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The Liberty Bell (march)

2025-10-25T02:52:35Z

2603:8001:5900:1E2E:686F:6C8C:8988:1D8E:

{{Lead too short|date=April 2025}}
"'''The Liberty Bell'''" (1893) is an [[American march music|American military march]] composed by [[John Philip Sousa]].<ref name="dws">{{cite web|url=http://www.dws.org/sousa/works.htm|title=The Works of John Philip Sousa|access-date=29 September 2010|publisher=Dallas Wind Symphony|work=John Philip Sousa – American Conductor, Composer & Patriot|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008215050/http://www.dws.org/sousa/works.htm|archive-date=8 October 2010}}</ref>

{{short description|American military march composed by John Philip Sousa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
<div style="float:right;">
{{Listen|filename=Liberty bell march.ogg|title="The Liberty Bell"|description=Performance by The New York Military Band c. 1910|filename2=Sousa's "The Liberty Bell" - United States Marine Band (2017).mp3|title2="The Liberty Bell"|description2=Performance by the [[United States Marine Band]] c. 2016}}
</div>

== History ==
"The Liberty Bell", at the time a new composition as yet untitled, was written for Sousa's unfinished [[operetta]] "The Devil's Deputy" before financing for the show fell through. Shortly afterwards, while attending the [[Columbian Exposition]] in [[Chicago]], Sousa and his band manager George Hinton watched the spectacle "America", in which a backdrop depicting the [[Liberty Bell]] was lowered. Hinton suggested "The Liberty Bell" for the title of Sousa's unnamed march. Coincidentally, Sousa received a letter from his wife saying their son had marched in a parade in honor of the Liberty Bell. Sousa agreed, and he sold "The Liberty Bell" sheet music to the [[John Church Company]] for publication; the new march was an immediate success.<ref>{{cite web|first=Rick |last=Baker |url=http://skyways.lib.ks.us/orgs/mcb/Library/M0912.htm |title=Liberty Bell March History |publisher=Skyways.lib.ks.us |date=16 September 1994 |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> The march is played as part of an exhibit in the [[Liberty Bell Center]].

The [[United States Marine Band]] has played "The Liberty Bell" march at five of the last seven [[United States presidential inauguration|presidential inaugurations]]: the 1993 inauguration of President [[Bill Clinton]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/record.cfm?recordid=2345 |title=Michigan State University Libraries – Vincent Voice Library |publisher=Vvl.lib.msu.edu |date=20 January 1993 |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="CBS">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TkvVR1U5R20 ''Bill Clinton Presidential Inauguration 1993 (Part 1 of 3)''], see 6:21–9:10, on [[YouTube]]</ref> the 2005 inauguration of President [[George W. Bush]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/forum_thread.php?id=10950&nowrap=true |title=2005 |publisher=Setiathome.berkeley.edu |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> the 2009 and 2013 inaugurations of President [[Barack Obama]], and the 2017 and 2025 inaugurations of President [[Donald Trump]].

The ship's bell from the {{SS|John Philip Sousa}}, a World War II [[Liberty ship]], is housed at the [[Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.|Marine Barracks]] and is used by [[United States Marine Band|The President's Own]] in select performances of the march.<ref>{{cite news|title=John Philip Sousa: 10 Things You Don't Know About The Man Behind the Marches|url=https://www.uso.org/stories/2040-john-philip-sousa-10-things-you-don-t-know-about-the-man-behind-the-marches |date=20 August 2017| access-date=17 April 2019|work=USO.org|first=Jean-Marie|last=Bralley}}</ref>

"The Liberty Bell" is also the official march of the [[Canadian Forces]] [[Public Affairs Branch (Canadian Forces)|Public Affairs Branch]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://my.tbaytel.net/tgroulx/marches.htm|title=CFAO 32-3 Regimental & Branch Marches of the Canadian Armed Forces by Timothy R. Groulx CD|work=[[Thunder Bay Telephone]]|access-date=9 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716184606/http://my.tbaytel.net/tgroulx/marches.htm|archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref>

== Composition ==
The march follows Sousa's "extended" [[Trio (musical form)|trio form]]: "HEAD (intro, 1st strain, 2nd strain), TRIO (trio A), interlude, Triumphal return (trio B + final trio)", which since the ''Liberty Bell'' has become a standard for military marches.<ref>[[Jonathan Elkus]], [https://www.proquest.com/openview/0c3d34597b2a515e4ecb940effa0ce6d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817919 Defining the Sousa March: Its Formal and Stylistic Constants], ''The American Music Research Center Journal''; Boulder, CO Vol. 15, (Jan 1, 2005), 41-5e3. ([https://www.colorado.edu/amrc/sites/default/files/attached-files/AMRC%20Journal%20%2315.pdf pdf file])</ref> The trio uses [[tubular bell]]s to symbolize the Liberty Bell ringing.

