Táhirih

2025-11-02T05:51:35Z

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{{short description|Influential poet and theologian of the Bábí faith in Iran}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Táhirih Qurrat al-'Ayn
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_name = Fatemeh Baraghani
|birth_date = 1814 or 1817
|birth_place = [[Qazvin]], [[Qajar Iran]]
|death_date = August 16–27, 1852 (aged 35)
|death_place = Ilkhani Garden, [[Tehran]], Iran
|spouse = Mohammad Baraghani (divorced)
|children = 3
|father = [[Muhammad Salih Baraghani]]
|mother = Ameneh Khanom Qazvin
|occupation = Poet [[theologist]] and women's rights activist
}}
{{Babism}}
'''Táhirih (Ṭāhira)''' ({{langx|fa|طاهره}}, "The Pure One," also called '''Qurrat al-ʿAyn''' ({{Langx|ar|قرة العين}} "Solace/Consolation of the Eyes") are both titles of '''Fatimah Baraghani/Umm-i Salmih'''<ref name="Umm-i-Salmih">{{cite book |author=John S. Hatcher & Amrollah Hemmat |year=2008 |title=Adam's Wish- Unknown Poetry of Ṭáhirih |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA | isbn =978-1-931847-61-2 | pages = 1–2}}</ref><ref name="full name">{{cite web
| title =Tahirih the Pure
| url =https://www.geni.com/people/Tahirih-the-Pure/6000000010811648933
| website =www.geni.com
| date = August 10, 2016
|author=Yigal Burstein
| quote = Fatima Begum Zarin Tajj Umm Salmih Baraghani Qazvini
| access-date =Mar 31, 2021}}</ref> (1814 or 1817 – August 16–27, 1852),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Omrani |first=Shadyar |date=July 11, 2023 |title=Iranian Influential Women: Tahereh Qurrat al-Ayn (d.1852) |url=https://iranwire.com/en/women/118390-iranian-influential-women-tahereh-qurrat-al-ayn-d1852/#:~:text=Fatemeh%20Baraghani%20Qazvini%2C%20known%20as,Tehran%2C%20between%201814%20and%201817. |access-date=March 3, 2024 |website=Iran Wire}}</ref> an influential poet, women's rights activist and theologian of the [[Bábism|Bábí faith]] in [[Iran]].<ref name="holy">{{Cite book | title = Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia | editor-first = Phyllis G. | editor-last = Jestice | year = 2004 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | isbn = 978-1-57607-355-1 | first1 = Moojan | last1=Momen | first2=B. Todd | last2=Lawson | chapter = Tahirih | location = Santa Barbara, CA }}</ref><ref name="PSmith">{{cite encyclopedia |last= Smith |first= Peter |encyclopedia= A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith |title= Táhirih |year= 2000 |publisher= Oneworld Publications |location= Oxford |isbn= 978-1-85168-184-6 |pages=332–333 |url= https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/332 }}</ref> She was one of the [[Letters of the Living]], the first group of followers of the [[Báb]]. Her life, influence and execution made her a key figure of the religion. The daughter of [[Muhammad Salih Baraghani]], she was born into one of the most prominent families of her time.<ref name="vaw">{{cite book | last = Milani| first = Farzaneh | title = Veils and words: the emerging voices of Iranian women writers | publisher = I.B.Tauris| series =Contemporary issues in the Middle East| edition = illustrated| year =1992 | pages = 295, esp. 3, 8, 27, 49, 53, 61, 63, 77–82, 90 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4Iqv2dDySwC&pg=PA8| isbn = 978-1-85043-574-7}}</ref><ref name="Effendi 1944 72">{{Cite book |first = Shoghi |last = Effendi |author-link = Shoghi Effendi |year = 1944 |title = God Passes By |publisher = Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 978-0-87743-020-9 |url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/GPB/ |page=72}}</ref><ref name="nn">{{cite web | title = The Dawn-Breakers: Nabíl's Narrative of the Early Days of the Baháʼí Revelation | url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/nz/DB/db-45.html.utf8?query=1817&action=highlight#fr37| publisher = US Baháʼí Publishing Trust | access-date=2008-07-05}}</ref> Táhirih led a radical interpretation<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=M2hptUffeFcC&pg=PA217 ''Close up: Iranian cinema, past, present, and future'', Hamid Dabashi, p. 217]</ref> that, though it split the Babi community, wedded [[messianism]] with Bábism.<ref>Shiʻism: a religion of protest By Hamid Dabashi, p. 341 [https://books.google.com/books?id=3l1fBbd-9noC&pg=PA190 This radical interpretation of Shaykhism... wedded the messianic message to the figure of al-Bab]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Abbas Amanat|title=Resurrection and Renewal: The Making of the Babi Movement in Iran, 1844-1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWnYAAAAMAAJ |year=1989|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-2098-6|oclc= 463585337 |page=295|quote=…her rise to leadership aptly characterized the messianic ethos around which the entire Babi movement was formed…}}</ref>

As a young girl she was educated privately by her father and showed herself a talented writer. Whilst in her teens she married the son of her uncle, with whom she had a difficult marriage. In the early 1840s she became a follower of [[Shaykh Ahmad]] and began a secret correspondence with his successor [[Kazim Rashti]]. Táhirih travelled to the [[Shia Islam|Shiʻi]] holy city of [[Karbala]] to meet Kazim Rashti, but he died a number of days before her arrival. In 1844 aged about 27, in search of the [[Al-Qāʾim Āl Muḥammad|Qa'im]] through the Islamic teachings she figured his whereabouts. Independent to any individual she became acquainted with the teachings of the [[Báb]] and accepted his religious claims as Qa'im. She soon won renown and infamy for her zealous teachings of his faith and "fearless devotion". Subsequently, exiled back to Iran, Táhirih taught her faith at almost every opportunity. The Persian clergy grew resentful of her and she was detained several times. Throughout her life she battled with her family, who wanted her to return to their traditional beliefs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halajan |first=Katayoon |date=November 16, 2016 |title=Iran's First Feminist Qorrat al-Ayn Is Brought Back to Life in New Movie |url=https://kayhanlife.com/culture/film/irans-first-feminist-qorrat-al-ayn-brought-back-life-new-movie/ |journal=https://kayhanlife.com/}}</ref>

Táhirih was probably best remembered for unveiling herself in an assemblage of men during the [[Conference of Badasht]]. The unveiling caused much controversy, but [[Baháʼu'lláh]] named her Tahirih "the Pure One" at that same Conference. After the historic Conference of Badasht, a number of those who attended were so amazed at the fearlessness and outspoken language of that heroine, that they felt it their duty to acquaint the Báb with the character of her startling and unprecedented behaviour. They strove to tarnish the purity of her name. To their accusations the Bab replied: "What am I to say regarding her whom the Tongue of Power and Glory has named Tahirih [the Pure One]?" These words proved sufficient to silence those who had endeavoured to undermine her position. From that time onwards she was designated by the believers as Tahirih.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Dawn-Breakers: Nabíl's Narrative of the Early Days of the Baháʼí Revelation | url = https://bahai-library.com/books/dawnbreakers/chapters/3.html#84| publisher = US Baháʼí Publishing Trust}}</ref> The Báb continued to highly praise Táhirih and in one of his later writings equates Táhirih's station as equal to that of the seventeen other male '[[Letters of the Living]]' combined.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saiedi |first1=Nader |title=The Bab and Modernity |url=https://user-hrqc9mo.cld.bz/The-Bab-and-Modernity/4/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Fereydun Vahman|title=The Bab and the Babi Community of Iran|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZerTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|date=5 November 2020|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78607-957-2|chapter= The Worldview of the Bab - Station of Women, Rejection of Patriarchy}}</ref> She was soon arrested and placed under house arrest in [[Tehran]]. In mid-1852 she was executed in secret on account of her Bábí faith and her unveiling.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Momen |first1=Moojan |title=Usuli, Akhbari, Shaykhi, Babi: The Tribulations of a Qazvin Family |journal=Iranian Studies |date=September 2003 |volume=36 |issue=3 |page=337|doi=10.1080/021086032000139113 |s2cid=153722173 }}</ref> Before her death she declared: "You can kill me as soon as you like, but you cannot stop the emancipation of women."<ref> {{cite journal |last1=Root |first1=Martha |title= "Táhirih the Pure", rev. ed. (Los Angeles: Kalimat Press, 1981) |page=98}}</ref> Since her death, Bábí and [[Baháʼí literature]] venerated her to the level of [[martyr]], being described as "the first woman suffrage martyr". As a prominent Bábí (she was the seventeenth disciple or "[[Letters of the Living|Letter of the Living]]" of the Báb) she is highly regarded by followers of the [[Baháʼí Faith]] and [[Azalis]] and often mentioned in Baháʼí literature as an example of courage in the struggle for [[Women's rights in Iran|women's rights]]. Her date of birth is uncertain as birth records were destroyed at her execution.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

