Capricorn Records

2025-11-01T01:07:47Z

2601:704:601:2A70:C136:1400:A5DE:D842: Updated and added more information

{{short description|Defunct independent record label}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}} {{Use American English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox record label 
| image = CapricornHQ.jpg
| founded = {{start date and age|1969}}
| founder = [[Phil Walden]], [[Frank Fenter]]
| defunct = {{end date and age|2000}}
| parent = [[Universal Music Group]] (first incarnation catalogue) [[Sony Music Entertainment]] (second incarnation catalogue)
| status = Sold to [[Volcano Entertainment]]: Defunct
| distributor ='''First Incarnation''' [[Atlantic Records]] (1969 - 1972) [[Warner Records|Warner Bros. Records]] (1972 - 1977) PhonoDisc (1977 - 1979) '''Second Incarnation''' [[RED Distribution]] [[PolyGram]] [[The Island Def Jam Music Group]] '''Reissues''' [[Island Records]]/[[Universal Music Enterprises|UMe]] (first incarnation catalogue) [[Volcano Entertainment]]/[[Legacy Recordings]] (second incarnation catalogue)
| genre = {{Flatlist|*[[Southern rock]]
*[[soul music|soul]]
*[[jazz fusion]]
*[[country music|country]]
*[[alternative rock]]}}
| country = U.S.
| location = Macon, Georgia
}}
[[File:Capricorn Sound Studios, 2014.jpg|thumb|Capricorn Sound Studios in 2014.|alt=]]
[[File:Mercer Music Capricorn 2020 exterior.png|thumb|Exterior of the newly renovated Mercer Music at Capricorn in 2020.]]
[[File:Capricorn Studio A control room.png|thumb|The view of the Capricorn Studio control room from standing inside Studio A. Little has changed in both the studio space and control room since 1972.]]

'''Capricorn Records''' was an independent [[record label]] founded by [[Phil Walden]] and [[Frank Fenter]] in 1969 in [[Macon, Georgia]]. Capricorn Records is often credited by music historians as creating the [[southern rock]] genre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/capricorn-records-founder-phil-walden-dies-wbna12463448|title=Capricorn Records founder Phil Walden dies|date=April 24, 2006|website=Today.com|access-date=February 1, 2020}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2021}}

==History==
===Label and studio founding===
In the early 60s, Phil Walden and his brother [[Alan Walden]] had made a family business of managing and representing R&B performers including [[Otis Redding]], [[Sam & Dave]], [[Al Green]], and [[Percy Sledge]].<ref name=":43">{{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Zell|title=They Heard Georgia Singing|date=1996|publisher=Mercer University Press|isbn=978-0-86554-504-5|page=297}}</ref> As Redding's fame grew internationally, the partners founded Redwal Music, purchased a four-building block in downtown Macon,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ruggieri|first1=Melissa|url=https://www.ajc.com/blog/music/capricorn-studios-rising-mercer-music-capricorn/U8CsA9F8JHSHBaEF8Ag8pL/ |url-access=subscription |title=Legendary Macon studio will celebrate rebirth|date=November 26, 2019|access-date=February 23, 2020|newspaper=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]}}</ref> and opened a small office space a few blocks away on Cotton Avenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.mercer.edu/historic-capricorn-studios-projected-to-re-open-by-end-of-2019-with-2-million-in-new-funding-from-peyton-anderson-foundation-and-knight-foundation/|title=Historic Capricorn Studios Projected to Re-Open by End of 2019 with $2 Million in New Funding from Peyton Anderson Foundation and Knight Foundation |last1=Sears|first1=Kyle|publisher=Mercer University |website= The Den |date=8 April 2019|access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref> After Otis Redding's death in 1967, Phil Walden continued their shared dream for a recording studio, but the initial plan for an [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] driven label no longer held its original appeal without Redding.<ref name=":1222">{{Cite news|last=Popson|first=Tom|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-19-9103210045-story.html|title=Capricorn Records and Phil Walden Back in the Game |date=July 19, 1991|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=February 12, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215164241/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-19-9103210045-story.html |archive-date= Feb 15, 2020 }}</ref>

