Shiveluch

2025-10-23T08:29:54Z

2603:7000:7800:18BB:44E5:41F7:715C:D8AC: /* Modern activity */

{{Short description|Large active stratovolcano on the Kamchatka peninsula, Russia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Shiveluch
| photo = Shiveluch - 10 July 2007 - iss015e16913 edit.jpg
| photo_caption = Shiveluch from space (July 2007)
| elevation_m = 3307
| elevation_ref = <ref>https://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=13122</ref><ref name="gvp">{{cite gvp|name=Sheveluch|vn=300270|access-date=2021-06-25}}</ref>
| prominence_m = 3168
| prominence_ref = <ref name="peaklist">{{cite web|url=http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/Kamchatka1500m.html|title=Russia: Kamchatka and the Russian Pacific Islands|publisher=Peaklist.org|accessdate=2014-09-01}}</ref><br />[[List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 73rd]]
| listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]
| map = Russia Far Eastern Federal District
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Russian Far East
| label_position = left
| location = [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]], Russia
| range = [[Eastern Range (Kamchatka)|Eastern Range]]
| range_coordinates =
| coordinates = {{coord|56|39|12|N|161|21|42|E|type:mountain_region:RU-KAM_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = <ref name="peaklist"/>
| topo =
| type = [[Stratovolcano]] (active)
| age = [[Late Pleistocene]]<ref name="ksc">{{Cite news|title=Shiveluch|url=http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/textpage/shiveluch.htm|language=English}}</ref>
| last_eruption = 1999 to 2025 (ongoing, non-stop)<ref name="Shiveluch volcano on Volcano Discovery">{{Cite news|title=Shiveluch volcano|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/shiveluch.html|date=19 Feb 2018|language=English}}</ref>
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route = basic rock/snow climb
}}

'''Shiveluch''' ({{lang-rus|Шивелуч|p=ʂɨˈvʲeɫʊt͡ɕ}}), also called '''Sheveluch''', which originates from the name "suelich" which means "smoking mountain" in [[Itelmen language|Itelmen]],<ref name="ksc1">{{cite web |url=http://geoportal.kscnet.ru/volcanoes/volc.php?name=Sheveluch |title=Volcano Sheveluch |publisher=Institute of Volcanology and Seismology|accessdate=2022-12-24}}</ref> is the northernmost active [[volcano]] in [[Kamchatka Krai]], Russia. It and [[Karymsky (volcano)|Karymsky]] are Kamchatka's largest, most active and most continuously erupting volcanoes, as well as one of the most active on the planet. Shiveluch erupts around {{convert|0.015|km3|mi3|sp=us|abbr=on}} of magma per year, which causes frequent and large [[Pyroclastic flow|hot avalanches]] and [[lava dome]] formations at the summit.<ref name="history">{{cite journal|author1=Ponomareva V.|author2=Kyle P.|author3=Pevzner M.|author4=Sulerzhitsky L.|author5=Hartman M.|year=2007|title=Holocene Eruptive History of Shiveluch Volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia|journal=Geophysical Monograph Series|volume=172|pages=263–282|doi=10.1029/172GM19|bibcode=2007GMS...172..263P |isbn=978-0-87590-436-8 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284835630}}</ref> [[Volcanic ash]] emissions from this volcano often disrupt air traffic connecting the Asian and North American continents.

== Geography ==
Shiveluch belongs to the Kliuchevskaya volcano group, located in central Kamchatka {{convert|84|km|mi|sp=us}} northwest of [[Ust-Kamchatsk]].<ref name="vesti">{{cite web |url= http://www.russia-ic.com/news/show/8104/ |title=Kamchatka volcano Shiveluch emitted a 7-km column of ash |date=2009-04-27 |publisher=Vesti.ru |accessdate=2009-09-20}}</ref> The nearest settlement from the volcano is [[Klyuchi, Kamchatka Krai|Klyuchi]], situated {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the mountain.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4104097&fid=5310&c=russia |title=Klyuchi: Russia |publisher=Geographic.org |accessdate=2011-04-03}}</ref> The settlement is small enough to evacuate rapidly in case of a major eruption.<ref name="vesti"/>

== Geologic setting ==
Shiveluch is a volcano within the Kuril–Kamchatka [[volcanic arc]] which hosts tens of other volcanoes. As the [[Pacific Plate]] crust subducts deeper under the [[Okhotsk Plate]], the melting points of [[minerals]] underground are reduced by other materials including water which results in the materials melting and forming into magma which rises onto the surface and forms the volcanoes.