== Early life (birth–1844) ==
[[File:Ldiver~05m~tahirih-qasvin.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The home of Táhirih in [[Qazvin]].]]
Táhirih was born Fātemeh Baraghāni in [[Qazvin]], Iran (near [[Tehran]]),<ref name="holy"/> the oldest of four daughters of [[Muhammad Salih Baraghani]], an [[Usuli]] [[Ijtihad#Qualifications of a mujtahid|mujtahid]] who was remembered for his interpretations of the [[Quran]], his [[eulogy|eulogies]] of the tragedies of [[Karbala]], his zeal for the execution of punishments, and his active opposition to the consumption of wine.<ref name="momen">{{cite journal | title = Usuli, Akhbari, Shaykhi, Babi: The Tribulations of a Qazvin Family | journal = Iranian Studies | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | year = 2003 | pages = 317–337 | doi = 10.1080/021086032000139113 | author = Momen, Moojan | s2cid = 153722173 }}</ref> Her mother was from a Persian noble family, whose brother was the imam of the [[Shah Mosque (Isfahan)|Shah Mosque]] of Qazvin. Her mother as well as Táhirih and all her sisters all studied in the Salehiyya, the Salehi madrasa her father had established in 1817, which included a women's section. Táhirih's uncle, [[Mohammad Taqi Baraghani]], was also a mujtahid whose power and influence dominated the court of [[Fath-Ali Shah Qajar]].<ref name="PSmith"/> The lack of contemporary evidence makes it impossible to determine her exact date of birth.<ref name="root">{{cite book |author= Root, Martha L. |author-link= Martha Root |year= 2000 |title= Tahirih The Pure |publisher= Kalimat Press, Los Angeles, USA |isbn= 978-1-890688-04-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IsukoZS-0NYC&q=Tahirih+The+Pure+root&pg=PR5}}</ref> Historian and contemporary [[Nabíl-i-Aʻzam]] cites that it was in 1817,<ref name="vaw" /><ref name="eaw" /><ref name="maneck">{{cite web|last=Maneck|first=Susan|year=1994|title=Religion and Women|url=http://bahai-library.com/maneck_women_bahai_faith|publisher=SUNY Press|location=Albany}}</ref> whilst others claim an earlier date of 1814.<ref name="PSmith"/><ref name="rar" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard C. |date=2004 |title= Spirituality in the Land of the Noble: How Iran Shaped the World's Religions |location=Oxford |publisher=One World |isbn=1-85168-336-4 |page=147 |url=https://archive.org/details/spiritualityinla0000folt_f0c9/}}</ref> Her grandson suggests a much later date of 1819,<ref name="root" /> whilst some modern historians claim she was born about 1815.<ref name="eaw">{{cite book|last = Āfāqī |first = Ṣābir |year = 2004|title = Táhirih in history: perspectives on Qurratu'l-'Ayn from East and West|publisher = Kalimat Press |isbn = 978-1-890688-35-6|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u_4CBxfhsnIC&q=tahirih}}</ref> [[Shoghi Effendi]] and [[William Sears (Baháʼí)|William Sears]] suggest the date of 1817,<ref name="Effendi 1944 72"/><ref>{{cite book |first=William |last=Sears |year=1995 |title=Release the Sun |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=USA |isbn=978-0-87743-003-2}}</ref> and other writers agree.<ref>{{cite book |first= Mary |last= Fisher |year= 2006 |title= Women in Religion |publisher= Longman |location= USA |isbn= 978-0-321-19481-7 |url= https://archive.org/details/womeninreligion00fish }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first= Victoria |last= Urubshurow |year= 2008 |title= Introducing World Religions |publisher= Routledge |location= USA |isbn= 978-0-415-77270-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Ma'ani|first = Baharieh Rouhani |year = 2008|title = Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees |publisher = George Ronald|location = Oxford, UK|isbn = 978-0-85398-533-4}}</ref><ref name="awup" /> This is supported by claims by a chronicler from the 19th century, who wrote that Táhirih was "thirty-six years of age" when she was killed, in accordance to the [[lunar calendar]].<ref>If this is correct then according to the [[Gregorian calendar]] she would have been 35, placing her date of birth at ''circa'' 1817.</ref><ref>''"She was thirty-six years of age when she suffered martyrdom in Ṭihrán"''.</ref> After interviewing Táhirih's family and the families of contemporaries as well as reading documents about her life [[Martha Root]] believed that the most accurate date of birth was between 1817 and 1819.<ref name="root" /> These findings are contested in several books and articles, but the evidence does not conclusively support either date.<ref>The birth year of ''c.''1817 is generally accepted as the most accurate date of birth, but modern historians and some contemporaries advocate 1814–15. For more information about 1814 see Amanat and Smith. For information favouring 1817 see Root and Milani.</ref>

The Baraghani brothers had migrated from an obscure village near Qazvin to the city where they made their fortunes in ecclesiastical schools. They soon rose to the ranks of high-ranking clerics in the court of the Shah of Persia and even running religious sections of Qazvin.<ref name="rar" /> The brothers also involved themselves in the mercantile business accumulating great wealth and royal favour.<ref name="root" /> Her father was himself a noted and respected cleric, as was her older uncle who married a daughter of the monarch. Táhirih's two younger uncles were not as elevated as the older ones but still had reasonable power in the court.<ref name="rar" /> Her aunt was a renowned poet and calligrapher in royal circles and wrote government decrees in her "beautiful hand".<ref name="eaw" /> At the time of her birth, the Baraghani's were one of the most respected and powerful families in Persia.<ref name="eaw" /><ref name="rar">{{cite book |author = Amanat, Abbas |year = 1989 |title = Resurrection and Renewal |publisher = Cornell University Press |location = Ithaca, New York, USA |isbn = 978-0-8014-2098-6 |url = https://archive.org/details/resurrectionrene00aman }}</ref>

=== Education ===

Táhirih was educated particularly well for a girl of her era.<ref name="vaw" /> A literate woman was itself a rare phenomenon and surprisingly her father decided to break from protocol and personally tutor his daughter. Though still living in a strict religious home, Táhirih was educated in theology, jurisprudence, Persian literature, and poetry.<ref name="ebh">{{cite web | title = Early Baháʼí Heroines | url = http://info.bahai.org/article-1-3-7-2.html | publisher = Baháʼí International Community | access-date=2008-07-05}}</ref> She was allowed to undertake Islamic studies, and was known for her ability to memorize the Qurʼan as well as being able to grasp hard to understand points of religious law.<ref name="holy"/><ref name="PSmith"/> Her father was reported to have lamented at the fact that she was not a son. Táhirih was said to have surpassed her father's male students which further convinced him of her literary talents. Her father even allowed her to listen to his lessons which he gave male pupils, on the condition that she hide behind a curtain and not let anybody know her presence. Her father affectionately knew her as "Zarrín Táj" ("Crown of Gold").

Under the education of her father and uncle, the young Táhirih was able to grasp a better understanding of theological and educational matters compared to her contemporaries. Girls were expected to remain docile and reticent and many were reluctant to allow their daughters to pursue an education of some sort. Her father Muhammad-Salih Baraghani was a writer in his own right and his writings laud the martyrdom of the Muhammad's grandson and third Imam [[Husayn ibn Ali]] and discuss Persian literature. He was reported to devote much of his time to scholarship rather than involving himself in the court, unlike his elder brother. Amanat cites that Táhirih was also known for her esoteric interpretation of Quranic verses. Táhirih's education in Qazvin proved itself in later years, inspiring many new trends among women in her social-circle and may have been instrumental in pressing Táhirih towards the more radical Shaykhi and Bábí teachings.<ref name="rar" /> Author Christopher De Bellaigue describes her as 'Simone de Beauvoir meets Joan of Arc' for being both a feminist and a saint.<ref>{{citation |last=de Bellaigue |first=Christopher |title=The Islamic Enlightenment: The Modern Struggle Between Faith and Reason |year=2018 |publisher=Vintage |location=London |isbn=978-0-099-57870-3 |page=147}}</ref>