Walden and [[Frank Fenter]] approached Vice President of [[Atlantic Records]] [[Jerry Wexler]] about funding the project. Wexler liked Walden's idea of a studio with studio musicians but thought the studio should also include a record label. They decided to call the label and studio “Capricorn” after their shared [[astrological sign]]. With a monetary investment from Wexler and a distribution deal with Atlantic Records,<ref name=":1222"/> Capricorn Records was close to completion in 1969 with a production deal with Atlantic Records. Walden began looking for talent, both musicians and engineers.

===First incarnation: the 1970s===
Between the time Redding and the Walden brothers purchased the studio property and Phil Walden's partnership with Wexler, the studio was called the Otis Redding Memorial Studio.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Sandlin|first=Antahalee|title=A Never-ending Groove: Johnny Sandlin's Musical Odyssey|publisher=Mercer University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-88146-276-0}}</ref> Under both names, the space blended into its surroundings and from the outside looked like an old, abandoned storefront with no outside signage among other similarly vacant buildings. The inside of the space was reminiscent of a warehouse – high ceilings and open space.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Michael Buffalo|title=Rebel Yell: An Oral History of Southern Rock|publisher=[[Mercer University Press]]|location=Macon, Georgia|date=2014|isbn=978-0-88146-495-5}}</ref>

Jim Hawkins originally designed the main recording studio,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macon.com/living/liv-columns-blogs/article108023367.html|title=Capricorn Studios – Preserving a Legendary Past|last=Walden|first=Katherine|date=October 15, 2016|website=[[Macon Telegraph]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018131454/http://www.macon.com/living/liv-columns-blogs/article108023367.html|archive-date=2016-10-18|access-date=February 26, 2020}}</ref> and a redesign followed in 1972 by [[Tom Hidley]]. According to docents at the Mercer Music at Capricorn, the Hidley redesign changed the studio walls from soundproof tiles to walls with a fabric-covered upper half and a stone and wood bottom half. Strips of cedar shingles placed strategically throughout the room covered lights and further diffused sound. Four echo chambers built under the studio connected directly to the control room to create popular vocal and instrumental echo effects.

Musicians remember the atmosphere of the studio referring to it as “home” or recollecting that anything could happen or anyone could stop by. [[Elvin Bishop]] called Capricorn Records "the only thing happening in town that was different from anything in a thousand other towns around the South at the time".<ref name=":2" />

Walden planned to model the studio after [[Stax Records]] and [[FAME Studios]] by offering an intimate recording experience with state-of-the-art equipment and a backing studio band.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Michael Buffalo|title=The Road Goes on Forever: Fifty Years of the Allman Brothers Band Music|publisher=Mercer University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-88146-712-3}}</ref> The Capricorn Rhythm Section provided a distinctive full-band sound to artists or on tracks needing accompaniment.<ref name=":2" /> Often referred to as CRS, the studio band members were drummer [[Johnny Sandlin]], keyboardist [[Paul Hornsby]], guitarist [[Pete Carr]], and bassist [[Robert "Pops" Popwell|Robert “Pops” Powell]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bomar|first=Scott B.|title=Southbound: An Illustrated History of Southern Rock|publisher=Backbeat Books|year=2014|pages=64}}</ref>

When it came time to start recruiting talent, Walden tracked down [[Duane Allman]], a guitarist who he heard on a FAME Studios recording of [[Wilson Pickett]]'s cover of "[[Hey Jude (Wilson Pickett album)|Hey Jude]],"<ref name=":1222"/> ultimately purchasing Allman's contract.<ref name=":43"/> Allman would go on to help Walden build what would become the [[The Allman Brothers Band|Allman Brothers Band]]. Though the Allman Brothers' 1969 [[The Allman Brothers Band (album)|self-titled first release]] wasn't a best-seller, critics praised the effort for its mixing of country, jazz, blues, and rock genres. Music historians cite the group's third release, ''[[At Fillmore East]]'', as the impetus of the rise of southern rock as a popular music genre. ''At Fillmore East'' was the first gold album for both the band and label. The partnership would garner more top-charting releases with ''[[Eat a Peach]]'', [[Brothers and Sisters (album)|''Brothers and Sisters'']], and [[Win, Lose or Draw (album)|''Win, Lose or Draw'']].