=== Structure ===
There are three elements of the volcano: the [[stratovolcano]] Old Shiveluch (Старый Шивелуч); an ancient [[caldera]]; and the active Young Shiveluch (Молодой Шивелуч), with an elevation of about {{convert|2800|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name="ginras">[http://kamchatka.ginras.ru/main/textpage/shiveluch.htm Holocene Volcanoes in Kamchatka / Shiveluch]</ref> Shiveluch is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures.<ref name="gvp"/> It is a stratovolcano composed of alternating layers of solidified ash, hardened lava and volcanic rocks.<ref name="nasa2007">{{cite web |url= http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_792.html |title=Shiveluch Volcano |date=2007-03-29 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=2009-09-20}}</ref>

=== Geologic history ===
Shiveluch began forming about 60,000 to 70,000 years ago during the [[Late Pleistocene]], and it has had at least 60 large eruptions during the [[Holocene]].<ref name="gvp"/> During this era, the most intense period of volcanism — including frequent large and moderate eruptions — occurred around 6500–6400 BC, 2250–2000 BC, and AD 50–650. This coincides with the peak of activity in other Kamchatka volcanoes. The current active period started around 900 BC. Since then, the large and moderate eruptions have been following each other at 50-to-400-year-long intervals.<ref name="gm">{{cite web |url= http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=19974872 |title=Holocene Eruptive History of Shiveluch Volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia |year=2007 |publisher=Geophysical monograph |accessdate=2009-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914030801/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=19974872|archive-date=2012-09-14}}</ref> Chemically a full spectrum of subduction-zone lava types occur: [[basalt]], [[basaltic andesite|mafic andesite]], [[pyroxene|two-pyroxene]] [[andesite]], [[hornblende]]-[[hypersthene]] andesite, hornblende andesite, [[dacite|hornblende dacite]], [[rhyolite]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://geoportal.kscnet.ru/volcanoes/volc.php?name=Sheveluch | title=IVS FEB RAS Geoportal. Volcanoes of Kurile-Kamchatka Island Arc. Sheveluch. Volcano description }}</ref>

== Modern activity ==
Catastrophic eruptions took place in 1854 and 1964, when a large part of the lava dome collapsed and created a devastating debris avalanche.<ref name="vesti"/>

The most recent period of volcanic activity began with the eruption of Young Shiveluch on 15 August 1999, and continues {{as of|2025||lc=on}}.<ref name="gvp"/> On 27 February 2015, Shiveluch erupted shooting ash into the atmosphere about {{convert|30000|ft|m|sp=us|order=flip}} crossing the [[Bering Sea]] and into [[Alaska]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Alaska flights canceled over ash from Russian volcano|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/01/us/alaska-volcano-flights-canceled/|accessdate=1 March 2015}}</ref>

=== April 2023 eruption ===
Since mid-2022, [[Volcanology|volcanologists]] were expecting an imminent large eruption of Shiveluch due to the unstable state of its [[lava dome]].<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://iz.ru/1428376/2022-11-20/vulkan-shiveluch-na-kamchatke-podgotovilsia-k-moshchnomu-izverzheniiu|title=Вулкан Шивелуч на Камчатке подготовился к мощному извержению|website=iz.ru|date=2022-10-20|access-date=2023-04-14}}</ref> A strong eruption occurred on 11 April 2023 at 00.54 local time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2023 |title=Eruption in Russia's Kamchatka threatens aviation -response team |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eruption-russias-kamchatka-threatens-aviation-response-team-2023-04-10/ |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2023 |title=Shiveluch volcano: Video shows Russian village under 8.5cm of ash |language=en |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-europe-65238816 |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref> A progressive increase in activity was observed since 28 March in the form of continued extrusion, [[fumarole]] activity, and ash emissions.<ref name=gvp11042023>{{cite web|language=en|url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?wvar=GVP.WVAR20230405-300270|title=Report on Sheveluch (Russia) — 5 April-11 April 2023 / US Geological Survey Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 5 April-11 April 2023|author=Smithsonian / Sally Kuhn Sennert|date=2019-04-05|publisher=volcano.si.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2019-03-19}}</ref> During the initial paroxysmal explosive phase on 11 April, the volcano ejected a cloud of volcanic gas and ash that reached a height of {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} and spread over an area of {{convert|108000|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/society/news/2023/04/11/970354-kamchatke-izverzhenie-vulkana|title=На Камчатке произошло извержение вулкана Шивелуч|website=|date=2023-04-11|publisher=[[Ведомости]]|access-date=2023-04-11}}</ref><ref name=gvp11042023/> [[Pyroclastic flow]]s from the eruption traveled up to {{convert|19|km|abbr=on}} away from the volcano.<ref name=gvp11042023/> The next day, other summit explosions followed, the [[eruption column]] of one of which reached an altitude of {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}}. The initial phase resulted in the region's largest ashfall in 60 years. The Federal Air Transport Agency assigned the eruption a “red” (maximum) hazard code.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5926810|title=Росавиация предписала перевозчикам корректировать маршруты из-за извержения вулкана на Камчатке|website=|date=2023-04-11|publisher=[[Коммерсантъ]]|access-date=2023-04-11}}</ref> Because the height of the eruption columns reached the stratosphere, 200,000 tons of [[sulfur dioxide]] were released into the upper atmosphere.<ref name=gvp11042023/> According to authorities, this eruption, with the exception of heavy ashfall, did not lead to any damage to local settlements and transport infrastructure.

