https://wiki.sarg.dev/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=2601%3A989%3AC101%3A85A0%3A7132%3A9AD9%3A6F2F%3A5AABVero - Wikipedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-14T19:48:58ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.44.2https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Instructive_case&diff=28584Instructive case2023-12-16T17:48:20Z<p>2601:989:C101:85A0:7132:9AD9:6F2F:5AAB: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Grammatical case}}<br />
{{Wiktionary|instructive}}<br />
In [[grammar]], the '''instructive case''' is a [[grammatical case]] used in [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], and the [[Turkic language]]s.<br />
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== Uralic languages ==<br />
In [[Finnish language|Finnish]], the instructive case is used to indicate means, manner, instrument, location, or time. It is almost exclusively used in [[fixed expression]]s, such as in {{lang|fi|omin silmin}} 'with one's own eyes'.{{sfnp|Karlsson|2018|p=264}} However, the instructive is [[productive (linguistics)|productive]] for [[infinitive]] verbal constructions to indicate manner, as in {{lang|fi|nauraen}} 'laughing': {{lang|fi|He astuivat '''nauraen''' sisään}} 'They stepped in through the door '''laughing'''<nowiki>'</nowiki>.{{sfnp|Karlsson|2018|p=265, 353}}<br />
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In modern Finnish, many of its [[Instrumental case|instrumental]] uses are being superseded by the [[adessive case]], as in ''minä matkustin '''junalla'''<nowiki></nowiki>'' 'I travelled '''by train'''<nowiki>'</nowiki>.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}<br />
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The instructive case is only marginally present in Estonian in lexicalized expressions. Language reformers of the 20th century did try to revive it, but with little success.{{sfnp|Metslang|2017|p=302}}<br />
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== Turkish ==<br />
In [[Turkish language|Turkish]], the suffix ''-le'' is used for this purpose; for example, ''Trenle geldim'' 'I came via train'.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}<br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==References==<br />
* {{cite journal |last= Anhava |first= Jaakko |year= 2015 |title= Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars |location= Helsinki |journal =Studia Orientalia Electronica |volume =108 |url= https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52392/16242}}<br />
* {{cite book |last= Karlsson |first= Fred |year= 2018 |title= Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar |location= London and New York |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-138-82104-0}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Metslang |first=Helle |editor-last1=Van Olmen |editor-first1=Daniel |editor-last2=Cuyckens |editor-first2=Hubert |editor-last3=Ghesquière |editor-first3=Lobke |year=2017 |chapter=10. Can a language be forced? The case of Estonian |title=Aspects of Grammaticalization: (Inter)Subjectification and Directionality |pages=281–310 |series=Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |volume=305 |doi=10.1515/9783110492347-011 |isbn=9783110489699 |issn=1861-4302}}<br />
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{{Grammatical cases}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Instructive Case}}<br />
[[Category:Grammatical cases]]<br />
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