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Notoryctidae

2025-09-28T14:44:01Z

2800:E2:C180:CD5:11A8:1A89:4431:E850:

{{Short description|Family of marsupials}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Oligocene - Recent
| image = PSM V40 D672 The new mammal notoryctes typhlops.jpg
| image_caption = ''Notoryctes typhlops''
| display_parents = 2
| parent_authority = Kirsch in Hunsaker, 1977
| taxon = Notoryctidae
| authority = Ogilby, 1892
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = *''[[Notoryctes]]'' Stirling, 1891
*†''[[Naraboryctes]]'' Archer et al., 2010
}}

'''Notoryctidae''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ou|t|@|ˈ|r|I|k|t|ᵻ|d|iː}}; from [[Ancient Greek]] [[wikt:νότος|νότος]] (''nótos''), meaning "south", and [[wikt:ὀρυκτήρ|ὀρυκτήρ]] (''oruktḗs''), meaning "digger") are a family of marsupials comprising the [[Marsupial mole|marsupial moles]] and their fossil relatives. It is the only family in the order '''Notoryctemorphia'''.

== Taxonomy ==
A fossil species in a new genus was published as ''[[Naraboryctes]]''. A new diagnosis for Notoryctidae was also provided in the species first description, as a consequence of the discovery of a fossil species in the family.<ref name="Archer2011" />

== Description ==
The group appear to have diverged from other [[marsupial]]s at an early stage and are highly specialised to foraging through loose sand; the unusual features have seen the unique family placed in the taxonomic order '''Notoryctemorphia''' Aplin & Archer, 1987. The eyes and external ears are absent in the modern species, the nose is shielded and mouth reduced in size, and they use pairs of well developed claws to move beneath the sand.<ref name="Archer2011" /> The Australian animals resemble species known as moles, burrow building mammals found in other continents, and were collectively referred to as 'marsupial moles'. The regional names for the well known animals, established before their published descriptions, are used to refer to the species.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}

The extant notoryctid species are subterranean, and are extremely well adapted to moving through sand plains and dunes, these are the two species of genus ''[[Notoryctes]]'' Stirling, 1891.<ref name="Archer2011" /> The animals are known as ''[[itjaritjari]]'' (for the species ''[[Notoryctes typhlops|N. typhlops]])'' and [[kakarratul]] (for the species ''[[Notoryctes caurinus|N. caurinus]])''.<ref name="Archer2011" />

The [[dental formula]] is I1-5/1-3, C1/1, P1-3/1-3, M1-4/1-4.<ref name="Archer2011" />

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name = "Archer2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Archer | first1 = M. | title = Australia's first fossil marsupial mole (Notoryctemorphia) resolves controversies about their evolution and palaeoenvironmental origins | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences | volume = 278 | issue = 1711 | pages = 1498–1506 | date = 2011-05-22 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2010.1943 | pmid = 21047857 | pmc = 3081751}}</ref>
}}

{{Agreodontia}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q13166786|from2=Q9763859}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Notoryctidae| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by James Douglas Ogilby]]
[[Category:Mammal families]]

Gonorynchiformes

2025-09-28T12:31:12Z

2800:E2:C180:CD5:11A8:1A89:4431:E850: /* Etymology */

{{Short description|Order of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|143.1|0|[[Berriasian]]–present}}
| image = milkfish.jpg
| image_caption = [[Milkfish]], ''[[Chanos chanos]]''
| display_parents = 3
| parent_authority = [[Donn Eric Rosen|Rosen]] and [[Humphry Greenwood|Greenwood]], 1970<ref name = N&T>{{cite journal |author=Thomas J. Near |author2=Christine E. Thacker |title=Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |date=2024 |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=3–302 |doi=10.3374/014.065.0101}}</ref>
| taxon = Gonorynchiformes
| authority = Greenwood, Rosen, [[Stanley H. Weitzman|Weitzman]], and [[George S. Myers|Myers]], 1966<ref name = N&T/>
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = [[Chanidae]] (milkfish) 
[[Gonorynchidae]] (beaked salmons) 
[[Kneriidae]] (shellears) 
[[Phractolaemidae]] (hingemouths)
| type_species = ''[[Gonorynchus gonorynchus]]''
| type_species_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766)
}}

The '''Gonorynchiformes''' {{IPAc-en|g|ɒ|n|ə|ˈ|r|I|N|k|ᵻ|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}} are an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] that includes the important food source, the [[milkfish]] (''Chanos chanos'', family [[Chanidae]]), and a number of lesser-known types, both [[ocean|marine]] and [[freshwater]].