Between the years of 1969 and 1979, Capricorn produced nine platinum albums, seventeen gold albums, and five gold singles.<ref name=":1222"/> Other Capricorn-signed artists had chart-topping songs and albums, but the studio also held sessions for other artists including [[Razzy Bailey]], [[Martin Mull]], the [[Charlie Daniels Band]], and Livingston Taylor just to name a few.

Other notable Capricorn artists during this era included:
* [[Bonnie Bramlett]]
* [[The Cooper Brothers]]
* [[Cowboy (band)|Cowboy]]
* [[Delbert McClinton]]
* [[Fallenrock]]
* [[Dixie Dregs]]
* [[Grinderswitch]]
* [[Hydra (band)|Hydra]]
* [[Kitty Wells]]
* [[The Marshall Tucker Band]]
* [[Percy Sledge]]
* [[Sea Level (band)|Sea Level]]
* [[Stillwater (band)|Stillwater]]
* [[Wet Willie]]
* [[White Witch (band)|White Witch]]

===End of an era===
When Warner Brothers could not successfully negotiate a buyout of the label in 1975, Capricorn made a new distribution deal with [[PolyGram]].<ref name=":43"/> In the following year Capricorn's most successful and prolific act, the Allman Brothers Band, would split up.

The [[1970s recession]] affected Capricorn record sales, especially later in the decade. Between July and September 1979, the label faced numerous foreclosure and debt charges including a possible buyout and contract renegotiation from PolyGram<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=King|first=Bill|title=Capricorn Fighting to Show it's Not a Ruined Ram|date=September 9, 1979|work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]}}</ref> forcing the label to close its Los Angeles office and cut positions in Macon.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=King|first=Bill|title=A Swan Song For Capricorn|date=October 5, 1979|work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]}}</ref> When renegotiations were unsuccessful, PolyGram filed a lawsuit<ref name=":6" /> seeking all label and studio assets as collateral on a $5 million loan<ref>{{Cite news|last=Associated Press|title=Firm Seeks Capricorn Record Assets|date=September 2, 1979|work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]}}</ref> made to the company in 1977.<ref name=":7" />

At this point, many artists terminated their contracts with Capricorn including Sea Level, Stillwater, and Dixie Dregs<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bevins|first=Bill|title=Capricorn Goes to Bankruptcy Court|date=November 22, 1979|work=Macon Telegraph}}</ref> and the Allman Brothers filed suit to stop the release of a greatest hits album.<ref name=":7" />

Together, [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11]] bankruptcy proceedings and the reorganization of Capricorn Records took a total of 18 months.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|last=Savage|first=Randall|title=Walden is Determined to Make a Comeback|date=November 20, 1980|work=[[Macon Telegraph]]}}</ref> The reorganization allowed Walden to retain the label name, studio, Cotton Avenue office, and both Rear Exit and No Exit Music Companies.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last=Bills|first=Steve|title=Bankruptcy Court Approves Plan to Reorganize Walden's Companies|date=November 8, 1979|work=[[Macon Telegraph]]}}</ref> Polygram received all master recordings, musical copyrights, existing tapes, records, and other property.<ref name=":8" /> Another stipulation of the final agreement was the creation of a special fund to pay off other creditors over the next seven years.<ref name=":9" /> Walden received 100% of the company stock after reorganization, leaving Fenter out.<ref name=":9" />

In January, 1983, Walden and Fenter restructured their business partnership and announced that Capricorn was releasing its first record in three years with the CBS Columbia Label album ''Sweet Young Thing'' by Rick Christian.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Beasley|first=David|title=Capricorn Will Release First Record in 3 Years|date=January 8, 1983|work=Macon Telegraph}}</ref> The album did not revive the label's name recognition as Walden and Fenter had hoped, but neither partner was deterred. Fenter made an attempt in July 1983 to revive the label, but that effort dissolved when he had a heart attack in the midst of completing negotiations with Warner Bros. Records and died at 47.

