Vero - Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Mobile Riverine Force

2025-04-24T10:16:41Z

2601:985:D01:36F6:0:0:0:BA: /* Creation of the Mobile Riverine Force */

{{Short description|US naval force in Vietnam}}
{{About|the Naval Force in Vietnam|modern US Navy unit|United States Navy Riverine Squadron}}
{{Redirect|Riverines|natural watercourses|river|navigable rivers of interest to maritime geographers|maritime geography}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2010}}
[[File:US riverboat using napalm in Vietnam.jpg|thumb|right|A Mobile Riverine Force monitor using napalm in the Vietnam War.]]
In the [[Vietnam War]], the '''Mobile Riverine Force (MRF)''' (after May 1967), initially designated Mekong Delta Mobile Afloat Force, and later the '''Riverines''', were a joint [[United States Army|US Army]] and [[United States Navy|US Navy]] force that comprised a substantial part of the [[brown-water navy]]. It was modeled after lessons learned by the French experience in the [[First Indochina War]] of [[Dinassaut]] and had the task of both transport (of soldiers and equipment) and combat. The primary land base was at [[Đồng Tâm Base Camp]], with a floating base which operated in the major rivers of the Mekong Delta. Soldiers and sailors went out in [[PTF boat|river boats]] from the floating base to assault the Viet Cong. During part of the 1968-69 period, there were two such mobile bases operating in different parts of the Delta, Mobile Riverine Groups Alpha and Bravo. The MRF played a key role in the [[Tet Offensive]].

==Concept of operations==
The Mekong Delta Mobile Afloat Force was originally conceived as providing an all weather "strike" capability in the Mekong Delta, to actively prosecute contact with Viet Cong units in the Vietnam War. A "strike" force was inherently and essentially different from the existing Navy interdiction and patrol forces (the River Patrol Boats of [[Operation Game Warden]], and the coastal blockade of [[Operation Market Time]]). The Delta presented a classic venue appropriate to riverine operations such as had not been seen since the Union Navy in the (American Civil War) Mississippi Delta, and Sino-American operations in World War II. The Delta had a dearth of reliable roadways, all with predictable choke points at bridges, a literal myriad of creeks, streams, rivers, and canals, frequent monsoon conditions restricting air operations, and ground conditions that were often muddy.

==Historical experience==
[[File:USN 1104729.jpg|thumb|STCAN operated by the Republic of Vietnam Navy]]
A wide range of riverine craft were used by the allies, both before, and during the formalization of the US Navy Brown Water Navy, in 1964–1965. Foremost were the surplus World War II US naval craft; [[Landing Craft Mechanized|LCM]]s, [[LCVP (United States)|LCVPs]], [[Landing Ship Medium|LSM]]s, [[List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy#Patrol motor gunboat (PGM)|PGMs]], [[Landing Craft Support|LSSLs]], etc., as well as post-war [[United States Nasty-class patrol boat|''Nasty'' class]] patrol boats. One of the most popular riverine craft was the all-steel LCM converted into a naval [[River monitor#United States|Monitor]], and was used by the French during the first Indochina war; and later by the US and South Vietnamese Navies. However, The French, during their war in Vietnam (1945–1954), had been heavily inspired by the US Navy [[LCVP (United States)|LCVP]], which they had received from the US, as part of the United States massive assistance program to fight communism. The French took the LCVP design and created an all new, and as it turned out, the only "original" or entirely new boat built for riverine warfare during the French Indochina war; the STCAN (a corruption of the acronym STCN, which stood for the French equivalent of the US Navy's [[BuShips]], which read Service Technique de Construction Navale). The French STCAN was built of steel, approximately {{convert|40|ft|m}} long, "V" hulled, with a shiplike bow, was armed with one .50 cal machine gun, three .30 cal machine guns, and eight crewmen.

==Creation of the Mobile Riverine Force==
[[File:NARA 111-CCV-113-CC43650 USS Benewah and smaller craft My Tho River 1967.jpg|thumb|{{USS|Benewah||6}} and MRF boats at My Tho, 1967]]
The Mekong Delta Mobile Riverine Force concept paired newly created assault boat units with a brigade of Army infantry. The force contained a U.S. Army reinforced brigade consisting of three infantry battalions, an artillery battalion, and other combat and combat service support.

The force would be based aboard U.S. Navy ships that would include 5 self-propelled barracks ships, 2 [[Landing Ship, Tank|LSTs]], 2 large harbor tugs, and 2 landing craft repair ships. In addition, two U.S. Navy river assault groups would provide tactical water mobility.

Each assault group would be capable of lifting the combat elements of one reinforced infantry battalion. A small salvage craft would be necessary to recover damaged ships or craft. The reinforced brigade would be organized under the current standard ROAD (Reorganization Objective Army Divisions) tables of organization and equipment, with limited augmentation. Certain equipment specified in the tables, such as tents, mess facilities, 106mm recoilless rifles, antitank wire-guided missiles, and all wheeled vehicles except artillery prime movers were to be deleted from the force requirements. The number of 90mm recoilless rifles in each rifle company was to be reduced from six to three to improve the mobility of the weapons squads. The 4.2-inch mortars would accompany the force and be moved by water or air to field positions as necessary. Radios would be either ship-mounted or man-portable.

Coxswains of plastic assault boats were to be designated in the proposed tables and trained upon arrival in Vietnam. Enough troops from each of the units afloat would be left at a land base to maintain equipment left in storage.

The plan provided for an augmentation of three counter-mortar radar sections, each manned by nine men, to operate and maintain ship-mounted counter-mortar radars.

A mobile Army surgical hospital team, U.S. Air Force [[Tactical air control party|Tactical Air Control Parties (TACPs)]] which included forward air controllers, [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]] liaison troops, and additional [[AN%2FPRC-77 Portable Transceiver|AN/PRC-25]] radios were to be furnished from sources outside the parent division of the brigade.

