} to recapture the British post, 600 miles away. His small force gathered Indian warriors along the way, and entered Vincennes on 17 December 1778. They captured Fort Sackville and the American commandant, Captain [[Leonard Helm]].{{sfn|Skaggs|1977|p=183}} In February 1779, however, Colonel Clark returned to Vincennes in a surprise march, recapturing the outpost and taking Hamilton prisoner.

===Defeat and prisoner in Virginia===
In early March, General George Rogers Clark ordered Hamilton to be taken to the Virginia state capital in [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]] as a prisoner of war. Poor travel conditions on the Ohio River forced the group—led by Captain Williams and Lieutenant Rogers—to travel most of the way by foot through the Moccasin Gap between what is now Kentucky and Virginia, finally arriving in Williamsburg in the middle of June. Once in Virginia's capital, he was jailed and placed in irons by order of Governor [[Thomas Jefferson]] and the Virginia Executive Council. Hamilton was held from 16 June – 29 September 1779. Hamilton rejected an offer of parole on the grounds that the terms violated his freedom of speech in restraining him from "saying anything to the prejudice of the United States." Jefferson refused to treat Hamilton and other British prisoners as [[prisoner-of-war|prisoners-of-war]] and handled them as he would have handled escaped slaves: putting them in irons for 18 months in Williamsburg and Chesterfield. Governor Jefferson eventually dropped charges of scalp-buying,{{sfn|Sheehan|1983|p=26}} but did not release Hamilton until October 1780, and only after [[George Washington]] during several months had entreated him to accept his parole. Hamilton was sent to New York to await a prisoner exchange. This took place in March 1781. He immediately sailed to [[London, England]] on a British ship.

==Later career as British royal governor==
Henry Hamilton was reassigned to Canada in 1782 under an appointment as Lieutenant-Governor, and later Deputy-Governor of the [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Province of Quebec]]. He administered during the transition in the postwar years as the Crown granted thousands of acres of land, mostly in what became [[Upper Canada]], to Loyalists as compensation for their losses in the former Thirteen Colonies and as payment to soldiers.

After a few years, Hamilton was reassigned as royal [[Governor of Bermuda]], serving from 1785 to 1794. He then departed Bermuda on HMS Scorpion (stopping enroute at Antigua on 4 December 1794) to serve as [[Governor of Dominica]], the present-day [[Commonwealth of Dominica]], from 1794 until his death in office in 1796.<ref name=Harvard>{{cite web |title=Hamilton, Henry, d.1796. Henry Hamilton drawings of North American scenes and Native Americans: Guide. |publisher=Harvard University |location=Cambridge |url=http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou00125 |year=2001 |access-date=1 February 2011}}</ref> In March 1795, at age 61, Hamilton married 25-year-old Elizabeth Lee from Banbury, Oxfordshire, a daughter of Colonel Lee. The Hamiltons had one daughter together, Mary Anne Pierpoint Hamilton. She died in 1871, unmarried and without children.<ref name=Harvard />

==Death==
Hamilton died in office on the island of [[Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua]], British North America, now Antigua and Barbuda, on 29 September 1796.

Among his papers, Hamilton had kept a journal from 1778 to 1779 as Lieutenant Governor at Fort Detroit during the American Revolution; this was published for the first time posthumously in 1951 in a history that addressed his and George Rogers Clark's roles in the war.<ref>Barnhart, John D. ''Henry Hamilton and George Rogers Clark in the American Revolution, with the Unpublished Journal of Lieut. Governor Henry Hamilton''. Crawfordsville, Indiana: [[Richard Elwell Banta|Banta]], 1951</ref>

==In popular culture==

US author [[Winston Churchill (novelist)|Winston Churchill]] wrote an epic historical novel in 1904 called ''[[The Crossing (Churchill novel)|The Crossing]]'' covering a man's life in the old Northwest from the Revolution to the [[Burr Conspiracy]]. The first part is about the protagonist marching as a drummer boy with [[George Rogers Clark]] and the highlight is the capture of Vincennes from Hamilton. There is much information about Hamilton's activities and his reputation among the local backwoodsmen, based on research from original documents.

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite DCB |last=Arthur |first=Elizabeth |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hamilton_henry_4E.html |title=Hamilton, Henry |volume=4}}
*{{cite journal |last=Sheehan |first=Bernard W. |title='The Famous Hair Buyer General': Henry Hamilton, George Rogers Clark, and the American Indian |journal=Indiana Magazine of History |volume=79 |number=1 |year=1983 |pages=1–28 |jstor=27790676 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27790676 |accessdate=31 July 2023}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Skaggs |editor-first=David Curtis |year=1977 |title=The Old Northwest in the American Revolution |publisher=The State Historical Society of Wisconsin |location=Madison, Wisconsin |isbn=0-87020-164-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/oldnorthwestin00skag }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Henry Hamilton (governor)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080323083504/http://www.in.gov/history/4621.htm "Henry Hamilton's Journal"], 1778–1779, Indiana Historical Bureau

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamilton, Henry}}
[[Category:1730s births]]
[[Category:1796 deaths]]
[[Category:American Revolutionary War prisoners of war held by the United States]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the French and Indian War]]
[[Category:British officials in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:East Yorkshire Regiment officers]]
[[Category:Governors of Bermuda]]
[[Category:Governors of Dominica]]
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of the Province of Quebec (1763–1791)]]
[[Category:Indiana in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Irish people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Michigan in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:British prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War]]
[[Category:Military personnel from County Dublin]]
[[Category:Military personnel from County Cork]]

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Henry Hamilton (colonial administrator)