The alternate spelling "Gonorhynchiformes", with an "h", is frequently seen but not official.

Gonorynchiformes have small mouths and no teeth. They are the sole group in the clade Anotophysi, a subgroup of the superorder [[Ostariophysi]]. They are characterized by a primitive [[Weberian apparatus]] formed by the first three vertebrae and one or more cephalic ribs within the head. This apparatus is believed to be a hearing organ, and is found in a more advanced and complex form in the related [[Cypriniformes|cypriniform]] fish, such as [[carp]].<ref name="Nelson">{{cite book | title = Fishes of the World | last = Nelson | first = Joseph, S. | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-471-25031-7}}</ref> Also like the cypriniforms, the gonorynchiforms produce a substance from their skin when injured that dissolves into the water and acts an alarm signal to other fish.<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author= Banister, Keith F.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= 96–97|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name comes from [[Ancient Greek]] [[wikt:γωνία|γωνία]] (''gōnía''), meaning "angle", [[wikt:ῥύγχος|ῥύγχος]] (''rhúnkhos''), meaning "snout", and [[Latin]] ''[[wikt:formes|formes]]'', meaning "form".

== Taxonomy ==
Although many of the families are rather small, there are several fossil genera. This listing of the groups of Gonorynchiformes includes fossil fish with a short description.<ref name="Nelson"/><ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Taverne |first=Emmanuel Fara, Mireille Gayet, Louis |title=The Fossil Record of Gonorynchiformes |date=2010 |work=Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships |pages=173-226 |url=https://hal.science/hal-00441945/document |access-date=2024-05-09 |publisher=CRC Press |doi=10.1201/b10194-6 |isbn=978-0-429-06156-1}}</ref> They are listed in approximate order of how primitive their characteristics are.
{{cladogram
|title=Phylogeny of living Gonorynchiformes<ref name="Near, Dornburga & Friedman">Thomas J. Near, Alex Dornburga, Matt Friedman (2014): ''Phylogenetic relationships and timing of diversification in gonorynchiform fishes inferred using nuclear gene DNA sequences (Teleostei: Ostariophysi).'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, [[DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.07.013]]</ref>
|{{clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:100%;width:300px;
|label1=Gonorynchiformes
|1={{clade
|label1=Gonorynchidae
|1=''[[Gonorynchus]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Chanidae]]
|1=''[[Chanos (fish)|Chanos]]''
|label2=[[Kneriidae]]
|2={{clade
|label1=Phractolaeminae
|1=''[[Phractolaemus]]''
|label2=Kneriinae
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Kneria]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Parakneria]]''
|label2=Cromeriini
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cromeria]]''
|2=''[[Grasseichthys]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
The 5th edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]'' classifies the extant taxa in this order as follows, as does ''[[Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes]]'':<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |author1=Nelson, J.S. |author1-link=Joseph S. Nelson |author2=Grande, T.C. |author3=Wilson, M.V.H. |year=2016 |title=Fishes of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yqw7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA752 |edition=5th |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |place=Hoboken, NJ |pages=162–163 |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |lccn=2015037522 |oclc=951899884 |ol=25909650M |doi=10.1002/9781119174844}}</ref><ref name = ECOF>{{cite web |url=https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/catalog-of-fishes-classification |title=Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification |access-date=5 November 2024 |publisher=[[California Academy of Sciences]]}}</ref><ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp |year=2014 | title = Family-group names of recent fishes | url = https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3882.1.1/10480 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–230| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Order Gonorynchiformes [[Humphry Greenwood|Greenwood]], [[Donn Eric Rosen|Rosen]], [[Stanley H. Weitzman|Weitzman]], and [[George S. Myers|Myers]], 1966
* Family [[Chanidae]] [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1868 (milkfishes)
* Family [[Gonorynchidae]] [[John Richardson (naturalist)|Richardson]], 1848 (beaked sandfishes)
* Family [[Kneriidae]] Günther, 1868 (shellears)
* Family [[Phractolaemidae]] [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1901 (snake mudheads)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal|last=Sepkoski |first=Jack |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=364 |page=560 |year=2002 |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |access-date=2011-05-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131237/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |archive-date=2011-07-23 }}