Each river assault group, later designated river assault squadron, was to consist of the following: 52 [[Armored Troop Carrier (LCM)|Armored Troop Carriers]] (ATCs or "Tangos"), 10 [[Monitor (Vietnam War)|Monitors]] with 40mm cannon and [[M29 mortar|81mm mortar]], 32 [[Assault Support Patrol Boat]]s (ASPBs), 5 Monitors to serve as command and control boats and 2 LCM-6s to serve as refuelers. A salvage force would include: 2 2,000-ton heavy lift craft, 2 YTBs for salvage, 2 LCUs (Landing Craft, Utility), and 3 100-ton floating dry docks.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fulton|first=William|title=Vietnam Studies Riverine Operations, 1966-1969|publisher=U.S. Department of the Army|year=1985|url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-18/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908082753/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-18/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 September 2015|oclc=614132765|pages=31–2}}</ref>

==Navy Assault Squadrons==
Originally two, and ultimately four Navy Assault Squadrons were created: River Assault Squadrons 9, 11, 13 and 15. The 2nd (Riverine) Brigade of the [[U.S. 9th Infantry Division]] was assigned to work with these units. A fixed land base was created by dredging a portion of the Song Ham Luong near My Tho and was named "Đồng Tâm." This became the administrative headquarters of the MRF.
[[File:US Navy Mobile Base II in Vietnam c1968.jpg|thumb|Mobile Riverine Base II with PBRs and UH-1B of HA(L)-3]]
Nonetheless, the Navy created a floating Mobile Riverine Base (MRB) by assigning barracks ships, and barrage barges (non-self propelled) to house both Army and Navy personnel, provide communications and staff support, mooring and support facilities on Ammi pontoons alongside, and refit, rearm and resupply stores. The MRB also included repair ships (ARLs) and supply ships (LSTs). The ships of the MRB also had helicopter landing capabilities, providing air resupply and medical air evacuation ("dust off") capability and had significant medical care facilities aboard. Thus, the entire force could move throughout the major rivers of the Delta, and launch troops, on boats, into assault operations deep into the narrowest rivulets and canals. Given the low limit speed of perhaps {{convert|6|kn|km/h}} (or less if opposing the fierce lower Delta currents), this "MOBILE" capability made boat assault operations in the furthest reaches of the Delta feasible.

Eventually, the MRF included Army floating artillery and mortar barges, which could be moved throughout the Delta and positioned to support the planned area of each assault operation. Integral air support came from newly created [[Helicopter Attack Squadron (Light) Three|Navy gunship helicopter squadron HAL 3 (Helicopter Attack, Light), the SEAWOLVES]], based at Dong Tam a unit of CTF 116. This was additional to such air support, both troop insertion and gunfire ships, as the Army tasked to each operation, and air support from Air Force [[Tactical Air Command|TAC]] air units on call.

==See also==
*[[Dinassaut]]
*[[Khmer National Navy]]
*[[Republic of Vietnam Navy]]
*[[Royal Lao Navy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Thomas J. Cutler|Cutler, Thomas J.]] ''"Brown Water, Black Berets", Coastal and Riverine Warfare in Vietnam''. Published by [[USNI|United States Naval Institute]]. {{ISBN|1-55750-196-3}}, {{ISBN|978-1-55750-196-7}}.
* Friedman, Norman. ''U.S. Small Combatants, Including PT-Boats, Subchasers, and the Brown-Water Navy''. 1987. {{ISBN|0-87021-713-5}}.
* Steffes, James, ENC Retired. ''Swift Boat Down: The Real Story of the Sinking of PCF-19''. 2006. {{ISBN|1-59926-612-1}}
* Affield, Wendell. ''Muddy Jungle Rivers: A river assault boat cox'n's memory journey of his war in Vietnam''. 2012. {{ISBN|0-9847023-0-X}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.riverinesailor.com/ Navy Mobile Riverine Force Mekong Delta, Vietnam War History]
* [http://indochine54.free.fr/cefeo/dinassau.html French riverine forces], on French Dinassaut in English
* http://gruntseyeview.com Perspective from the Army side, 3/60th Infantry, 9th Division.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Military units and formations of the United States in the Vietnam War]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Riverine warfare]]

Erg (disambiguation)

2025-04-22T15:10:36Z

2601:985:D01:36F6:0:0:0:BA: /* Other uses */

{{wiktionary|erg}}
An '''[[erg]]''' is a unit of energy.

'''Erg''', '''Ergs''' or '''ERG''' may also refer to:
{{TOC right}}
==Arts and entertainment==
* [[Mikey Erg]] (born 1980), American musician
* [[Erg (comics)]], a fictional character in the Marvel Comics Universe
* [[Erg (Hyperion)]], a creature in the Hyperion Cantos series by Dan Simmons

==Organisations==
* [[Education Reference Group]], in Connecticut, US
* [[Erg (company)]], an Italian energy company
* [[Efficiency and Reform Group]] (May 2010 – October 2014), former part of the Cabinet Office of the UK
* [[Eurasian Resources Group]], a Luxembourgish mining and smelting company
* [[European Research Group]], anti-EU group of British Conservative MPs
* [[Videlli]], an Australian smart card ticketing system manufacturer formerly known as ERG Group

==Places==
* [[English Riviera Geopark]], in Torbay, England
* [[Erbogachen Airport]] (IATA code), Russia

==Science and technology==
* [[Electron-releasing group]]
* [[Electroretinography]], or electroretinogram
* [[Erg (landform)]], sand dune field
* [[ERG (gene)|''ERG'' (gene)]]
* [[ERG theory]], in psychology
* [[Exploration of Energization and Radiation in Geospace]], now Arase, a Japanese scientific satellite

==Other uses==
* [[Employee resource group]], groups of employees who join together in their workplace
* ''[[Emergency Response Guidebook]]'', a hazardous-materials (HAZMAT) reference book
* [[Erg (indoor rower)]]
* [[Erg (tug)|''Erg'' (tug)]], a Canadian tug, sunk in Halifax Harbour in 1943
* [[Ergative case]]

{{disambiguation}}

Webbing

2025-02-10T11:45:58Z

2601:985:D01:36F6:0:0:0:BA: /* Hardware */

{{Short description|Strong fabric woven as a flat strip or tube used instead of rope}}
{{about|the textile|the feature of swimming animals|webbed foot}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2009}}
[[file:Webbing.jpg|thumb|{{cvt|50|mm|in|sigfig=1}} red, blue and black [[nylon]] webbing as used in [[auto racing]] harnesses]]

'''Webbing''' is a strong [[Textile|fabric]] [[weaving|woven]] as a flat strip or tube of varying width and [[fibre]]s, often used in place of [[rope]]. It is a versatile component used in [[climbing]], [[slacklining]], [[furniture]] [[manufacturing]], [[automobile]] [[safety]], [[auto racing]], [[tow truck|towing]], [[parachuting]], [[Combat uniform|military apparel]], [[load securing]], and many other fields.

