Cunninghame Graham

2025-09-22T13:18:28Z

2A00:23C5:3F02:6701:6596:3722:E4D5:E81C: /* Further reading */

{{Short description|British journalist, traveller and politician (1852–1936)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Robert Cunninghame Graham
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham00.jpg
| imagesize =
| smallimage = 
| alt =
| caption = Cunninghame Graham, c. 1890.

| order =
| office = 1st [[Scottish National Party|President of the Scottish National Party]]
| term_start = 7 April 1934
| term_end = 20 March 1936
| predecessor = Position created
| successor = [[Roland Muirhead]]

| order2 =
| office2 = [[Scottish Labour Party (1888)|President of the Scottish Labour Party]]
| term_start2 = 25 August 1888
| term_end2 = 1895
| predecessor2 = Position created
| successor2 = Party Disestablished

| order3 =
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] for [[North West Lanarkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|North West Lanarkshire]]
| term_start3 = [[1886 United Kingdom general election|1886]]
| term_end3 = [[1892 United Kingdom general election|1892]]
| predecessor3 = [[John Baird (North West Lanarkshire MP)|John Baird]]
| successor3 = [[Graeme Alexander Lockhart Whitelaw]]
| majority3 = 332

| birth_date = 24 May 1852
| birth_place = [[London]], [[England]]
| death_date = 20 March 1936 (aged 83)
| death_place = [[Plaza Hotel Buenos Aires|Plaza Hotel]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
| restingplace = [[Inchmahome Priory]]
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname =
| citizenship =
| nationality = [[Scotland|Scottish]]
| party = [[Scottish National Party]]
| otherparty = [[National Party of Scotland]]<br />[[Scottish Labour Party (1888)|Scottish Labour Party]]<br />[[Scottish Liberal Party|Liberal Party]]
| partner = 
| alma_mater = [[Harrow School]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion =
| website =
| footnotes = Laid to rest at Lake of Menteith. On the island of Inchmahome
}}
[[File:Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham by John Crealock.JPG|thumb|Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham by John Mansfield Crealock]]
'''Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham'''<ref>There is no hyphen between the two surnames (as is the Scottish fashion) which were first joined together by Don Roberto's great-great-grandfather, [[Robert Graham of Gartmore]], in 1796 when he inherited the Cunninghame estate of Finlaystone in Renfrewshire from his cousin John, 15th and last Earl of Glencairn.</ref> (24 May 1852 – 20 March 1936) was a Scottish politician, writer, journalist and adventurer. He was a [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] Member of Parliament (MP); the first ever socialist member of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]; a founder, and the first president, of the [[Scottish Labour Party (1888-1893)|Scottish Labour Party]]; a founder of the [[National Party of Scotland]] in 1928; and the first president of the [[Scottish National Party]] in 1934.

Cunninghame Graham was the eldest son of Major William Bontine<ref>The entail of Nicol Bontine of Ardoch disponing the estate to his cousin Robert Graham of Gartmore stated that the holder of Gartmore could not also hold Ardoch at the same time and required the holder of Ardoch to assume the name Bontine. This led to the eldest son assuming the name Bontine during his father's lifetime and reverting to Cunninghame Graham with the Bontine as an additional forename upon succeeding to Gartmore. Major Bontine, due to his illness, never reverted to Cunninghame Graham. The practice has become almost impossible in modern times though the current head of the Cunninghame Graham family, William Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham of Gartmore assumed the Bontine into the middle of his name upon the death of his father in 1996.</ref> of the Renfrew Militia and formerly a [[Cornet (military rank)|Cornet]] in the [[Scots Greys]] with whom he served in Ireland. His mother was the Hon. Anne Elizabeth Elphinstone-Fleeming, daughter of [[Admiral]] [[Charles Elphinstone-Fleeming]] of Cumbernauld<ref>She was thus a niece of both John, 12th Lord Elphinstone and Hon [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]], Governor of [[Bombay]] and author of an early History of [[India]]. Her brother John Elphinstone-Fleeming, became the 14th [[Lord Elphinstone]] in 1860.</ref> and a Spanish [[noblewoman]], Doña Catalina Paulina Alessandro de Jiménez, who reputedly, along with her second husband, Admiral James Katon, heavily influenced Cunninghame Graham's upbringing. Thus the first language Cunninghame Graham learned was his mother's maternal tongue, Spanish.