== Instrumentation ==

This is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, cymbals, bass drum, snare drum, and strings.

== Use in ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' ==
A version of the march, performed by the [[Band of the Grenadier Guards]] and published in 1938, was used as the opening theme of the British TV comedy program ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'' (1969–1974). Cast member [[Terry Gilliam]], the only American member of the troupe, argued for the use of "The Liberty Bell" because it had fallen into the [[public domain]] by that time and could thus be used without the need to pay [[royalty payment|royalties]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/jul/11/monty-python-and-classical-music Clark, Philip. "Monty Python: Sousa, two-sheds and musical subversions," ''The Guardian'', Friday, July 11, 2014.] Retrieved February 12, 2018</ref> He has said the piece was chosen because the troupe thought it would not be associated with the program's content, and that the first bell strike and subsequent melody would give the impression of getting "straight down to business."{{cn|date=July 2023}}

The Monty Python mode of presenting the tune was with a single strike of the bell, lifted from the third section and increased in volume, followed by a strain of each of the first two sections, followed by the famous stomping foot animation and a noticeably [[flatulence|flatulent]] "splat" sound reminiscent of a [[whoopee cushion]] (the first 13 episodes used a "[[Blowing a raspberry|raspberry]]"). At the end of the film ''[[Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl]]'', the entire march was played over the [[closing credits]].

== Other uses ==

NASA played the march as wake-up calls for two [[Space Shuttle]] missions: [[STS-61-C]] on January 12–18, 1986, and STS-63 on February 3–11, 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf|author=Fries, Colin|title=Chronology of Wakeup Calls|publisher=NASA|date=13 March 2015|access-date=October 20, 2023}}</ref>

[[SpaceX]] used the march as background music for their video ''How Not to Land an Orbital Rocket Booster'', a compilation of failed rocket landings to celebrate [[SpaceX reusable launch system development program|their efforts in pioneering orbital launch vehicle reusability]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SpaceX Bloopers Video: 'How NOT to Land an Orbital Rocket' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/spacex-bloopers-video-how-not-to-land-an-orbital-rocket/4029153.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=VOA |date=14 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Space Exploration Technologies |date=14 September 2017 |title=How Not to Land an Orbital Rocket Booster |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bvim4rsNHkQ |website=YouTube}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of marches by John Philip Sousa]]
* "[[Chimes of Liberty]]" by [[Edwin Franko Goldman]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.dws.org/sousa/mid/liberty.mid The Liberty Bell (audio file)] – In [[Musical Instrument Digital Interface|MIDI]] format; from the [http://www.dws.org/sousa John Philip Sousa website] maintained by David Lovrien, hosted by the [[Dallas Wind Symphony]]
* [http://www.dws.org/sousa/mp2/python.mp2 The ''Monty Python'' version] ([https://web.archive.org/web/19970707172453/http://www.dws.org/sousa/mp2/python.mp2 archived]) – In [[MPEG-1 Audio Layer II|MP2]] format; from the [http://www.dws.org/sousa same website]
* [https://archive.org/download/EdisonGrandConcertBand/EdisonGrandConcertBand-TheLibertyBellMarch.mp3 An 1896 Recording (Probably the first)] played by the Edison Grand Concert Band, from the [[Internet Archive]]
* [http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?searchingfor=liberty+bell Sheet music] for a piano arrangement, courtesy of the Mutopia Project

{{John Philip Sousa}}
{{Monty Python}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Liberty Bell, The}}
[[Category:1893 compositions]]
[[Category:American military marches]]
[[Category:Comedy television theme songs]]
[[Category:Compositions in F major]]
[[Category:Compositions for symphony orchestra]]
[[Category:Orchestral marches]]
[[Category:Concert band pieces]]
[[Category:Monty Python]]
[[Category:Songs written by John Philip Sousa]]
[[Category:Sousa marches]]
[[Category:Liberty Bell]]

