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Madonna Della Strada

2025-10-16T05:18:50Z

2806:2F0:5261:FA56:95FC:9C7E:84D2:1EAA:

{{Short description|Painting of Mary at the Church of the Gesù in Rome, Italy}}
{{about|the artistic image of the Virgin Mary|the 19th-century painting|Madonnina (painting)|other uses}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox Catholic apparition
|name = ''Madonna della Strada''
|image = Madonnadellastrada churchofthegesu.jpg
|caption = The fresco wearing its Canonical crown which was used for the [[canonical coronation]] in 1638
|size = 275px
|location = [[Italian language|Italian]] Rome in the 13th-14th century
|date = 24 May
|witness =
|type =
|approval =
|shrine = [[Church of the Gesù]]
|attributes=
|patronage=[[Society of Jesus]]
}}
[[File:Madonna della strada.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The ''Madonna Della Strada'']]
'''''Madonna Della Strada''''' or '''''Santa Maria Della Strada''''' (English: '''''Our Lady of the Wayside''''' or '''''Saint Mary of the Good Road''''') is a painting of [[Mary, mother of Jesus]] at the [[Church of the Gesù]] in Rome, [[mother church]] of the [[Society of Jesus]] (Jesuits) [[religious order]] of the [[Catholic Church]]; it is a variation on the ''[[basilissa]]'' (imperial) type of [[icon]].<ref name=Waldrop/>

The ''Madonna Della Strada'' is the [[patroness saint]] of the Society of Jesus. The society's founder, [[Ignatius of Loyola]], was said to have been protected by the intercession of Mary during battle in his service as a soldier.<ref>{{cite book | first1 = John W. | last1 = O'Malley | editor-first1 = Gauvin Alexander | editor-last1 = Bailey | editor-first2 = Steven J. | editor-last2 = Harris | date = 1999 | title = The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540-1773
| publisher = University of Toronto Press | ISBN = 978-0-8020-4287-3 | volume = 1 | pages = 136–39}}</ref>

==History==
The name goes back to a shrine established in Rome in the 5th century by the Astalli family, originally known as the ''Madonna degli Astalli'', at a crossroads along the ceremonial route of the popes.<ref name=Waldrop>[http://americamagazine.org/issue/720/art/object-devotion Waldrop S.J., Gregory. "Object of Devotion", ''America'', December 21, 2009]</ref> The 13th-14th century [[fresco]]<ref name=Pauca>[https://paucaverba.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-madonna-della-strada.html Morris, Stephen P., "The Madonna della Strada", ''Pauca Verba'', May 12, 2013]</ref> (a wall painting done on damp plaster) was originally painted on the wall of Saint Mary of the Way in Rome, the church of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), given to Saint Ignatius by Pope Paul III in 1540.<ref name=Pauca/>

In 1568, Cardinal Alessandro Farnese erected the [[Church of the Gesù|Gesù Church of Rome]], the mother church of the Jesuits, in place of the former church of Santa Maria della Strada. The fresco was moved there in 1575 to a side chapel where Jesuits pronounced their vows. Sometime in the 19th century, the image was transferred to canvas and affixed to a slate panel.<ref name=Waldrop/>

[[Pope Urban VIII]] granted a decree of [[Canonical Coronation]] towards the image. The coronation took place on August 15, 1638.

[[File:Il Gesù 002.JPG|thumb|220px|Altar of ''Madonna Della Strada'']]
The icon is located between two altars, the first dedicated to [[Ignatius of Loyola]], the second, the main altar of the Church, dedicated to the Holy Name of Jesus.<ref>Louis A. Bonacci, "[https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/s/santa-maria-della-strada.php Santa Maria della Strada]," ''All About Mary''. International Marian Research Institute, University of Dayton</ref>

The icon was restored in 2006, revealing at least two layers of previous paint, the original art being a fresco which had been detached from a wall and affixed to canvas.<ref>[https://contemplatioadamorem.blogspot.com/2006/12/restored-image-of-madonna-della-strada.html "Restored image of the Madonna della Strada", Contemplatio ad amorem, December 04, 2006]</ref>

==Legacy==
There is a ''[[Madonna Della Strada Chapel]]'' at Loyola University in Chicago, Illinois,<ref>[http://www.luc.edu/mdsweddings/ "Madonna Della Strada weddings", Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois]</ref> at the [[University of Scranton]] in [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]],<ref>[http://www.scranton.edu/about/community-relations/religious-services.shtml "Campus Religious Services", University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania]</ref> and another at Zilber Hall, [[Marquette University]] in [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]].<ref>[http://www.marquette.edu/magazine/recent.php?subaction=showfull&id=1349125200 Bazan, Jessie. "Zilber Hall’s inspiring sacred space", ''Marquette Magazine'', Summer 2014]</ref>

The Madonna della Strada Chapel is located at the campus ministry center of [[Le Moyne College]].<ref>[https://www.lemoyne.edu/Student-Life/Campus-Ministry/Liturgy-and-Worship "Liturgy and Worship", Le Moyne College]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Roman Catholic Marian art]]
* [[Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary]]
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Almagno, R. Stephen, O.F.M. Editor. '' Mary Our Hope: A Selection from the Sermons, Addresses, and Papers of Cardinal John J. Wright''. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1984. 158f.

{{Jesuits|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|Painting|Catholic Church}}

[[Category:Titles of Mary, mother of Jesus]]
[[Category:Paintings of the Madonna and Child]]
[[Category:Renaissance paintings]]
[[Category:Books in art]]
[[Category:Society of Jesus]]

Julie Billiart

2025-10-16T05:01:45Z

2806:2F0:5261:FA56:95FC:9C7E:84D2:1EAA:

{{short description|French nun and Catholic saint}}
{{Redirect|Saint Julie}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix=[[Saint]]
|name=Julie Billiart
|birth_date={{Birth date|1751|7|12|df=y}}
|death_date={{death date and age|1816|4|8|1751|7|12|df=y}}
|feast_day=8 April
|venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|image= St. Julie Billiart.jpg
|imagesize=
|caption= Saint Julie Billiart painted in 1830, by an unknown artist
|birth_place=[[Cuvilly]], [[Picardy]], France
|death_place=[[Namur]], Belgium
|titles=
|beatified_date=13 May 1906
|beatified_place=
|beatified_by=Pope [[Pius X]]
|canonized_date=22 June 1969
|canonized_place=
|canonized_by=Pope [[Paul VI]]
|attributes=
|patronage=educators, teachers
|major_shrine=
|suppressed_date=
|issues=
|prayer=
|prayer_attrib=
|honorific_suffix=SNDdeN}}

'''Julie Billiart''', SNDdeN (12 July 1751 – 8 April 1816) was a [[Catholic Church in France|French Catholic]] nun, educator, and cofounder of the [[Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur]].

She was born in [[Cuvilly]], a village in [[Picardy]], in northern France. She was paralyzed and bedridden for 22 years, but was well known for her prayer, her embroidery skills, and her education of both the poor and the nobility, especially her work with young girls. She had to flee Cuvilly after the start of the [[French Revolution]] and escaped to [[Compiègne]], where the stress she experienced resulted in another illness that took away her ability to speak, and where she received a vision foretelling that she would found a new religious congregation that would eventually become the [[Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur]]. In 1794, she met the French noblewoman and nun, [[Françoise Blin de Bourdon]], who became Billiart's co-founder and close associate, in [[Amiens]].

In 1804, Billiart and de Bourdon established the Sisters of Notre Dame in Amiens, where they and other nuns dedicated themselves to the care and education of young girls. Billiart, who was called "Mother Julie," was healed of both her paralysis and her speech and went on to found schools and homes for poor girls in France and Belgium. As of 2020, the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur worked in 16 countries on five continents. Billiart died on 8 April 1816 in Namur. She was beatified on 13 May 1906 by [[Pope Pius X]] and canonized on 22 June 1969 by [[Pope Paul VI]].

== Early life ==
Julie Billiart was born on 12 July 1751, in [[Cuvilly]], a village in [[Picardy]], in northern France, to farmer and shop owner Jean-François Billiart and Marie-Louise-Antoinette Debraine,<ref name="catholicencyclopedia">{{cite CE1913|wstitle= St. Julie Billiart |volume= 8 |last= Notre Dame |first= Sister of |short=1}}</ref><ref name="family">{{Cite web |title=Born into a Simple Farming Family |url=https://www.sndohio.org/sisters-notre-dame/born-into-a-simple-farming-family |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur |location=Cincinnati, Ohio |language=en}}</ref> who were "strong Christian parents".<ref name="stevenson" /> Billiart's childhood was "remarkable;"<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> she knew the [[catechism]] by heart by the age of seven, when she began teaching it to her friends. She received a rudimentary education at the village school run by her uncle and received her [[First Communion]], was [[Confirmation|confirmed]], and took a vow of [[chastity]] when she was nine years old.<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /><ref name="family" /> She knew that she wanted to enter the religious life by the time she was 14.<ref name="family" /> Billiart was admired for her "beautiful embroidery and lace",<ref name="family" /> which she sold in her family's store and donated to local churches and to the nearby [[Carmelites|Carmelite]] convent. When she was 16, "[m]isfortunes overtook the Billiart family;"<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> their store was robbed and they were never able to recover financially. She found work as a farm worker and would teach her co-workers hymns, lecture about faith and virtue, and share Bible stories.<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /><ref name="family" /><ref name="loyolapress">{{Cite web |title=Saint Julie Billiart |url=https://www.loyolapress.com/catholic-resources/saints/saints-stories-for-all-ages/saint-julie-billiart/ |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Loyola Press}}</ref> She was "held in such high esteem for her virtue and piety as to be commonly called, 'the saint of Cuvilly'{{Nbsp}}".<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" />

In 1774, Billiart witnessed the shooting of her father as they worked in the family store; the traumatic experience resulted in a "mysterious illness".<ref name="loyolapress" /> She became paralyzed and by 1784, due to poor medical treatment, was confined to her bed as "a helpless cripple"<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> for 22 years.<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Violence and Personal Trauma for St. Julie |url=https://www.sndohio.org/sisters-notre-dame/violence-and-personal-trauma |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur |location=Cincinnati, Ohio |language=en}}</ref><ref name="stevenson" /> Despite being bedridden, she "exercised an uncommon gift of prayer",<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> spending four or five hours a day "in contemplation"<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> and received the [[Eucharist in the Catholic Church|Eucharist]] daily. She also spent her time making linens and laces for the [[Altar (Catholic Church)|altar]], teaching both poor peasants from Cuvilly and noblewomen from Picardy, and preparing village children for their First Communion.<ref name="family" />

