Ramesses X

2025-10-13T19:14:59Z

2603:3016:4B6:8000:FDE9:C375:C4E2:2750: DOIs and publishers

{{Short description|Ninth ruler of the 20th dynasty of Ancient Egypt}}
{{Infobox pharaoh
|Name=Ramesses X
|Image= RamsesXCrop.jpg
|Caption=Detail of Ramesses X a sketch of [[KV18]] by [[Karl Richard Lepsius]]
|Alt=Also written Ramses and Rameses
|Nomen=Ramesses Amunherkhepeshef Meryamun ''Rˁ-msj-sw-Jmn-ḥr-ḫpš=f-mrj-Jmn'' ''Ra fashioned him, strong arm of [[Amun]], beloved of Amun'' <hiero><-C2-F31-C12-O34:O34:N36-M17-Y5:N35:I9-></hiero> Ramesses Amun[herkhepeshef] ''Rˁ-msj-sw-Jmn-ḥr-ḫpš=f'' ''Ra fashioned him, strong arm of [[Amun]]'' <hiero><-C2-C12-M23-F31-S29-></hiero> Ramesses ''Rˁ-msj-sw'' ''Ra fashioned him'' <hiero><-C2-F31-O34:O34-></hiero>
|PrenomenHiero=
|Prenomen= Khepermaatre Setepenre ''Ḫpr-m3ˁ.t-Rˁ-stp-n-Rˁ'' ''Manifestation of the [[Maat]] of [[Ra]], the chosen one of Ra'' <hiero>M23:t-L2:t-<-N5-L1-C10-N5-U21:n-></hiero>
|HorusHiero= <hiero>E2:D40-C2-O34:N28-D36:D36:N35</hiero>
|Horus = Kanakht Sekhaaenre ''K3-nḫt-sḫˁˁ-n-Rˁ'' ''Strong bull, he who appears at the behest of Ra''
|Reign=1111–1107 BC
|Predecessor=[[Ramesses IX]]
|Successor=[[Ramesses XI]]
|Dynasty=[[Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt|20th Dynasty]]
|Children=[[Ramesses XI]]?
|Died=1107 BC
|Burial=[[KV18]]
}}
Khepermaatre '''Ramesses X''' (also written '''Ramses''' and '''Rameses''') (ruled {{circa|1111 BC – 1107 BC}})<ref>{{cite book|last1=Krauss|first1=Rolf|last2=Warburton|first2=David A.|editor1-last=Hornung|editor1-first=Erik |editor2-last=Krauss|editor2-first=Rolf|editor3-last=Warburton|editor3-first=David A.|title=Ancient Egyptian Chronology|year=2006|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978 90 04 11385 5|page=493|url=https://archive.org/details/AncientEgyptianChronology/page/n505/mode/2up|chapter=Conculsions and Chronological Tables}}</ref> was the ninth pharaoh of the [[Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt|20th Dynasty]] of [[Ancient Egypt]]. His birth name was Amonhirkhepeshef. His [[Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)|prenomen]] or throne name, Khepermaatre, means "The Justice of Re Abides."<ref>{{cite book|last=Clayton|first=Peter A.|author-link=Peter A. Clayton|title=Chronicle Of The Pharaohs: The Reign By Reign Record Of The Rulers And Dynasties Of Ancient Egypt|orig-year=1994|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=London|isbn=0-500-05074-0|page=167|year=2001|url=https://archive.org/details/ChronicleOfThePharaohsTheReignByReignRecordOfTheRulersAndDynastiesOfAncientEgypt/page/n169/mode/2up}}</ref>

==Reign==
His accession day fell on 1 ''prt'' 27 (first month of the Winter season, day 27).<ref>J. von Beckerath, GM 79 (1984), 8-9.</ref> His highest attested regnal year is year 3; the highest attested date in his reign is either "year 3, second month of the [[Season of the Inundation|Inundation season]], day 2"<ref>Botti & Peet, Il Giornale della Necropoli, 55</ref> or possibly "year 3, month 4 (no day given)".<ref>Botti & Peet, Il Giornale della Necropoli, 55, txt d.</ref> However, a later 20th Dynasty papyrus fragment from [[Deir el-Medina]] published in 2023 by Egyptologist Robert Demarée refers to a partial date of Year 4, third month of Inundation [or Akhet] together with a change to Year 1, month 4 of Inundation. Although both kings are unnamed, it is strongly suggested by Demarée to refer to the reigns of Ramesses X and his successor Ramesses XI because Ramesses X is "the only king in the second half of the 20th Dynasty" known to have had a Year 3 and, hence, a probable Year 4 attested here.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Demarée|first=Robert J.|title=Two Papyrus Fragments with Historically Relevant Data|journal=Rivista del Museo Egizio|year=2023|volume=7|doi=10.29353/rime.2023.5078|url=https://rivista.museoegizio.it/article/two-papyrus-fragments-with-historically-relevant-data/|doi-access=free|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201124322/https://rivista.museoegizio.it/article/two-papyrus-fragments-with-historically-relevant-data/|url-status=live}}</ref> If confirmed, this would mean that Ramesses X ruled for 3 years and 10 months or nearly 4 years before he died.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Demarée|first=Robert J.|title=Two Papyrus Fragments with Historically Relevant Data|journal=Rivista del Museo Egizio|year=2023|volume=7|doi=10.29353/rime.2023.5078|url=https://rivista.museoegizio.it/article/two-papyrus-fragments-with-historically-relevant-data/|doi-access=free|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201124322/https://rivista.museoegizio.it/article/two-papyrus-fragments-with-historically-relevant-data/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Giornale dell'anno 3 di Ramesse X PAP8807.tif|thumb|right|Journal from year 3 of Ramesses X's reign, from [[Deir el-Medina]], between 1110 and 1107 BC. [[Museo Egizio]], Turin.]]