==Youth==
He spent most of his childhood on the family [[Estate (house)|estate]] of [[Finlaystone]] in [[Renfrewshire]] and Ardoch in [[Dunbartonshire]], Scotland, with his younger brothers Charles and Malise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.FinlaystoneHouse.com/history.htm|title=Finlaystone House|author=Francesca Nobile for Fisheyes}}</ref>

After being educated at [[Harrow School|Harrow]] [[Public school (UK)|public school]] in England, Robert finished his education in [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]], before moving to [[Argentina]] to make his fortune [[cattle ranch]]ing. He became known as a great adventurer and [[gaucho]] there, and was affectionately known as '''Don Roberto'''. He also travelled in [[Morocco]] disguised as a [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[sheikh]] to find the "forbidden" city of [[Taroudant]] but was captured by a Caid (Si Taieb ben Si Ahmed El Hassan El Kintafi),<ref>Mogreb-El-Acksa, Chapter 6</ref> prospected for gold in Spain, befriended [[Buffalo Bill]] in [[Texas]], and taught [[fencing]] in [[Mexico City]], having travelled there by [[wagon train]] from [[San Antonio de Bexar]] with his young bride ''sic'' "[[Gabriela Cunninghame Graham|Gabrielle Marie de la Balmondiere]]", a supposed half-French, half-[[Chile]]an poet.<ref>In 1986, some eighty years after her death, it was discovered that she was really Caroline Horsfall (the daughter of a [[Ripon]] Doctor), who had repeatedly run away to the stage. She and Don Roberto had, with the obvious connivance of his mother, the redoubtable Hon. Anne Elizabeth Bontine (a society hostess of some note), concocted a whole new identity for her to make her more acceptable to the family's social set.</ref>

==Convert to socialism==
{{Unreferenced section |date=February 2024}}
After the death of his father in 1883 he reverted to the Cunninghame Graham surname. He returned to the UK and became interested in politics. He attended socialist meetings where he heard and met [[William Morris]], [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[H. M. Hyndman]], [[Keir Hardie]] and [[John Burns]]. Despite his wealthy origins, Graham was converted to socialism and he began to speak at public meetings. He was an impressive orator and was especially good at dealing with hecklers.

==Liberal Party MP==
{{More citations needed | section|date=February 2024}}
[[File:Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham Vanity Fair 25 August 1888.jpg|thumb|Cunninghame Graham caricatured by [[Leslie Ward|Spy]] in ''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1888]]
Although a socialist, in the [[1886 United Kingdom general election|1886 general election]] he stood as a [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] candidate at [[North West Lanarkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|North West Lanarkshire]]. His election programme was extremely radical and called for:

*the abolition of the [[House of Lords]]
*[[universal suffrage]]
*the [[nationalisation]] of land, mines and other industries
*free school meals
*[[disestablishment]] of the [[Church of England]]
*Scottish [[Home Rule]]
*the establishment of an eight-hour working day

Supported by liberals and socialists, Graham defeated the [[Liberal Unionist Party|Unionist]] candidate by 322 votes. He had stood against the same candidate at the [[1885 United Kingdom general election|1885 general election]], in which he was defeated by over 1100 votes.

Robert Cunninghame Graham refused to accept the conventions of the [[British House of Commons]]. On 12 September 1887 he was suspended from parliament for making what was called a "disrespectful reference" to the [[House of Lords]]. He was the first MP ever to be suspended from the House of Commons for [[profanity|swearing]]; the word was [[damn]].{{dubious|Suspension for swearing|date=May 2025}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1892/may/04/suspension-of-mr-cuninghame-graham#S4V0004P0_18920504_HOC_41|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=4 May 1892|title=Suspension of Mr. Cuninghame Graham}}</ref>

Graham's main concerns in the House of Commons were the plight of the unemployed and the preservation of [[civil liberties]]. He complained about attempts in 1886 and 1887 by the police to prevent public meetings and [[free speech]]. He attended the protest demonstration in [[Trafalgar Square]] on 13 November 1887 that was broken up by the police and became known as [[Bloody Sunday 1887|Bloody Sunday]]. Graham was badly beaten during his arrest and taken to [[Bow Street Police Station]], where his uncle, [[William Hope (VC)|Col William Hope VC]], attempted to post bail. Both Cunninghame Graham, who was defended by [[H. H. Asquith]], and [[John Burns]] were found guilty for their involvement in the demonstration and sentenced to six weeks imprisonment.

