Dysgerminoma

2025-07-13T00:26:50Z

2603:8000:193F:694C:F981:23F:6486:22BC: /* Signs and symptoms */ making subject and verb agree

{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Dysgerminoma
| image = Dysgerminoma, high mag.jpg
| caption = [[Micrograph]] of a dysgerminoma, H&E stain.
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| field = [[Oncology]], [[gynecology]]
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A '''dysgerminoma''' is a type of [[germ cell tumor]];<ref name="pmid17587461">{{cite journal | vauthors = Behtash N, Karimi Zarchi M | title = Dysgerminoma in three patients with Swyer syndrome | journal = World Journal of Surgical Oncology | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 71 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17587461 | pmc = 1934908 | doi = 10.1186/1477-7819-5-71 | doi-access = free }}</ref> it usually is [[malignant]] and usually occurs in the [[ovary]].

A tumor of the identical [[histology]] but not occurring in the ovary may be described by an alternate name: [[seminoma]] in the [[testis]]<ref>{{DorlandsDict|three/000033062|dysgerminoma}}</ref> or [[germinoma]] in the [[central nervous system]] or other parts of the body.

Dysgerminoma accounts for less than 1% of ovarian tumors overall. Dysgerminoma usually occurs in [[adolescence]] and early adult life; about 5% occur in pre-pubertal children. Dysgerminoma is extremely rare after age 50. Dysgerminoma occurs in both ovaries in 10% of patients and, in a further 10%, there is microscopic tumor in the other ovary.

Abnormal [[gonad]]s (due to [[gonadal dysgenesis]] and [[androgen insensitivity syndrome]]) have a high risk<ref>Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 18th ed. Chapter 553. Question 11, Gynecologic Problems of Childhood</ref> of developing a dysgerminoma. Most dysgerminomas are associated with elevated serum [[lactic dehydrogenase]] (LDH), which is sometimes used as a [[tumor marker]].

==Signs and symptoms==
[[File:Dysgerminoma surgery.jpg|thumb|Excision of a dysgerminoma]]
They are exceptionally associated with hypercalcemia. On gross examination, dysgerminomas present with a smooth, [[wikt:bosselated|bosselated]] (knobby) external surface, and are soft, fleshy and either cream-coloured, gray, pink or tan when cut. Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells. Typically, the [[stroma (animal tissue)|stroma]] contains [[lymphocyte]]s and about 20% of patients have sarcoid-like [[granuloma]]s.
[[Metastases]] are most often present in the [[lymph node]]s.

==Diagnosis==
LDH tumour markers is elevated in 95% of the cases.

<gallery widths="300px" heights="200px" perrow="3">
Image:Dysgerminoma,_intermed._mag.1.jpg|Dysgerminoma characterized by uniform cells separated by fibrous septa with lymphocytes, [[H&E stain]].
Image:Dysgerminoma,_low_mag.2.jpg|Low-power view of a dysgerminoma infiltrating the colonic wall, [[H&E stain]].
</gallery>

==Treatment==
Dysgerminomas, like other [[seminomatous]] germ cell tumors, are very sensitive to both [[chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]]. For this reason, with treatment patients' chances of long-term survival, even cure, is excellent.<ref name = "Maoz_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maoz A, Matsuo K, Ciccone MA, Matsuzaki S, Klar M, Roman LD, Sood AK, Gershenson DM | display-authors = 6 | title = Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies for Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors: A Contemporary Review | journal = Cancers | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | date = May 2020 | page = 1398 | pmid = 32485873 | doi = 10.3390/cancers12061398 | pmc = 7353025 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Targeted treatments for dysgerminomas that do not respond to chemotherapy are being evaluated.<ref name = "Maoz_2020" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB =
| ICD10 =
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|183.0}}
| ICDO = 9060/3
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| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID = D004407
}}
{{Germ cell tumors}}
{{Genital neoplasia}}

[[Category:Gynaecological neoplasia]]
[[Category:Germ cell neoplasia]]

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Dysgerminoma