Táhrih exerted a powerful charm and charisma on those who met her, and she was generally praised for her beauty. Contemporaries and modern historians comment on Táhirih's rare physical beauty.<ref name="rar" /><ref name="db">{{cite book |author=Nabíl-i-Zarandí |author-link=Nabíl-i-Aʻzam |year=1932 |title=The Dawn-Breakers: Nabíl's Narrative |edition=Hardcover |translator=Shoghi Effendi |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn=978-0-900125-22-5 |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/nz/DB/ | pages = 278–300}}</ref> A courtier described her as "moonfaced",<ref>A typical Persian expression meaning exceedingly beautiful</ref> "with hair like musk" whilst one of her fathers pupils wondered how a woman of her beauty could be so intelligent.<ref name="vaw" /><ref name="root" /> Historian Nabíl-i-Aʻzam reports the "highest terms of [her] beauty",<ref>{{cite web | title = The Dawn-Breakers: Nabíl's Narrative of the Early Days of the Baháʼí Revelation | url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/nz/DB/db-45.html.utf8?query=beauty&action=highlight#fn38 | publisher = US Baháʼí Publishing Trust | access-date=2008-07-05}}</ref> [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]], wrote, "beauty and the female sex also lent their consecration to the new creed and the heroism… the lovely but ill-fated poetess of Qazvín".<ref>[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]]'s ''Persia and the Persian Question'', vol. 1, p. 497, note 2</ref> British Professor [[Edward Granville Browne]] who spoke to a great number of her contemporaries, wrote that she was renowned for her "marvellous beauty". The Shah's Austrian physician, [[Jakob Eduard Polak]], also cited her beauty. [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] and [[Bahíyyih Khánum]] noted her beauty in several talks and writings. Táhirih's education with her father lead her to become a devoutly religious and she upheld these beliefs for the rest of her life. It also made her hungry for knowledge and she busied herself with reading and writing religious and other forms of literature.<ref name="root" /> Her formal education ended when she was about thirteen or fourteen, when she was summoned by her father to consent to a betrothal arranged by her uncle and father.<ref name="PSmith"/>

=== Marriage and developments ===
Though showing herself a capable writer and poet,<ref name="eaw" /> Táhirih was forced to comply with family pressure and at the age of fourteen she was married to her cousin Muhammad Baraghani the son of her uncle.<ref name="vaw" /> The marriage resulted in three children, two sons: Ibrahim and Ismaʻil and one daughter.<ref name="vaw" /> The marriage however, was an unhappy one from the start and Muhammad Baraghani seemed to have been reluctant to allow his wife to further her literary pursuits.<ref name="holy"/><ref name="vaw" /> In [[Qazvin]] Táhirih reportedly won renown for her beauty and respect for her knowledge, however the latter was a quality regarded as undesirable in a daughter and wife. Her husband eventually became the leader of the [[Jumu'ah|Friday prayers]].<ref name="PSmith"/> Her two sons fled from their father after their mother's death to [[Najaf]] and [[Tehran]] whilst the daughter died shortly after her mother's death.<ref name="root" /> It was in the home of her cousin that Táhirih first became acquainted with and started correspondence with leaders of the [[Shaykhism|Shaykhi]] movement,<ref name="root" /> including Kazim Rashti, which flourished in the Shiʻi shrine cities in [[Iraq]].

[[File:Siyyid-Kazim.jpg|thumb|right|150 px|[[Kazim Rashti]]]]
Táhirih was introduced to the radical new Shaykhi teachings in the library of her cousin, Javad Valiyani. At first Valiyani was reluctant to allow his cousin to read the literature, citing the fact her father and uncle were great enemies of the movement. Táhirih however was greatly attracted to the teachings, and was in regular correspondence with [[Siyyid Kazim]],<ref name="PSmith"/> whom she regularly wrote asking theological questions. Siyyid Kazim was gratified with her devotion and pleased that he had another supporter amongst the powerful Baraghani family. He wrote to her describing her as his "''Solace of the Eyes''"("Qurat-ul-Ayn") and "''the soul of my heart''".<ref name="PSmith"/><ref name="memorials">{{cite book |author = ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |author-link = ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |orig-date = 1915 |year = 1997 |title = Memorials of the Faithful |edition = Softcover |publisher = Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 978-0-87743-242-5 |url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/MF/}}</ref> Initially Táhirih kept her new religious beliefs secret from her family. However, with her newfound faith Táhirih found it difficult to comply with her family's rigid religious doctrine and began openly battling with them. The religious tension resulted in Táhirih imploring her father, uncle and husband to allow her to make a pilgrimage to the holy shrines of [[Karbala]]. At the age of about 26 in 1843, Táhirih separated from her husband and accompanied by her sister made a sojourn to Karbala. Her real motive for the pilgrimage however was to meet her teacher, Kazim Rashti.<ref name="root" /> To her dismay, by the time she had arrived, Kazim had died.<ref name="holy"/> With his widow's approval, she set up in Siyyid Kazim's house and continued teaching his followers from behind a curtain.<ref name="holy"/>

In [[Karbala]], Táhirih was a now teaching the pupils of Kazim Rashti. His widow had allowed her to gain access to much of his unpublished works, and Táhirih made a bond with other women of his household.<ref name="root" /> She was however forced to follow protocol and taught her pupils from behind a curtain, as it was regarded as unbecoming for a woman's face to be seen in public. It was equally considered unsuitable for a woman to be in the presence of men let alone teach, and it caused much controversy in Karbala. She did nevertheless gain a wide and popular following including many women such as Kurshid Bagum (the future wife of the [[Núrayn-i-Nayyirayn]]) and the sister of [[Mullá Husayn]]. Another notable follower was the mother of [[Kázim-i-Samandar]]. Her teaching was received negatively by the male clergy and other male Shaykhis forced her to retreat to [[Kadhimiya]] for a short period.<ref name="root" />

=== Conversion ===
In 1844, she, through correspondence, found and accepted ʻAli Muhammad of Shiraz (known as the [[Báb]]) as the [[Mahdi]]. She became the seventeenth disciple or "The Letter of the Living" of the Báb, and rapidly become known as one of his most renowned followers.<ref name="PSmith"/> Táhirih asked the husband of her sister to send the Báb a message saying: "''The effulgence of Thy face flashed forth, and the rays of Thy visage arose on high. Then speak the word, "Am I not your Lord?" and 'Thou art, Thou art!' we will all reply''."<ref name="root" /> As the only woman in this initial group of disciples, she is often compared to [[Mary Magdalene]] who, in turn, is likewise often considered to be a Christian antecedent of Tahirih.<ref>{{cite web | first = Peter | last = Mazal | title= Selected Topics of Comparison in Christianity and the Baháʼí Faith | access-date = 2006-06-25 | date = 2003-10-21 | url= http://bahai-library.com/mazal_comparison_christianity_bahai&chapter=2 | publisher = bahai-library.org}}</ref> Unlike the other Letters of the Living, Táhirih never met the Báb. Continuing to reside in Siyyid Kazim's home, she started to promulgate the new religion of the Báb, [[Bábism]], and attracted many Shakhis to Karbala.<ref name="PSmith"/>

== As a Bábí (1844–1848) ==
While in [[Karbala]] in [[Iraq]], Táhirih continued teaching her new faith. After some of the Shiʻa clergy complained, the government moved her to [[Baghdad]],<ref name="db"/> where she resided at the home of the [[mufti]] of Baghdad, Shaykh Mahmud Alusi, who was impressed by her devotion and intellect.<ref name="holy"/><ref name="PSmith"/> Táhirih was stoned as she left for Baghdad. There she started giving public statements teaching the new faith, and challenging and debating issues with the Shiʻa clergy. Táhirih's behaviour was regarded as unbecoming of a woman especially because of her family background and she was received negatively by the clergy. Despite this, many women admired her lessons and she gained a great number of women followers. At some point the authorities in Baghdad argued with the governor that since Táhirih was [[Persian peoples|Persian]] she should instead be arguing her case in Iran, and in 1847, on instructions from the Ottoman authorities she, along with a number other Bábís, was deported to the Persian border.<ref name="PSmith"/> A reason may have been her increasing note of innovation in religious matters – in his early teachings, the [[Báb]] stressed the necessity for his followers to observe the Islamic [[Sharia]], even to perform acts of supererogatory piety.Táhirih seems to have made this link before the Bāb himself but she received letters supporting her approach soon.<ref name="MacEoin, Denis M">{{Cite encyclopedia | title = MacEoin, Denis M| encyclopedia = ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA | volume = Online | date = December 15, 1988 | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/babism-index| access-date = 2013-11-08}}</ref>

American [[Martha Root]] writes about Táhirih: "Picture in your mind one of the most beautiful young women in Iran, a genius, a poet, the
most learned scholar of the [[Quran]] and the traditions; think of her as the daughter of a jurist family of letters, daughter of the greatest high priest of her province and very rich, enjoying high rank, living in an artistic palace, and distinguished among her...friends for her boundless, immeasurable courage. Picture what it must mean for a young woman like this, still in her twenties, to arise as the first woman disciple of [the Báb]".