Province of Pennsylvania

2025-10-25T02:46:55Z

2603:8001:5900:1E2E:686F:6C8C:8988:1D8E: /* Religious freedom and prosperity */

{{Short description|British colony in North America (1681–1776)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Province of Pennsylvania
| common_name = Pennsylvania
| status = {{plainlist|
*Colony of [[Kingdom of England|England]] (1681–1707)
*Colony of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] (1707–1776)}}
| government_type = [[Proprietary colony]]
| event_start = Land grant by [[Charles II of England]] to [[William Penn]]
| year_start = 1681
| date_start = March 4,
| event_end = [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]
| year_end = 1776
| date_end = July 4,
| p1 = New Netherland
| flag_p1 = Statenvlag.svg
| s1 = Pennsylvania 
| flag_s1 = Flag of Pennsylvania.svg
| s2 = Delaware 
| flag_s2 = Flag of Delaware.svg
| image_flag = Colonial-Red-Ensign.svg
| image_coat = Great_seal_province_of_pennsylvania.PNG
| image_map = Penncolony.png
| image_map2 = Pennsylvania land purchases.png
| image_map_caption = Map of the Province of Pennsylvania
| map_caption2 = Land purchases from Native Americans in Pennsylvania
| capital = [[Philadelphia]]
| official_languages = [[English language|English]] and [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]]
| currency = [[Pennsylvania pound]]
| leader1 = [[William Penn]] (first)
| leader2 = [[John Penn (writer)|John Penn]] (last)
| year_leader1 = 1681–1718
| year_leader2 = 1775–1776
| title_leader = [[Lord proprietor|Proprietor]]
| representative1 = [[William Markham (governor)|William Markham]] (first)
| representative2 = [[John Penn (governor)|John Penn]] (last)
| year_representative1 = 1681–1682
| year_representative2 = 1773–1776
| title_representative = [[List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania|Governor]]
| legislature = (1683–1776)<br/>[[Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly|Provincial Assembly]]<br/>(1776)<br/>[[Pennsylvania Provincial Conference|Provincial Conference]]
| house1 = [[Pennsylvania Provincial Council|Provincial Council]]
| type_house1 = Upper house
| house2 = [[Pennsylvania General Assembly|General Assembly]]
| type_house2 = Lower house
| today = [[United States]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}

The '''Province of Pennsylvania''', also known as the '''Pennsylvania Colony''', was a [[British colonization of the Americas|British North American colony]] founded by [[William Penn]], who received the land through a grant from [[Charles II of England]] in 1681. The name Pennsylvania was derived from [[Latin]], meaning "Penn's Woods", a reference to William Penn's father [[William Penn (Royal Navy officer)|Admiral Sir William Penn]].

==History==
===European settlement===
{{Further|William Penn}}

The Province of Pennsylvania was one of two major [[Restoration colony|Restoration colonies]] in [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial-era]] [[British America]]. A plan for government of the colony of Pennsylvania was heavily influenced by the ideas and [[Utopia|utopian]] aspirations of English political scientist [[James Harrington (author)|James Harrington]]. The proprietary colony's charter remained in the Penn family until the Penns were ousted in 1776 during the [[American Revolutionary War]], and the [[Pennsylvania|Commonwealth of Pennsylvania]] was established as one of the [[Thirteen Colonies|original thirteen states]].

In June 1776, the [[Delaware Colony|Lower counties on the Delaware]], a separate colony within the Province of Pennsylvania, broke away from the Province of Pennsylvania. On December 7, 1787, following independence, this former colony, renamed [[Delaware]], was the first state to ratify the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]], making it the nation's first [[U.S. state]] and one of the original thirteen states. Five days later, on December 12, 1787, Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the U.S. Constitution and join the United States.

The Province of Pennsylvania attracted [[English people|English]] [[Quakers]], [[German Americans|Germans]], and [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scots-Irish]] frontiersmen. The [[Lenape]] Indian tribe, which inhabited most of present-day eastern Pennsylvania, mostly co-existed peacefully with the Quakers during William Penn's governance of the province.