It may be made of [[Hemp#Fiber|hemp]], [[cotton]] or [[linen]], but also synthetic fibers such as [[nylon]], [[polypropylene]] or [[polyester]]. Webbing is also made from exceptionally high-strength material, such as [[Dyneema]], and [[Kevlar]]. Webbing is both light and strong, with [[Ultimate tensile strength|breaking strengths]] readily available in excess of {{Convert|10000|lbf|kN|abbr=off|lk=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Cordage, Rope, and Webbing Information {{!}} IHS Engineering360|url = http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/materials_chemicals_adhesives/composites_textiles_reinforcements/cordage_rope_webbing|website = www.globalspec.com|access-date = 2016-01-11}}</ref>

There are two basic constructions of webbing. Flat webbing is a solid weave, with [[seat belt]]s and most backpack straps being common examples. Tubular webbing consists of a flattened tube, and is commonly used in climbing and industrial applications.

== Materials ==
Some examples of common webbing materials are:
* [[Strapping#Polypropylene|Polypropylene]], a lightweight and economical material with a soft feel. Typically with a thickness of about {{cvt|3/36|in|mm|order=flip|sigfig=1}}.
* [[Cotton]] reinforced with [[nylon]] ("extra strength cotton"), a thicker and stronger webbing. Typically with a thickness of about {{cvt|1/16|in|mm|order=flip|round=0.5}}.
* [[SuperFabric|Ultra abrasion resistant nylon]], a very dense weave which requires more advanced tools to work with. Typically with a thickness of about {{cvt|3/36|in|mm|order=flip|sigfig=1}}.

== Uses ==
=== Sporting goods ===
In [[rock climbing equipment|rock climbing]], nylon webbing is used in [[sling (climbing equipment)|slings]], runners, [[climbing harness|harnesses]], anchor extensions, and [[quickdraw]]s. Webbing is used in many ways in [[hiking]] and [[camping]] gear including [[backpacks]], straps, load adjusters and [[tent]] adjusters. There are two types of webbing: tubular and flat. Some common webbing widths found on backpacks and hiking gear are:
* {{cvt|10|mm|in|sigfig=1}}
* {{cvt|15|mm|in|sigfig=1}}
* {{cvt|20|mm|in|sigfig=1}}
* {{cvt|25|mm|in|sigfig=1}}
* {{cvt|30|mm|in}}
* {{cvt|38|mm|in}}
* {{cvt|50|mm|in|sigfig=1}}
* {{cvt|75|mm|in|sigfig=1}}

The most popular webbing width is {{cvt|25|mm|in|sigfig=1}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Johnston|first=Turlough|title=Rock Climbing Basics|year=1995|isbn=9780811724203|pages=80|publisher=Stackpole Books }}</ref> but {{cvt|38|mm|in|sigfig=2}} and {{cvt|50|mm|in|sigfig=1}} are also very common. Narrower webbing is frequently looped through [[Nut (climbing)|chock stones]], which are jammed into cracks as safety anchors. In other cases, webbing is looped over rock outcroppings. Webbing is less likely to loosen itself off the rock than tubular rope. Note that webbing construction is either utterly flat or flat-tubular; the latter tends to handle better but knots are more likely to jam.

The most popular knots in webbing are the [[water knot]] and the [[grapevine knot]]. The latter is stronger, but uses more webbing for the knot. It is customary to leave a few centimetres extending from the knot, and in many cases climbers tape the ends down onto the main loops.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://opp.uoregon.edu/climbing/topics/knots.pdf|title = Knots for Rock Climbers {{!}} Knot Selection and Care|date = 2010-08-10|access-date = 2016-01-11|website = University of Oregon|last = Strong|first = Michael|archive-date = 2016-03-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081418/http://opp.uoregon.edu/climbing/topics/knots.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Webbing is also less expensive than rope of similar size, particularly [[kernmantle rope]], which requires elaborate and expensive manufacturing. Unlike climbing rope, which is generally sold with recognizable brand names, webbing manufacture is typically generic. Climbing shops sell it off of a spool on a per yard or per foot basis.

Webbing is cut with a hot wire as is nylon rope, which prevents fraying and unravelling. However, when webbing does fray and unravel, the result is less disastrous than with rope, providing a modest advantage. Webbing suffers the drawback of less elasticity than perlon rope, and it may be more difficult to handle with gloves or mittens on.<ref>Royal Robbins, Basic Rockcraft</ref><ref>Royal Robbins, Advanced Rockcraft</ref><ref>The Freedom of the Hills by the Seattle Mountaineers</ref>

[[Slacklining|Slacklines]] often use flat or tubular {{cvt|25|mm|in|sigfig=1}} webbing, or flat {{cvt|50|mm|in|sigfig=1}} webbing. Other widths are used, but are less common.

[[White water rafting]] boats use tubular webbing for bow lines, stern lines, "chicken lines" (around the exterior perimeter of the boat), equipment tie down, or floor lacing for self-bailing rafts. Rafters call tubular webbing "hoopie" or "hoopi". Rafters also use [[camstraps]] with flat webbing for equipment tie down.