{{Actinopterygii}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q755012}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gonorynchiformes| ]]
[[Category:Extant Berriasian first appearances]]
[[Category:Ray-finned fish orders]]
[[Category:Taxa named by George S. Myers]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Humphry Greenwood]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Donn Eric Rosen]]

Gonorynchidae

2025-09-28T12:30:36Z

2800:E2:C180:CD5:11A8:1A89:4431:E850:

{{Short description|Family of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Geological range|Albian|present}}
| image = Gonorynchus gonorynchus SA.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Gonorynchus gonorynchus]]''
| taxon = Gonorynchidae
| authority = [[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1941<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp |year=2014 | title = Family-group names of recent fishes | url = https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3882.1.1/10480 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–230| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| type_genus = ''[[Gonorynchus]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1777<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Gonorynchidae|access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
| synonyms = Gonorhynchidae [[John Richardson (naturalist)|Richardson]], 1848{{Efn|
*''Gonorynchidae'' Fowler, 1941 is now the accepted name for the family, based on prevailing usage and the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN]] ruling.
*''Gonorhynchidae'' Richardson, 1848 is a junior synonym and no longer valid.}}
}}

'''Gonorynchidae''' is a family of [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] in the order [[Gonorynchiformes]], which has a number of fossil taxa and one extant genus, ''[[Gonorynchus]]'', the [[Beaked salmon|beaked salmons]]. They are an ancient group, with fossils known from as far back as the [[Albian]] stage of the [[Early Cretaceous]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Gonorynchidae Richardson, 1848 |url=https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=267014 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.marinespecies.org |language=en}}</ref> The family name comes from [[Ancient Greek]] [[wikt:γωνία|γωνία]] (''gōnía''), meaning "angle", and [[wikt:ῥύγχος|ῥύγχος]] (''rhúnkhos''), meaning "snout", referring to the angular snout that the [[Gonorhynchus|type species]] use to dig themselves into the sand.

[[John Richardson (naturalist)|John Richardson]] is the original author of the [[Family (biology)|family]].

==Taxonomy==

The following genera are known:<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Taverne |first=Emmanuel Fara, Mireille Gayet, Louis |title=The Fossil Record of Gonorynchiformes |date=2010 |work=Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships |pages=173-226 |url=https://hal.science/hal-00441945/document |access-date=2024-05-09 |publisher=CRC Press |doi=10.1201/b10194-6 |isbn=978-0-429-06156-1}}</ref>

* †''[[Charitopsis (fish)|Charitopsis]]'' Gayet 1993
* †''[[Charitosomus]]'' Hosius & Von Der Marck 1885
* †''[[Gonorynchidarum]]'' Rana, 1988 [<nowiki/>[[otolith]]]
* ''[[Gonorynchus]]'' [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1777 - beaked salmons<ref name = CofF/>
* †''[[Hakeliosomus]]'' Gayet 1993 (possibly synonymous with ''Ramallichthys'')
* †''[[Judeichthys]]'' Gayet 1985 (possibly synonymous with ''Ramallichthys'')
* †''[[Lecceichthys]]'' Taverne, 1998
* †''[[Notogoneus]]'' Cope 1885 (=†''Anormurus'' [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|Blainville]], 1818, †''Protocatostomus'' Whitfield 1891)
* †''[[Sapperichthys]]'' Amaral, Alvardo-Ortega & Brito, 2013<ref>{{cite book |author1=Cesar R. L. Amaral |title=Mesozoic Fishes 5 – Global Diversity and Evolution |author2=Jesús Alvarado-Ortega |author3=Paulo M. Brito |publisher=Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil |year=2013 |isbn=978-3-89937-159-8 |editor1=Gloria Arratia |volume= |pages=305–323 |chapter=''Sapperichthys'' gen. nov., a new gonorynchid from the Cenomanian of Chiapas, Mexico |editor2=Hans-Peter Schultze |editor3=Mark V. H. Wilson |chapter-url=https://www.pfeil-verlag.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/4_59d12.pdf}}</ref>
* †''[[Ramallichthys]]'' Gayet 1982
An indeterminate gonorynchid (previously classified in ''Charitosomus'') is known from fossil remains from the late Albian or early-mid [[Cenomanian]] [[Kwango Group]] of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref name=":0" />

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-05-17.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q14266423}}

[[Category:Gonorynchidae| ]]
[[Category:Marine fish families]]
[[Category:Otocephala families]]
[[Category:Extant Albian first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Richardson (naturalist)]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Henry Weed Fowler]]

Order (biology)