When Graham was released from [[Pentonville (HM Prison)|Pentonville prison]] he continued his campaign to improve the rights of working people and to curb their economic exploitation. He was suspended from the House of Commons in December 1888 for protesting about the working conditions of the chain makers of [[Cradley Heath]]. His response to the Speaker of the House, "I never withdraw", was later used by [[George Bernard Shaw]] in ''Arms and the Man''.<ref>Notes to Captain Brassbound's Conversion: Sources of the Play, G B Shaw, August 1900</ref>

==Scottish independence and the Scottish Labour Party==
Graham was a strong supporter of [[Scottish independence]]. In 1886, he helped establish the Scottish Home Rule Association (SHRA), and while in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]], he made several attempts to persuade fellow MPs of the desirability of a [[Scottish parliament]]. On one occasion, Graham joked that he wanted a "national parliament with the pleasure of knowing that the taxes were wasted in [[Edinburgh]] instead of [[London]]."

In 1888, Graham attended the SHRA Conference at the Anderton's Hotel in Fleet Street and passed a motion "That in the opinion of this Conference the interests of Scotland demand the establishment of a Scotch national Parliament and an Executive Government having control over exclusively Scotch affairs, with a due regard to the integrity of the Empire". The motion was supported by Mr Cuninghame Graham (as name spelt in article), who said he "wanted a Scotch Parliament to do justice to their crofters and keep them at home, to pass an Eight Hours' Bill for their miners, to settle the liquor laws, and to nationalise the land." [[Peter Esslemont]] MP attended. Dr G.B Clark Chaired conference MP for Caithness-shire.

While in the House of Commons, Graham became increasingly more radical and went on to found the [[Scottish Labour Party (1888-1893)|Scottish Labour Party]] with [[Keir Hardie]]. Graham left the Liberal Party in 1892 to contest the general election in a new constituency as a Labour candidate.

He supported workers in their industrial disputes and was involved with [[Annie Besant]] and the [[Matchgirls Strike]] and the [[London Dock Strike of 1889|1889 Dockers' Strike]]. In July 1889, he attended the [[Marxist]] Congress of the [[Second International (politics)|Second International]] in [[Paris]] with James Keir Hardie, William Morris, [[Eleanor Marx]] and [[Edward Aveling]]. The following year he made a speech in [[Calais]] that was considered by the authorities to be so revolutionary that he was arrested and expelled from France.

Graham was a supporter of the [[eight-hour day]] and made several attempts to introduce a Bill on the subject. He made some progress with this in the summer of 1892, but he was unable to persuade the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] government, headed by [[Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]], to allocate time for the Bill to be fully debated.

At the [[1892 United Kingdom general election|1892 general election]] Graham stood as the Scottish Labour Party candidate for [[Glasgow Camlachie (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Camlachie]]. He was defeated, bringing his parliamentary career to an end. He remained active in political circles, though, helping his colleague Keir Hardie establish the Independent Labour Party and enter parliament as the MP for [[West Ham]]. However, he became disillusioned by the pettiness and dissent of those he called "piss-pot socialists" and increasingly turned to a nascent [[Scottish nationalism]] as a means of achieving social justice and cultural revival.

Graham retained a strong belief in Scottish home rule. He played an active part in the establishment of the [[National Party of Scotland]] (NPS) in 1928 and was elected the Honorary President of the new [[Scottish National Party]] in 1934. He was several times the [[Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association]] candidate for the [[Rector (academia)|Lord Rectorship]] of the [[University of Glasgow]], which he lost by only sixty-six votes in 1928 to [[Stanley Baldwin]], the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] at the time. This event was pivotal in the founding of the National Party, and the eventual creation of the [[Scottish National Party]] in the 1930s.