=== Poetry ===
After her conversion to the Bábí faith, the poems of Táhirih flourished.<ref name="PSmith"/> In most she talks about her longing to meet the Báb. Her poetry illustrates an impressive knowledge of Persian and Arabic literature which Táhirih possessed,<ref name="PSmith"/> seldom seen in a woman in mid-nineteenth century Iran. One of the most famous poems attributed to her is named ''Point by Point''.<ref name="apop" /> Although it is widely considered her signature poem and a masterpiece,<ref name="apop">{{cite book|last = Lee |first = Anthony |year = 2004|title = Tahirih: A Portrait in Poetry: Selected Poems of Qurratu'l-'Ayn |publisher = Kalimat Press |isbn = 978-1-890688-36-3 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cvja3E0oj0AC |pages= 4–10}}</ref> it has been claimed by [[Mohit Tabátabá'i]] to be older and by someone else – though in making this claim he offered no proof and any argument to the contrary is not possible in Iran. When Táhirih was killed, hostile family members suppressed or destroyed her remaining poems, whilst her others were spread across Iran.<ref name="awup" /> It has been suggested that Táhirih had little interest in putting her poems in print. [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] recalls that when he was aged five Táhirih would chant her poetry to him in her beautiful voice. [[Edward Granville Browne]] procured her poems from [[Bábí]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]] and [[Azalism|Azali]] sources and published them in his book ''A Year Amongst the Persians''.<ref name="awup">{{cite book|last1 = Hatcher |first1 = John|last2 = Hemmat |first2 = Amrollah |year = 2008|title = Adam's Wish: Unknown Poetry of Tahirih |publisher = Baha'i Publishing Trust |isbn = 978-1-890688-36-3 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s4sqVWBTy3AC |pages= 1–36}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Browne | first = Edward Granville | title = A Year Amongst the Persians – Impressions as to the Life, Character, & Thought of the People of Persia – Received during Twelve Months' Residence in that Country in the Year 1887–1888 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | orig-date = 1893, Messrs A & C Black Ltd | year = 1927 | url = http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/year/yeartoc.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070310135853/http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/year/yeartoc.htm | archive-date = 2007-03-10 }}</ref>

After collecting, translating, and publishing a volume of those poems commonly considered as having been written by Táhirih,''The Poetry of Táhirih (2002)'', scholars John S. Hatcher and Amrollah Hemmat received a photocopy of two handwritten manuscripts from Bíjan Beidáíe, son of renowned scholar Dhuká'í Beidáíe who had originally submitted this manuscript to the Baháʼí archives of Iran. The result of this propitious find of poems previously unpublished, untranslated, and largely unknown, was the publication of two volumes by Hatcher and Hemmat containing both translation of the poetry into English and copies of the original calligraphy. The first volume ''Adam's Wish'' (2008) includes a lengthy poem called ''Adam's Wish'', about the desire of [[Adam]] and all other past prophets to witness humanity's coming of age.<ref name="awup" /> The second volume ''The Quickening'' was published in 2011 and also includes copies of the original calligraphy of the second manuscript.<ref>{{cite book |editor= Hatcher, John S. |editor2=Hemmat, Amrollah |year= 2011 |title= The Quickening: Unknown Poetry of Táhirih |publisher= Baha'i Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Ill., USA |isbn= 978-1-931847-83-4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1E5dYgEACAAJ }}</ref> As Hatcher and Hemmat explain in the introductions to these two volumes, some scholars question whether or not all the poems in the manuscript are by Táhirih. Dhuká'í Beidáíe himself states in Persian on page 256 of ''Adam's Wish'' that some of the poems may be written by Bihjat (Karím Khan-i-Máftí), one of the Báb'ís of Qazvin who corresponded with Táhirih through exchanges of poems, possibly during the period when she was imprisoned the house of the governor of Tehran in the period prior to her execution. In 2020 Yet another manuscript of untranslated and unpublished poetry was discovered by Hatcher and Hemmat that had been moved from Iran to the Research Department of the Bahá'í World Center shortly before the 1979 Revolution. Using the same format as their previous translated works of Táhirih, Hatcher and Hemmat translated the seventy-five poems into English verse and included the original text together with a glossary and extensive notes. Published in 2024 by the Bahá'í Publishing Trust, this work is titled ''Sparks of Fire: Unknown Poetry of Táhirih.''

=== Return to Iran ===
During her journey back to Qazvin, she openly taught the Bábí faith,<ref name="PSmith"/> including on stops in [[Kirand]] and [[Kermanshah]], where she debated with the leading cleric of the town, Aqa ʻAbdu'llah-i-Bihbihani.<ref name="balyuzi">{{cite book |first=Hasan |last=Balyuzi |author-link=Hasan M. Balyuzi |year=1973 |title=The Báb: The Herald of the Day of Days |publisher=George Ronald |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-85398-048-3 | pages = 163–171}}</ref> Aqa ʻAbdu'llah-i-Bihbihani, at this point, wrote to Táhirih's father asking his relatives to remove her from Kermanshah. She then travelled to the small town of [[Sahneh]] and then to [[Hamadan]], where she met her brothers who had been sent to ask for her return to Qazvin. She agreed to return with her brothers after making a public statement in Hamedan regarding the Báb.<ref name="balyuzi" /> Her father and uncle were particularly distressed at Táhirih's behaviour regarding it as bringing the Baraghani family to disgrace. Upon returning to Qazvin in July 1847 she refused to live with her husband whom she considered an infidel, and instead stayed with her brother.<ref name="PSmith"/>

=== Arriving in Qazvin and escape to Tehran ===
After arriving at the family home, her uncle and father endeavoured to convert her away from the Bábí faith,<ref name="root"/> but Táhirih argued and presented religious "proofs" for the validity of the [[Báb]]'s claims.<ref name="root"/> A few weeks later her husband quickly divorced her,<ref name="PSmith"/> and her uncle Muhammad Taqi Baraghani began publicly denouncing his niece. This was very controversial in Qazvin and further undermined the Baraghani family. Rumours circulated in the court of Táhirih's immorality,<ref name="vaw" /> but these were most likely hearsay concocted to undermine her position and ruin her reputation.<ref name="vaw" /> A [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] chronicler wrote that he was stunned by her beauty describing her "body like a peacock of Paradise",<ref name="vaw" /> and that she had nine husbands (later changed to ninety).<ref name="rar" /> He also wrote she engaged in deviant behaviour with "wandering Bábís".<ref name="rar" />

Such rumours were damaging to the Baraghani families reputation and Táhirih wrote a letter to her father claiming they were merely lies.
To her father she alludes to "''slanderous defamation''" and denies "''worldly love''". Her father was reportedly convinced about his daughter's chastity. He remained constantly devoted to the memory of her.<ref name="rar" /> After the slander and abuse from the clergy in Qazvin he retired to Karbala, where he died in 1866.<ref name="rar" /><ref>He was reported to have been a broken man after the death of his daughter in 1852. See ''Resurrection and Renewal''.</ref> Her father may have remained unconvinced about the rumours but her uncle Mulla Muhammad Taqi Baraghani was horrified and resentful to the Báb, whom he blamed for having brought his family to ill repute.<ref name="root"/>

While she was in Qazvin, her uncle, Mulla Muhammad Taqi Baraghani, a prominent [[Ijtihad|Mujtahid]] who was known for his anti-Shaykhi and anti-Bábi stance, was murdered by a young [[Shaykhism|Shaykhi]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zabihi-Moghaddam|first=Siyamak|date=2002|title=The Babi-State Conflict at Shaykh Tabarsi|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=35|issue=1/3|pages=87–112|doi=10.1080/00210860208702012|jstor=4311438|s2cid=154374391|issn=0021-0862}}</ref> and the blame for this placed on her by her husband,<ref name="holy"/><ref name="balyuzi" /> even though she denied any involvement.<ref name="PSmith"/> During Táhirih's stay in Qazvin, Baraghani had embarked on a series of sermons in which he attacked the Báb and his followers. There is no hard evidence as to the identity of the murderer, nor any proof as to Táhirih's involvement or lack of it. With her arrest Táhirih's powerful father convinced the authorities that rather than kill Táhirih, she would be imprisoned in her home. Táhirih's father kept her under house-arrest in his cellar, appointing her maids to act as spies.<ref name="Sears, p.111">Sears, p.111</ref> Though interpreted as a cruel act in Root's interviews with family members of Táhirih one claimed this was done out of genuine fear for her safety.<ref>Root, p.49</ref> Her father was convinced of his daughters' innocence, but her husband was violently against her. He argued that Táhirih be put on trial for the murder of her uncle.<ref name="Sears, p.111"/> Her father positively refused citing Táhirih would never leave her home. Nevertheless, authorities forcefully arrested Táhirih and one of her maids in the hope that she would testify against her.<ref name="Sears, p.112">Sears, p.112</ref>