2025-09-27T18:14:24Z

2800:E2:C180:CD5:11A8:1A89:4431:E850:

{{short description|Taxonomic rank between class and family}}
{{About|the taxonomic rank|the sequence of species in a taxonomic list|taxonomic sequence|other uses|Order (disambiguation){{!}}Order}}
{{Biological classification}}
'''Order''' ({{langx|la|[[wikt:ordo#Latin|ordo]]}}) is one of the eight major [[hierarchical]] taxonomic ranks in [[Linnaean taxonomy]]. It is classified between [[Family_(biology)|family]] and [[Class_(biology)| class]]. In [[biological classification]], the order is a [[taxonomic rank]] used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the [[nomenclature codes]]. An immediately higher rank, '''superorder''', is sometimes added directly above order, with '''suborder''' directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as a group of related families.

What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a [[taxonomist]], as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Tobin | first1=Allan J. |last2=Dusheck | first2=Jennie | title=Asking About Life | year=2005 | publisher=Cengage Learning | place=Boston | isbn=978-0-030-27044-4 | pages=403–408 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjgdW4SjoJcC}}</ref>

The name of an order is usually written with a capital letter.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Translation Bureau]]|date=2015-10-15|title=Capitalization: Biological Terms|url=https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2guides/guides/wrtps/index-eng.html?lang=eng&lettr=indx_catlog_c&page=9sjs7LoC_fRo.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Writing Tips, TERMIUM Plus®|publisher=Public Services & Procurement Canada}}</ref> For some groups of organisms, their orders may follow consistent naming [[Classification scheme (information science)|schemes]]. Orders of [[plant]]s, [[fungi]], and [[alga]]e use the suffix {{lang|la|-ales}} (e.g. [[Dictyotales]]).<ref>{{harvnb|McNeill et al. 2012|Article 17.1|ref= McNeill}}</ref> Orders of [[bird]]s and [[fish]]es<ref name = Berg1940>{{cite book |author=Leo S. Berg |author-link=Lev Berg |title=Classification of fishes, both recent and fossil |year=1940 |lang=ru, en|publisher=J. N. Edwards |location = Ann Arbor Michigan |url=https://ia601404.us.archive.org/25/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.19051/2015.19051.Classification-Of-Fishes-Both-Recent-And-Fossil_text.pdf}}</ref> use the Latin suffix {{lang|la|-iformes}} meaning 'having the form of' (e.g. [[Passeriformes]]), most orders of [[insect]]s use the suffix {{lang|grc|-ptera}} meaning 'wing', but orders of [[mammal]]s, [[reptile]]s, [[amphibia]]ns and [[invertebrate]]s are not so consistent (e.g. [[Artiodactyla]], [[Frog|Anura]], [[Crocodylia]], [[Actiniaria]], [[Primates]]).

==Hierarchy of ranks==
===Zoology===
For some [[clade]]s covered by the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]], several additional classifications are sometimes used, although not all of these are officially recognized.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Name !! Latin [[prefix]] !! Examples
|-
| Magnorder || ''[[wikt:magnus#Latin|magnus]]'', 'large, great, important' || [[Boreoeutheria]], [[Atlantogenata]]
|-
| Superorder || ''[[wikt:super#Latin|super]]'', 'above' || [[Euarchontoglires]], [[Laurasiatheria]], [[Afrotheria]]
|-
| Grandorder || ''[[wikt:grandis#Latin|grandis]]'', 'large' || [[Euarchonta]], [[Ferungulata]]
|-
| Mirorder || ''[[wikt:mirus#Latin|mirus]]'', 'wonderful, strange' || [[Primatomorpha]], [[Ferae]], [[Euungulata]]
|-
| Order || || [[Primates]], [[Procolophonomorpha]], [[Carnivora]], [[Artiodactyla]], [[Pilosa]]
|-
| Suborder || ''[[wikt:sub#Latin|sub]]'', 'under' || [[Haplorrhini]], [[Procolophonia]], [[Whippomorpha]], [[Vermilingua]]
|-
| Infraorder || ''[[wikt:infra#Latin|infra]]'', 'below' || [[Simiiformes]], [[Tarsiiformes]], [[Cetacea]]
|-
| Parvorder || ''[[wikt:parvus#Latin|parvus]]'', 'small, unimportant' || [[Catarrhini]], [[Odontoceti]], [[Mysticeti]]
|}