Because of his Scottish nationalism, and criticism of what he saw as the Labour Party's timidity and lack of socialist zeal, Graham has been effectively written out of Labour Party history, and the belief has been circulated that after his electoral defeat in 1892, he retired from politics until the late 1920s. This is entirely incorrect; in fact, between 1905 and 1914, Graham, while retaining the position of elder statesman, social commentator, and renowned world-traveller, became more militant, involving himself in many left-wing causes and protests. There is evidence to suggest that he joined the hard-left British Socialist Party, and he was an associate of anarchists and a political assassin. Graham was also a vociferous anti-imperialist at the height of British [[jingoism]] as well as a high-profile supporter of the [[women's suffrage]] movement and Home Rule for Ireland and India.

==Author==
Between 1888 and 1892, Graham was a prolific contributor to small-circulation socialist journals, but his literary career took off when he was recruited by [[Frank Harris]] to write for the ''[[Saturday Review (London newspaper)|Saturday Review]]'' in 1895, and he continued writing for the ''Saturday'' until 1926, as well as other journals. His main form was the 'sketch', or sketch-tale', mostly descriptive, atmospheric works on South America and Scotland, which gave his work a unique aesthetic, which carried a subtext of anti-colonialism, nostalgia, and loss. [[T. E. Lawrence]] (of Arabia) described his Scottish sketches as "the rain-in-the-air-and-on-the-roof mournfulness of Scotch music in his time-past style [. . .] snap-shots – the best verbal snapshots ever taken I believe." His many works were collected into anthologies. Subject matter included history, biography, poetry, essays, politics, travel and seventeen collections of short stories or literary sketches. Titles include ''Father Archangel of Scotland'' (1896 in conjunction with his wife Gabriela), ''Thirteen Stories'' (1900), ''Success'' (1902), ''Hope'' (1910), ''Scottish Stories'' (1914), ''Brought Forward'' (1916) and ''Mirages'' (1936). Biographies included: ''Hernando de Soto'' (1903), ''Doughty Deeds'' (1925), a biography of his great-great-grandfather, [[Robert Graham of Gartmore]] and Portrait of a Dictator (1933). His great-niece and biographer, Jean, Lady Polwarth,<ref>Under her maiden name Jean Cunninghame Graham she published in 2004 a biography entitled ''Gaucho Laird'' based on his letters and writings</ref> published a collection of his short stories (or sketches) entitled ''Beattock for Moffatt and the Best of Cunninghame Graham'' (1979) and Alexander Maitland added his selection under the title ''Tales of Horsemen'' (1981). Professor John Walker published collections of Cunninghame Graham's South American Sketches (1978), Scottish Sketches (1982) and North American Sketches (1986) and Kennedy & Boyd republished the stories and sketches in five volumes (2011 – 2012). In 1988 The Century Travellers reprinted his ''Mogreb-el-Acksa'' (1898) and ''A Vanished Arcadia'' (1901). The former was the inspiration for George Bernard Shaw's play ''[[Captain Brassbound's Conversion]]''. The latter helped inspire the award-winning film ''[[The Mission (1986 film)|The Mission]]''. More recently The Long Riders Guild Press have reprinted his equestrian travel works in their Cunninghame Graham Collection.

He helped his close friend [[Joseph Conrad]], whom he had introduced to his publisher [[Edward Garnett]] at [[Gerald Duckworth and Company|Duckworth]], with research for his novel ''[[Nostromo]]''.<ref>Hampson, Robert, Introduction to Conrad, Joseph (2000), ''Nostromo'', Wordsworth Classics, pp. IX – X, {{isbn|9-781853-261749}}</ref> Other literary friends included [[Ford Madox Ford]], [[John Galsworthy]], [[W. H. Hudson]], [[George Bernard Shaw]] (who openly admits his debt to Graham for "[[Captain Brassbound's Conversion]]" as well as a key line in ''[[Arms and the Man]]'') and [[G. K. Chesterton]], who proclaimed him "The Prince of Preface Writers" and famously declared in his autobiography that while Cunninghame Graham would never be allowed to be Prime Minister, he instead "achieved the adventure of being Cunninghame Graham", which Shaw described as "an achievement so fantastic that it would never be believed in a romance."