In her trial, Táhirih was questioned hour after hour about the murder of her uncle, in which she denied any involvement. To exert pressure on her, Táhirih was threatened to be branded as was her maid who was almost tortured to procure evidence from Táhirih. However, it fell through after the confession of the murderer himself.<ref>Sears, p.113</ref> Táhirih returned to her father's home, still a prisoner, and was kept under close watch.<ref name="Sears, p.112"/>

[[File:Mahku2008.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Fortress of Máh-Kú where the Báb was imprisoned.]]
This accusation led to her life being in danger, and through the help of [[Baháʼu'lláh]], she escaped to [[Tehran]].<ref name="holy"/><ref name="PSmith"/> Táhirih stayed at the home of Baháʼu'lláh in the private parlour of his wife [[Ásíyih Khánum]].<ref name="vaw" /> Ásíyih personally looked after Táhirih whilst she was hiding in their house.<ref name="PSmith"/> It was there that she first met [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] and grew very attached the boy of about three or four.<ref name="root"/> Táhirih asked Baháʼu'lláh if she could go to [[Maku, Iran|Māku]] as a pilgrim to see the Báb, who was then still a prisoner, but Baháʼu'lláh explained the impossibility of the trek.<ref name="root"/>

=== Conference of Badasht ===
{{main|Conference of Badasht}}

In June–July 1848, a number of Bábí leaders met in the hamlet of Badasht at a conference, organized in part and financed by Baháʼu'lláh, that set in motion the public existence and promulgation of the Bábí movement.<ref name="vaw"/>

In one account, the purpose of the conference was to initiate a complete break in the Babi community with the Islamic past. The same account notes that a secondary account was to find a way to free the Bab from the prison of Chiriq,<ref name="Women and the Family in Iran">{{cite book | title = Women and the Family in Iran | publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | year = 1985 | isbn = 978-90-04-07426-2 | editor-first = A | editor-last = Fathi | pages = 82–83}}</ref>
and it was Tahirih who pushed the notion that there should be an armed rebellion to save the Bab and create the break.<ref name="protest">{{cite book | title = Shiʻism: A Religion of Protest | first = Hamid | last = Dabashi | year = 2011 | publisher = Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0-674-04945-1 | page = 189}}</ref> Another source states that there was no doubt that prominent Babi leaders wanted to plan an armed revolt.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=5A90fE_96ToC&q=armed+revolt&pg=PA117 Mysticism and Dissent: Socioreligious Thought in Qajar Iran, By Mongol Bayat, p. 118]</ref> It seems that much of what Tahirih was pushing was beyond what most of the other Babis were about to accept.<ref name="protest"/>

Bábís were divided somewhat between those that viewed the movement as a break with Islam, centered around Táhirih, and those with a more cautious approach, centered around Quddus.<ref name="PSmith2">{{cite encyclopedia |last= Smith |first= Peter |encyclopedia= A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith |title= Badasht |year= 2000 |publisher= Oneworld Publications |location= Oxford |isbn= 978-1-85168-184-6 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/64 64–65] |url= https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/64 }}</ref> As an act of symbolism, she took off her traditional [[Hijab|veil]] in front of an assemblage of men on one occasion and brandished a sword on another. The unveiling caused shock and consternation amongst the men present. Prior to this, many had regarded Táhirih as the epitome of purity and the spiritual return of [[Fatimah]], the daughter of [[Muhammad]]. Many screamed in horror at the sight, and one man was so horrified that he cut his own throat and, with blood pouring from his neck, fled the scene. Táhirih then arose and began a speech on the break from Islam. She quoted from the Quran, "verily, amid gardens and rivers shall the pious dwell in the seat of truth, in the presence of the potent King" as well as proclaiming herself the ''Word'' al-Qa'im would utter on the ''day of judgement''. The unveiling caused great controversy that even led some of the Bábís to abandon their new faith.<ref name="NM-OPS">{{cite journal | last =Mottahedeh | first = Negar | author-link = Negar Mottahedeh | title =Ruptured Spaces and Effective Histories: The Unveiling of the Babi Poetess Qurrat al-'Ayn-Táhirih in the Gardens of Badasht | journal =Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies | volume =2 | issue =2 | publisher =H-Baha'i | date =February 1998 | url =http://bahai-library.com/mottahedeh_ruptured_spaces_Táhirih | access-date = 2020-07-07}}</ref>

The conference of Badasht is considered by Bábís and Baháʼís as a signal moment that demonstrated that the Sharia had been abrogated and superseded by Bábí law.<ref name="holy"/><ref name="maneck" /> The unveiling, however, led to accusations of immorality by Muslim clerics of the time,<ref name="vaw" /> and later by a Christian missionary.<ref>* {{cite book | last =Rev. Wilson | first = Samuel G. | editor-last =Wilder | editor-first =Royal Gould | editor2-last = Pierson| editor2-first =Delavan Leonard| editor3-last =Pierson | editor3-first =Arthur Tappan |display-editors = 3 | editor4-last = Sherwood | editor4-first = James Manning | chapter =Bahaism and the Woman Question – II | chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=nnEJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA915 | title =The Missionary review of the world | publisher =Funk & Wagnalls | volume =37| year = 1914 | pages =915–919 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=nnEJAQAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book | last =Rev. Wilson | first = Samuel G. | editor-last = Armstrong | editor-first =William Park | title =The Princeton Theological Review | chapter = The Bayan of the Bab | chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=z_sLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA633 | publisher =MacCalla & Company Inc | volume =13 | year = 1915 | pages = 633–654 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=z_sLAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book | last =Rev. Wilson | first = Samuel G. | title =Bahaism and Its Claims: A Study of the Religion Promulgated by Baha Ullah and Abdul Baha | publisher =Fleming H. Revell co | year = 1915 | pages =[https://archive.org/details/bahaismitsclaims00wils/page/171 171]–172 | url =https://archive.org/details/bahaismitsclaims00wils }}</ref> The Báb responded to the accusations of immorality by supporting her position and endorsed the name Baháʼu'lláh gave her at the conference:<ref name="SSM">{{cite book | last =Maneck | first =Susan Stiles | editor-last =Āfāqī | editor-first = Ṣābir| editor2-last =Jasion| editor2-first =Jan T. | title =Táhirih in History: Perspectives on Qurratu'l-'Ayn from East and West | chapter =Táhirih: A Religious Paradigm of Womanhood |chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=u_4CBxfhsnIC&pg=PA185 | publisher =Kalimat Press | series =RENNER studies on new religions | volume =7 | year =2004 | pages =185–201 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=u_4CBxfhsnIC |isbn = 978-1-890688-35-6}}</ref> ''the Pure'' (Táhirih).<ref name="PSmith"/> A jailer who had personal contact with her lauded her character and behavior<ref>{{citation | last = Maneck | first = Susan Stiles | contribution = Sacred Táhirih: a religious paradigm of womanhood | editor-last = Ruhe-Schoen | editor-first = Janet | title = Rejoice in my gladness: the life of Táhirih | pages = 39–54 | publisher = Baha'i Publishing | location = Wilmette, Illinois | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-931847-84-1 | postscript = .}} [http://bahaistudies.net/susanmaneck/paradigm.pdf Pdf.]</ref> and modern women scholars review this kind of accusation as part of a pattern faced by women leaders and writers then and since<ref>* {{cite book | last = Milani| first = Farzaneh | title = Veils and words: the emerging voices of Iranian women writers | publisher = I.B.Tauris| series =Contemporary issues in the Middle East| edition = illustrated| year =1992 | pages = 295, esp. 3, 8, 27, 49, 53, 61, 63, 77–82, 90 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4Iqv2dDySwC&pg=PA8| isbn = 978-1-85043-574-7}}
* {{cite magazine| last = Nafisi | first = Azar | author-link = Azar Nafisi | title = The Veiled Threat | magazine = New Republic | volume = 220| issue = 8 | pages = 24–29| date = February 1999 }} (at the time Azar Nafisi was a visiting professor at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies.)
* {{cite journal | last =Mfon | first = Victoria |author2=Elizabeth Selander| title =Azar Nafisi: Voices from the Gaps
| journal =Artist Pages| publisher = University of Minnesota| date =2006-12-20| url = http://voices.cla.umn.edu/artistpages/nafisiAzar.php|access-date = 4 February 2012 }}
* {{Cite journal | last = Zahedi | first = Ashraf | title = Contested meaning of the veil and political ideologies of Iranian regimes | journal = [[Journal of Middle East Women's Studies]] | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 75–98 | doi = 10.1215/15525864-2007-4004 | jstor = 10.2979/mew.2007.3.issue-3 | date = Fall 2007 | s2cid = 39702027 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Shahidian | first = Hammed | title = Islam, politics, and problems of writing women's history in Iran | journal = [[Journal of Women's History]] | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 113–144 | doi = 10.1353/jowh.2010.0343 | date = Summer 1995 | s2cid = 144194220 }}</ref> in a way that [[Azar Nafisi]] says, "the Islamic regime today… fears them and feels vulnerable in the face of a resistance that is not just political but existential."<ref>{{cite news | last = Nafisi | first = Azar | author-link = Azar Nafisi | title = Iran's women: canaries in the coalmine; The battle for emancipation is part of a proud tradition that will shape the future of the regime and Islam itself | newspaper = The Times | location = London | page = 21 | date = November 27, 2010 | url = http://www.sais-jhu.edu/pressroom/pdf/nafisi_112810.pdf | access-date = 4 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120410101433/http://www.sais-jhu.edu/pressroom/pdf/nafisi_112810.pdf | archive-date = 10 April 2012 }}</ref>{{Relevance inline|discuss=The source makes no mention of the topic at hand and the topic itself has no connection to the islamic republic of iran or its policies.|date=April 2021}}