== Life and work ==
In 1789, the [[French Revolution]] broke out; Billiart, as [[Loyola Press]] put it, "conducted her defiance from her bed",<ref name="loyolapress" /> helped protect a [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy#Jurors and non-jurors|non-juried]] priest,<ref name="loyolapress" /> and refused to cooperate with a priest loyal to the Revolutionary government and persuaded the entire village to boycott him,<ref name="loyolapress"/> so with the help of one of her noblewomen students, she was forced to escape Cuvilly. She had to hide from revolutionaries by hiding under a mound of straw in the bed of a wagon; a farmhand helped Billiart, her niece, and caregiver escape to [[Compiègne]].<ref name="family" /> The stress of being so far away from home, the worry for her friends who risked their safety to protect her, and the grief over the loss of her father and her friends, the [[Martyrs of Compiègne]], sixteen [[Carmelites|Carmelite]] sisters who were [[guillotine]]d in 1794, resulted in another paralysis that took away her ability to speak. While in Compiègne, she received a vision about founding a new religious congregation,<ref name="newtraumas">{{Cite web |title=New Traumas to Bear |url=https://www.sndohio.org/sisters-notre-dame/new-traumas-to-bear |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur |location=Cincinnati, Ohio |language=en}}</ref> hearing the words, "These are the daughters that I will give you in an Institute, which will be marked by my cross", which she believed was a "guide for her future".<ref name="stevenson">{{Cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Anne |date=20 March 2020 |title=St. Julie Billiart |url=https://www.sndden.org/who-we-are/st-julie-billiart/ |access-date= July 19, 2022 |website=Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur |location=Ipswich, Massachusetts |language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 1794, she moved to a small apartment in [[Amiens]], where she met the French noblewoman and nun, [[Françoise Blin de Bourdon]], whom Billiart recognized as one of the nuns in her vision in Compiègne.<ref name="stevenson" /><ref name="newtraumas" /> At first, de Bourdon was "repelled by Julie's disabilities and her garbled speech",<ref name="newtraumas" /> but Billiart "immediately admired and enjoyed Francoise, who came with a character that was genuine, spiritual and strong".<ref name="newtraumas" /> Eventually, Billiart and de Bourdon became close and de Bourdon slowly came to "love and admire the invalid for her wonderful gifts of soul"<ref name="catholicencyclopedia"/> and her "deep faith and loving spirit".<ref name="newtraumas" /> Billiart and de Bourdon's friendship was strengthened between 1795 and 1797, through their correspondence while de Bourdon cared for her family in [[Gézaincourt]] in northern France.<ref name="stevenson" />

In 1797, during the [[Reign of Terror]], Billiart, de Bourdon, and the Abbé Thomas, who was also hiding and ministering in Amiens, escaped to [[Bettencourt-Rivière|Bettencourt]] in northern France until they were able to return to Amiens in February 1803. They met Father Varin, a local priest, in Bettencourt and Billiart continued teaching girls. When they returned to Amiens, Varin entrusted the care of some young orphan girls to Billiart and de Bourdon. On February 2, 1804, Billiart, de Bourdon, and another woman, Catherine Duchâtel, made vows of chastity, dedicated themselves to the care and education of young girls, and founded the Sisters of Notre Dame in Amiens, which later became the [[Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur]].<ref name="stevenson" /> Billiart regained the ability to speak with Varin's assistance.<ref name="newtraumas" />

A small group of de Bourdon's associates, who were "young and high-born ladies",<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> formed around Billiart, who taught them "how to lead the interior life"<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> while they worked generously for "the cause of God and His poor".<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> De Bourdon rented a home for them, where they lived, prayed, and worked together in a small community; Varin helped write formal guidelines for them.<ref name="community">{{Cite web |title=A Community is Formed |url=https://www.sndohio.org/sisters-notre-dame/a-community-is-formed |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur |location=Cincinnati, Ohio |language=en}}</ref> The foundation was made for what would, under the auspices of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Amiens|Bishop of Amiens]], become the Sisters of Notre Dame, a "society which had for its primary object the salvation of poor children"<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> and was devoted to educating young girls and to "making known God's goodness".<ref name="family" /> By February 1804, Billiart was being called "Mother Julie". Several young people volunteered to assist Billiart and de Bourdon; their first class consisted of eight orphans.<ref name="community" />
[[File:Santajulia1.jpg|thumb|Miniature of Billiart, possibly made shortly before her death in 1816.]]
On June 1, 1804, on the [[Feast of the Sacred Heart]], after her confessor instructed her to pray a novena, she was cured of paralysis.<ref name="community" /> After her cure, she was able to travel to St. Valery-sur-Somme and Abbeville "on a successful mission".<ref name="stevenson" /> "The first vows of religion"<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> were made on October 25, 1805, by Billiart, de Bourdon, and two other sisters. According to the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'', the sisters "proposed for their lifework the Christian education of girls, and the training of religious teachers who should go wherever their services were asked for".<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> As its founder and first superior, Billiart established the order's devotions from its very beginning. Also according to the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'', she did away with "the time-honored distinction between choir sisters and lay sisters, but this perfect equality of rank did not in any way prevent her from putting each sister to the work for which her capacity and education fitted her".<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> She also emphasized the spiritual formation and education of the sisters who taught in their schools and was "ably assisted"<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> by de Bourdon, who was called "Sister St. Joseph".

On February 2, 1806, Billart had another vision, when she saw the Sisters of Notre Dame "as a 'light of revelation'{{Nbsp}}"<ref name="stevenson" /> throughout the world. The religious authorities in Amiens opposed the congregation's work in other places, so they moved the congregation to Namur in 1809 and they became known as the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur. Billart viewed universal education as "a basic human right, and teaching as the 'greatest work on earth'{{Nbsp}}".<ref name="stevenson" /> As writer Anne Stevenson states, Billiart "brought the good news and hope in the goodness of God to a depressed and deprived generation by preparing vulnerable children for their duties in life, when children cried out for survival".<ref name="stevenson" /> As of 2020, the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur worked in 16 countries on five continents.<ref name="stevenson" />

By the time the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur was approved by an imperial decree on June 19, 1806, it had 30 members. In a few years, the order was founded in various towns in France and Belgium, the most important ones in [[Ghent]] and Namur, where de Bourdon was the first superior. In 1809, the Namur convent became the order's [[motherhouse]], where it remained so as of 1913. Between 1804 and 1816, Billiart founded 15 convents, made 120 "long and toilsome"<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> journeys, and "carried on a close correspondence with her spiritual daughters",<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> hundreds of which were preserved in Namur. In January 1816, Billiart became ill, "and after three months of pain borne in silence and patience, she died with the [[Magnificat]] on her lips".<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> She died on April 8, 1816, in Namur.<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" />

== Legacy ==
{{quote box
| align = right
| width = 25em
| quote = St. Julie's predominating trait in the spiritual order was her ardent charity, springing from a lively faith and manifesting itself in her thirst for suffering and her zeal for souls. Her whole soul was echoed in the simple and naive formula which was continually on her lips and pen: "''Oh, qu'il est bon, le bon Dieu''" ("How good the good God is").
| salign = right
| author = ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', 1913<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" />
}}

Billiart's [[beatification]] process began in 1881 and was completed on 13 May 1906 by [[Pope Pius X]].<ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /><ref name="index">{{cite book |title=Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum |date=January 1953 |publisher=Typis polyglottis vaticanis |page=129 |language=Latin}}</ref> Her story "resided in obscurity"<ref name="50yearsasaint">{{Cite web |title=St. Julie - Celebrating 50 Years a Saint |url=https://www.sndohio.org/sisters-notre-dame/st-julie-celebrating-50-years-a-saint |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur |location=Cincinnati, Ohio |language=en}}</ref> for decades.

The first miracle that supported Billiart's rise to sainthood occurred on 20 November 1919, in Namur, when a man named Homer Rhodius was healed of renal disease after prayers to Billiart and the use of a relic, provided by his daughter and a nun of the Namur branch of the Sisters of Notre Dame, Sister Marie-Ludovica.<ref name="50yearsasaint" /> The cause for Billiart's canonization was formally opened on 23 July 1924.<ref name="index" />

As briefly reported by Sister Mary Ludvine in the [[Sisters of Notre Dame of Coesfeld]] 1952 newsletter, on 30 September 1950, in Mata Virgem, a village in southern Brazil 27 miles from [[Campos Novos]], a 29-year old farmer named Otacilio Ribeiro da Silva was healed of an inoperable tumor by Billiart after the prayers and use of Billiart's relic and picture by members of the congregation who also worked at the hospital where da Silva was brought and by Ludvine, who was the hospital's superior.<ref name="50yearsasaint" /> In 1952, Mary Verona, an assistant [[Superior General (Christianity)|mother general]] of the Coesfeld Sisters of Notre Dame, who was residing in Rome, was "well connected with the Church hierarchy",<ref name="50yearsasaint" /> and involved in the decades-long effort to canonize Billiart, read the account of the da Silva miracle in her congregation's newsletter. This was the second miracle required for canonization, which was stalled for decades after the 1919 miracle. Four years later, in 1958, the da Silva miracle was authenticated. The 1919 miracle had to be re-examined in 1967, but Billiart was finally canonized by [[Pope Paul VI]] on 22 June 1969. Da Silva attended the ceremony and was accompanied by his 14-year old daughter, whom Da Silva named Julie, after Billiart, as he promised the nuns who prayed to Billart for his healing in 1952.<ref name="50yearsasaint" />

Billiart's feast day is April 8.<ref name="loyolapress" /> She is the patroness saint of educators and teachers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2021 |title=Saint Julie Billiart |url=https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-of-the-day/saint-julie-billiart |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Franciscan Media |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xLOpw_lpC8 Canonization of St. Julie Billiart] (1751-1816)": 1969 YouTube clip (no sound)
{{Subject bar |portal1=Saints |portal2= Biography |portal3= Catholicism |portal4= France |portal5= Belgium}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Billiart, Julie}}
[[Category:1751 births]]
[[Category:1816 deaths]]
[[Category:Belgian Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:Founders of Catholic religious communities]]
[[Category:19th-century French nuns]]
[[Category:Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur]]
[[Category:19th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:Incorrupt saints]]
[[Category:18th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:Christian female saints of the Early Modern era]]
[[Category:Christian female saints of the Late Modern era]]
[[Category:Canonizations by Pope Paul VI]]