A Capricorn Records liquidation sale event at the [[Macon Coliseum]] in the summer of 1986 saw the sale of assets including gold records, personal effects, and filing cabinets containing financial documents, press, and promotional pieces, and contracts.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wilkinson|first=Jack|title=Era of Macon's Capricorn Records Ends on the Auction Block|date=July 3, 1986|work=[[Macon Telegraph]]}}</ref>

===Second incarnation: the 1990s===
The label relaunched in [[Nashville, Tennessee]] as a joint venture with [[Warner Music Group|Warner Brothers]], this time through the partnership of Walden and his son. The first act to sign onto the resurrected label was [[Athens, Georgia]]'s [[Widespread Panic]] and they released their first album on the label in the summer of 1991.<ref name=":1222"/>

[[Cake (band)|Cake]] and [[311 (band)|311]] were the most commercially successful artists to come out of Capricorn during this period with Cake's third album ''[[Prolonging the Magic]]'' going platinum and 311's ''[[Soundsystem (311 album)|Soundsystem]]'' going gold.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=B|first=R|date=May 20, 2000|title=CAPRICORN RECORDS|journal=Billboard Magazine|volume=112|pages=40}}</ref> Capricorn's Nashville division signed a then-unknown [[Kenny Chesney]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tasteofcountry.com/kenny-chesney-first-record-deal-capricorn-records/|title=Remember When Kenny Chesney Signed His First Record Deal?|last=Whitaker|first=Sterling|date=June 30, 2018|website=Taste of Country|access-date=February 25, 2020}}</ref> while the Atlanta division signed various rock acts including [[jam band]] favorites like [[Gov't Mule]] and [[Col. Bruce Hampton and the Aquarium Rescue Unit]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/col-bruce-hampton-dies-70-7777132/|title=Jam Band Icon Col. Bruce Hampton Dies at 70 After Birthday Concert|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|date=May 2, 2017|magazine=Billboard|access-date=February 25, 2020}}</ref>

Throughout the label's run in the 1990s, distribution changed from [[Sony Music]]'s independent RED Distribution<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Cronin|first=Peter|date=May 6, 1995|title=Capricorn Back on Track at RED|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> network to PolyGram by way of its flagship label [[Mercury Records]]. In 1997, Capricorn closed its Nashville office moving all operations to its downtown Atlanta office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://creativeloafing.com/content-184458-cover-story-ramblin-clan|title=Ramblin' Clan|last=Sarig|first=Roni|date=July 25, 2001|website=Creative Loafing|access-date=February 25, 2020}}</ref> Walden sold Capricorn to [[Volcano Records]] in 2000 for $13 million and began work on a new independent label project, Velocette Records,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-apr-25-me-walden25-story.html|title=Phil Walden, 66; Ran Capricorn Records, Home to Allman Brothers, Southern Acts|last=McLellan|first=Dennis|date=April 25, 2006|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=February 25, 2020}}</ref> which featured Georgia artists including [[Vic Chesnutt]], [[Kevn Kinney]], and [[Jucifer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.uga.edu/fund-honoring-capricorn-records-co-founder-to-benefit-new-music-business-pr/|title=Fund Honoring Capricorn Records Co-founder to Benefit New Music Business Program|date=August 28, 2006|website=University of Georgia|access-date=February 25, 2020}}</ref>