However, once [[Tamanend]], who supported peaceful coexistence with the settlers, died in 1701, and William Penn, who was equally committed to peaceful relations, died in 1718, wars began breaking out between the Lenape and European settlers. Quakers demonized [[Lenape mythology]], even though Quakers were strong proponents of [[Freedom of religion|religious freedom]].<ref>Hershey, L. B. (2009). Peace through conversation: William Penn, Israel Pemberton and the shaping of Quaker-Indian relations, 1681-1757 [University of Iowa]. https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.hk7i11nh</ref>

===American Revolution===
{{Main|Pennsylvania in the American Revolution}}
During the [[American Revolution]] and [[American Revolutionary War]], [[Philadelphia]], which served as both the first capital of the Province of Pennsylvania and the [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial]] era capital of the [[Thirteen Colonies]], emerged as a major port, commercial city, and a central location for the thinking, writings, and planning that ultimately inspired the American Revolution.

During the American Revolution and Revolutionary War, both the [[First Continental Congress|First]] and [[Second Continental Congress|Second]] [[Continental Congress]] convened in Philadelphia. In 1775, after the Revolutionary War broke out with the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]], the Second Continental Congress, meeting inside present-day [[Independence Hall]], formed the [[Continental Army]] and unanimously selected [[George Washington]] as the new army's commander-in-chief.

The following year, in June 1776, [[Thomas Jefferson]] authored the first draft of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] from his second floor apartment at present-day 700 [[Market Street (Philadelphia)|Market Street]]; on July 4, the Declaration was unanimously adopted and issued to King [[George III]] by all 56 delegates to the convention.

Between July 1776 and November 1777, the Second Continental Congress debated and authored the [[Articles of Confederation]] at Independence Hall in Philadelphia.

On September 26, 1777, during the [[British Army during the American Revolutionary War|British Army]]'s [[Philadelphia campaign]], Philadelphia fell to the British, who occupied the city through June 1778, forcing Washington and 12,000 Continental Army troops to retreat to [[Valley Forge]], where as many as 2,000 died from disease or starvation over the harsh winter of 1777–1778.

Following independence, the [[Constitution of the United States]], now the longest-standing written constitution in the world, was debated, authored, and implemented at the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]], which met inside Independence Hall from May 25 to September 17, 1787, with George Washington presiding as the convention's president.

During the American Revolution, Philadelphia was the second-most populous city in the entire [[British Empire]] after [[London]].

===Post-independence===
Once American independence was secured, Philadelphia continued to serve as the nation's capital from 1790 to until 1800, while the new national capital city in [[Washington, D.C.]] was constructed.<ref>Joseph E. Illick, ''Colonial Pennsylvania: A History'' (1976). </ref> Both George Washington, the nation's first [[President of the United States|president]], and [[John Adams]], the nation's second president, lived and worked from [[President's House (Philadelphia)|President's House]] in Philadelphia while the [[White House]] was being constructed in Washington, D.C. In November 1800, near the end of his [[Presidency of John Adams|administration]], Adams relocated to the White House through the end of his term in March 1801, becoming the first U.S. president to work and reside there.

==Government==
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2021}}
{{Historical populations
|type= USA
|1680|680
|1690|11450
|1700|17950
|1710|24450
|1720|30962
|1730|51707
|1740|85637
|1750|119666
|1760|183703
|1770|240057
|1780|327305
|footnote=Source: 1680–1760;<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas L.|last=Purvis|editor-first=Richard|editor-last=Balkin|title=Colonial America to 1763|year=1999|place=New York|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]]|isbn=978-0816025275|pages=[https://archive.org/details/colonialamericat00purv_0/page/128 128–129]|url=https://archive.org/details/colonialamericat00purv_0/page/128}}</ref> 1770–1780<ref name="Colonial and Pre-Federal Statistics">{{cite web|title=Colonial and Pre-Federal Statistics|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|page=1168|url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/CT1970p2-13.pdf}}</ref>
}}
The Province of Pennsylvania's colonial government was established in 1683, by [[William Penn]]'s [[Frame of Government of Pennsylvania|Frame of Government]]. Penn was appointed governor and a 72-member [[Pennsylvania Provincial Council|Provincial Council]] and larger General Assembly were responsible for governing the province. The General Assembly, also known as the ''Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly'', was the largest and most representative branch of government but had limited powers.