Saint Mary's Catholic Church (Dubuque, Iowa)

2025-10-16T05:00:39Z

2806:2F0:5261:FA56:95FC:9C7E:84D2:1EAA:

{{Use American English|date = January 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = January 2020}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name =St. Mary's Catholic Church Historic District
| nrhp_type = hd
| nrhp_type2 = indcp
| partof = Washington Residential Historic District
| partof_refnum = 15000725
| nocat = yes
| image = StMarysDub051904.jpg
| caption =
| location = 105 E. 15th, 1584 White, 1501 & 1561 Jackson Sts., [[Dubuque, Iowa]]
| coordinates = {{coord|42|30|29|N|90|40|01|W|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = Iowa#USA
| area =
| built = 1864-1867 (church)
| architect = John Mullany (church)
| architecture = [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] (church)
| added = July 21, 2015
| designated_nrhp_type2 = October 13, 2015
| mpsub=
| refnum=15000436<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2010a}}</ref>
}}
'''Saint Mary's Catholic Church''' is a former parish of the [[Archdiocese of Dubuque]]. The church is located in [[Dubuque, Iowa]], [[United States]], at the corner of 15th and White Streets. The church is recognizable by its steeple– one of the tallest in the area. The church property was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] as an [[Historic districts in the United States|historic district]] in 2015, and the various buildings were included as [[contributing property|contributing properties]] in the [[Washington Residential Historic District]] later in the same year.<ref name=Jacobsen2>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/15000725.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111001440/https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/15000725.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 11, 2017|title=Washington Residential Historic District|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|accessdate=2017-01-10|author=James E. Jacobsen}}</ref>

==History==

===The beginning===
During the 1840s, a number of German families moved to the city of Dubuque. Many of these families were [[Catholic]]. Initially, they attended Mass at [[Saint Raphael's Cathedral (Dubuque)|St. Raphael's Cathedral]]. However, the cathedral was becoming quite crowded due to the growing German and Irish populations of the city. Also, Bishop Mathias Loras was having difficulty ensuring that the German families were adequately cared for.

In 1849, Bishop Loras granted permission for 40 German families to form a new parish. Gerhard Hueckels donated land at the corner of 8th and White Streets in Dubuque. In 1850, a church was built on the land. This church, named Holy Trinity, was built of native stone with a tower about twenty feet tall.

For the first few years, there was a lack of priests in the still-young diocese. The people of Holy Trinity parish were served at first by a missionary, Father Gerhard Plathe. Finally, in 1853, they were given a resident priest, Father William Edmonds.

Soon the first major influx of German immigrants occurred. The small Holy Trinity church was filled to capacity. In 1863, the pastor, Father George Fendrick, and members of the parish founded the "German Roman Catholic Association of Dubuque." Their goal was to build a new church to support the parish - which now had over 300 families. At first, they attempted to purchase the Presbyterian Seminary in Dubuque for $15,000. After other Christian denominations opposed this plan, the group instead purchased an orchard for $3,000. This site, about seven blocks north of the Holy Trinity Church, is the site of the current church.

===Construction of the new St. Mary's Church===
In 1864, construction was begun on the new church. The plans were designed by the architect John Mullany, who had designed the [[Saint Raphael's Cathedral (Dubuque)|present Cathedral building]]. Father Aloysius Meis directed the construction. The new building was done in Gothic Architecture style.

[[Image:MainAltarStMaryDubMay04.jpg|left|thumbnail|The original high altar]]
As with many other churches during the 19th century, most of the excavation and construction work was done by the men of the parish. By the time the foundation was complete in September 1864, only $3.03 was left in the treasury. The remaining $80,000 needed to finish the church was brought in through more fundraising and additional donations.

===From 1867 to 1922===
On February 10, 1867, Bishop John Hennessy dedicated the new St. Mary's Church. Over the next 55 years, the population of Dubuque continued to grow. This was especially true in the 1880s with the arrival of the Milwaukee Railroad shops. St. Mary's was the mother parish of four other area parishes. [[Sacred Heart Catholic Church (Dubuque)|Sacred Heart]] was established in 1879, followed by Holy Ghost in 1896. In 1910, a new Holy Trinity Church was built near Eagle Point Park in Dubuque in memory of the first church in Dubuque to carry that name. Finally in 1922, Nativity parish was built near what today is called [[Loras College]].

In the early 1870s, the [[Hook and Hastings]] Company - a prominent 19th century organ builder - installed an organ in the choir loft. This organ was placed in a visually impressive case. The organ was significantly altered by the Lima Pipe Organ Company of Elida, Ohio, in 1965; the case and most of the pipes were retained, augmented by all new mechanism (including windchests constructed of aluminum) and several additional ranks of pipes. It currently has three manuals and 33 stops.

The sanctuary was extended in 1911, followed by the construction of two small chapels at the rear of the church. In 1914, stained glass windows built in Bavaria were installed in the church, though the shipment of the windows was nearly stopped because of the outbreak of [[World War I]]. Twelve large stained glass windows honor the Blessed Virgin Mary, and a large mural of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary was painted behind the altar, because the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary is the patroness saint of the parish.

===From 1922 to the present===
[[File:St. Mary's Rectory - Dubuque, Iowa.jpg|thumb|St. Mary's Rectory]]
In 1935, [[Father Aloysius Schmitt]] was ordained in [[Rome]], [[Italy]]. He returned to the [[United States]], and his first assignment was as an associate at Saint Mary's Church. In 1941, he was killed in the attack at [[Pearl Harbor]], becoming the first American chaplain of any faith to die in the [[Second World War]].

In the early 1970s, the reforms of the [[Second Vatican Council]] were implemented. The parish removed the communion rail and placed a new altar in the sanctuary that faced the congregation. However, the original high and side altars were left largely intact.

In recent years, St. Mary's Church had combined efforts with the nearby [[Saint Patrick's Church (Dubuque)|St. Patrick's Church]]. The two parishes shared administrative staff and school facilities. The parish has been affected by the [[Priest shortage]] and a decline in membership as some families moved to suburban locations. The parish had a priest to lead Mass, but most of the administrative work was handled by a lay woman minister, the wife of a former U.S. Representative who is a deacon.

In the 1990s, St. Mary's built a new handicapped entrance. This entrance is located at the northeast corner of the church and has an elevator. Before that, the church was not as accessible as other churches in the area.

With a heavy debt load and a declining membership, the parish council recommended to the Archdiocese that the parish be closed. In late 2009 it was announced that the parish would be closed. On May 25, 2010, St. Mary's held its final mass as a Catholic parish with 700 attendees.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hoverman |first=Sr. Carol |title=Saying goodbye to St. Mary Parish |url=http://st-patrick-dubuque.org/Closureinformation.aspx |work=The Witness |access-date=30 May 2014 |date=30 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822025120/http://st-patrick-dubuque.org/Closureinformation.aspx |archive-date=August 22, 2011 }}</ref> The building is still considered a [[Oratory status|church]], but the parish is no longer active.

The movie ''[[F.I.S.T. (film)|F.I.S.T.]],'' which was largely filmed in Dubuque, had a scene which featured exterior shots of St. Mary's Church.

A book entitled "St. Marys: Finest church west of the Mississippi" covering the complete history of the church was published in August 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=St. Marys: Finest church west of the Mississippi|url=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/st-marys-candice-chaloupka/1117506082?ean=9780982777206|publisher=Barnes and Noble|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref> In 2014 a conceptual plan (but no timeline or cost estimate) to renovate the campus to provide office space for small businesses, a community kitchen and 12 units of low income housing was jointly announced by the Dubuque Archdiocese, non-Catholic community groups such as Dubuque's Economic Development Department and the Washington Neighborhood Corporation, and Dubuque-based Gronen Restoration.<ref>{{cite news|last=Habegger|first=Becca|title=St. Mary's church in Dubuque has bright future|url=http://www.kwwl.com/story/24534733/2014/01/23/st-marys-church-in-dubuque-has-bright-future|accessdate=30 May 2014|newspaper=KWWL (TV)|date=23 Jan 2014|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084353/http://www.kwwl.com/story/24534733/2014/01/23/st-marys-church-in-dubuque-has-bright-future|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Reilly|first=Jessica|title=Grand plans unveiled for St. Mary's Church Campus Group plans extensive renovations for the church campus. The vision is for a community hub with apartments, office space and sites for classes, performing arts, a coffee shop and more. Previous Next St. Mary Catholic Church campus|url=http://www.thonline.com/news/tri-state/article_2c19d6a2-eabe-5697-bf8e-6a3581e8d054.html?mode=image|accessdate=30 May 2014|newspaper=THOnline.com|date=23 Jan 2014}}</ref>

==Schools==
St. Mary's School merged with [[Saint Patrick's Church (Dubuque, Iowa)|St. Patrick's Catholic School]] to form Downtown Catholic School in 1982. The organization [[Holy Family Catholic Schools]] took control of Downtown Catholic and other Dubuque-area Catholic schools in 2001. Downtown Catholic and Sacred Heart – Holy Trinity School became St. Francis School in 2002, and St. Francis closed in 2004. Four Oaks Family and Children Services bought the school building in 2006.<ref name=CathStPats>{{cite web|url=https://cathedralstpats.org/st-patrick-history|title=St. Patrick History|publisher=Cathedral of St. Raphael and St. Patrick Church|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque}}
{{NRHP in Dubuque, Iowa}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1867]]
[[Category:19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Dubuque, Iowa|Mary]]
[[Category:German-American history]]
[[Category:German-American culture in Iowa]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1849]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in Iowa|Mary]]
[[Category:Former Roman Catholic church buildings in Iowa]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival church buildings in Iowa]]
[[Category:1849 establishments in Iowa]]
[[Category:Clock towers in Iowa]]
[[Category:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa]]
[[Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Dubuque, Iowa]]
[[Category:Historic districts in Dubuque, Iowa]]
[[Category:Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Iowa]]

Public holidays in Romania

2025-10-16T05:00:17Z

2806:2F0:5261:FA56:95FC:9C7E:84D2:1EAA:

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
[[File:Soldiers on parade.jpg|thumb|Soldiers on a parade during the [[Great Union Day|National Day of Romania]], 1 December 2008]]
The following is a list of '''public holidays in Romania'''. According to Romanian law, Romania had 51 public holidays as of 2011, which cover 14% of the days of the year in the country from which 15 days are non-working.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://romanialibera.ro/actualitate/fapt-divers/cate-zile-nationale-are-romania-238929|title=Câte zile naționale are România|first=Marinela|last=Rata|newspaper=[[România Liberă]]|date=26 September 2011|language=ro}}</ref> In 2025, Romania had 17 public non-working holidays<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zileliberelegale.ro/zile-libere-2025|title=Zile libere 2025|website=zileliberelegale.ro/|access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>