===Studio renovation and reopening===
In 2010, the [[Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation]] listed the Capricorn Recording Studio among its annual “Places in Peril.” Leading up to this announcement, the Capricorn Sound Studios sat vacant during the decades after the label declared bankruptcy, surviving a fire that destroyed neighboring buildings.<ref name=":0" /> The studio remained untouched while the rest of the property fell into further disrepair throughout the early 2000s.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/capricorn-studios-allman-brothers-southern-rock-923818/|title=Inside the Rebirth of Capricorn Sound Studios, Ground Zero for Southern Rock|last=Woodward|first=Garret K.|date=December 8, 2019|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=February 20, 2020}}</ref> Studio tours were available to fans through special reservations as featured in an episode of [[NPR]]'s ''[[All Things Considered]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/10/16/356645162/capricorn-in-retrograde-macons-endangered-musical-history|title=Capricorn in Retrograde|last1=Ragusea|first1=Adam|author-link1=Adam Ragusea|date=October 16, 2014|website=NPR – All Things Considered}}</ref>

In 2015, a multi-million dollar renovation project through a partnership between [[Mercer University]], NewTown Macon, Sierra Development, and Southern Pines Plantations announced plans to fully restoring the original studio space, early plans included a large recording studio for film score and orchestral recordings, a Capricorn museum, and loft apartments on the upper floors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.mercer.edu/mercer-announces-partnership-to-restore-historic-capricorn-studio/|title=Mercer Announces Partnership to Restore Historic Capricorn Studio, Launch Music Incubator as Part of Major Downtown Development|last=Sears|first=Kyle|date=December 10, 2015|website=Mercer University|access-date=February 26, 2020}}</ref>

While the record label is defunct, the legacy of Capricorn lives on through Mercer Music at Capricorn. On December 3, 2019, on the 50th anniversary of the original studio opening, the original studio space reopened. Grants from the Peyton Anderson Foundation and [[John S. and James L. Knight Foundation]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ajc.com/blog/music/capricorn-studios-will-open-macon-this-year/SKcewGDJJD6OzSOYNoS1AI/|title=Complex will be called Mercer Music at Capricorn|last=Ruggieri|first=Melissa|date=April 8, 2019|website=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|access-date=February 20, 2020}}</ref> along with historic tax credits and donations made up the $4.3 million project's funding.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8544931/capricorn-sound-studios-macon-georgia-re-opening|title='Birthplace of Southern Rock' Capricorn Sound Studios in Macon, Georgia, Celebrating Grand Re-Opening|last=Eggertsen|first=Chris|date=December 2, 2019|magazine=Billboard|access-date=February 20, 2020}}</ref>

In addition to the loft apartments on the upper floors, the four-building remodel includes a small bar and lounge-style entrance, a museum with interactive kiosks, a music incubator space designed for musicians to collaborate creatively or store equipment, rental office space, and two recording studio spaces. Studio B is both a performance venue and large studio space designed acoustically for choirs, orchestral recording, and film scoring. Studio A, the original historic Capricorn recording studio, remains unchanged from Hidley's 1972 studio redesign.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://capricorn.mercer.edu/|title=Mercer Music at Capricorn|date=2020|website=Mercer Music at Capricorn|access-date=February 22, 2020}}</ref> The main control room remains mostly unchanged except for a custom 40-channel API console based on the original soundboard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prosoundnetwork.com/recording/studio-showcase/mercer-music-at-capricorn-revitalizing-a-studio-for-the-next-generation|title=Mercer Music at Capricorn: Revitalizing a Studio for the Next Generation|last=Harvey|first=Steve|date=February 7, 2020|website=[[Pro Sound News]]|access-date=February 22, 2020}}</ref>