Succeeding frames of government were produced in 1683, 1696, and 1701. The fourth frame, also known as the ''Charter of Privileges'', remained in effect until the [[American Revolution]]. At the time, the Provincial Assembly was deemed too moderate by American revolutionaries, who rejected the General Assembly's authority and held the [[First Continental Congress]] in [[Philadelphia]], which produced the [[Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776]] for the newly established commonwealth and created the new [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]].

==Counties==
Despite having the land grant from [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]], Penn embarked on an effort to purchase the lands from [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. The [[Lenape|Lenape Indian tribe]] held much of the land near present-day [[Philadelphia]], and they expected payment in exchange for a [[quitclaim]] to vacate the territory.<ref>Forest, Tuomi J., William Penn Visionary Proprietor [https://web.archive.org/web/19970430105822/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/PENN/pnind.html Penn and the Indians] </ref> Penn and his representatives ([[List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania|Proprietors]]) negotiated a series of treaties with the Lenape and other tribes that had an interest in the land in his royal grant.

The initial treaties were conducted between 1682 and 1684, for tracts between [[Province of New Jersey|New Jersey]] and the former [[Delaware Colony]] in present-day [[Delaware]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Genealogical Map of the Counties|url=https://www.phmc.pa.gov/Archives/Documents/Pennsylvania-Genealogical-Map-Counties.pdf|website=Pennsylvania Historical Museum Commission}}</ref> The province was divided into three counties, plus the three [[Delaware Colony|Lower counties on Delaware Bay]], including [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Bucks County]], [[Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia County]], and [[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester County]].

===Lower counties===
{{main|History of Delaware}}
The lower counties on Delaware, a separate colony within the province, included the
three counties of present-day [[Delaware]]: [[New Castle County, Delaware|New Castle]], [[Sussex County, Delaware|Sussex]], and [[Kent County, Delaware|Kent County]].

===New lands and counties===
Several decades into the 18th century, additional treaties with Native Americans were concluded. The colony's proprietors made treaties in 1718, 1732, 1737, 1749, 1754, and 1754, pushing the boundaries of the colony, which were still within the original royal grant, north and west.<ref name=":1" /> By the time the [[French and Indian War]] began in 1754, the Assembly had established additional counties, including [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] (1729), [[York County, Pennsylvania|York]] (1749), [[Cumberland County, Pennsylvania|Cumberland]] (1750), [[Berks County, Pennsylvania|Berks]] (1752), and [[Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Northampton]] (1752).<ref name=":1" />

After the French and Indian War concluded, an additional treaty was made in 1768, which codified the limits of the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]], which provided a temporary boundary that could be extended further west in an orderly manner by the royal government but not by private individuals, such as the proprietors. This agreement altered the original royal land grant to Penn.

The next acquisitions by Pennsylvania took place after Pennsylvania became part of the United States, following its ratification of the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]].

The [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] established three additional counties prior to the [[American Revolutionary War]]: [[Bedford County, Pennsylvania|Bedford]] (1771), [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland]] (1772), and [[Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania|Westmoreland]] (1773).<ref name=":1" />

==Religious freedom and prosperity==
[[William Penn]] and his fellow [[Quakers]] heavily imprinted their religious beliefs and values on the early Pennsylvanian government. The ''Charter of Privileges'' extended religious freedom to all monotheists, and the government was initially open to all Christians. Until the [[French and Indian War]], Pennsylvania had no military, few taxes, and no public debt. It also encouraged the rapid growth of [[Philadelphia]] into America's most important city and of the [[Pennsylvania Dutch Country]] hinterlands, where German (or "Deutsch") religions and political refugees prospered on the fertile soil and spirit of cultural creativeness. Among the first groups were the [[Mennonites]], who founded [[Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Germantown]] in 1683; and the [[Amish]], who established the [[Northkill Amish Settlement]] in 1740.

In 1751, [[Pennsylvania Hospital]], the first hospital in [[British America]],<ref>Historic Pennsylvania Hospital, The American Journal of Nursing, Vol. 39, No. 12 (Dec. 1939), pp. 1306-1311</ref> and [[The Academy and College of Philadelphia]], the predecessor to the private [[University of Pennsylvania]],<ref>College Founding in the American Colonies, 1745-1775 Beverly McAnear, The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Jun. 1955), pp. 24–44</ref> both opened. [[Benjamin Franklin]] founded both of these institutions and Philadelphia's Union Fire Company 15 years earlier, in 1736.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upenn.edu/about/founder.php |title=Penn: About Our Founder |access-date=2014-03-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326131426/http://www.upenn.edu/about/founder.php |archive-date=2014-03-26 }}</ref> In 1751, the Pennsylvania State House ordered a new bell for the bell tower on [[Pennsylvania State House]] in Philadelphia, which later was renamed the [[Liberty Bell]].