== Official non-working holidays ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Date
! Romanian name
! English name
! Remarks
|-
| 1-2 January
|{{lang|ro|Anul Nou}}
|[[New Year's Day]]
|-
|-
| 6 January
|{{lang|ro|Boboteaza}}
|[[Epiphany_(holiday)|Epiphany]]
|-
|-
| 7 January
|{{lang|ro|Sfântul Ioan Botezătorul}}
|[[John the Baptist]]
|-
|24 January
|{{lang|ro|Ziua Unirii Principatelor Române}}
|[[Day of the Unification of the Romanian Principalities]]
|Celebrates unification of the [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|Romanian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia]] in 1859 and the foundation of the Romanian modern state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mediafax.ro/politic/legea-prin-care-24-ianuarie-a-fost-declarata-zi-libera-nelucratoare-a-fost-promulgata-de-iohannis-15777292|title=Legea prin care 24 ianuarie a fost declarată zi liberă nelucrătoare a fost promulgată de Iohannis|newspaper=Mediafax|date=7 October 2016|access-date=7 October 2016|language=ro}}</ref> A non-working day since 2016.
|-
|1 May
|{{lang|ro|Ziua Muncii}}
|[[Labour Day]]
|International Labour Day
|-
|April/May
|{{lang|ro|Paștele}}
|[[Good Friday]], [[Easter]], [[Easter Monday]]
|The official holiday is the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] Easter. The holiday is three days long, [[Good Friday]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mediafax.ro/social/iohannis-a-promulgat-legea-prin-care-vinerea-mare-este-sarbatoare-legala-nelucratoare-17058413|title=Iohannis a promulgat legea prin care Vinerea Mare este sărbătoare legală nelucrătoare|newspaper=Mediafax|date=12 March 2018|access-date=16 March 2018|language=ro}}</ref> [[Easter|Easter Sunday]] and [[Easter Monday]] are non-working. Easter Sunday is {{#time:j F Y|{{Calendar date|holiday=Easter (Eastern)|df=d|year={{LASTYEAR}}}}}}, {{#time:j F Y|{{Calendar date|holiday=Easter (Eastern)|df=d|year={{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}}, {{#time:j F Y|{{Calendar date|holiday=Easter (Eastern)|df=d|year={{NEXTYEAR}}}}}}, {{#time:j F Y|{{Calendar date|holiday=Easter (Eastern)|df=d|year={{NEXTYEAR|2}}}}}}.
|-
|1 June
|{{lang|ro|Ziua Copilului}}
|[[Children's Day]]
|Public holiday starting with 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avocatnet.ro/content/articles/id_43954/Din-2017-salaria%C8%9Bii-vor-sta-acas%C4%83-%C8%99i-de-Ziua-Copilului-1-iunie-inclus%C4%83-de-azi-pe-lista-liberelor-legale.html|title=Din 2017, salariații vor sta acasă și de Ziua Copilului. 1 iunie, inclusă de azi pe lista liberelor legale|last=Inteligo|website=Avocatnet.ro|access-date=2 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
|May/June
|{{lang|ro|Rusaliile}}
|[[Pentecost]], [[Whit Monday|Pentecost Monday]]
|The 50th and 51st day from Orthodox Easter. Pentecost is {{#time:j F Y|{{Calendar date|holiday=Pentecost (Eastern)|df=d|year={{LASTYEAR}}}}}}, {{#time:j F Y|{{Calendar date|holiday=Pentecost (Eastern)|df=d|year={{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}}, {{#time:j F Y|{{Calendar date|holiday=Pentecost (Eastern)|df=d|year={{NEXTYEAR}}}}}}, {{#time:j F Y|{{Calendar date|holiday=Pentecost (Eastern)|df=d|year={{NEXTYEAR|2}}}}}}.
|-
|15 August
|{{lang|ro|Adormirea Maicii Domnului/Sfânta Maria Mare}}
|[[Dormition of the Mother of God]]
|Also the Day of the [[Romanian Naval Forces]] since [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|St. Mary]] is the [[patroness saint]] of the Navy.
|-
|30 November
|{{lang|ro|Sfântul Andrei}}
|[[Saint Andrew's Day]]
|[[Saint Andrew]] is the patron saint of Romania.
|-
|1 December
|{{lang|ro|Ziua Națională a României}}
|[[Great Union Day|National Day of Romania]]
|It celebrates the unification of [[union of Transylvania with Romania|Transylvania]], [[Union of Bessarabia with Romania|Bessarabia]] and [[Bukovina#Kingdom of Romania|Bukovina]] with the [[Kingdom of Romania]].
|-
|25-26 December
|{{lang|ro|Crăciunul}}
|[[Christmas Day]]
|Both first and second Christmas Day are holidays.
|}