[[Personal flotation device|Life preservers]] are also crafted using nylon or cotton webbing that conforms to federal standards and guidelines.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 46 CFR 160.055-3 - Materials|url = https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/46/160.055-3|website = Cornell University Law School {{!}} Legal Information Institute|access-date = 2016-01-11}}</ref>

=== Automotive and racing safety ===

[[Seat belt]]s are an obvious example of webbings used in auto safety but there are myriad other uses. Nylon and polyester webbing are used a great deal in auto racing safety for a large variety of items. [[seat belt|Racing harnesses]] restraining the driver have used nylon webbing for years, but since the death of [[Dale Earnhardt#Death|Dale Earnhardt]], polyester webbing is becoming more popular due to its increased strength, and lower rate of elongation under load. The nylon commercial type 9 webbing generally used in racing harnesses stretches approximately 20 to 30 percent of its initial length at {{cvt|2500|lbf|kN|order=flip}} while polyester only stretches 5 to 15 percent. Window nets to prevent objects from entering the driver compartment are constructed of polypropylene webbing, as are helmet nets used to reduce side loads to the head in [[Sprint car racing|Sprint cars]]. The [[HANS device]] uses webbing tethers to attach the helmet to the collar, and the [[Hutchens device]] is made almost entirely of webbing.

=== Furniture ===
Webbing is used in couches and chairs as a base for the seating areas that is both strong and flexible. Webbing used as a support is often rubberised to improve resilience and add elasticity. Many types of outdoor furniture use little more than thin light webbing for the seating areas. Webbing is also used to reinforce joints and areas that tend to flex.

=== Military ===
[[File:World War I Canvas Webbing Strap.jpg|thumb|World War I canvas webbing strap]]
[[File:PALS webbing size.svg|thumb|right|Pattern for [[Pouch Attachment Ladder System|PALS]] and [[MOLLE]] grids of webbing, which are based on {{cvt|1|in|mm|order=flip}} wide webbing with {{cvt|1.5|in|mm|order=flip}} spacing between each sewing point.]]
Military webbing, or '''web gear''' otherwise known as [[Mil-Spec]] webbing, is typically made of strips of woven narrow fabrics of high tensile strength, such as nylon, Kevlar, and [[Nomex]]. When these materials are used for parachute and ballooning applications, they must also conform to PIA ([[Parachute Industry Association]]) standards.<ref>{{Cite web|title = MIL-Spec and PIA-Spec {{!}} Bally Ribbon Mills
|url = http://www.ballyribbon.com/products/core-products/mil-spec-pia-spec
|website = www.ballyribbon.com|access-date = 2016-01-11}}</ref>

Mil-Spec webbing is used to make military belts, packs, pouches, and [[List of webbing equipment|other forms of equipment]]. The [[British Army]] adopted cotton webbing to replace [[leather]] after the [[Second Boer War]] although leather belts are still worn in more formal dress. The term is still used for a soldier's combat equipment, although cotton webbing has since been replaced with stronger materials. The webbing system used by the British Army today is known as [[personal load carrying equipment]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Modern British Webbing Equipment
|last = Howlett|first = Simon
|publisher = The Crowood Press UK
|date = 2010-02-15|isbn = 978-1847971401|location = UK}}</ref> Americans use [[modular lightweight load-carrying equipment]] (MOLLE).

Typical contents of military webbing equipment include cooking equipment, 24 hours' worth of rations, water, ammunition, first aid or survival supplies, cold weather/rain gear, anti-gas/[[CBRN defense|CBRN]] gear and sheltering equipment (such as a tent quarter/[[shelter half]], poles, rope, etc.). Items are generally stored in an ordered fashion in a combination of ammo and utility pouches.

It is unusual for western armies to fight while wearing a pack, and so prior to anticipated contact with the enemy the pack is usually stowed away from the [[forward edge of the battle area]] and webbing is used instead. Webbing belts are also used frequently by modern cadet and scout groups, as well as police and security forces.

=== Transportation ===
[[Tie down strap|Tie downs]], tie straps, cargo straps, [[E-track]] straps, cargo hoist straps, tow ropes, winch straps, [[cargo net]]s, and dozens of other items are used by thousands of shipping and trucking companies every day. The transportation industry is perhaps the largest user of high strength webbing in the world.

=== Apparel ===

[[Belt (clothing)|Belts]], [[suspenders]]/braces, [[sandal]]s and [[handbag]]s/purses are woven from various forms of webbing. Corset-style [[back brace]]s and other medical braces often incorporate straps made from webbing.

=== Pet harnesses and leashes ===

[[Pet harness|Pet harnesses]] and [[leash]]es frequently utilize webbing. These products are often sewn together with cotton fabric.

=== Hardware ===
[[File:Klickschnalle 03 (fcm).jpg|thumb|right|A buckled [[Buckle#Side release buckle|side release buckle]] attached to webbing]]
Webbing is often outfitted with various forms of [[tie down hardware]] to extend its range of abilities (and create [[tie down straps]]). This hardware can take the form of:

* End fittings (S-hooks, snap hooks, bolt/anchor plates, J-hooks, flat hooks, etc.)
* Fasteners (over-center, cam, ratchet, etc.)
* Buckles (slide buckles, snap buckles, etc.)

There is also hardware associated with the various end fittings to attach them to a surface, such as footman loops, brackets and E-track fittings.

While webbing sizes in general are standardized, buckles in general are proprietary. Therefore, if one part of a buckle breaks (i.e. female or male end) both parts usually have to be replaced (female and male end).<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r37n-eG2-Iw Strapworks: Zen and the Art of Backpack Repair - YouTube]</ref>

=== Construction ===
In the construction industry, webbing is typically made from high-tenacity [[polyester]] or [[nylon]] fibers. It is used to lift and move heavy objects like steel beams, [[Concrete block|concrete blocks]], and other [[Building material|building materials]]. In particular, flat webbing slings are commonly employed for lifting equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ultimate Guide to Webbing Slings: An In-Depth Analysis |url=https://www.julislings.com/news/the-ultimate-guide-to-webbing-slings.html |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=JULI SLING CO.,LTD |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Blanco (compound)]]
* [[List of webbing equipment]]
* [[MOLLE]]
* [[Personal load carrying equipment]]
* [[Safety harness]]
* [[Seat belt]]
* [[Strapping]]
* [[Tie down straps]]
* [[Tie down hardware]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
{{Climbing navbox}}
[[Category:Climbing equipment]]
[[Category:Military personal equipment]]
[[Category:Mountaineering equipment]]
[[Category:Personal military carrying equipment]]
[[Category:Textiles]]

OPC

2025-01-29T14:16:57Z

2601:985:D01:36F6:0:0:0:BA: /* Other */

{{wikt|OPC}}
'''OPC''' may refer to:

==Architecture and engineering==
* [[Optical proximity correction]]
* Ordinary [[Portland cement]]
* Organic Photo Conductor, an element used for, among other applications, [[photocopier]] and [[laser printers|laser printer]] drums.