==Indigenous relations==
[[Image:Treaty of Penn with Indians by Benjamin West.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Benjamin West]]'s 1771 portrait of [[William Penn]]'s 1682 treaty with the [[Lenape]]]]
William Penn had mandated fair dealings with [[Native Americans in the United States]]. This led to significantly better relations with the local tribes, mainly the [[Lenape]] and [[Susquehannock|Susquehanna]], than most other colonies had.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Goode|first=Michael|title=Native American-Pennsylvania Relations 1681-1753|url=https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/native-american-pennsylvania-relations-1681-1753/|access-date=2021-09-23|website=Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia}}</ref> The [[Quakers]] had previously treated Indians with respect, bought land from them voluntarily, and had even representation of Indians and whites on juries. According to [[Voltaire]], the [[Treaty of Shackamaxon|Shackamaxon Treaty]] was "the only treaty between Indians and Christians that was never sworn to and that was never broken."<ref>{{cite web |title=Pennsylvania's Anarchist Experiment: 1681–1690 |author=Rothbard, Murray N. |url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard81.html |publisher=[[LewRockwell.com]] |year=2005 |access-date=2008-07-02 |author-link=Murray Rothbard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313192628/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard81.html |archive-date=2014-03-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Newman|first=Andrew|title=Treaty of Shackamaxon|url=https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/treaty-of-shackamaxon-2/|access-date=2021-09-23|website=Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kyriakodis|first=Harry|date=May 7, 2014|title=Respectfully Remembering the Affable One|url=https://hiddencityphila.org/2014/05/respectfully-remembering-the-affable-one/|website=Hidden City Philadelphia}}</ref> The Quakers also refused to provide any assistance to [[New England]]'s [[American Indian Wars|Indian wars]].

In 1737, the Colony exchanged a great deal of its political goodwill with the native Lenape for more land.<ref name=":0" /> The colonial administrators claimed that they had a deed dating to the 1680s in which the Lenape-Delaware had promised to sell a portion of land beginning between the junction of the [[Delaware River]] and [[Lehigh River]] in present-day [[Easton, Pennsylvania]] "as far west as a man could walk in a day and a half".

The purchase became known as the [[Walking Purchase]].<ref name=":0" /> Although the document was most likely a forgery, the Lenape did not realize that. Provincial Secretary [[James Logan (statesman)|James Logan]] set in motion a plan that would grab as much land as they could get and hired the three fastest runners in the colony to run out the purchase on a trail that had been cleared by other members of the colony beforehand. The pace was so intense that only one runner completed the "walk", covering an astonishing {{convert|70|mi|km}}.<ref name=":0" /> This netted the Penns {{convert|1200000|acre|km2}} of land in what is now [[northeastern Pennsylvania]], an area roughly equivalent to the size of the state of [[Rhode Island]] in the purchase. The area of the purchase covers all or part of what are now [[Pike County, Pennsylvania|Pike]], [[Monroe County, Pennsylvania|Monroe]], [[Carbon County, Pennsylvania|Carbon]], [[Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania|Schuylkill]], [[Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Northampton]], [[Lehigh County, Pennsylvania|Lehigh]], and [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Bucks]] counties.

The Lenape tribe fought for the next 19 years to have the treaty annulled but to no avail. The Lenape-Delaware were forced into the [[Shamokin (village)|Shamokin]] and [[Wyoming Valley]]s, which were overcrowded with other displaced tribes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shannon|first=Timothy J.|title=Native American-Pennsylvania Relations, 1754-89|url=https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/native-american-pennsylvania-relations-1754-89-2/|access-date=2021-09-23|website=Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia}}</ref>

===Limits on further settlement===
{{Further|Great Britain in the Seven Years' War}}
As the colony grew, colonists and British military forces came into confrontation with natives in the state's Western half. Britain fought for control of the neighboring [[Ohio Country]] with France during the [[French and Indian War]]. Following the British victory, the territory was formally ceded to them in 1763, and became part of the [[British Empire]].