== Other working holidays and observances==
{| class="wikitable"
! Date
! Name
! Remarks
|-
|15 January
|National Culture Day<ref name="mihai">{{cite news|url=https://www.agerpres.ro/flux-documentare/2017/01/15/documentar-15-ianuarie-ziua-culturii-nationale-10-37-37|title=DOCUMENTAR: 15 ianuarie, Ziua Culturii Naţionale|newspaper=[[Agerpres]]|date=13 January 2017|language=ro}}</ref>
|Celebration of the birth of the Romanian poet [[Mihai Eminescu]].<ref name="mihai" />
|-
|27 January
|[[International Holocaust Remembrance Day]]
|
|-
|19 February
|[[Constantin Brâncuși|Brâncuși]] Day<ref name="ZiuaBrancusi">{{cite web|title=Legea pentru declararea Zilei Brâncuşi ca sărbătoare naţională a fost promulgată de Iohannis|url=http://www.mediafax.ro/cultura-media/legea-pentru-declararea-zilei-brancusi-ca-sarbatoare-nationala-a-fost-promulgata-de-iohannis-14902219|publisher=Mediafax|date=27 November 2015|access-date=2 December 2015|language=ro}}</ref>
|Not a public holiday
|-
|20 February
|[[World Day of Social Justice]]
|-
|8 March
|[[International Women's Day|Women's Day]]
|Observes International Women's Day<ref name="legeaz.net">{{cite web|url=http://legeaz.net/monitorul-oficial-169-2016/legea-22-2016-8-martie-ziua-femeii-19-noiembrie-ziua-barbatului|title=Legea nr. 22/2016 – declararea zilei de 8 martie — Ziua femeii si 19 noiembrie — Ziua bărbatului|website=Legeaz.net|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
|9 March
|Anti-Communist Political Prisoners' Day<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gandul.ro/stiri/9-martie-ziua-detinutilor-politici-anticomunisti-7969141|title=9 martie, "Ziua Deținuților Politici Anticomuniști"|first=Vlad|last=Mironescu|newspaper=[[Gândul]]|date=23 April 2012|language=ro}}</ref>
|-
|20 March
|[[International Francophonie Day]] and [[International Day of Happiness]]
|-
|21 March
|[[International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]], [[World Down Syndrome Day]], [[International Day for the Eradication of Poverty]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.agerpres.ro/documentare/2020/03/21/ziua-internationala-a-padurilor-onu--470372|title=Ziua internaţională a pădurilo (ONU)|newspaper=Agerpres|date=21 March 2020|language=ro}}</ref> and [[Oltenia Day]]
|-
|22 March
|[[World Water Day]]
|-
|24 March
|[[World Tuberculosis Day]]
|-
|25 March
|[[Police Day#Romania|Romanian Police Day]] and [[International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition]]
|-
|27 March
|[[Day of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania]]
|Celebrates the [[Union of Bessarabia with Romania]].
|-
|Last or second-to-last Saturday in March
|[[Earth Hour]]
|Not a public holiday. The last Saturday in March except Earth Hour is held a week earlier when [[Holy Saturday]] falls on the last Saturday in March.
|-
|First Sunday in April
|[[NATO Day]]
|Not a public holiday – observed by the [[Government of Romania|Government]] institutions. {{Weekday after date|{{LASTYEAR}}|March|31|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|March|31|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{NEXTYEAR}}|March|31|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{NEXTYEAR|2}}|March|31|Sunday|j F Y}}.
|-
|2 April
|[[World Autism Awareness Day]]
|-
|3 April
|[[Gendarmerie (Romania)|Romanian Gendarmerie]] Day
|-
|7 April
|[[World Health Day]]
|-
|8 April
|[[International Romani Day|Day of the Romani Ethnicity of Romania]]
|-
|22 April
|[[Earth Day]]
|Not a public holiday
|-
|23 April
|Railway Day, Librarian Day, [[World Book Day]], National Day of the Romanian Tax Consultant
|-
|29 April
|War Veterans' Day<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.agerpres.ro/flux-documentare/2015/04/29/ziua-veteranilor-de-razboi-07-41-29|title=Ziua Veteranilor de Război|newspaper=Agerpres|date=28 April 2015|language=ro}}</ref>
|-
|First Sunday in May
|[[Mother's Day]]
|{{Weekday after date|{{LASTYEAR}}|April|30|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|April|30|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{NEXTYEAR}}|April|30|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{NEXTYEAR|2}}|April|30|Sunday|j F Y}},
|-
|Second Sunday in May
|[[Father's Day]], Teenager's Day and National Dress Day
|{{Weekday after date|{{LASTYEAR}}|May|7|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|May|7|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{NEXTYEAR}}|May|7|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{NEXTYEAR|2}}|May|7|Sunday|j F Y}}.
|-
|2 May
|[[National Youth Day]]
|-
|3 May
|[[World Press Freedom Day]]
|-
|5 May
|Day of the Tatar Language{{fact|date=September 2025}}
|-
|8 May
|Equality of Opportunities Between Women and Men Day{{fact|date=September 2025}}
|-
|9 May
|[[Romanian War of Independence|Independence Day]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cristea|first1=Irina Andreea|title=9 Mai – Ziua Independenţei de Stat a României|url=https://www.agerpres.ro/documentare/2018/05/09/9-mai-ziua-independentei-de-stat-a-romaniei--103952|access-date=10 May 2018|work=www.agerpres.ro|agency=[[Agerpres]]|date=9 May 2018|language=ro}}</ref> [[Victory Day (9 May)|Victory Day]] and [[Europe Day]]
|It celebrates Romania's proclamation of independence during the war against the Ottoman Empire in 1877–1878, concluded with the recognition of Romania's independence. Romania celebrates the capitulation of [[Nazi Germany]] in 1945. Also, starting 2007, Romania observes Europe Day.
|-
|10 May
|Monarchy Day, Balkan Romanianness Day
|The first celebrates the crowning of [[Carol I of Romania|Carol I]] as its first king, as well as all the kings of the Romanian monarchy.
|-
|14 May
|International Humanitarian Rights Day
|-
|15 May
|National Veterinary Day and [[International Day of Families]]
|-
|21 May
|[[World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development]]
|
|-
|24 May
|Bulgarian Language Day<ref>{{cite news|url=https://romanialibera.ro/actualitate/eveniment/ziua-limbii-bulgare--introdusa-prin-lege-in-romaniia-379416|title=Ziua Limbii Bulgare, introdusă prin lege în România|first=Andrei|last=Mărgăritescu|newspaper=România Liberă|date=24 May 2015|language=ro}}</ref>
|-
|25 May
|Slovak Language Day
|-
|27 May
|Mihai Viteazul Day
|In 1600, [[Michael the Brave]] briefly unified [[Wallachia]], [[Transylvania]] and [[Moldavia]] under his rule.
|-
|31 May
|Military Reserves Day
|-
|Last Sunday in May
|Day of the Romanians Everywhere, Romanian Businessperson Day
|{{Weekday before date|{{LASTYEAR}}|June|1|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday before date|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|June|1|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday before date|{{NEXTYEAR}}|June|1|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday before date|{{NEXTYEAR|2}}|June|1|Sunday|j F Y}}.
|-
|May/June
|Heroes' Day/[[Ascension of Jesus Christ|Ascension]]
|The 40th day from the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] Easter. Not a public holiday – observed with military and religious festivities at the monuments dedicated to the national heroes (such as the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Bucharest|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]]). {{#time:j F Y|{{Calendar date|holiday=Easter (Eastern)|df=d|year={{LASTYEAR}}}} + 39 day}}, {{#time:j F Y|{{Calendar date|holiday=Easter (Eastern)|df=d|year={{CURRENTYEAR}}}} + 39 day}}, {{#time:j F Y|{{Calendar date|holiday=Easter (Eastern)|df=d|year={{NEXTYEAR}}}} + 39 day}}, {{#time:j F Y|{{Calendar date|holiday=Easter (Eastern)|df=d|year={{NEXTYEAR|2}}}} + 39 day}}.
|-
|1 June
|[[Parents' Day]]
|-
|2 June
|National Adoption Day
|-
|4 June
|[[International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression]] and [[Trianon Treaty Day]].
|-
|5 June
|National Day Against Child Abuse and [[World Environment Day]]
|-
|11 June
|Day of Romanian [[Democracy]]
|Commemorates the [[Wallachian Revolution of 1848|Wallachian revolution of 1848]].
|-
|14 June
|[[World Blood Donor Day]]
|-
|26 June
|[[Flag of Romania|National Flag Day]], [[International Day in Support of Victims of Torture]] and [[International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking]]
|-
|First Sunday in July
|Justice Day
|{{Weekday after date|{{LASTYEAR}}|June|30|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|June|30|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{NEXTYEAR}}|June|30|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{NEXTYEAR|2}}|June|30|Sunday|j F Y}}.
|-
|Second Sunday in July
|Statistician Day
|{{Weekday after date|{{LASTYEAR}}|July|7|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|July|7|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{NEXTYEAR}}|July|7|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{NEXTYEAR|2}}|July|7|Sunday|j F Y}}.
|-
|20 July
|Romanian Aviation and Air Force Day
|-
|24 July
|Romanian Border Police Day
|-
|28 July
|National Ambulance Day and [[World Hepatitis Day]]
|-
|29 July
|[[National anthem of Romania|National Anthem]] Day
|Date when [[Deșteaptă-te, române!]] was first performed, in 1848 at [[Râmnicu Vâlcea]] – not a public holiday
|-
|30 July
|[[Friendship Day]]
|-
|15 August
|[[Navy Day#Romania|Navy Day]]
|-
|23 August
|[[Liberation from Fascist Occupation Day]] and [[European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism|Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Fascism and Communism]]
|National holiday between 1949 and 1990. On 23 August 1944, [[Michael I of Romania|King Michael I]] joined with pro-Allied opposition politicians and led a successful coup against [[Conducător]] of Romania, Marshal [[Ion Antonescu]]'s fascist government. Romania joins the Allies and participates alongside the [[Red Army]] in further operations in countries under Nazi occupation. Since 2011, Romania observes the European Day for Commemoration of the Victims of Totalitarian and Authoritarian regimes, also as a reminder of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop pact]] signed on this day in 1939 – which resulted in Romania losing most of the region that is now [[Moldova]] and parts of [[Ukraine]] (''see [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina]]'').
|-
|31 August
|[[Romanian Language Day]]
|-
|1 September
|Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Day
|-
|10 September
|[[World Suicide Prevention Day]]
|-
|13 September
|Firefighters of Romania's Day
|-
|14 September
|Romanian Engineer's Day
|-
|15 September
|[[International Day of Democracy]]
|-
|21 September
|[[International Day of Peace]]
|-
|28 September
|Czech Language Day
|-
|29 September
|World Heart Day
|-
|1 October
|[[International Day of Older Persons]] and Romanian Diver's Day
|-
|5 October
|[[World Teachers' Day]]
|-
|9 October
|[[World Post Day]]
|-
|10 October
|[[World Mental Health Day]]
|-
|11 October
|Transylvanian Schools Day
|-
|17 October
|[[International Day for the Eradication of Poverty]]
|-
|24 October
|[[United Nations Day]]
|-
|25 October
|[[Armed Forces Day#Romania|Armed Forces Day]]
|Not a public holiday. Observed by the [[Romanian Army]] and its veterans on the anniversary of the liberation of [[Carei]], the last Romanian city under horthyst-fascist occupation during [[World War II]]. Also the birthday of [[King of Romania|King]] [[Mihai I of Romania|Michael I]]
|-
|11 November
|[[Veterans Day]]
|-
|14 November
|[[Dobruja Day]] and [[World Diabetes Day]]
|Date which celebrates the integration of [[Northern Dobruja]] into Romania in 1878.
|-
|16 November
|[[International Day for Tolerance]] and Romanian World Heritage Day
|-
|19 November
|Men's Day and Romanian Researcher and Designer Day
|Observes men's day<ref name="legeaz.net"/>
|-
|28 November
|[[Bukovina Day]]
|Date which celebrates the Union of Bukovina with Romania in 1918.
|-
|Third Thursday of November
|National Day Without Tobacco
|{{Weekday after date|{{LASTYEAR}}|November|14|Thursday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|November|14|Thursday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{NEXTYEAR}}|November|14|Thursday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{NEXTYEAR|2}}|November|14|Thursday|j F Y}}.
|-
|Third Sunday of November
|[[World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims]]
|{{Weekday after date|{{LASTYEAR}}|November|14|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|November|14|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{NEXTYEAR}}|November|14|Sunday|j F Y}}, {{Weekday after date|{{NEXTYEAR|2}}|November|14|Sunday|j F Y}}.
|-
|1 December
|[[World AIDS Day]]
|-
|2 December
|[[International Day for the Abolition of Slavery]]
|-
|3 December
|[[United Nations' International Day of Persons with Disabilities]]
|-
|8 December
|[[Constitution Day]]
|Date when the referendum on the [[Romanian Constitution]] was held in 1991 thus establishing the first democratic republic.
|-
|9 December
|[[International Anti-Corruption Day]]
|-
|10 December
|[[Human Rights Day]]
|-
|13 December
|Day of the Tatar Ethnicity of Romania
|-
|16 December
|National Solidarity Day Against Dictatorship
|-
|18 December
|Day of the National Minorities of Romania
|-
|20 December
|[[International Human Solidarity Day]]
|-
|21 December
|[[Romanian Revolution of 1989|Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Communism in Romania]]
|Marks the peak of the victorious Romanian Revolution of 1989 and commemorates the victims who fell in the violent street confrontations between 16 and 27 December.
|-
|22 December
|Romanian Revolution Victory and Freedom Day
|}

== Traditional holidays – working observances ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Date
! Name
! Remarks
|-
|24 February
|[[Dragobete]]le
| Similar to [[St. Valentine's Day]]
|-
|1 March
|[[Mărțișor]]ul
| Spring festival
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Holidays|Romania}}
*[[Public holidays in Moldova]]
*[[Public holidays in Transnistria]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://zilelibere.com/ Public holidays in Romania]
*[https://liberelegale.ro/ List of public holidays in Romania]
*[https://cesarbatoaree.ro/zile-libere-2025/ All public holidays in Romania]
*[https://zilelelibere.ro/ Calendar of public holidays in Romania]

{{Romania topics}}
{{Public holidays in Europe}}

[[Category:Public holidays in Romania| ]]
[[Category:Lists of public holidays by country|Romania]]
[[Category:Culture of Romania]]
[[Category:Society of Romania]]
[[Category:Observances in Romania]]
[[Category:Lists of organized events in Romania|Holidays]]

Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá

2025-10-16T04:49:46Z

2806:2F0:5261:FA56:95FC:9C7E:84D2:1EAA:

{{Short description|Patron saint and venerated icon}}
{{Redirect|La Chinita|International airport called after Saint Mary|La Chinita International Airport|album by Manu Chao|Próxima Estación: Esperanza}}
{{Infobox saint
| name = Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of Chiquinquirá
| image =Alonso de Narvaez - Our Lady of Chiquinquira,1562.jpg
| imagesize = 290px
| alt =
| caption = The Colombian image made in 1562
| titles = Patroness of Colombia
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
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| death_date =
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| venerated_in = [[Catholic Church]] (Colombia and parts of Venezuela)
| beatified_date =
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| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| major_shrine = Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá, Colombia, Basílica of Maracaibo, Venezuela
| feast_day = 9 July, November 18
| attributes = the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] standing on a crescent moon, with a blue cloak and white veil, holding the [[Infant Jesus]], with a bird, [[rosary]] and scepter, accompanied by [[St. Anthony of Padua]] and [[St. Andrew]]
| patronage = Colombia [[Maracaibo]] & [[Zulia]], Venezuela [[Caraz]], Peru Venezuelan National Guard
| issues =
| suppressed_date =
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}}

'''Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of Chiquinquirá''' or the '''Virgin of Chiquinquirá''', is a Marian title of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)|Blessed Virgin Mary]] associated with a venerated image in the northern [[Andes]] region. She has been for centuries the highly appreciated [[patron saint|patroness saint]] of Colombia and adjacent regions of Venezuela. Under this venerated title, the image is the [[patron saint|patroness saint]] of Colombia, the Venezuelan state of [[Zulia State|Zulia]], and the town of [[Caraz]] in Peru.