In their 1997 classification of [[Mammal|mammals]], [[Malcolm McKenna|McKenna]] and Bell used two extra levels between superorder and order: ''grandorder'' and ''mirorder''.<ref name="McKennaBell1997">{{Citation |last1=McKenna |first1=M.C. |last2=Bell |first2=S.G. |year=1997 |title=Classification of Mammals |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11013-6 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at the same position. [[Michael Benton]] (2005) inserted them between superorder and magnorder instead.<ref name="MichaelJBenton2005_VPalaentology_3rd">{{cite book | last=Benton | first=Michael J. | year=2005 | title=Vertebrate Palaeontology | edition=3rd | place=Oxford | publisher=Blackwell Publishing | isbn=978-0-63205-637-8}}</ref> This position was adopted by ''Systema Naturae 2000'' and others.

===Botany===
In [[botany]], the ranks of subclass and suborder are secondary ranks pre-defined as respectively above and below the rank of order.<ref name=botarticle4>{{harvnb|McNeill et al. 2012|Article 4|ref= McNeill}}</ref> Any number of further ranks can be used as long as they are clearly defined.<ref name=botarticle4/>

The superorder rank is commonly used, with the ending {{lang|la|-anae}} that was initiated by [[Armen Takhtajan]]'s publications from 1966 onwards.<ref>{{citation |last=Naik |first=V.N. |year=1984 |title=Taxonomy of Angiosperms |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill |isbn=9780074517888 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GanmtXAyU0gC |page=111}}</ref>

==History==
The order as a distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a ''higher genus'' ({{lang|la|genus summum}})) was first introduced by the German botanist [[Augustus Quirinus Rivinus]] in his classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. [[Carl Linnaeus]] was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three kingdoms of nature (then [[mineral]]s, [[plant]]s, and [[animal]]s) in his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' (1735, 1st. Ed.).

===Botany===
[[File:Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg|thumb|right|Title page of the 1758 edition of Linnaeus's ''Systema Naturæ''.<ref name=Linn1758>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Stockholm |year=1758 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542 |language=la |edition=[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th]]}}</ref>]]
For plants, Linnaeus' orders in the ''Systema Naturae'' and the ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word {{lang|la|ordo}} was first consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as the ''[[Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis]]'' of [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]] and the ''[[Bentham & Hooker system|Genera Plantarum]]'' of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated taxa that are now given the rank of family (see [[ordo naturalis]], '''natural order''<nowiki/>').

In French botanical publications, from [[Michel Adanson]]'s {{lang|fr|Familles naturelles des plantes}} (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word {{lang|fr|famille}} (plural: {{lang|fr|familles}}) was used as a French equivalent for this Latin {{lang|la|ordo}}. This equivalence was explicitly stated in the {{lang|fr|italics=unset|[[Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle]]}}'s {{lang|fr|Lois de la nomenclature botanique}} (1868), the precursor of the currently used ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]]''.

In the first international ''Rules'' of [[botanical nomenclature]] from the [[International Botanical Congress]] of 1905, the word ''family'' ({{lang|la|familia}}) was assigned to the rank indicated by the French {{lang|fr|famille}}, while order ({{lang|la|ordo}}) was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named a 'cohort' ({{lang|la|cohors}},<ref>{{cite book |author=Briquet, J. |year=1912 |title=Règles internationales de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le congrès international de botanique de Vienne 1905, deuxième edition mise au point d'après les décisions du congrès international de botanique de Bruxelles 1910; International rules of botanical nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congresses of Vienna 1905 and Brussels 1910; Internationale Regeln der botanischen Nomenclatur angenommen von den Internationalen Botanischen Kongressen zu Wien 1905 und Brüssel 1910 |publisher=Gustav Fischer |location=Jena |url=https://archive.org/details/rglesinternati00inteuoft}} Page 1.</ref> plural {{lang|la|cohortes}}).

Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders" or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognized by Linnaeus as orders in his natural classification (e.g. ''[[Palmae]]'' or ''[[Labiatae]]''). Such names are known as [[Descriptive botanical name|descriptive]] family names.