== Imprisonment and death (1848–1852) ==
[[File:Nāser al-Dīn Schah.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Nasser-al-Din Shah]], King of Persia.]]
After the conference at Badasht Táhirih and Quddus travelled to Mazandaran province together, where they then separated, very often facing harassment on their journey. There are conflicting reports as to the reason of this harassment. According to Lisan al-Mulk the harassment was due to their staying in the same inns, and using the same public bath.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=5A90fE_96ToC&q=sight+lodging+together+inns+public+bath&pg=PA117 Mysticism and Dissent: Sociorelgious Thought in Qajar Iran, Mangol Bayat, p. 118]</ref> In a different account the Babis are harassed by anti-Babi inhabitants of villages that they pass through.<ref name="Women and the Family in Iran"/> Finally when they arrived in Barfurush, they were given some shelter among the Babis.

Nearby villagers attacked the Bábís and during that time Táhirih was captured,<ref name="holy"/><ref name="balyuzi" /> and put under house arrest in Tehran in the home of the Mahmud Khan. Whilst in the house of Mahmud Khan she earned respect from women around Tehran who flocked to see her and even the Mahmud Khan himself.<ref name="maneck" /> Táhirih seemed to have gained the respect of Mahmud Khan and his family members. This is also her first visibility in western newspapers.<ref>{{cite news
| title =The Latest from France
| newspaper =Morning Post
|pages=6, 1st column bottom to 2nd column top
| date =July 20, 1850
| url =http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results?basicsearch=%2bkazoeen%20%2bdungeon&exactsearch=false&sortorder=dayearly
| access-date = Feb 11, 2015}}</ref>

===Presentation at Court===

After her capture and arrest, Táhirih was escorted to Tehran. It was in Tehran that Táhirih was presented in the court to the young monarch [[Nasser-al-Din Shah]]. He was reported to have remarked "I like her looks, leave her, and let her be".<ref name="root" /> She was then taken to the home of the chief Mahmud Khan. The Shah then wrote her a letter in which he explained that she should deny the teachings of the [[Báb]], and that if she did so then she would be given an exalted position in his harem.<ref name="vaw" /> Táhirih rejected his advances through a poem which she composed.<ref name="vaw" /> The Shah was reportedly gratified by her intelligence. Despite the Kings request for her to be left alone, she was placed under house arrest. The day before her execution she was again presented to the King, who questioned her again about her beliefs.<ref name="root" /> It was for four years that Táhirih remained a prisoner.<ref name="maneck" />

===Final sentence===

Though a prisoner, Táhirih still had relative freedom in the sense that she still taught her religion to people in the mayor's house. She openly denounced [[polygamy]], the veil and other restraints put upon women. Her words soon made her an influential character and women flocked to see Táhirih, including one princess of the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] family who converted. The clergy and members of the court, however, feared that she had grown too influential, and they organized seven conferences with Táhirih to convince her to recant her faith in the [[Báb]]. Instead, Táhirih presented religious "proofs" for the Báb's cause and—at the last of these conferences—exclaimed "when will you lift your eyes toward the Sun of Truth?".<ref>Sears, p.414</ref> Her actions horrified the delegation and were regarded as unbecoming of a woman, no less one from her social background.

After the final conference, the delegation returned and began composing an edict denouncing Táhirih as a heretic, and implying that she should be sentenced to death. Táhirih was the first Iranian woman to be executed on grounds of "corruption on earth," a charge regularly invoked by the Islamic Republic today.<ref>{{cite web
| title =50 Iranian Women You Should Know: Tahereh Qurratu'l-Ayn
| url =http://iranpresswatch.org/post/12808/50-iranian-women-you-should-know-tahereh-qurratul-ayn/
| publisher =Iran Press Watch
| date = August 18, 2015
| access-date =Mar 31, 2021}}</ref> Táhirih was then confined to one room in the home of the mayor. She spent her last days in prayer, mediation and fasting. "Weep not," she told the mayor's wife, "the hour when I shall be condemned to suffer martyrdom is fast approaching."<ref>Sears, p.115</ref>

=== Execution ===
[[File:Ldiver~07m~tahirih-teheran.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Prison of Táhirih in Tehran]]
Two years after the [[execution of the Báb]], three Bábís, acting on their own initiative, attempted to assassinate [[Nasser-al-Din Shah]] as he was returning from the chase to his palace at Niyávarfin. The attempt failed, but was the cause of a fresh persecution of the Bábí. Táhirih was blamed due to her Bábí faith.<ref name="rar" /> When told shortly beforehand about her execution,<ref name="rar" /> Táhirih kissed the hands of the messenger, dressed herself in bridal attire, anointed herself in perfume, and said her prayers.<ref name="holy"/> To the wife of Mahmud Khan, she made one request: that she be left in peace to continue her prayers in peace. The young son of Mahmud Khan accompanied Táhirih to the garden. To him she gave a white, silk handkerchief with which she had chosen to be strangled.

In the dead of the night and in secret, Táhirih was taken to the nearby garden of Ilkhani in Tehran, and with her own veil was strangled to death. Her body was thrown into a shallow well and stones thrown upon it.<ref name="balyuzi" /> A prominent Bábí, and subsequently Baháʼí, historian cites the wife of an officer who had the chance to know her that she was strangled by a drunken officer of the government with her own veil which she had chosen for her anticipated martyrdom.<ref name="maneck" /> One of her most notable quotes is her [[last words]]: "You can kill me as soon as you like, but you cannot stop the emancipation of women."<ref name="SSM" /> She was then aged about 35, and left behind three children.<ref name="holy"/><ref name="vaw" /><ref name="eaw" /> Dr [[Jakob Eduard Polak]], the Shah's physician,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | title = POLAK, Jakob Eduard| encyclopedia = ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA | volume = Online | date = December 15, 2009 | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/polak-jakob-eduard| access-date = 2010-07-07}}</ref> was an eyewitness to the execution and described it as: "''I was witness to the execution of Qurret el ayn, who was executed by the war minister and his adjutants; the beautiful woman endured her slow death with superhuman fortitude''".<ref>{{Cite book| last = Polak | first = Jakob Eduard | title = Persien| chapter =Martyrdom of Tahirih (Dr Jakob Eduard Polak)| chapter-url =https://www.paintdrawer.co.uk/david/folders/spirituality/bahai/bab/tahirih/Martyrdom%20of%20Tahirih%20(Dr%20Jakob%20Eduard%20Polak).htm | publisher = F.A. Brockhaus | year = 1865 | page = 350 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IvAIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA350}}</ref> [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] eulogized Táhirih writing that she was a "woman chaste and holy, a sign and token of surpassing beauty, a burning brand of the love of God".<ref name="memorials" /> ''The Times'' on 13 October 1852 reports the death of Táhirih, describing her as the "Fair Prophetess of Kazoeen",<ref>Kozoeen: Qazvin</ref> and the "Bab's Lieutenant".<ref name="rar" />

== Legacy ==

Táhirih is considered one of the foremost women of the Bábí religion and an important figure in its development.<ref name="holy"/><ref name="PSmith"/> As a charismatic individual, she was able to transcend the restrictions normally placed on women in traditional society where she lived, and thus attracted attention to the Cause.<ref name="PSmith"/> She wrote copiously on Bábí matters, and of that volume about a dozen significant works and a dozen personal letters have survived. They are outlined (including the contents of some further treatises that have been lost) by Denis MacEoin in 'The Sources for Early Babi Doctrines and History' 107–116. Around 50 poems are attributed to her, and are regarded highly in Persian culture.<ref name="PSmith"/>