The first and original painting was made by the Spaniard Alonso de Narváe on cotton support in 1562.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U6fOEAAAQBAJ&dq=virgin+of+chiquinquir%C3%A1+alonso+de+narvaez&pg=PA522|title=Hispanic American Religious Cultures|author=[[Miguel A. De La Torre]]|page=522|isbn=9781598841404|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXWRgP-0KBkC&dq=virgin+of+chiquinquir%C3%A1+alonso+de+narvaez&pg=PA671|title=Mary in Our Life. Atlas of the Names and Titles of Mary, the Mother of Jesus, and Their Place in Marian Devotion|author=Nicholas J. Santoro|page=671|isbn=9781462040223|publisher=[[iUniverse]]|year=2011}}</ref> The second image, of smaller colonial image for Venezuela, still very venerated today, which was made in 1709 and is kept in the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Chiquinquirá, Maracaibo]]. Painted on wood, located in [[Maracaibo]], Venezuela, where it is also called ''La Chinita''.

[[Pope Pius X]] in 9 January 1910 authorised the [[Canonical Coronation]] of the image but was not carried out until 9 July 1919 due to the political turmoil prevalent at the time. [[Pope Pius XI]] raised her sanctuary to the status of [[minor basilica]] via the Pontifical decree ''Exstat in Colombia'' in 18 August 1927. [[Pope John Paul II]] visited the sanctuary in 3 July 1986.

In August 2020, the Colombian government was approved to donate a Marian image of the same namesake in the [[Vatican Gardens]] at the 18th slot.

==Colombia==
[[Image:Virgen del Chiquinquirá, de Baltasar Vargas de Figueroa 103 por 125 cm (Banco República Colombia 2010) - AHG.jpg|thumb|Painting of the Virgin of Chiquinquirá, made in 1660 by the Spaniard artisan, Baltasar Vargas de Figueroa. Colección de Arte del Banco de la República, Bogotá.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-99EAAAQBAJ&dq=Virgin+of+Chiquinquir%C3%A1+Baltasar+Vargas+de+Figueroa&pg=PA482|title=Los ingenios del pincel. Geografía de la pintura y la cultura visual en la América colonial|author=Jaime Humberto Borja Gómez|page=482|isbn=9789587980899|year=2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipXGDwAAQBAJ&dq=Virgin+of+Chiquinquir%C3%A1+Baltasar+Vargas+de+Figueroa&pg=PA97|title=Circulación y apropiación de imágenes religiosas en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, siglos XVI-XVIII|author=María Cristina Pérez Pérez|page=97|isbn=9789587744361|publisher=[[University of the Andes (Colombia)]]|year=2016}}</ref>]]
Pursuant to a commission received from Antonio de Santana, who had received in 1560 an [[encomienda]] of the Indians of Suta, a Spanish painter named Alonso de Narváez painted a portrait of the Virgin of the Rosary on a homespun piece of cotton woven by the Indians.<ref name=marianist/> Painting in [[tempera]], he used mineral pigments from the soil and organic juices from local herbs and flowers.<ref name="dayton">{{Cite web|title=Latin American Titles of Mary : University of Dayton, Ohio|url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/l/latin-american-titles-of-mary.php|website=udayton.edu|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref><ref>Magdalena Vences Vidal, ''La Virgen de Chiquinquirá, Colombia'', 2008, Museo de la Basílica de Guadalupe, coll=''Estudios en torno de arte'' vol. 2, pp.36f.</ref>

In 1562, the portrait was placed in a chapel with a roof that leaked, and in time the humidity, air, and sun had damaged the painting, leaving the subject unrecognisable. In 1577, the worn painting was moved to Chiquinquirá and left abandoned in a room that had formerly been a family [[Oratory (worship)|oratory]]. Eight years later, María Ramos, a pious Spaniard from [[Seville]], refurbished the modest chapel and enshrined the faded painting in it. Tradition has it that the miraculous restoration of the painting occurred on Friday, 26 December 1586: scratches and holes in the cotton were gradually sealed, with light and colour overlaying them. The image stood out again, having recovered its vivacity and brightness.<ref name=dayton/>

The Virgin of the Rosary in the center of the painting is approximately three feet high. She looks towards her left as if to call attention to the nearly naked Christ Child in her arms. She has a calm countenance with a delicate smile. Both her face and the Child's are pale. The Child has a small, brightly coloured bird tied to his thumb, and a rosary hangs from his left hand. A white veil covers her hair, and her rose-tinted robe is covered by a sky-blue cape. The Virgin stands on a crescent moon, suggesting she is the [[Woman of the Apocalypse]].<ref>"And a great sign appeared in heaven, a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars", [[Book of Revelation|Apocalypse]], chapter 12:1</ref> With the little finger of her left hand, she holds a rosary which hangs in front of her, and in her right hand is a scepter. On her right stands the figure of [[Anthony of Padua|Saint Anthony of Padua]], in the Franciscan habit and holding his usual a book with a vision of the Child Jesus atop, and on her left is the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]] [[Andrew the Apostle|Saint Andrew]], carrying his [[X-shaped cross]]. These were the patron saints respectively of Antonio de Santana, the Spanish colonist who had commissioned the painting, and the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] friar, Andrés Jadaque, who had arranged for De Narváez to paint it.<ref name=dayton/>

The figures appear blurred up close, but seem clearer when viewed from a distance. The painting has markedly deteriorated through various causes which were assessed by Cecilia Álvarez White during a technical examination of the painting in 1986. These include the lack of any prepared ground to size the cotton support, the method of painting, and the nature of the pigments used which tend to degrade after exposure to light and humidity. Álvarez White concluded that the single greatest cause of pictorial degradation occurred over the 50 years preceding her examination, when the painting was exposed to more or less continuous, intense electric light.<ref>Alvarez White, Cecilia, ''Chiquinquirá arte y milagro'', Bogotá, Presidencia de la Republica/Museo de Arte Sacro, 1986, quoted and summarized in Vences Vidal, Magdalena, ''La Virgen de Chiquinquirá, Colombia'', Museo de la Basílica de Guadalupe, coll=''Estudios en torno al arte'' vol. 2, at pp.63, 147f.</ref> In addition, for three hundred years the image of Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá was exposed to the faithful without any protection, permitting thousands to touch the flimsy cloth. Since 1897, a thick glass cover has protected the painting from inclement weather and the excessive touch of devotees.<ref name=marianist>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marianist.com/articles/dayofprayer.htm |title="Our Lady Of The Rosary Of Chiquinquira, Patroness Of Colombia",''Family Online'', The Society of Mary (Marianists), Vol. 3, No. 19, September 28, 2004 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205110247/http://www.marianist.com/articles/dayofprayer.htm |archive-date=December 5, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Venezuela==

[[Image:Virgen de la Chiquinquira en la Basilica de la Chinita, Maracaibo, Venezuela.jpg|thumb|The Venezuelan colonial image of the Virgin of Chiquinquirá housed in the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Chiquinquirá, Maracaibo]], Venezuela]]

===Story of the prodigy===

One day in November 1709 (1749 according to other versions), a woman washing her clothes by the shores of [[Lake Maracaibo]] saw a small, wooden tablet floating towards her. She picked it up thinking it might be of some use, and took it home with her, along with the clothes. The following morning while preparing coffee, she heard knocks as if somebody was calling her. She went to see and was astonished to find the tablet shining, the image of Our Lady of Chiquinquirá now upon it. A variation says the woman first saw no more than the outline of the Virgin on the tablet, and for this reason hung it on a wall of her house; on Monday, 18 November, she heard the knocking and strange noises coming from inside her house, and saw the tablet dazzlingly bright, with lights like a rainbow. Surprised and filled with strong emotion, she ran out of her house, shouting “''¡Milagro! ¡Milagro!''” – hence the name "''El Milagro''" (“The Miracle”) given to the avenue where the visionary's house stood. Later on, many people arrived to witness it.<ref>online [http://inemegf.blogspot.com/2009/09/articulovirgen-de-la-chiquinquira-o.html article],''Virgen de la Chiquinquirá, o Virgen de la Chinita, Patrona del Zulia: Origenes de su Devoción, Tradiciones e Historia'', dated 30 September 2009, accessed 29 November 2013</ref>

From that day on, the inhabitants of the state of [[Zulia]] in Venezuela, where Maracaibo is situated, found their Queen in what they call “''La Chinita''”. As it has been expressed by many people, “She is the way that leads to Jesus”. To this day, the tablet, still bearing the image on it, can be seen in the [[Basilica of Maracaibo]].

Legend has it that the government decided the image belonged in the capital city, [[Caracas]], so they ordered it moved. As soldiers were to take the image away, it grew heavier and heavier until no man could lift it. The soldiers promptly returned it to the Basilica, where it has remained since.

===Wooden tablet, crown, and square===
[[File:Basílica de nuestra señora de la Chiquinquira.jpg|thumb|interior view of the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Chiquinquirá, Maracaibo]], in Venezuela]]
The tablet depicting the image of the Virgin Mary was first taken to a small sanctuary built to honor San Juan de Dios and later, under the rule of the governor Francisco de la Roche Ferrer, a bigger chapel was erected to venerate the newly found image of the Virgin of Chiquinquirá. The tablet remained there until the final stage of the Basilica, the basilica was completed in 1858.

The tablet is relatively small. The dimensions are: 26 centimeters wide by 25 centimeters long and 3 millimeters deep. The Virgin Mary holds the baby Jesus in her left arm. To her left is the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]] Saint Andrew holding an open book, and to her right Saint Anthony holding a lily (a symbol of chastity) in his right hand. The tablet was restored and preserved, and embellished with 18-carat gold engraving to magnify its beauty.