With the French and Indian War over and [[Pontiac's War]] just beginning, the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]] banned colonization beyond the [[Appalachian Mountains]] to prevent settlers settling lands that Indians tribes were using. This proclamation impacted Pennsylvanians and Virginians the most, since they both had been racing towards the lands surrounding [[Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)|Fort Pitt]] in modern-day [[Pittsburgh]].

==Governors and Deputy Governors==
{{main|List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania}}

==Judiciary==
The [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania]], consisting of the Chief Justice and at least one other judge, was founded by statute in 1722 (although dating back to 1684 as the Provincial Court) and sat in Philadelphia twice a year.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Chief Justices<ref>[http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/1pa/history/local/colonialoff01.txt List of Officers of the Colonies on the Delaware and the Province of Pennsylvania, 1614-1776]</ref>
!rowspan="2"|Incumbent
!colspan="2"|Tenure
|-
!Took office
!Left office
|-
|Arthur Cook|| 1681||1684
|-
|Nicholas Moore|| 1684||1685
|-
|Arthur Cook|| 1686||1690
|-
|John Simcock|| 1690||1693
|-
|Andrew Robson|| 1693||1699
|-
|[[Edward Shippen]]|| 1699||1701
|-
|[[John Guest (judge)|John Guest]]|| August 20, 1701||April 10, 1703
|-
|William Clark||April 10, 1703||1705
|-
|[[John Guest (judge)|John Guest]]|| 1705||1706
|-
|[[Roger Mompesson]]||April 17, 1706||1715
|-
|Joseph Growden, Jr.|| 1715||1718
|-
|[[David Lloyd (judge)|David Lloyd]]|| 1718||1731
|-
|[[James Logan (statesman)|James Logan]]||August 20, 1731||1739
|-
|[[Jeremiah Langhorne]]||August 13, 1739||1743
|-
|John Kinsey||April 5, 1743||1750
|-
|[[William Allen (loyalist)|William Allen]]||September 20, 1750||1774
|-
|[[Benjamin Chew]]||April 29, 1774||1776
|}

==Notable people==
*[[John Dickinson]], [[Founding Father of the United States]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] moved to [[Philadelphia]] at age 17 in 1723; he was Pennsylvania's most famous citizen during his later years. Among his accomplishments was founding in 1751 the [[Academy and College of Philadelphia]], the predecessor to the private [[University of Pennsylvania]]. Franklin was also a strong advocate for a state militia, creating his own extra-legal militia when the state assembly would not during [[King George's War]]<ref>Rothbard, Murray N., Conceived in Liberty, Vol. II (Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1999), p. 64.</ref>
*[[Thomas McKean]] was born in [[New London Township, Pennsylvania|New London, Pennsylvania]]. He was an officer in the [[Continental Army]] during the American Revolution, a signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], the second President of the U.S. Congress under the [[Articles of Confederation]], Acting President of Delaware, and Chief Justice and Governor of Pennsylvania
*[[Gouverneur Morris]], one of the leading minds of the American Revolution, lived in New York City during most of the colonial period but moved to Philadelphia to work as a lawyer and merchant during the Revolution
*[[Robert Morris (merchant)|Robert Morris]] moved to Philadelphia around 1749 at about age 14. He was known as the Financier of the Revolution because of his role in securing financial assistance for the American Colonial side in the Revolutionary War. In 1921, [[Robert Morris University]] was founded and named after him
*[[John Morton (American politician)|John Morton]] was born in [[Ridley Township, Pennsylvania]]. He was a delegate to the [[Continental Congress]] and a signatory to the [[Continental Association]] and the [[United States Declaration of Independence]]
*[[Timothy Murphy (sniper)|Timothy Murphy]] a [[Continental Army]] marksman
* [[Abraham op den Graeff]] was an original founder of [[Germantown, Philadelphia]], member of the [[Pennsylvania Provincial Council|Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly]] and signer of the [[1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery|first organized religious protest against slavery in colonial America]]
*[[Thomas Paine]] emigrated to Philadelphia in 1774 at Benjamin Franklin's urging. His tract, [[Common Sense (pamphlet)|''Common Sense'']], published in 1776, was arguably the most famous and influential argument for the [[American Revolution]]. He was also the first to champion the phrase "United States of America" publicly
*[[William Penn]] was the colony's founder and son of naval [[William Penn (Royal Navy officer)|Admiral Sir William Penn]]
*[[George Ross (delegate)|George Ross]] was born in [[New Castle, Delaware]] and moved to Philadelphia to practice law. He was a delegate to the [[Continental Congress]] and a signatory to the [[Continental Association]] and the [[United States Declaration of Independence]]
*[[Peggy Shippen]] was the daughter of prominent Philadelphia merchant [[Edward Shippen, IV|Edward Shippen]] and wife of [[Benedict Arnold]]
*[[Arthur St. Clair]] moved to [[Ligonier Valley, Pennsylvania]] in 1764. He served as a judge in colonial Pennsylvania, a general in the [[Continental Army]], and a President under the [[Articles of Confederation]]
* [[Samuel Van Leer]], (1747–1825) [[ironmaster]] and captain in the [[American Revolutionary War]]
* [[Anthony Wayne]], [[American Revolutionary War]] general
*[[James Wilson (Founding Father)|James Wilson]] moved to Philadelphia in 1765 and became a lawyer. He signed the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] and wrote or worked on many of the most challenging compromises in the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]], including the [[Three-Fifths Compromise]], which defined slaves as three-fifths of a person for purposes of census-taking, the number of members to be elected to [[United States House of Representatives|U. S. House of Representatives]], and government appropriations