In addition to being well known among Baháʼís, who consider her one of the leading women figures of their religion, Táhirih's influence has extended beyond the Baháʼí community as her life has come to inspire later generations of [[feminists]]. [[Azar Nafisi]], a notable Iranian academic and author, has referred to her influence, saying that "the first woman to unveil and to question both political and religious orthodoxy was a woman named Táhirih who lived in [the] early 1800s... And we carry this tradition."<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/july-dec03/nobel_10-10.html Táhirih mentioned on PBS NewsHour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121235446/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/july-dec03/nobel_10-10.html |date=2014-01-21 }} – Mention of Táhirih as founder of Persian feminism by renowned scholar Azar Nafizi in a discussion on PBS about Shirin Ebadi, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2003.</ref> [[Shahrnush Parsipur]] mentions her in a kind of genealogy of women writers she is inspired by.<ref>{{cite book|last = Milani |first = Farzaneh |year = 1992|title = Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers|publisher = Syracuse University Press |isbn = 978-1-931847-26-1|url = https://archive.org/details/veilswordsemergi0000mila |url-access = registration |page = [https://archive.org/details/veilswordsemergi0000mila/page/12 12]}}</ref> Azer Jafarov, professor at [[Baku State University]], [[Azerbaijan]], stated that "she influenced modern literature, raised the call for the emancipation of women, and had a deep impact on public consciousness.<ref>Baháʼí World News Service: [http://news.bahai.org/story/1150 Champion of women's emancipation celebrated]. 3 February 2017.</ref>

A very early western account of Táhirih would have been on January 2, 1913 when [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]], then head of the Baháʼí Faith, spoke on [[women's suffrage]] to the [[Women's Freedom League]] – part of his address and print coverage of his talk noted mentions of Táhirih to the organization.<ref>{{Cite news | title = The Equality of Woman. Abdul Baha to Lecture to a W.F.L. Meeting | newspaper = The Vote |page=7 | date = Jan 3, 1913 | url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iOI6AAAAIBAJ&pg=2751,9282026&hl=en | access-date = 2010-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = (two stories) Towards Unity & An Eastern Prophet's Message: Abdul Baha says: "There is no distinction: Men and Women are Equal | newspaper = The Vote | pages = 180–182 | date = January 10, 1913 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ieI6AAAAIBAJ&pg=5298,9322493&hl=en| access-date = 2010-04-04}}</ref>

== In art ==
[[File:Edouard-Zier-Tahirih.webp|thumb|Drawing by [[Édouard François Zier|Edouard Zier]], who imagines Tahirih in public without a veil (Journal des Voyages, June 5, 1892).]]
Táhirh has been a focus of some writers of the [[Baháʼí Faith in fiction]]. Polish/Russian playwright [[Isabella Grinevskaya]] wrote the play ''Báb'' based on the life and events of the founder of the [[Bábí]] religion with a focus on Táhirih.<ref>{{cite web | last = Grinevskaya | first = Isabella | title = Bab | year = 1916|edition=reprint|url =http://imwerden.de/pdf/grinevskaya_bab.pdf | access-date = 2009-03-21}}</ref> which was performed in St. Petersburg in 1904 and again in 1916/7,<ref name="notes-ii">{{cite journal | last = Hassall | first = Graham | title = Notes on the Babi and Baha'i Religions in Russia and its territories | journal = Journal of Baháʼí Studies | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages =41–80, 86 | year = 1993 | url =http://bahai-library.com/hassall_babi_bahai_russia| doi = 10.31581/JBS-5.3.3(1993)| access-date = 2009-03-20| doi-access = free | url-access = subscription }}</ref> and lauded by [[Leo Tolstoy]] and other reviewers at the time.<ref name="russia">{{cite encyclopedia | last = Momen | first = Moojan | title = Russia | encyclopedia = Draft for "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith" | publisher = Baháʼí Library Online | url =http://bahai-library.com/momen_encyclopedia_russia |access-date = 2008-04-14}}</ref> In [[Velimir Khlebnikov]]'s writings and poems she is mentioned frequently (as {{langx|ru|Гурриэт эль-Айн}}); a number of Khlebnikov's poems describes her execution (sometimes mistakenly as a burning on a stake).<ref>''Х. Баран, А. Е. Парнис.'' «Анабасис» Велимира Хлебникова: Заметки К теме К 80-летию со дня смерти поэта // Евразийское пространство: звук, слово, образ / отв. ред. В. В. Иванов. — М.: Языки славянской культуры, 2003. — С. 282—291.</ref>

About 1908<ref>[http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/runcie&CISOPTR=1993&REC=2 [Letter] 1908, Nov. 23d, St. Joseph, Missouri [to] Editors, Scribners Magazine [manuscript], (An inquiry about the return of the manuscript The Bab.)</ref> [[Constance Faunt Le Roy Runcie]] attempted to publish a novel about the Bab and "Persia's celebrated poetess Zerryn Taj" (another of Tahirih's names.)<ref>{{cite web
| title =Constance Fauntleroy Runcie Collection (1836 – 1911)
| url =https://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/mdh_splash/default.asp?coll=runcie
| publisher =Missouri Western State University
| date = 2021
| access-date =Mar 31, 2021}}</ref>

[[Bahiyyih Nakhjavani]] published her ''La femme qui lisait trop (The Woman Who Reads Too Much)'' in 2007,<ref>{{cite book|author=Bahíyyih Nak̲h̲javání|title=˜La œfemme qui lisait trop|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkInIQAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Actes Sud|isbn=978-2-7427-7036-6}}</ref> the English edition was published in 2015.<ref>{{ Cite book
| first=Bahiyyih
| last=Nakhjavani
| title=The Woman Who Read Too Much: A Novel
| publisher=Stanford University Press
| year=2015
| location=Stanford, CA
| isbn=978-0-8047-9429-9
| url=http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=25087
}}</ref> It tells the story of Táhirih. The writer adopts the revolving points of view of mother, sister, daughter, and wife respectively, to trace the impact of this woman's actions on her contemporaries and read her [[prophetic]] insights.

[[Nazanin Afshin-Jam]] is set to play a role as Tahirih<ref>{{cite news | title =Story of Baháʼí girl's martyrdom to be shot in Malta | newspaper = Malta Independent Online | date = July 27, 2008 | url =http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp?newsitemid=72933| access-date = 2012-04-18}}</ref> in a film by [[Jack Lenz]] named ''Mona's Dream'' about the life story of [[Mona Mahmudnizhad]].<ref>{{cite news| last =Kadivar | first = Darius | title =Mona's Dream | newspaper =Payvand Iran News | date =July 18, 2008 | url =http://www.payvand.com/news/08/jul/1180.html | access-date = 2012-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Progress of the Film | work =Mona's Dream | publisher =Jack Lenz, Producer | year = 2012 | url =http://www.monasdream.com/ | access-date = 2012-04-18}}</ref>

[[Sarah Bernhardt]], the best known French actress of her day, asked two of her contemporary authors, [[Catulle Mendès]] and [[Henri Antoine Jules-Bois]], to write a play about Tahirih and the Babis for her to portray on stage.<ref>{{cite book| last=Banani | first=Amin | title=Tahirih: A Portrait in Poetry, Selected Poems of Qurratu'l-'Ayn|publisher=Kalimat Press|isbn=978-1-890688-36-3| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvja3E0oj0AC | year=2004 }}</ref> Catulle Mendes wrote in ''Le Figaro'' that it was after reading ''Les Religions et les Philosophies dans l´Asie centrale'' by [[Arthur de Gobineau]] that he had the idea to write a drama about Tahéreh Qurrat al-`Ain.<ref>{{Cite book|title=À La Hauteur|last=Forghani|first=Isma|publisher=L´harmattan|year=2019|isbn=978-2-343-17990-2|page=93}}</ref>

In 2015, during the [[Adelaide Fringe]], Delia Olam co-wrote and staged a one-woman play "''Just let the wind untie my perfumed hair''", based on Tahirih's final days as seen through several eyewitnesses. Some of Tahirih's poetry, in English translation, was sung to cello or dulcimer accompaniment.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Berkowitz |first1=Gerald |title=Just Let The Wind Untie My Perfumed Hair, or Who Is Tahirih? review, Assembly, Edinburgh – 'story of a forgotten feminist' |url=https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/2016/just-let-the-wind-untie-my-perfumed-hair-or-who-is-tahirih-review-assembly-edinburgh-story-of-a-forgotten-feminist |newspaper=[[The Stage]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810160715/https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/2016/just-let-the-wind-untie-my-perfumed-hair-or-who-is-tahirih-review-assembly-edinburgh-story-of-a-forgotten-feminist/ |archive-date=2016-08-10 |date=9 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[Shabnam Tolouei]] Iranian actress and filmmaker living in France, has made a documentary of 67 minutes about the life of Tahirih Qurratul'Ayn, in April 2016. The film, called ''Dust-Flower-Flame'', is in Persian language with English and French subtitles.