==Computing==
* [[Open Packaging Conventions]], a container-file technology created by Microsoft to store a combination of XML and non-XML files
* [[Open Platform Communications]] (formerly "OLE for Process Control")
** [[OPC Foundation]], a related consortium
* Operations Planning and Control, from [[Tivoli Software]], known as IBM Tivoli Workload Scheduler
* [[Optimized Power Control]], a method to adjust laser power when writing optical media.
* Other peoples' computers, reference to privacy issues of [[cloud computing]] data being on somebody else's computer rather than your own and potential security issues.

==Medicine and natural sciences==
* [[Ocean Prediction Center]]
* [[Oligodendrocyte precursor cell]]
* [[Oligomeric proanthocyanidin]]
* [[Oropharyngeal cancer]]

==Social matters, politics and government==
*[[Obama Presidential Center]]
* (Federal) Office for the Protection of the Constitution, a translation of the German name [[Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz]]
* [[Office of Policy Coordination]], a secret U.S. government unit, 1948–1952
* [[Office of the Parliamentary Counsel (United Kingdom)]]
* [[Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada]]
* [[Online Party of Canada]]
* [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Ontario Progressive Conservative Party]], Conservative political party in the province of Ontario
* [[Oodua Peoples Congress]], militant Yoruba nationalist organization situated in Nigeria
* Organisation pour la prévention de la cécité ([[Organisation for the Prevention of Blindness]]), a French blindness charity working in Africa
* [[Orthodox Presbyterian Church]], a confessional Reformed Christian denomination
* [[Ottawa People’s Commission]] on the Convoy Occupation, Ontario, Canada
* [[Overseas Press Club]], a journalists' organization in New York City
* Overdose prevention centers, otherwise known as [[Supervised injection site]]s

==Other==
* [[Heritage-class cutter|Offshore Patrol Cutter]]
* [[Ontario Police College]]
* [[O-Pee-Chee]], a Canadian sports card company
* Ontario Pioneer Camp, in [[Huntsville, Ontario]], Canada
* [[Opel Performance Center]], a division of car manufacturer Opel
* Optional Payment Charge, a [[Surcharge (payment systems)|surcharge]] applied when paying by credit card for airline flights
* [[Organic photoconductor]] drum, used in photocopiers and printers

{{disambiguation}}

Hanauma Bay

2025-01-04T19:25:29Z

2601:985:D01:36F6:0:0:0:BA: /* Visiting */

{{Short description|Marine embayment in Hawaii Kai, Oʻahu, Hawaii, US}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
[[File:Hanauma Bay.JPG|thumb|Aerial view of Hanauma Bay]]
'''Hanauma''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|ɑː|n|ə|ˈ|uː|m|ə}}; {{IPA|haw|həˈnɔumə|lang}})<ref>[http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.5/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&r=1&hs=1&e=q-0hdict--00-0-0--010---4----den--0-000lp0--1en-Zz-1---Zz-1-home---00031-0010utfZz-8-00&q=hanauma&j=pp&hdid=0&hdds=0 Place Names of Hawai'i] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120717215034/http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.5/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&r=1&hs=1&e=q-0hdict--00-0-0--010---4----den--0-000lp0--1en-Zz-1---Zz-1-home---00031-0010utfZz-8-00&q=hanauma&j=pp&hdid=0&hdds=0 |date=2012-07-17 }}</ref>
is a marine [[embayment]] formed within a [[tuff ring]] and located along the southeast coast of the [[Oahu|Island of O{{okina}}ahu]] in the [[Hawaii Kai, Hawaii|Hawaii Kai]] neighborhood of [[East Honolulu, Hawaii|East Honolulu]], in the [[Hawaiian Islands]].<ref name=nasa>{{cite web | url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16695 | title=Hanauma Bay, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi | publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] | access-date=2006-05-19 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001063954/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16695 | archive-date=2006-10-01 }}</ref>

Hanauma is one of the most popular tourist destinations on the Island and has suffered somewhat from [[overtourism]]. At one time, this popular tourist destination accommodated over three million visitors per year. In 1956, dynamite was used to clear portions of the reef to make room for telephone cables linking Hawaii to the west coast of the US.<ref name=cramp>{{cite web|url=http://cramp.wcc.hawaii.edu/LT_Montoring_files/lt_study_sites_Oahu_Hanauma_Bay.htm|title=CRAMP Study Sites: Hanauma Bay, Island of O'ahu|publisher=Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program - [[University of Hawaii]]|access-date=2011-10-06|archive-date=October 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024051411/http://cramp.wcc.hawaii.edu/LT_Montoring_files/lt_study_sites_Oahu_Hanauma_Bay.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Name==
The prefix ''hana'' means [[bay]] in the [[Hawaiian language]] therefore the name is ''uma'' bay. There are two [[etymology|etymological]] interpretations of the second part of its name.<ref name="official" /> One interpretation derives it from the Hawaiian word for curve, referring to either the shape of the feature or to the shape of the indigenous [[canoe]]s that were launched there.<ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://www1.honolulu.gov/parks/facility/hanaumabay/history.htm|publisher=City and County of Honolulu|title=Hanauma Bay History|access-date=2011-10-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401070159/http://www1.honolulu.gov/parks/facility/hanaumabay/history.htm|archive-date=2012-04-01}}</ref> Another stems from the indigenous hand-wrestling game known as "[[Uma (game)|Uma]]".<ref name="official" />

==Marine life==
[[File:Chelonia mydas Hanauma Bay Oahu Hawaii.jpg|thumb|A turtle at Hanauma Bay]]

Hanauma is both a Nature Preserve and a Marine Life Conservation District (the first of several established in the State of Hawai{{okina}}i). Reflecting changes in attitude, its name has changed over time from Hanauma Bay Beach Park to '''Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve'''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hanauma Bay: Hawai'i's Coastal Treasure |first1=Cheryl Chee |last1=Tsutsumi |year=2005 |publisher=Island Heritage Publishing |location=Waipahu, Hawai’i |isbn=0-931548-61-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hanaumabay00cher/page/39 39] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/hanaumabay00cher/page/39 }}</ref> Visitors are required by law to refrain from mistreating marine animals or from touching, walking, or otherwise having contact with [[coral]] heads, which appear much like large rocks on the ocean floor (here, mostly seaward of the shallow fringing reef off the beach). It is always recommended to avoid contacting coral or marine rocks as cuts to the skin can result and neglecting such wounds may bring medical problems.