==See also==
* [[Fort Augusta]]
* [[Fort Dupuy]]
* [[Great Wagon Road]]
* [[Independence Hall]], originally Pennsylvania State House
* [[List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania]]
* [[Pennsylvania in the American Revolution]]
* [[Restoration colony]]
* [[Walking Purchase]]
* [[Welsh Tract]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== General sources ===
* {{cite book |last1=Barr |first1=Daniel P. |title=A Colony Sprung from Hell: Pittsburgh and the Struggle for Authority on the Western Pennsylvania Frontier, 1744–1794 |date=2014 |publisher=The Kent State University Press |location=kent |isbn=978-1606351901}}
* {{cite book |last1=Illick |first1=Joseph E. |title=Colonial Pennsylvania: A History |date=1976 |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=978-0684145655 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/colonialpennsylv0000illi }}
* Lamberton, E. V., et al. "Colonial Libraries of Pennsylvania." The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 42, no. 3, 1918, pp. 193–234. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/20086345 online]
* Leonard, Joan de Lourdes. "Elections in Colonial Pennsylvania." ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 11#3 1954, pp. 385–401. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1943312 online]
* {{cite book |last1=Merrell |first1=James H. |title=Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Colonial Pennsylvania |date=1999 |publisher=W W Norton & Co |location=New York |isbn=978-0393046762}}
* Nash, Gary B. ''Quakers and Politics: Pennsylvania, 1681-1726'' (Princeton UP, 1993)
* Smolenski, John. "Embodied politics: the Paxton uprising and the gendering of civic culture in colonial Pennsylvania." ''Early American Studies'' 14.2 (2016): 377-407 [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/621027/summary online].
* Smolenski, John. ''Friends and Strangers: The Making of a Creole Culture in Colonial Pennsylvania'' (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2010).
* {{cite book |last1=Spero |first1=Patrick |title=Frontier Country: The Politics of War in Early Pennsylvania |date=2016 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0812248616}}
* Tully, Alan. ''Forming American Politics: Ideals, Interests, and Institutions in Colonial New York and Pennsylvania'' (JHU Press, 2019).

==External links==
* [http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch17s4.html William Penn: Preface to the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania, 1682]
* [http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/legis/indexlegis.html "Members and Districts by Session, 1682-1775"], [[Wilkes University Election Statistics Project]]
* [http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/li/constitution.cfm Pennsylvania General Assembly: Pennsylvania Constitution]

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{{Thirteen Colonies}}
{{British overseas territories}}
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[[Category:Province of Pennsylvania| ]]
[[Category:1681 establishments in the British Empire]]
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[[Category:Colonial United States (British)]]
[[Category:English colonization of the Americas]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas]]
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[[Category:Middle Colonies]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1681]]
[[Category:Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:William Penn]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1776]]