The only other 20th Dynasty king who died in his regnal Year 4 was [[Ramesses V]] but this ruler died around the time interval between the first and second month of [[Season of the Emergence|Peret]]<ref>[[Jürgen von Beckerath]], Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, (1997), pp. 201-202. {{ISBN|3805323107}}.</ref> So, the papyrus document above cannot refer to Ramesses V.

The older theory put forward on astronomical grounds by [[Richard Anthony Parker|Richard Parker]] that Ramesses X may have reigned for 9 years,<ref>[[Richard Anthony Parker|Parker, R. A.]], ''The Length of the Reign of Ramesses X'', RdÉ 11 (1951), pp. 163-164.</ref> has since been abandoned.
Likewise, the suggested ascription of Theban graffito 1860a to a hypothetical year 8 of Ramesses X<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bierbrier|first=M. L.|title=A Second High Priest Ramessesnakht?|journal=The [[Journal of Egyptian Archaeology]]|publisher=[[Egypt Exploration Society]]|year=1972|volume=58|issue=1|pages=195–199|doi=10.1177/030751337205800116|jstor=3856249}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bierbrier|first=M. L.|title=The Length of the Reign of Ramesses X|journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|publisher=Egypt Exploration Society|year=1975|volume=61|issue=1|pages=251|doi=10.1177/030751337506100133|jstor=3856515}}</ref> is no longer supported.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bell|first=L. D.|title=Only One High Priest Ramessesnakht and the Second Prophet Nesamun His Younger Son|journal=Serapis|year=1980|volume=6|pages=7-27}}</ref>

==Family==
The English Egyptologists Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton wrote in a 2004 book:
<blockquote>No evidence is known to indicate the relationship between the final kings Ramesses IX, X and XI. If they were a father-son succession, [[Tyti]], who bears the titles of King's Daughter, King's Wife and King's Mother, would seem [to be] a good candidate for the wife of Ramesses X, but little else can be discerned.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dodson|first1=Aidan|last2=Hilton|first2=Dyan|title=The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt|year=2004|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=London|isbn=978-0-500-05128-3|pages=191|url=https://archive.org/details/completeroyalfam0000dods_a3h8/page/191/mode/1up|lccn=2003110207|ol=3697922M}}</ref></blockquote>

However, Dodson's hypothesis here on Tyti's position must now be discarded since it has been proven in 2010 that Tyti was rather a queen of a previous 20th dynasty pharaoh instead. She is mentioned in the partly fragmented Harris papyrus to be [[Ramesses III]]'s wife as Dodson himself acknowledges.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Collier|first1=Mark|last2=Dodson|first2=Aidan|last3=Hamernik|first3=Gottfried|title=P. BM EA 10052, Anthony Harris, and Queen Tyti|journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|year=2010|volume=96|pages=242–247|issn=0307-5133|jstor=23269772}}</ref>

==Attestations==
Ramesses X is a poorly documented king. His year 2 is attested by ''Papyrus Turin 1932+1939'' while his third year is documented in the Necropolis Journal of the Workmen of [[Deir El Medina]].<ref>E.F. Wente & C.C. Van Siclen, "A Chronology of the New Kingdom" in ''Studies in Honor of George R. Hughes'', (SAOC 39) 1976, p. 261.</ref> This diary mentions the general idleness of the necropolis workmen, at least partly due to the threat posed by Libyan marauders in the [[Valley of the Kings]]. It records that the Deir El-Medina workmen were absent from work in Year 3 IIIrd Month of Peret (i.e., Winter) days 6, 9, 11, 12, 18, 21 and 24 for fear of the "desert-dwellers" (i.e., the Libyans or [[Meshwesh]]) who evidently roamed through Upper Egypt and Thebes at will.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cerny|first=J.|editor-last1=Edwards|editor-first1=I. E. S.|editor-last2=Gaad|editor-first2=C. J.|editor-last3=Hammond|editor-first3=N. G. L.|editor-last4=Sollberger|editor-first4=E.|title=Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty|publisher=Cambridge Archaeological History (CAH)|chapter='The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380-1000 BC|year=1975|page=618|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521086912.024}}</ref> This is partly a reflection of the massive Libyan influx into the Western Delta region of Lower Egypt during this time. Ramesses X is also the last [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] king whose rule over [[Nubia]] is attested from an inscription at [[Aniba (Nubia)|Aniba]].<ref>[[Nicolas Grimal]], A History of Ancient Egypt, (Blackwell Books: 1992), p. 291.</ref>

==Tomb==
His [[KV18]] tomb in the [[Valley of the Kings]] was left unfinished. It is uncertain if he was ever buried there, since no remains or fragments of funerary objects were discovered within it.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ramses X}}
*[http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/sites/browse_tomb_832.html KV18: The Tomb of Ramesses X] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918093103/http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/sites/browse_tomb_832.html |date=2008-09-18 }}
{{Pharaohs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramesses 10}}

[[Category:Ramesses X| ]]
[[Category:12th-century BC pharaohs]]
[[Category:Pharaohs of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:12th-century BC deaths]]
[[Category:Ramesses IX]]

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Ramesses X