Pancharatna Kriti

2025-06-15T14:30:23Z

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{{Short description|Set of five kritis in Carnatic classical music}}
{{morefootnotes|date=July 2020}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Tyagaraja painting (Jaganmohan Palace, Mysore).png|250px|thumb|right|Saint [[Tyagaraja]], who composed the Pancharatna Kriti]]
The '''''Pancharatna kritis''''' (transliterated as '''''Pañcaratna kṛti''''') ([[Sanskrit]]: ''pancha'' "five" + ''ratna'' "gems") are a set of five ''[[kriti (music)|kriti]]s'' (songs) in [[Carnatic classical music]], composed by the 18th-century Indian composer [[Tyagaraja]]. The first ''kriti'' is penned in Sanskrit while the other four ''kritis'' are penned in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. The songs are: "[[Jagadananda karaka]]", "Dudukugala Nanne", "Sadhinchene", "Kanakana Ruchira" and "[[Endaro Mahanubhavulu]]".

==Tyagaraja and the Pancharatna Kritis==
[[Tyagaraja]] lived in the late 18th century and early 19th century in [[Tiruvaiyaru]] in present-day [[Thanjavur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.att.net/~s-prasad/tyagaraja.htm |title=Sri Tyagaraja's Life and Songs |author=Prasad Sundararajan |accessdate=2009-02-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116194742/http://home.att.net/~s-prasad/tyagaraja.htm |archivedate=2009-01-16 }}</ref> His compositions are considered to be some of the finest in Carnatic music. Of the five ''Pancharatna Kritis'', four are in Telugu and one in Sanskrit. They are set to music in five [[raga]]s: [[Nata (raga)|Nata]], [[Gaula (raga)|Gaula]], [[Arabhi]], [[Varali]] and [[Shree (Carnatic raga)|Sri]].

==Composition==
The ''Pancharatna kritis'' were written in praise of the [[Hindu]] deity [[Rama]]. They are set to [[Tala (music)|''Adi Tala'']] and each [[raga]] represents the mood of the song and the meaning of its lyrics. All the ''kritis'' were composed in the style of a [[Ragam Tanam Pallavi]] (RTP) with the ''charanams'' (stanzas) substituting for the ''kalpana swaras'' (improvisatory passages) in the ''pallavi'' section of the RTP.

The ''Pancharatna Kritis'' are:
# Jagadananda Karaka (Ragam Natai)
# Duduku gala (Ragam Goula)
# Sadhinchene (Ragam Arabhi)
# Kanakana Ruchira (Ragam Varali)
# Endaro Mahanubhavulu (Shree Ragam)

The melodic forms of these compositions (Nata, Goula, Arabhi, Varali, Sri) are the five ''Ghana ragas'' of [[Carnatic music]], also called the ''ghanapanchaka''. These five ragas lend themselves to elaborate improvisations.<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/pancharatna-kritis Pancharatna Kritis: Information and Much More from Answers.com]</ref> They are so called because they are suited for playing [[tanam]] on the [[veena]]. Nata and Varali are the most ancient of the Carnatic ragas and date back to over a thousand years ago.

==Lyrical synopsis==
{{Main|List of compositions by Tyagaraja}}

===''Jagadānanda kārakā''===
In this song, Tyagaraja praises [[Ramachandra]], one of the incarnations of Lord [[Vishnu]]. He eulogizes [[Ramachandra]] as one who is the cause of all bliss in the universe. which was used in the court of the Maratha king [[Serfoji II|Sarabhoji]] who ruled this area in the 18th century. Rama was Tyagaraja's favorite god. The kriti is set to [[Nata (raga)|Nata]] raga.

===''Duḍukugala nannē dora koḍuku brōchurā yentō''===
In this second ''Pancharatna Kriti'' composed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], Tyagaraja lists all the errors he has committed in his life and asks who but Rama could redeem such a sinner. The sins described include: just wandering around as though being satisfied with a full meal, giving sermons to people who are not interested in listening or who do not have the capability to understand, self-styling oneself as a great person, and mistaking the dross for the real thing. He lists four categories of people to whom he has made the claim of greatness; the ignorant, the riff-raff, the low social folk and women. In a play on words, he reproaches those who desire wives and progeny. The kriti is set to [[Gowla]] raga.

===''Sādhinchene ō manasā''===
This ''Pancharatna Kriti'' was composed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and has been set to Arabhi raga. It is written in a playful tone, rich with metaphor and simile without a surfeit of adjectives - all the while arresting the attention of the singers. In this ''kriti'', Tyagaraja sings the greatness of the lord [[Krishna]] in a lucid manner. The style adopted in this ''kriti'' is very sweet in comparison with the other four.

===''Kana kana ruci rā kanaka vasana ninnu''===
This is the least sung or performed of the five ''Pancharatna Kritis'' composed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], but it is considered by some to be the most lingering and beautiful. It describes the divine beauty of Sri Rama, whom Tyagaraja worshiped. He says that the more he [[Tyagaraja]] looks upon His beautiful features, the more his mind is attracted to Him [[Rama|Sri Rama]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint Thyagaraja's Ghana Raga Pancharatnams |url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/music/kriti4.htm |website=indian-heritage |accessdate=25 February 2019}}</ref> This composition is rarely taught, and rarely heard in concerts, owing to the raga it is set to [[Varali]] raga.

===''Endarō mahānubhāvulu''===
{{main|Endaro Mahanubhavulu}}
''Endarō mahānubhāvulu'' is believed to be one of the earlier ''kritis'' Tyagaraja composed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. The song is a salutation to and praise of all the great saints and musicians down the ages. Tyagaraja clearly delineates and lists the ''Mahanubhavalu'', or great ones, in the ''kriti'' itself, mentioning the saints Narada and Saunaka, among others. In this kriti, Tyagaraja describes the greatness of devotees of the Lord. The belief in [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] is that Tyagaraja composed the ''kriti'' spontaneously in his joy upon hearing the divine music of the [[Malayali]] singer [[Shadkala Govinda Marar]]. But according to the Walajapet disciples' version of the origin of the ''kriti'', it was composed and learned by Tyagaraja's disciples before the arrival of Marar. This, according to P. T. Narendra Menon, was the legendary, historically significant meeting between two great musicians. Since ''Endharo mahanubhavalu'' is said to have been composed by Tyagaraja at a young age, it is possible that after hearing Marar sing and in appreciation of the greatness of Marar, Tyagaraja could have asked his disciples to sing the ''kriti'' on this occasion. Humility is the foundation of all. The kriti is set to [[Shree (Carnatic raga)|Shri]] raga

==Miscellaneous==
[[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], [[Maharajapuram Santhanam]], and [[M. Balamuralikrishna|Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna]] are among the hundreds of great Indian classical vocalists who have brought these ''kritis'' closer to the modern world.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X4tZx-qvVs Raga Nata]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20090701122201/http://www.esnips.com/doc/872abe7c-0325-455a-9389-495e6709c8be/Kanakanaruchira
* https://web.archive.org/web/20080727024355/http://www.esnips.com/web/Pancharatna-Kriti/
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUi5MJuCemM (Majestic Nattai)
* [http://www.shivkumar.org/music/index.html Meaning, Word by Word]
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUdls4HJ6Wo Jagadananda Karaka - Balamuralikrishna - Tyagaraja Pancharatna Kriti

[[Category:Carnatic compositions]]
[[Category:18th-century songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Telugu]]

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Pancharatna Kriti