About 400 species of fish are known to inhabit the bay.<ref name=finalreport>{{cite web|url=http://www1.honolulu.gov/council/auditor/finalreportwithbookmarks.pdf|title=Audit of the Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve Fund|publisher=honolulu.gov|access-date=2011-10-12|date=June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401070214/http://www1.honolulu.gov/council/auditor/finalreportwithbookmarks.pdf|archive-date=2012-04-01}}</ref> Hanauma Bay is known for its abundance of [[Green sea turtle]]s, ''Chelonia mydas'', known as ''Honu''. Hanauma is a nursery ground for the immature turtles, which have their nesting grounds at [[French Frigate Shoals]].<ref>[http://www.hawaiisfishes.com/books/hanauma_bay_guide/chelonia_mydas.htm Hanauma Bay, a Marine Life Guide: Hanauma Turtle].</ref> It is also known for its abundance of [[parrotfish]].

[[Coral bleaching]] due to [[global warming]] has affected the coral reefs in Hanauma. In 2014 and 2015, 47% of the corals at Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve suffered from coral bleaching, close to 10% of the corals in the nature preserve died.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-05-corals-peril-popular-hawaiian-tourist.html#jCp|title=Corals in peril at a popular Hawaiian tourist destination due to global climate change|access-date=2017-05-30}}</ref>

==Geology==
[[File:Hanauma Bay Oahu Hawaii Photo D Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|Hanauma Bay Beach area]]

The [[Hawaiian Islands]] are a group of volcanoes that have risen up over a [[Hotspot (geology)|hot spot]], which is a section of the Earth's surface that has exhibited [[volcano|volcanism]] for an extended period of time. Volcanic chains such as the Hawaiian Islands form as a result of the movement of a [[tectonic plate]] across fixed hot spot beneath the surface. In the case of the Hawaiian Islands, the Pacific plate has moved slowly northwestward over such a hotspot.

Approximately 3.9 million years ago, the [[Waianae Range|Wai{{okina}}anae volcano]] created the island of O{{okina}}ahu. About 2.5 million years ago, the [[Koolau Range|Ko{{okina}}olau volcano]] breached the ocean's surface and continued to grow in elevation until about 1.7 million years ago, when it went dormant. Most of the eastern or windward portion of O{{okina}}ahu are remnants of this volcano. Most of the familiar geographic landmarks of eastern O{{okina}}ahu were created by eruptions from Ko{{okina}}olau from about 500,000 to 10,000 years ago. The eastern flank of the Ko{{okina}}olau volcano including the [[caldera]] slid into the sea, leaving the Ko{{okina}}olau mountain range that can be seen today on the windward side of the island.

The Hanauma Crater was created about 32,000 years ago during the [[Honolulu volcanic series]], the latest (and perhaps final) round of volcanic activity to occur on O{{okina}}ahu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.honolulu.gov/parks/facility/hanaumabay/geology.htm|title=Hanauma Bay Geology|publisher=Honolulu.gov|access-date=2011-10-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401070314/http://www1.honolulu.gov/parks/facility/hanaumabay/geology.htm|archive-date=2012-04-01}}</ref> Tens of thousands of years ago, a series of volcanic vents opened along the southeast shoreline of O{{okina}}ahu. Unlike the gentle lava flows currently building the island of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai{{okina}}i]], the late-stage eruptions on O{{okina}}ahu were most often short-lived violent explosions. The volcanic vents that formed Hanauma Crater opened on the sea floor. Upwelling magma vaporized the ocean water and steam explosions blew the magma into fine ash. The explosions built cones or rings of ash, which solidified into [[tuff]]. The eruptions shattered the sea floor—coral reef and [[basalt]]—and scattered pieces that are now embedded in the tuff. Wave erosion eventually cut through the low, southeast wall of the crater, forming the current bay.<ref name=nasa/>

==Human history==
[[File:Hanauma Bay 1937.PNG|thumb|An aerial view of the bay in 1937.]]
[[File:Hanauma Bay snorkelers 1973.png|thumb|[[Snorkeling]] in the bay in 1973.]]
[[File:Hanauma Bay Beach Detail.JPG|thumb|Beach area from above.]]
Due to the lack of fresh water in the vicinity, the area was not inhabited, although archeologists have found fishing tools and other indications of human presence there.<ref name=official/> The bay was used as a recreational area by ''[[aliʻi]]'' (Hawaiian nobility), including King [[Kamehameha I|Kamehameha]] and Queen [[Ka‘ahumanu]], who fished, entertained visitors, and sponsored games there.<ref name=cramp/> It was also used as a layover and as a navigational lookout point, since the waters between Oʻahu and [[Molokai|Molokaʻi]] are at times difficult.<ref name=cramp/>

Hanauma Bay was purchased from the [[Bernice Pauahi Bishop]] estate by the City and County of Honolulu, and subsequently opened for public use. It was initially a favorite fishing and picnic spot for residents who were willing to travel out to the bay. In the 1930s the road along Hanauma Bay's corner of Oahu was paved and a few other amenities provided that made it easier to visit the beach and reef. After the 1941 [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], barbed wire was placed at the beach and a bunker was constructed for use by sentries.<ref name=official/> The Bay area reopened after the war and became even more visitor friendly after blasting in the reef for a transoceanic cable provided room for swimming. Hawaii-themed films and television shows, including ''[[Blue Hawaii]]'', ''[[Paradise, Hawaiian Style]]'', ''[[Tora! Tora! Tora!]]'', ''[[Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)|Hawaii Five-O]]'', and ''[[Magnum, P.I.]]'', shot footage at the bay.<ref name=star>{{cite web|title=Hanauma Bay embodies ocean beauty and Oahu lore|url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/08/05/travel/tsutsumi.html|author=Cheryl Chee Tsutsumi|work=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]|date=August 5, 2007|access-date=2011-10-11}}</ref>

In 1967, it was set apart by the State division of Fish and Game as a Marine Protected Area, a term used generically to describe any marine area that had some or all of its resources protected. In Hanauma Bay's case everything became protected, from the fish to the reef, to the sand itself. A volunteer group set up a booth at the beach and began teaching visitors about conservation of the reef and fish who lived there. More changes in the 1970s by the City cleared more area in the reef for swimming, made an additional parking lot, and shipped in white sand from the North Shore, leaving Hanauma Bay increasingly more attractive to visitors.