==Economic and cultural impact==
From the early to mid-1970s, Capricorn's economic impact on Macon and the surrounding area included more than just the studio and label. The southern city had gained notoriety as having a vibrant music scene, keeping small venues like Grant's Lounge, historic halls like the [[Grand Opera House (Macon, Georgia)|Grand Opera House]] and the [[Macon City Auditorium]], and large venues like the [[Macon Coliseum]] filled with internationally known acts and up-and-coming talent. As a company, Capricorn invested in local real estate including Capricorn Park on Cotton Avenue.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hiralger|first1=Madeleine|title=Capricorn Recording Studio's Impact Big|date=February 27, 1977|work=Macon Telegraph}}</ref>

Further putting Macon and Capricorn Records in the spotlight was Phil Walden's involvement in the 1976 presidential campaign of then Georgia governor [[Jimmy Carter]].<ref name=":1222"/> Capricorn label bands including the Allman Brothers Band and Marshall Tucker Band played rallies and benefit concerts and Carter chose "[[The South's Gonna Do It]]" by the Charlie Daniels Band to be his campaign song.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bomar|first=Scott B.|title=Southbound: An Illustrated History of Southern Rock|publisher=Backbeat Books|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4803-5519-4|pages=240–241}}</ref>

Walden's interest in politics wasn't the only activity bringing attention to his company or hometown. His annual Barbecue and Summer Games held at his lakeside home<ref name=":1222" /> from 1972 to 1978, attracted both fans and stars.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Knudson|first=Dewey|title=Capricorn Fest a Day for Musicians and Fans|date=August 18, 1977|work=Macon Telegraph}}</ref> Notable attendees throughout the years included Carter, [[Don King (boxing promoter)|Don King]], [[Bette Midler]], and [[Andy Warhol]].<ref name=":1222" />

Internationally, a special production of the [[The Old Grey Whistle Test|''Old Grey Whistle Test'']] called "Macon Whoopee" featured performances by the Marshall Tucker Band, Wet Willie, Bonnie Bramlett, Stillwater, and others.<ref name=":2"/>

==See also==
* [[:Category:Capricorn Records albums|Albums released on Capricorn Records]]
* [[List of record labels]]
* [[Paragon Booking Agency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other sources==
*Sippel, John (January 29, 1983) " Together Again, Capricorn Records President Phil Walden and label Executive Vice President Frank Fenter".Billboard. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EiQEAAAAMBAJ&dq=fenter+walden+billboard+1983&pg=PT115 Billboard]
*Woodward, Garret (December 8, 2019) "Inside Capricorn Sound Studios, Ground Zero for Southern Rock." Rolling Stone. [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/capricorn-studios-allman-brothers-southern-rock-923818/ Inside the Rebirth of Capricorn Sound Studios, Ground Zero for Southern Rock]
*[https://capricorn.mercer.edu/ Home website]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050228184401/http://www.phideltatheta.org/famousphis/entertainment/music/walden.html Phil Walden]
* {{Cite web |last=Sarig |first=Roni |title=Ramblin' clan |url=http://atlanta.creativeloafing.com/2001-07-25/cover.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507081829/http://atlanta.creativeloafing.com/2001-07-25/cover.html |archive-date=May 7, 2005 |website=Creative Loafing Atlanta}}
* {{Cite web |last=((Robert of The Radish)) |date=2006 |title=Capricorn Records Sampler |url=http://www.scopecreep.com/Rhapsody/2006/01/capricorn-records-sampler.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021081229/http://www.scopecreep.com/Rhapsody/2006/01/capricorn-records-sampler.html |archive-date=Oct 21, 2006 |website=Rhapsody Radish}}
* [http://alabamamusicoffice.com/articles-about-alabama-music.html Gregg Atwill Alabama Music Office]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=EiQEAAAAMBAJ&dq=fenter+walden+billboard+1983&pg=PT115 Billboard]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Record labels established in 1969]]
[[Category:Record labels disestablished in 1979]]
[[Category:Record labels established in 1991]]
[[Category:Record labels disestablished in 2000]]
[[Category:American independent record labels]]
[[Category:Rock record labels]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)]]

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Capricorn Records