===Zoology===
In the field of [[zoology]], the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is, the orders in the zoology part of the ''Systema Naturae'' refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use, e.g. [[Lepidoptera]] (moths and butterflies) and [[Diptera]] (flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats).<ref name="General2">{{cite book |author=[[Carl Linnaeus|Carl von Linné]], translated by [[William Turton]] |year=1806 |title=Volume 2: Insects |series=A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties |publisher=Lackington, Allen, and Co |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgQuAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>

===Virology===
From 1991 to 2017, order was the highest rank used to [[Virus classification|classify viruses]] in a system that ranged from order to species. In 2018, the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]], which oversees [[virus]] taxonomy, added ranks higher than order up to the highest taxonomic rank of [[Realm (virology)|realm]]. Virus orders are indicated by the suffix -''virales''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Executive Committee |date=May 2020 |title=The New Scope of Virus Taxonomy: Partitioning the Virosphere Into 15 Hierarchical Ranks |journal=Nat Microbiol |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=668–674 |doi=10.1038/s41564-020-0709-x |pmc=7186216 |pmid=32341570}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 2025 |title=The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN; the ICTV Code) |url=https://ictv.global/about/code |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cladistics]]
* [[Phylogenetics]]
* [[Systematics]]
* [[Taxonomic rank]]
* [[Taxonomy (biology)|Taxonomy]]
* [[Virus classification]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Works cited==
* {{cite book |author1=McNeill, J. |author2=Barrie, F.R. |author3=Buck, W.R. |author4=Demoulin, V. |author5=Greuter, W. |author6=Hawksworth, D.L. |author7=Herendeen, P.S. |author8=Knapp, S. |author9=Marhold, K. |author10=Prado, J. |author11=Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F. |author12=Smith, G.F. |author13=Wiersema, J.H. |author14=Turland, N.J. |year=2012 |series=Regnum Vegetabile |volume=154 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 |publisher=A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG | isbn=978-3-87429-425-6 | url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title |ref=McNeill}}

{{Clear}}
{{Taxonomic ranks}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Orders (biology)| ]]
[[Category:Botanical nomenclature]]
[[Category:Plant taxonomy]]
[[Category:Zoological nomenclature|rank08]]
[[Category:Bacterial nomenclature]]

Crested penguin

2025-09-27T17:01:26Z

2800:E2:C180:CD5:11A8:1A89:4431:E850:

{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Miocene]] to present
| image = Macaroni (js)1.jpg
| image_caption = [[Macaroni penguin]], ''Eudyptes chrysolophus''
| taxon = Eudyptes
| authority = [[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1816
| type_species = ''[[Eudyptes chrysocome|Aptenodytes chrysocome]]''<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gray | first=George Robert | author-link=George Robert Gray | year=1840 | title=A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus | location=London | publisher=R. and J.E. Taylor | page=77 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668994 }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = ''[[Western rockhopper penguin|Eudyptes chrysocome]]'' 
''[[Macaroni penguin|Eudyptes chrysolophus]]'' 
''[[Northern rockhopper penguin|Eudyptes moseleyi]]'' 
''[[Eastern rockhopper penguin|Eudyptes filholi]]'' 
''[[Fiordland penguin|Eudyptes pachyrhynchus]]'' 
''[[Snares penguin|Eudyptes robustus]]'' 
''[[Royal penguin|Eudyptes schlegeli]]'' 
''[[Erect-crested penguin|Eudyptes sclateri]]'' 
''†[[Chatham penguin|Eudyptes warhami]]'' 
''†[[Eudyptes calauina]]'' 
''†[[Eudyptes atatu]]''
}}

'''''Eudyptes''''' (from [[Ancient Greek]] [[wikt:εὖ|εὖ]] (''eû''), meaning "true, well", and [[wikt:δύπτης|δύπτης]] (''dúptes''), meaning "diver", and thus, "true diver") is a [[genus]] of [[penguin]]s whose members are collectively called '''crested penguins'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174451|title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Eudyptes|publisher=}}</ref> The exact number of species in the genus varies between four and eight depending on the authority, and a [[Chatham Islands]] species became [[extinct]] in recent centuries. All are black and white penguins with yellow crests, red bills and eyes, and are found on Subantarctic islands in the world's southern oceans. All lay two eggs, but raise only one young per breeding season; the first egg laid is substantially smaller than the second.