Analysis of radar images from satellites on 15 April showed that the main eruption occurred as a result of the collapse of the lava dome of the volcano to the south, with the formation of a {{convert|2|x|2.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} collapse scar in its place. Initially, the collapse process was triggered by a breach of the dome at its base and by the subsequent lateral explosion to the southeast. Thus, the eruption classifies as [[Peléan eruption|Peléan.]]<ref name=vd15042023>{{cite web|language=en|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/shiveluch/news/209281/Shiveluch-volcano-Kamchatka-dramatic-morphological-changes-to-dome-area.html|title=Shiveluch volcano (Kamchatka): dramatic morphological changes to dome area|author=www.volcanodiscovery.com
|date=2023-04-15|publisher=www.volcanodiscovery.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2023-04-15}}</ref> Since 12 April, the activity of the volcano decreased, but the eruption continued in the form of ash ejections of lower intensity and height, and strong fumarole activity continued. Infra-red satellite images on 16 April showed that the volcano is forming a new lava dome inside its new crater.<ref name=vb17042023>{{cite web|language=de|url=https://www.vulkane.net/blogmobil/|title=Vulkan-News 16.04.23: Shiveluch|author=von Marc Szeglat // Vulkane Net Newsblog |date=2023-04-16|publisher=www.volcanodiscovery.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2023-04-17}}</ref>

===August 2024 eruption===

On 18 August 2024 an eruption of Shiveluch occurred<ref>[https://tass.ru/proisshestviya/21628439 На Камчатке начал извергаться вулкан Шивелуч], ''[[TASS]]'', August 17, 2024</ref> following a magnitude 7.0 earthquake off the coast of [[Kamchatka Krai]], sending an ash cloud {{convert|8|km|0}} high,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/17/world/earthquake-kamchatsky-tsunami-warning-russia-intl-latam/index.html|title=Volcano erupts in Russia after 7.0-magnitude earthquake, sending ash column 5 miles high|work=CNN|date=17 August 2024}}</ref> and with a length of {{convert|490|km|0}} heading east and southeast. A "code red" warning was issued for aircraft in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=Volcano erupts after powerful earthquake in Russia's Far East and scientists warn of a stronger one |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-earthquake-pacific-far-east-e4571ea33f8f9e169a5f128f639f1ddb |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Image:Shiveluch activity (ash plume), 2012-11-06.png|Activity on 6 November 2012
Image:Jan 2011 Activity at Shiveluch Volcano.jpg|The heat signature of a [[pyroclastic flow]] on Shiveluch in January 2011
Image:Feb 2011 Pyroclastic Flow Remnants at Shiveluch Volcano.jpg|This false-colour satellite image shows the remnants of a large pyroclastic flow on the slopes of Shiveluch.
Image:2010 Activity at Shiveluch Volcano.jpg|Activity on 7 September 2010
Image:Volcanic Plume over Shiveluch Volcano 2010-02-13.jpg|Activity on 13 February 2010
Image:Shiveluch activity, 2009-10-03.jpg|Activity on 3 October 2009
Image:Plume from Shiveluch Volcano.jpg|Shiveluch releases a small plume of vapour, 2009
Image:Shiveluch eruption.jpg|Activity on 9 May 2004
Image:Sheveluch, Kamchatka.jpeg|Activity (red dot) on 17 September 2002
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Shiveluch}}
* [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151197/kamchatka-erupts Early 2023 eruptions at Shiveluch & Bezymianny]. [[NASA Earth Observatory]] images & commentary, April 12, 2023
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130502013751/http://download.maps.vlasenko.net/smtm200/o-57-36.jpg Shiveluch] at map
* [http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/video/Sheveluch.html Webcam] of Shiveluch
* [http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index.php Shiveluch activity] at official site of Institute Volcanology and Seismology DVO RAS
* [http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/volcanoes/Sheveluch/index.php Article] about volcano at official site
* [http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vnum=300270 Shiveluch] at Global Volcanism Program
* [http://www.volcanolive.com/sheveluch.html Shiveluch] at Volcano Live
* [http://www.kamchatsky-krai.ru/volcano/shiveluch/shiveluch_main.htm Article] about volcano Shiveluch
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=56%C2%B038'N,161%C2%B019'E&spn=1,1&t=k Google Maps satellite image]

[[Category:Volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula]]
[[Category:Mountains of the Kamchatka Peninsula]]
[[Category:Active volcanoes]]
[[Category:VEI-5 volcanoes]]
[[Category:20th-century volcanic events]]
[[Category:19th-century volcanic events]]
[[Category:Calderas of Russia]]
[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Russia]]
[[Category:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes]]
[[Category:Holocene stratovolcanoes]]
[[Category:2023 disasters in Russia]]
[[Category:Ultra-prominent peaks of Asia]]

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Shiveluch