By the late 1980s, the bay had become a major attraction on Oahu. Tourists were brought in by the busload and sometimes as many as 13,000 visitors descended on the beach in one day. Most were uneducated about the fragile marine ecosystem and, unwittingly, "these crowds stirred up sediment, disturbed and trampled the coral and algae, dropped trash, fed the fish and left a slick of suntan lotion on the bay's surface."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cesar |first=Herman |date=December 23, 2002 |title=Economic valuation of the coral reefs of Hawaii |url=https://www.coralreef.gov/meeting18/evhcri_samoa_2007.pdf |archive-date=September 16, 2008 |access-date=2022-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916212340/https://www.coralreef.gov/meeting18/evhcri_samoa_2007.pdf }}</ref> Consequently, the beautiful multicolored coral reef closest to the beach died; only its blackened skeleton is visible today.

[[File:Hanauma Bay Panoramic View.JPG|thumb|left|400px|Panoramic view of Hanauma Bay]]
By 1990, overuse of the beach and surrounding area was a real problem, with visitors walking on the reef, swarming the surrounding areas, parking on the grass and on the sides of the road. Commercial filming was banned during that year.<ref name=star/> Measures were taken to limit use and so visitor access was limited to the parking lot, and when it was full everyone after was turned away. In 1997, the city of Honolulu levied an entrance fee on non-residents of the state, leading to a [[class action]] lawsuit by a visitor, which was settled in favor of the city during 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2001/07/10/news/story3.html|title=entrance fee -The class action says the city discriminates against nonresidents|work=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]|date=July 10, 2001|access-date=2011-10-06}}</ref><ref name="Mak2008">{{cite book|author=James Mak|title=Developing a dream destination: tourism and tourism policy planning in Hawai'i|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3vuvC0GUMcC&pg=PA152|access-date=6 October 2011|date=March 2008|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3243-8|page=152}}</ref> Then in August 2002 the Marine Education Center was opened at the entrance to the bay, where still today new visitors must watch a short film and receive instruction about conservation of the Bay's resources. Upon watching the film, visitors are allowed to sign a form and skip any subsequent film if they should return within the following 365 days.

== Visiting ==
Prior to 2020, Hanauma Bay saw an average of 3,000 visitors a day, with peak days reaching up to 10,000, or about 1 million per year – the majority of them being tourists.<ref name="ReferenceA">Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve History - Hanauma Bay State Park</ref> One of the largest threats to the bay is the approximately {{cvt|412|lb|kg}} of sunscreen that was deposited into Hanauma Bay every day.<ref>{{cite web |last=Glusac|first=Elaine |title=Hawaii Passes Bill Banning Sunscreen That Can Harm Coral Reefs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/03/travel/hawaii-sunscreen-ban.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=3 May 2018}}</ref> Sunscreen containing [[oxybenzone]] and [[octinoxate]] has been banned from the Hawaiian islands due to the deadly effects it has on coral reefs; however, sunscreens that do not have those harsh chemicals still have an effect on the reef's survival.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glusac |first1=Elaine |title=Hawaii Passes Bill Banning Sunscreen That Can Harm Coral Reefs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/03/travel/hawaii-sunscreen-ban.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=3 May 2018}}</ref> The National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) has found from oceanographic models that it takes approximately 50 hours for sunscreen deposited in a single day to be cycled out of Hanauma Bay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxybenzone Sunscreen Threatens Hanauma Bay's Coral Reef |url=https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/news/oxybenzone-sunscreen-threatens-hanauma-bays-coral-reefs/ |website=NCCOS Coastal Science Website |access-date=28 November 2022}}</ref> Hanauma Bay received sunscreen that would take two days to get rid of, but since the Bay never closed, the reef would not have the necessary time to recover. The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] caused the state park to see record lows, with this they also discovered the rehabilitation of the Hanauma Bay reef. The reservation system has implemented limits it to 1,000 visitors per day, and the park is closed on Mondays and Tuesdays as well as holidays to give the fish a break from all the people disturbing their feeding, breeding, and other natural cycles that allow the reef to process the damage done by sunscreen pollution.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The park has since been limited to 720 guests per day and requires online reservations for all non-residents.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hanauma Bay State Park - Bay Hours, Pricing and Activities|url=https://hanaumabaystatepark.com/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Hanauma Bay State Park|language=en-US}}</ref> Upon entry, first-time visitors are required to watch a 9-minute video about the bay, its history, its delicate ecosystem, and how to sustainably visit the Bay, causing as minimal damage to the area as possible.

==Toilet Bowl==
[[File:Department of parks and recreation (1088233499).jpg|thumb|140px|Toilet Bowl Area]]
Along the left point is the "Toilet Bowl", a natural spa tub that gently rises and falls with the tide. However, water in the Toilet Bowl can rise and fall with greater intensity during inclement weather conditions, and has caused injuries. Because of that, The Bowl has been permanently closed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/travel/article/Hawaii-s-most-dangerous-spots-and-how-to-survive-1539696.php#page-2|author=JEANNE COOPER|date=July 26, 2011|access-date=2011-10-06|publisher=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]|title=Hawaii's most dangerous spots (and how to survive them)|quote=Many locals grew up playing in the now-closed Toilet Bowl at Oahu's Hanauma Bay, where the high numbers of visitors have led to a proportionately high injury rate.}}</ref>