The crown suspended above the tablet weighs 10 kilograms and it was made of 18-carat gold, donated by the public. Its inner arch measures 27 centimeters by 44 centimeters and a number of precious stones were embedded. It is one of the most highly prized relics in all of Zulia. By the time the crown was made it cost around 250 thousand [[Venezuelan bolívar|bolívar]]s.
[[File:Basílica Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Chiquinquirá (Exterior 1).jpg|250px|thumb|Monument of Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá, Paseo Ciencias, [[Maracaibo]], Venezuela]]
In the year 2004, the local government inaugurated the “Square of Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá”, an open sanctuary reminiscent of the old times. The great monument of the Virgin of Chiquinquirá is located exactly where the washer woman's house once was. The total area of the square is 30 thousand square meters whose epicenter is a 15-meter-high allegorical statue of the Virgin Mary. There are also three mirror-like fountains as well as a smaller square devoted to [[Saint Sebastian]], the patron saint of Maracaibo.

===Annual celebration===

The people of Maracaibo celebrate the Chinita's fair in November with an all-night party. One of the main city avenues, Bella Vista, is closed for several blocks and the city puts lights all along the avenue. The lights stay up for months, until after Christmas. There are stages set up, sponsored by the government and businesses around the city. There are firework shows and street vendors, and hundreds of thousands of people line the streets and celebrate all night.

The Chinita's fair officially begins on the last Saturday in October when the Virgin is taken down from the altar in which she rests. She tours throughout Zulia State and returns to the Basilica to start all the religious festivities. Around November 6, Bella Vista Avenue sees itself lit up by Christmas decorations, and the local government promotes a series of public concerts with national and international artists to begin the “real” fair. Crowds of people flock together at the different stages or platforms devised to house such concerts.

Other cultural activities are held during the fair. Expo-Zulia is a temporary marketplace where the Zulians show numerous products that characterize the state. Many merchants, stores, companies and artisans offer their products at reasonably low prices. Bullfights are popular, with a number held in the local bullring. The “[[Coleo|Toros coleados]]” finds many “gaiteros” in front of the basilica singing their best [[Gaita Zuliana|gaita]]s in honor of Our Lady, keeping alive a long-standing tradition of folk music.

The celebrations mark the first salvo of a long Christmas season within Venezuela.

===The 17th and 18th of November===

The last two days of La Chinita's fair are most special. During these days the great parties around the city are held. By the afternoon of the 17th many people enjoy the multiple concerts and gaita bands that sing in the pubs, clubs and discos. The party begins on the 17th and lasts into the early morning hours of the 18th, with the “Gaitero Daybreak”. Many people go to the Chinita's baseball game right after this traditional party and to the “Toros coleados” in the afternoon.

==Pontifical approbations==
* [[Pope Pius VII]] declared her Patroness of Colombia in 1829, with a proper liturgical feast.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ADOM :: Colombians, their virgin and soccer|url=https://www.miamiarch.org/CatholicDiocese.php?op=Article_10715113619743|website=www.miamiarch.org|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref>
* [[Pope Pius X]] granted the image a decree of [[Canonical coronation]] on 9 January 1910. The rite of coronation was executed on 9 July 1919 due to delayed preparations and political climate in the country.
* [[Pope Pius XI]] raised her sanctuary to the status of [[minor basilica]] via the Pontifical decree ''Exstat in Colombia'' in 18 August 1927.<ref name=marianist/>
* [[Pope John Paul II]] visited and prayed at her shrine in 3 July 1986.

The feast day of Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquira, Patroness of Colombia is July 9, her actual day of coronation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.patersondiocese.org/page.cfm?Web_ID=2382 |title="Marian Feast Days in Latin America", Roman Catholic Diocese of Paterson, New Jersey |access-date=2013-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203092013/http://www.patersondiocese.org/page.cfm?Web_ID=2382 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Veneration==
[[File:Virgen de Chiquinquira encendido de las luces.jpg|thumb|Traditional lighting of the lights at Maracaibo, Venezuela]]
In March 2008, the Colombian daily ''El Tiempo'' reported that a crisis that could have ended in an open conflict between Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela was averted by Colombian President Alvaro Uribe confiding the situation to the intercession of Mary under the three different titles by which she is the countries’ patroness. The crisis started on March 1, when Uribe ordered a military raid into Ecuador's territory, against a rebel camp used by Marxist guerrillas to launch terrorist strikes. In response, Ecuador's President Rafael Correa cut all diplomatic relationships with Colombia. Venezuela's Hugo Chávez, Correa's political ally, ordered a massive military surge to the Colombian border as well. Quoting Fr. Julio Solórzano, Chaplain of Colombia's Presidential Palace, ''El Tiempo'' revealed that on March 5, with tensions increasing, President Uribe called for a Rosary to pray for the end of tensions. The Rosary, prayed at the Presidential Palace's chapel, was dedicated, upon Uribe's request, to Our Lady of Chiquinquira, Our Lady of Coromoto, and Our Lady of Mercy, respectively the patronesses of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. Uribe invited all officials at the Presidential palace to the Rosary, as well as the minister of Defense and the Interior. “For believers – ''El Tiempo'' wrote – the prayer was more than effective, since only two days later the presidents of the three countries shook hands, during the Group of Rio summit.” On April 7, at the Dominican Republic summit, the three presidents vented their differences, but agreed to stand down after Colombia apologized for the raid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Intercession of Virgin Mary prevented war in South America, newspaper reveals|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/12132/intercession-of-virgin-mary-prevented-war-in-south-america-newspaper-reveals|website=Catholic News Agency|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Our Lady of Chiquinquirá}}
* [[Our Lady of Chiquinquirá Cathedral, Sonsón]]
* [[Our Lady of the Rosary]]
* [[Mariology (Roman Catholic)]]
* [[Roman Catholicism in Venezuela]]
* [[Romeria]]
* [[Verbena (fair)]]
* [[Bullfighting]]
* [[Wayuu]]

==Further reading==
*Cousins, Karen. "Shapes of Love in the Miracle Testimonies of the Virgin of Chiquinquirá, New Kingdom of Granada, 1587 to 1694". ''Colonial Latin American Review'' 28, no. 3, (2019): 396-423.
*Deardorff, Max. "The Politics of Devotion: Indigenous Spirituality and the Virgin of Chiquinquirá in the New Kingdom of Granada". ''[[Ethnohistory]]'' 65, no. 3.(2018): 465-88.
*Frassani, Alessia. "La Virgen de Chiquinquirá y la religión muisca". ''Historia y sociedad no. 35'' (2028) 61-86.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20100307014959/http://www.gobernaciondelzulia.gov.ve/lista2.asp?sec=120113%20
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080706000055/http://cev.org.ve/com_detalles.php?id=28 Article title]}}
*[http://saints.sqpn.com/our-lady-of-chiquinquira/ Our Lady of Chiquinquirá]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquira}}
[[Category:Catholic Church in Venezuela]]
[[Category:Paintings of the Madonna and Child]]
[[Category:Zulia]]
[[Category:Titles of Mary, mother of Jesus|Chiquinquirá]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in Colombia]]

Oneiromancy

2025-10-16T04:20:49Z

2806:2F0:5261:FA56:95FC:9C7E:84D2:1EAA: /* Mesopotamia */

{{Short description|Form of divination based upon dreams}}
'''Oneiromancy''' ({{ety|el|''όνειροϛ'' ([[oneiros]])|dream||''μαντεία'' (manteia)|prophecy}}) is a form of [[divination]] based upon [[dream]]s, and also uses dreams to [[prediction|predict]] the future. [[Oneirogen]] plants may also be used to produce or enhance dream-like states of consciousness. Occasionally, the dreamer feels as if they are transported to another time or place, and this is offered as evidence they are in fact providing divine information upon their return.<ref>Yau, Julianna. (2002). ''Witchcraft and Magic''. In [[Michael Shermer]]. ''The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience''. ABC-CLIO. pp. 278-282. {{ISBN|1-57607-654-7}}</ref><ref>Regal, Brian. (2009). ''Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia''. Greenwood. p. 55. {{ISBN|978-0-313-35507-3}}</ref>

== Oneirocritic literature ==
{{See|Dream dictionary}}
Oneirocritic literature is the traditional (ancient and medieval) literary format of [[dream interpretation]].
===Ancient oneirocritic literature===
====Mesopotamia====
The ancient [[Sumer]]ians in [[Mesopotamia]] have left evidence of dream interpretation dating back to at least 3100 BC.<ref name="Seligman">Seligman, K. (1948), ''Magic, Supernaturalism and Religion''. New York: Random House</ref><ref name="BlackGreen1992"/> Throughout Mesopotamian history, dreams were always held to be extremely important for [[divination]]<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/><ref name="Oppenheim">Oppenheim, L.A. (1966). ''Mantic Dreams in the Ancient Near East'' in G. E. Von Grunebaum & R. Caillois (Eds.), ''The Dream and Human Societies'' (pp. 341–350). London, England: Cambridge University Press.</ref> and Mesopotamian kings paid close attention to them.<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/><ref name="Seligman"/> [[Gudea]], the king of the Sumerian city-state of [[Lagash]] (reigned {{circa}} 2144–2124 BC), rebuilt the temple of [[Ningirsu]] as the result of a dream in which he was told to do so.<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/> The standard [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'' contains numerous accounts of the prophetic power of dreams.<ref name="BlackGreen1992">{{cite book|last1=Black|first1=Jeremy|first2=Anthony|last2=Green|title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary|location=Austin, Texas|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1992|isbn=0714117056|pages=71–72, 89–90}}</ref> First, [[Gilgamesh]] himself has two dreams foretelling the arrival of [[Enkidu]].<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/> Later, Enkidu dreams about the heroes' encounter with the giant [[Humbaba]].<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/> Dreams were also sometimes seen as a means of seeing into other worlds<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/> and it was thought that the soul, or some part of it, moved out of the body of the sleeping person and actually visited the places and persons the dreamer saw in his or her sleep.<ref>Caillois, R. (1966). ''Logical and Philosophical Problems of the Dream''. In G.E. Von Grunebaum & R. Caillos (Eds.), ''The Dream and Human Societies''(pp. 23–52). London, England: Cambridge University Press.</ref> In Tablet VII of the epic, Enkidu recounts to Gilgamesh a dream in which he saw the gods [[Anu]], [[Enlil]], and [[Shamash]] condemn him to death.<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/> He also has a dream in which he visits the [[Kur|Underworld]].<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/>