[[Russell Garcia (composer)|Russell Garcia]] and Gina Garcia have composed a musical drama titled ''The Unquenchable Flame'' about Táhirih's life, with [[Tierney Sutton]] in the role of Táhirih.<ref>Arts Dialogue: Baháʼí Association for the Arts. ''[http://bahai-library.com/bafa/g/garcia.htm Gina and Russ Garcia: The Unquenchable Flame – A musical drama]''.</ref>

In 1990 playwright, singer and actress, Tadia Rice began a ten-year tour of the musical drama, "A Woman and Her Words: The Story of Tahirih". Covering numerous cities in the United States, and performing at the Victoria Theatre in Grahamstown, South Africa; Botswana, Swaziland, and more. She and co-composer Ellis Hall competed for ten Grammy nominations in 2000 with two music productions, "Solace of the Eyes: The Songs of Tahirih" (https://www.amazon.com/Solace-Eyes-Tadia/dp/B00004TSYL)and "A Woman and her Words: The Story of Tahirih" stage play soundtrack. (https://www.amazon.com/WOMAN-HER-WORDS-Story-Tahirih/dp/B00006S4G7/ref=sr_1_1?crid=23IT7UYDV3651&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.Jr0Nlcfkwba2chefHy4agg.qobRg0dgeSdvMFFyQD45ts3WhRrzcoU_GuCu_8gwfCw&dib_tag=se&keywords=a+woman+and+her+words+tadia&qid=1762062616&s=music&sprefix=a+woman+and+her+words+tadia%2Cpopular%2C211&sr=1-1)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|}}
*{{cite book|editor=Afaqi, Sabir|year=2004|title=Tahirih in History, Studies in the Bábí and Baháʼí Religions, Vol. 16: Perspectives on Qurratu'l-'Ayn From East and West|publisher=Kalimat Press, Los Angeles, USA|isbn=978-1-890688-35-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_4CBxfhsnIC}}
*{{cite book|last1=Ahdieh|first1=Hussein|last2=Chapman|first2=Hillary|title=The Calling: Tahirih of Persia and Her American Contemporaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJ8qDwAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=Ibex Publishers|isbn=978-1-58814-145-3}}
* Akhavan, Roya (2022). ''The Trumpet Blast: Removing the Veil from the Advent of the Promised One''. ISBN 1959770519.
* Amanat, Abbas, ''Resurrection and Renewal: The Making of the Babi Movement in Iran, 1844–1850,'' Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1989; second ed., Kalimat Press, Los Angeles, 2005, especially chap. 7 (pp. 295–331). {{ISBN|1-890688-42-8|}}
* {{cite book|first=Camron Michael|last=Amin|title=The Making of the Modern Iranian Woman: Gender, State Policy, and Popular Culture, 1865–1946|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fyrZHsYlhCwC|date=2002|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-3126-2|pages=6–8, 20–23, 257–258, 207}}
*{{cite book|first=Hasan|last=Balyuzi|author-link=Hasan M. Balyuzi|year=1973|title=The Báb: The Herald of the Day of Days|publisher=George Ronald|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-85398-048-3}}
*{{cite book|author=Banani, Amin (tr.)|year=2004|title=Tahirih: A Portrait in Poetry, Selected Poems of Qurratu'l-'Ayn|publisher=Kalimat Press, Los Angeles, USA|isbn=978-1-890688-36-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvja3E0oj0AC}}
* Chopra, R. M. (2010). ''Eminent Poetesses of Persian''. Iran Society, Kolkata.
* {{cite book
| last =Forghani
| first = Isma
| title =À La Hauteur
|publisher=Editions L'Harmattan
| date =2019
| location =Paris, France
| language =fr
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7nOqDwAAQBAJ
| oclc= 1148937304
| isbn = 978-0-511-71079-7
|pages=158–164}}
* {{cite journal
| title = Special Issue: "From the Seed of Love We Sow": Further Research on Tahirih Qurrat al-ʿAyn |editor1-first=Omid|editor1-last= Ghaemmaghami |editor2-first=Sasha |editor2-last= Dehghani
| journal = Hawwa: Journal of Women of the Middle East and the Islamic World
| volume = 21
| issue = 4
| pages =
| location=Leiden, the Netherlands
| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers
| date = Dec 2023
| url = https://brill.com/view/journals/haww/21/4/haww.21.issue-4.xml?language=en
| oclc = 52639991
| issn = 1569-2086
| doi = | access-date =Feb 17, 2024}}
*{{cite book|editor=Hatcher, John S.|editor2=Hemmat, Amrollah|year=2002|title=The Poetry of Táhirih|publisher=George Ronald|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-85398-460-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpwaAQAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book|editor=Hatcher, John S.|editor2=Hemmat, Amrollah|year=2008|title=Adam's Wish: Táhirih's Unknown Poems|publisher=Baha'i Publishing Trust, Wilmette, USA|isbn=978-1-931847-61-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4sqVWBTy3AC}}
*{{cite book|editor=Hatcher, John S.|editor2=Hemmat, Amrollah|year=2011|title=The Quickening: Unknown Poetry of Táhirih|publisher=Baha'i Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Ill., USA|isbn=978-1-931847-83-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1E5dYgEACAAJ}}
*{{cite journal|last=Maneck|first=Susan Stiles|year=1989|title=Sacred Táhirih: A Religious Paradigm of Womanhood|journal=Journal of Baháʼí Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=39–54|doi=10.31581/JBS-2.2.4(1989)|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/021086032000139113|last=Momen|first=Moojan|year=2003|title=Usuli, Akhbari, Shaykhi, Babi: The Tribulations of a Qazvin Family|pages=317–337|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=36|issue=3|s2cid=153722173|url=http://www.nhbahais.com/BahaiPapers/tribulations_of_qazin_family.pdf}}
*{{cite book|author=Nabíl-i-Zarandí|author-link=Nabíl-i-Aʻzam|year=1932|title=The Dawn-Breakers: Nabíl's Narrative|edition=Hardcover|translator=Shoghi Effendi |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust|location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA|isbn=978-0-900125-22-5|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/nz/DB}}
*{{Cite book|first=Bahiyyih|last=Nakhjavani|author-link=Bahiyyih Nakhjavani|title=The Woman Who Read Too Much: A Novel|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2015|location=Stanford, CA|isbn=978-0-8047-9429-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JWZBgAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book|author=Root, Martha L.|author-link=Martha Root|year=2000|title=Tahirih The Pure|publisher=Kalimat Press, Los Angeles, USA|isbn=978-1-890688-04-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsukoZS-0NYC}}
*{{cite book|author=Ruhe-Schoen, Janet|year=2011|title=Rejoice in My Gladness: The Life of Tahirih|publisher=Baha'i Publishing Trust, Wilmette, IL, USA|isbn=978-1-931847-84-1}}
* {{cite book
| last = Smith
| first = Margaret
| author-link = Margaret Smith (author)
| title = Rābi'a, the Mystic and her Fellow-Saints in Islām
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| edition = reprint
| date = 2010|orig-date=1928
| oclc = 927327
| isbn = 978-90-6022-490-8
|pages=158–164}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tahirih}}
*[http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/areprint/tahirih/tahirih.htm Directory of Táhirih's Arabic and Persian writings at h-net ]
*[http://www.rozanehmagazine.com/julyaugust02/Mayjune02new/wotahirih.html Translation of Táhirih's poetry to English by Martha Root]
*[http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/MF/mf-65.html Táhirih] – Táhirih's biographical entry from ''Memorials of the Faithful'' by [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]]
*[http://www.paintdrawer.co.uk/david/ExplorerFiles.php?Flags=3368&Folder=Research/Bahai/Tahirih/ Collected English Accounts of Táhirih's Life] – Primary and Secondary Biographical Accounts
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Táhirih |sopt=t}}
* {{Librivox author |id=480}}

{{Baháʼí}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tahirih}}
[[Category:1814 births]]
[[Category:1852 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century executions by Iran]]
[[Category:19th-century Iranian women writers]]
[[Category:Letters of the Living]]
[[Category:19th-century Iranian poets]]
[[Category:Executed Iranian people]]
[[Category:Executed Iranian women]]
[[Category:Female religious leaders]]
[[Category:Religious writers]]
[[Category:Shaykhis]]
[[Category:People executed by Qajar Iran]]
[[Category:People from Qazvin]]
[[Category:People executed by strangulation]]
[[Category:Iranian women poets]]
[[Category:Women religious writers]]
[[Category:Arabic-language women poets]]
[[Category:Arabic-language Iranian writers]]
[[Category:Arabic-language Iranian poets]]
[[Category:Women mystics]]
[[Category:Suffragists]]
[[Category:Women's suffrage in Iran]]

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Táhirih