==References==
{{Include-NASA|article=Hanauma Bay, Oahu, Hawaii|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=4902}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.honolulu.gov/parks-hbay/home.html Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve] – official website, City & County of Honolulu
*[https://hanaumabaystatepark.com/ Hanauma Bay State Park]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100609163136/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/seagrant/education/Hanauma/index.html Hanauma Bay Education Program] – University of Hawaii Sea Grant Hanauma Bay Education Program. Volunteer Program, Outreach Program, School Visits.
*[http://www.friendsofhanaumabay.org Friends of Hanauma Bay]

{{Coord|21|16|17|N|157|41|40|W|scale:20000_type:waterbody_region:US-HI|display=title|name=Hanauma Bay}}
{{Protected areas of Hawaii}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1967 establishments in Hawaii]]
[[Category:Bays of Oahu]]
[[Category:Beaches of Oahu]]
[[Category:Monogenetic volcanoes]]
[[Category:Nature reserves in Hawaii]]
[[Category:Pleistocene volcanoes]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1967]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Oahu]]
[[Category:State parks of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Submarine volcanoes]]
[[Category:Volcanic cones]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of Oahu]]

CEMA

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'''CEMA''' or '''Cema''' may stand for:
*CEMA = Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts, predecessor (1940) of the [[Arts Council of Great Britain]]
*[[CEMA (European agricultural machinery)]], an agricultural machinery association in Europe
*[[Comecon|CEMA]], The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
*[[CEMA (record label distributor)]], a branch of Capitol-EMI
*[[California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives]] a repository of primary source materials from California's ethnic history
*Centre d'Essais de Matériels Aériens, a French aircraft test centre at [[Vélizy – Villacoublay Air Base]]
*Centro de Estudios Macroeconómicos de Argentina or [[Universidad del CEMA]], a university in Buenos Aires
*''Chef d'État-Major des Armées'', the [[Chief of the Defence Staff (France)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] of France
* Civil Emergency Measures Act, a law in [[Yukon]] responding to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]
*[[Japan Construction Equipment Manufacturers Association|Construction Equipment Manufacturers Association]], a group which represents construction equipment manufacturers in Japan
*[[Committee for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts]], the predecessor to the [[Arts Council of Great Britain]]
*Consumer Electronics Manufacturers Association, now the [[Consumer Electronics Association]]
* Cyber Electromagnetic Activities

{{disambig}}

ESB

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2601:985:D01:36F6:0:0:0:BA: /* Other uses */

'''ESB''' may refer to:
{{wiktionary|ESB}}
{{TOC right}}

== Education ==
* [[École supérieure du bois]], a French engineering College
* [[Edwards School of Business]], at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada
* [[English Speaking Board]], a British educational charity
* [[ESB Business School]], at Reutlingen University in Germany
* [[European School, Bergen]], in the Netherlands

== Sport ==
* [[E.S.B. (horse)]], a racehorse
* [[Elias Sports Bureau]], a North American statistical and historical sports information organisation
* [[Entente Sportive de Bingerville]], an Ivorian football club

== Other uses ==

* The [[E Street Band]], an American rock band primarily associated with Bruce Springsteen
* Electric Storage Battery Company, now [[Exide]], an American battery manufacturer
* [[Empire State Building]], a skyscraper in New York City
* ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'', a 1980 film in the ''Star Wars'' series
* [[Enterprise service bus]], a computer software abstraction layer
* [[Equilibrium partitioning sediment benchmark]]
* IATA Code ESB, [[Ankara Esenboğa Airport]] serving Ankara, Turkey
* [[ESB Group]], a multinational energy group based in Ireland
** [[Electric Ireland]], formerly ESB Customer Supply, an Irish electricity supplier
*[[European Union]]'s, abbreviation in Icelandic
* ''{{lang|eu|Euskal Sozialista Biltzarrea}}'' [[Basque Socialist Party]]
* [[List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships#Expeditionary mobile base (ESB)|Expeditionary mobile base (ESB)]], A US Navy hull classification symbol
* [[Expert Soldier Badge]], a proposed badge of the US Army
* [[Extra special bitter]], a style of ale
:* [[Fuller's ESB]], an extra special bitter ale
{{disambiguation}}

Koa (disambiguation)

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{{Wiktionary|Koa|koa}}
'''[[Koa]]''' is a species of tree endemic to Hawaii.

'''Koa''' or '''KOA''' may also refer to:
*[[Guwa language]], or Koa, an Australian language
*[[Kampgrounds of America]], a franchise chain of North American campgrounds
*[[KCNC-TV]], an American television station, which used the callsign KOA-TV from December 24, 1953 until August 1983
*[[KOA (AM)]], an American radio station
*[[KOA Corporation]] of Japan
*[[Koa people]] (Guwa), an Aboriginal Australian people
*IATA code KOA [[Kona International Airport]], Hawaii
*Konami of America, the North American subsidiary of Konami, later known as [[Konami#America|Konami Corporation of America]]
*[[Koya language]], or Koa, a language of India
*Kick Off Association, an organization for fans of the soccer simulation computer game ''[[Kick Off (video game)|Kick Off]]''
*''[[Kingdoms of Amalur: Reckoning]]'', a 2012 video game

{{Disambiguation|callsign|airport}}

AHD

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2601:985:D01:36F6:0:0:0:BA: /* Other uses */

'''AHD''' or '''Ahd''' may refer to:

{{TOC right}}
== Linguistics ==
* ''[[Althochdeutsch]]'' (Ahd.), the German name for Old High German
* ''[[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]''

== Medicine ==
* [[Alveolar hydatid disease]], a parasitic disease
* [[Arteriosclerotic heart disease]], a buildup of plaque in arteries leading to the heart

== Other uses ==

* [[Acoustic Hailing Device]], a high-powered loudspeaker for communicating at long distances
* [[Ahd Party]], a Jordanian political party
* [[Analog High Definition]], a standard for transmitting high-definition analog video
* [[Ardmore Downtown Executive Airport]], Oklahoma, US, IATA code AHD
* Artificial High Directional, a portable system used in rescue operations and rope access work to elevate rope lines above edges, obstructions, railing, walls, and other challenging terrain
* [[Ashtead railway station]], Surrey, England, station code
* [[Audio High Density]], a digital disc format
* [[Australian Height Datum]], a standard for measuring heights relative to landforms, tides, etc.

{{disambig}}