The [[Assyria]]n king [[Ashurnasirpal II]] (reigned 883–859 BC) built a temple to Mamu, possibly the god of dreams, at [[Imgur-Enlil]], near [[Kalhu]].<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/> The later Assyrian king [[Ashurbanipal]] (reigned 668–{{circa}} 627 BC) had a dream during a desperate military situation in which his divine patroness, the goddess [[Inanna|Ishtar]], appeared to him and promised that she would lead him to victory.<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/> The [[Babylonia]]ns and Assyrians divided dreams into "good", which were sent by the gods, and "bad", sent by demons.<ref name="Oppenheim"/> A surviving collection of dream omens entitled ''[[Iškar Zaqīqu]]'' records various dream scenarios as well as [[Prognosis|prognostications]] of what will happen to the person who experiences each dream, apparently based on previous cases.<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/><ref>Nils P. Heessel : ''Divinatorische Texte I : ... oneiromantische Omina''. Harrassowitz Verlag, 2007.</ref> Some list different possible outcomes, based on occasions in which people experienced similar dreams with different results.<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/> Dream scenarios mentioned include a variety of daily work events, journeys to different locations, family matters, sex acts, and encounters with human individuals, animals, and deities.<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/>

====Egyptian====
In [[ancient Egypt]], as far back as 2000 BC, the Egyptians wrote down their dreams on [[papyrus]]. People with vivid and significant dreams were thought to be blessed and were considered special.<ref>Lincoln, J.S. (1935). ''The dream in primitive cultures'' London: Cressett.</ref> Ancient Egyptians believed that dreams were like [[oracle]]s, bringing messages from the gods. They thought that the best way to receive divine revelation was through dreaming and thus they would induce (or "[[dream incubation|incubate]]") dreams. Egyptians would go to sanctuaries and sleep on special "dream beds" in hope of receiving advice, comfort, or healing from the gods.<ref>1991. languages of dreaming : Anthropological approaches to the study of dreaming In other cultures. In Gackenbach J, Sheikh A, eds, Dream images: A call to mental arms. Amityville, N.Y.: Baywood.</ref>

The oldest oneirocritic manuscript hitherto discovered is the "Ramesside dream-book" now in the British Museum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/asset/the-dream-book/MwFiHsBS2T_Qug|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026135434/https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/asset/the-dream-book/MwFiHsBS2T_Qug|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 26, 2016|title=The Dream Book - Google Arts & Culture|newspaper=Google Cultural Institute|language=en|access-date=2016-10-16}}</ref> A unique exemplar of a book of dream-interpretation from pre-Hellenistic Egypt, the surviving fragments were translated into English by Kasia Szpakowska.<ref>Szpakowska, Kasia : ''Behind Closed Eyes : Dreams and Nightmares in Ancient Egypt''. The Classical Press of Wales, Swansea, 2003. http://texts.00.gs/Behind_Closed_Eyes.htm</ref>

Between the paws of the [[Great Sphinx of Giza|Sphinx]], there is a [[stele]] describing how [[Thutmose IV]] restored the Sphinx as a result of a dream, on the promise of becoming a [[pharaoh]].

====Greek====
Dream divination was a common feature of Greek and Roman religion and literature of all genres. [[Aristotle]] and [[Plato]] discuss dreams in various works. The only surviving Greco-Roman dreambook, the [[Oneirocritica]], was written by [[Artemidorus]]. Artemidorus cites a large number of previous authors, all of whom are now lost. These include Astrampsychos, Nikephoros, Germanos, and Manuel Palaiologos.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thing.de/projekte/7:9%23/dream_book.html |title = Dream Book of Astrampsychos}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dreams.00.gs/Oneirocritic_Literature,_VII.htm|title = Dream-Book of Nikephoros}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dreams.00.gs/Oneirocritic_Literature,_IX.htm|title=Dream-Book of Germanos}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dreams.00.gs/Oneirocritic_Literature,_XV.htm|title=Dream-Book of Manuel Palaiologos}}</ref>
Seers who specialized at the interpretation of dreams were called enypniomantis (ἐνυπνιόμαντις) and brizomantis (βριζόμαντις).<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=e)nupnio/mantis Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, enypniomantis]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=brizo-bio-1 A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Brizo]</ref>

* In Book XIX of the ''[[Odyssey]]'', [[Penelope|Penelopē]] said that "dreams ... which issue forth from the gate of polished horn bring true issues to pass, when any mortal sees them." (Here, there may be a pun<ref>Oberhelman 1981, p. 3</ref> of /KRainō/ 'I fulfill' with /KeRas/ 'horn'.)
* Likewise, [[Herodotus|Herodotos]] distinguished<ref>Oberhelman 1981, p. 4</ref> /oneiros/ (or /enar/) as "the prophetic, God-sent dream" from /en-upnion/ "the non-predictive dream".
* In the scheme of [[Artemidorus|Artemidoros]], the "oneiros was subdivided into two great categories: ... ''allēgorikos'', which corresponds to the [[Platonism|Platonic]] theory of the predictive dream operating in the impure soul, and the ... ''theōrēmatikos'', which is the dream represented in the pure state of the soul."<ref>Oberhelman 1981, p. 8</ref>

==== Biblical ====
Dreams occur throughout the [[Bible]] as [[omen]]s or messages from [[God]];
* God speaks to [[Abram]] while he is in a deep sleep (Genesis 15);
* God speaks to [[Abimelech]], the king of Gerar, in a dream concerning his intentions regarding Sarah, Abraham's wife (Genesis 20);
* [[Jacob]] dreams of a [[Jacob's Ladder (Bible)|ladder to heaven]] (Genesis 28);
* his son [[Joseph (Hebrew Bible)|Joseph]] dreamed of his future success (Genesis 37), interpreted the dreams of Pharaoh of Egypt's cupbearer and baker while imprisoned (Genesis 40) and interpreted the dreams of the [[Pharaoh]] of [[Egypt]] (Genesis 41);
* The Midianite's dream about the barley bread and his friend's interpretation of it being [[Gideon|Gideon's]] army. Gideon overhears this and later defeats the Midianite army (Judges 7);
* [[Solomon]] conversed with God in his dreams (1 Kings 3);
* [[Daniel (biblical figure)|Daniel]] interpreted dreams (in the [[Book of Daniel]] 2 and 4);
* [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]], when betrothed to Mary, was told in a dream not to fear taking Mary as his wife (Matthew 1);
* the [[Biblical Magi|Magi]] are told in a dream to avoid Herod on their journey home (Matthew 2);
* Joseph, now husband of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], was directed in a dream to flee with Mary and Jesus to [[Egypt]] (Matthew 2);
* [[Pilate's wife]] suffered in a dream because of Jesus (Matthew 27);
* [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] was told in a vision to go to [[Macedon]]ia (Acts 16)

In Acts 2:17, the apostle Peter quotes Joel 2:28, saying that because of the Spirit now out poured, "...your old men will dream dreams."

===Medieval oneirocritic literature===

====Āstika====
The pertinent material is included in the several Purāṇa-s, such as the ''[[Linga Purana|Liṅga Purāṇa]]''.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zhIbyxoxHMgC&dq=Dream-interpretation+purana&pg=PA60 Linga Purana]''. Diamond Pocket Books Ltd. {{ISBN|81-288-0679-3}}. pp. 60-62</ref>

====Arabic====
Here, dreams about specific numbers<ref>Gouda 1991, pp. 296-301</ref> or about reading specific chapters<ref>Gouda 1991, pp. 402-409</ref> of the Qurʼan are among the chief subjects of prognostication. The most renowned of the Arabic texts of oneiromancy is the ''[[Great Book of Interpretation of Dreams]]'', a 15th-century compilation of earlier scholarship.

====European====
[[Achmet (oneiromancer)|Achmet]] is an adaptation of an Arabic book to the tastes of a European readership.

Derived from older literature, modern [[dream dictionary|dream-books]] are still in common use in Europe and the United States, being commonly sold along with good-luck charms.

====Japanese====
[[Sei Shonagon]] refers to having her dreams interpreted in ''[[The Pillow Book]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.h3.dion.ne.jp/~urutora/makura3.htm|script-title=ja:古典に親しむ - 枕草子|lang=ja|trans-title=Getting familiar with the classics - Pillow Book|work=dion.ne.jp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022065023/http://www.h3.dion.ne.jp/~urutora/makura3.htm }}</ref>

The ''Taiheiki'', a 14th-century war chronicle, portrays [[Emperor Godaigo]] selecting [[Kusunoki Masashige]] as the leader of his forces based on a portentous dream.{{sfnm|1a1=Keene|1y=1999|1pp=880–881}}

== Other oneiromantic traditions ==

The indigenous Chontal of the Mexican state of Oaxaca use ''[[Calea zacatechichi]]'', a flowering plant, for oneiromancy by placing it under the pillow of the dreamer. Similarly, ''[[Entada rheedii]]'' is used in various African cultures.

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Carl Jung]]
* [[Dreaming (journal)]]
* [[Dreams in analytical psychology]]
* [[Dreamwork]]
* [[Hatsuyume]]
* [[International Association for the Study of Dreams]] (IASD)
* [[Lucid dreaming]]
* [[Oneirology]]
* [[Oneironautics]]
* [[Precognition]]
* [[Sigmund Freud]]
* [[Synchronicity]]
* [[The Dreaming]]
* [[Unconscious mind]]
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{Wiktionary}}
*{{cite book |last1=Chandezon |first1=Christophe |last2=du Bouchet |first2=Julien |title=L'onirocritique grecque. D'Artémidore à Foucault |date=2023 |publisher=Les Belles Lettres |location=Paris |isbn=9782251454337}}
* {{cite book
|last = Keene
|first = Donald
|authorlink = Donald Keene
|year = 1999
|title = A History of Japanese Literature, Vol. 1: Seeds in the Heart – Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century
|publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]
|location = New York, NY
|edition = paperback
|orig-year = 1993
|isbn = 978-0-231-11441-7
}}
* Noegel, Scott B.: ''Nocturnal Ciphers: the Allusive Language of Dreams in the Ancient Near East''. New Haven, 2007.
* Oberhelman, Steven Michael: ''The Oneirocritic Literature of the Late Roman and Byzantine Eras of Greece''. PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1981.
* Yehia Gouda: ''Dreams and Their Meanings in the Old Arab Tradition''. Vantage Pr, NY, 1991.

{{Dreaming}}
{{Divination}}
{{Jungian psychology}}
{{Jung}}
{{Sigmund Freud}}
[[Category:Carl Jung]]
[[Category:Sigmund Freud]]
[[Category:Oneirology]]
[[Category:Dream]]
[[Category:Lucid dreams]]
[[Category:Analytical psychology]]
[[Category:Psychoanalytic theory]]
[[Category:Symbols]]
[[Category:Divination]]
[[Category:Sleep physiology]]

[[es:Interpretación de los sueños]]