==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Eudyptes'' was introduced by the French ornithologist [[Louis Pierre Vieillot]] in 1816;<ref>{{cite book | last=Vieillot | first=Louis Pierre | author-link=Louis Pierre Vieillot | year=1816 | title=Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire| publisher=Deterville/self | location=Paris | pages=67, 70 | language=French| url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9745205x/f73.item }} The genus name is misspelled as ''Endyptes'' on page 67.</ref> the name is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] words {{Transliteration|grc|eu}} meaning "fine", and {{Transliteration|grc|dyptes}} meaning "diver".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=152 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n152/mode/1up }}</ref> The [[type species]] was designated as the [[western rockhopper penguin]] by [[George Robert Gray]] in 1840.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gray | first=George Robert | author-link=George Robert Gray | year=1840 | title=A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus | location=London | publisher=R. and J.E. Taylor | page=77 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668994 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=126 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108766 }}</ref>

The genus contains eight exant species:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=February 2025 | title=Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins | work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/loons/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=5 March 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Macaroni penguin]], ''Eudyptes chrysolophus''
* [[Royal penguin]], ''Eudyptes schlegeli''
* [[Northern rockhopper penguin]], ''Eudyptes moseleyi'' (formerly a subspecies of ''E. chrysocome'')
* [[Eastern rockhopper penguin]], ''Eudyptes filholi'' (formerly a subspecies of ''E. chrysocome'')
* [[Western rockhopper penguin]], ''Eudyptes chrysocome'' (Formerly southern rockhopper penguin before split)
* [[Fiordland penguin]], ''Eudyptes pachyrhynchus''
* [[Snares penguin]], ''Eudyptes robustus''
* [[Erect-crested penguin]], ''Eudyptes sclateri''

Also a fossil species:
* [[Chatham penguin]], ''Eudyptes warhami'' ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|extinct]])

''Eudyptes warhami'' is known only from [[subfossil]] bones, and became extinct shortly following human colonisation of the Chatham Islands. This genetically-distinct species was relatively large, with a thin, slim and low bill.

===Evolution===
[[File:Madrynornis.jpg|thumb|left|''Madrynornis'' fossil]]
[[Molecular clock|Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence]] suggests that the crested penguins split from the ancestors of their closest living relative, the [[yellow-eyed penguin]], in the mid-[[Miocene]] around 15 million years ago, before splitting into separate species around 8 million years ago in the late Miocene.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Baker AJ, Pereira SL, Haddrath OP, Edge KA|year=2006|title=Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling |journal=Proc Biol Sci |volume=273 |issue=1582|pages=11–17|doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3260 |pmid=16519228 |pmc=1560011}}</ref>

A [[fossil]] penguin genus, ''[[Madrynornis]]'', has been identified as the closest known relative of the crested penguins. Found in late Miocene deposits dated to about 10'' ''million years ago, it must have separated from the crested penguins around 12'' ''million years ago. Given that the head ornamentation by yellow [[filoplume]]s seems [[plesiomorphic]] for the ''Eudyptes''-''Megadyptes'' lineage, ''Madrynornis'' probably had them too.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

===Extant Species===
{{Species table |genus= Eudyptes |authority-name=[[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]] |authority-year=1816 |species-count=Eight|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}

{{Species table/row
|name=Fiordland penguin |binomial=[[Eudyptes pachyrhynchus]]
|image=File:Fiordland penguin (Mattern).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=G. R. Gray |authority-year=1845 |authority-not-original=
|range= New Zealand.
|range-image=File:Fiordland Penguin distribution map.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= NT
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=Snares penguin |binomial=[[Eudyptes robustus]]
|image=File:SnaresPenguin (Mattern).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Oliver |authority-year= 1953 |authority-not-original=
|range= New Zealand.
|range-image=File:Manchot carte repartition gorfou snares.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= VU
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=Erect-crested penguin |binomial=[[Eudyptes sclateri]]
|image=File:Erect-crested penguin (Eudyptes sclateri).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Buller |authority-year=1888 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= New Zealand, Bounty and Antipodes Islands.
|range-image=File:Eudyptes sclateri distribution (breeding).png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= EN
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=Western rockhopper penguin |binomial=[[Eudyptes chrysocome]]
|image=File:Eudyptes chrysocome.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Forster, JR |authority-year=1781 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Kerguelen Islands and subantarctic islands of New Zealand, Cape Horn to the Falkland Islands
|range-image= File:Appearance Eudyptes chrysochome.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= VU
|population=
|direction=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=Eastern rockhopper penguin |binomial=[[Eudyptes filholi]]
|image=File:MacquarieIslandRockhoppers.JPG|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Hutton, FW |authority-year=1879 |authority-not-original=
|range=Prince Edward, Crozet, Kerguelen, Heard, Macquarie, Antipodes, Auckland and Campbell Islands
|range-image=
|range-image-size=
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status=
|population=
|direction=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=Northern rockhopper penguin |binomial=[[Eudyptes moseleyi]]
|image=File:Eudyptes moseleyi -Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Germany-8a.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Mathews & Iredale |authority-year=1921 |authority-not-original=
|range= southern Indian and Atlantic Oceans
|range-image=File:Appearance Eudyptes chrysochome.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= EN
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=Royal penguin |binomial=[[Eudyptes schlegeli]]
|image=File:RoyalPenguins2.JPG|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Finsch |authority-year=1876 |authority-not-original=
|range= sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island and adjacent islands.
|range-image=File:Eudyptes schlegeli distribution (nesting).png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=Macaroni penguin |binomial=[[Eudyptes chrysolophus]]
|image=File:Macaroni Penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus)6.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Brandt|authority-year=1837 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Subantarctic to the Antarctic Peninsula
|range-image=File:Macaroni penguin rangemap.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}
{{Species table/end}}

==Description==
The crested penguins are all similar in appearance, having sharply delineated black and white plumage with red beaks and prominent yellow crests. Their calls are more complex than those of other species, with several phrases of differing lengths.<ref name=Williams69>Williams ''(The Penguins)'' p. 69</ref> The royal penguin (mostly) has a white face, while other species have black faces.

==Breeding==
Crested penguins breed on Subantarctic islands in the southern reaches of the world's oceans; the greatest diversity occurring around New Zealand and surrounding islands. Their breeding displays and behaviours are generally more complex than other penguin species.<ref name=Williams52>Williams ''(The Penguins)'' p. 52</ref> Both male and female parents take shifts [[Avian incubation|incubating]] eggs and young.<ref name=Williams76>Williams ''(The Penguins)'' p. 76</ref>

Crested penguins lay two eggs, but almost always raise only one young successfully. All species exhibit the odd phenomenon of ''egg-size dimorphism'' in breeding; the first egg (or A-egg) laid is substantially smaller than the second egg (B-egg). This is most extreme in the [[macaroni penguin]], where the first egg averages only 60% the size of the second.<ref name=Williams38>Williams ''(The Penguins)'' p. 38</ref> The reason for this remains unknown, although several theories have been proposed. British ornithologist [[David Lack]] theorized that the genus was evolving toward the laying of a one-egg clutch.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lack|first=David|title=Ecological Adaptations for breeding in birds|url=https://archive.org/details/ecologicaladapta0000lack|url-access=registration|publisher=Methuen|location=London|year=1968}}</ref> Experiments with egg substitution have shown that A-eggs can produce viable chicks that were only 7% lighter at time of fledging.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3545145|last=Williams|first=Tony D|year=1990|title=Growth and survival in the Macaroni Penguin ''Eudyptes chrysolophus'', A- and B-chicks: do females maximise investment in the large B-egg|journal=Oikos|volume=59|issue=3|pages=349–54|jstor=3545145}}</ref> Physiologically, the first egg is smaller because it develops while the mother is still at sea swimming and thus has less energy to invest in the egg.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Young|first1=Ed|title=Why Crested Penguins Always Lay Doomed Eggs|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/why-penguins-lay-two-eggs-science/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006134303/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/why-penguins-lay-two-eggs-science/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 6, 2016|accessdate=10 October 2016|work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|date=4 October 2016}}</ref>

Recently, brooding royal and erect-crested penguins have been reported{{by whom|date=December 2011}} to tip the smaller eggs out as the second is laid.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Cited text===
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Tony D | year=1995 | title=The Penguins | location=Oxford, England | publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-854667-X}}
* Cole, Theresa L.; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Thomas, Daniel B.; Pan, Hailin; Zhang, Guojie; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Wood, Jamie R.; Bover, Pere; Bouzat, Juan L.; Cooper, Alan; Fiddamanl, Steven; Hart, Tom; Miller, Gary; Ryan, Peter G.; Shepherd, Lara D.; [[Janet Wilmshurst|Wilmshurst, Janet M.]]; Waters, Jonathan M. (2019). "Mitogenomes uncover extinct penguin taxa and reveal island formation as a key driver of speciation". Molecular Biology and Evolution. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz017.

==External links==
* [https://www.terranature.org/penguin.htm TerraNature.org: "Three ''Eudyptes'' species endemic to New Zealand"]

{{Penguins}}
{{Austrodyptornithes|S.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q591480}}

[[Category:Eudyptes|.]]
[[Category:Penguins]]
[[Category:Spheniscidae]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot]]