There is a seat dedicated to Cunninghame Graham in the [[Scottish Storytelling Centre]] in Edinburgh with the inscription:
"R B 'Don Roberto' Cunninghame Graham of Gartmore and Ardoch, 1852–1936, A great storyteller".

== Final years ==
[[File:Grave of RB Cunninghame Graham Inchmahome priory.jpg|thumb|The grave of Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham on Inchmahome Priory in Scotland.]]
Graham remained sprightly and rode daily even in his eighties. He continued to write, and held the office of President of the Scottish Branch of the [[P.E.N. Club]],<ref>His friends [[John Galsworthy]] and [[H. G. Wells]] were the English and International presidents respectively</ref> and involve himself in politics. He died from pneumonia on 20 March 1936 at the Plaza Hotel in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]], following a visit to the birthplace of his friend [[William Henry Hudson|William Hudson]]. He lay in state in the Casa del Teatro<ref>Formerly the Cervantes Theatre</ref> and received a countrywide tribute led by the President of the Republic<ref>There is a street in Buenos Aires named in his honour (R. Cunningham Graham) as is the hamlet of Don Roberto in the Province of Entre Rios.</ref> before his body was shipped home to be buried beside his wife on 18 April 1936, in the ruined [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] [[Inchmahome Priory|Priory]] on the island of [[Inchmahome]], [[Lake of Menteith]], [[Stirling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=5936|title=Full record for 'SCOTTISH NEWS MAGAZINE, FUNERAL OF THE LATE MR. R. B. CUNNINGHAM GRAHAME' (5936) – Moving Image Archive catalogue}}</ref>

The following year (June 1937), a monument, the [[Cunninghame Graham Memorial]], was unveiled at [[Castlehill, Dumbarton|Castlehill]], Dumbarton, near the family home at Ardoch. Despite the monument being removed to [[Gartmore]] in 1981, closer to the principal Graham estate, which he had been forced to sell in 1901 to the shipping magnate and founder of the [[Clan Line]], [[Sir Charles Cayzer, 1st Baronet|Sir Charles Cayzer, Bt]], the Cunninghame Graham Memorial Park (which is managed by the [[National Trust for Scotland]]) is still affectionately locally known as "the Mony".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2219560|title=The Mony (C) Lairich Rig :: Geograph Britain and Ireland|author=Lairich Rig}}</ref>

His estates at Ardoch and feudal barony of Gartmore passed to his nephew, Captain (later Admiral Sir) [[Angus Cunninghame Graham]], the only son of his brother Cdr. Charles Elphinstone-Fleeming Cunninghame Graham, [[Royal Victorian Order|MVO]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==Cunninghame Graham in art==
[[File:Cunninghame Graham.jpg|thumb|Sketch of Cunninghame Graham by [[Mukul Dey]], published in ''Modern Review'' (1928)]]
Cunninghame Graham was a staunch supporter of the artists of his day and a popular subject. He sat for artists such as Sir [[William Rothenstein]], who painted Don Roberto as ''The Fencer'';<ref>In the Dunedin Art Gallery, New Zealand</ref> Sir [[John Lavery]], whose famous ''Don Roberto: Commander for the King of Aragon in the Two Sicilies'' was on the cover of the [[Penguin Books]] edition of Conrad's ''Nostromo'' for many years<ref>In Glasgow City Art Gallery</ref> and who painted the equestrian portrait of Don Roberto on his favourite horse, ''Pampa'';<ref>In the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Buenos Aires</ref> and [[G. P. Jacomb-Hood]], who painted his official portrait on entering parliament,<ref>Now in the possession of W R B Cunninghame Graham of Gartmore</ref> with whom, along with [[James Abbott McNeill Whistler|Whistler]], he was personal friends. [[George Washington Lambert]] painted him in oil with his horse Pinto and [[James McBey]] portrayed him in old age. There are also busts by Weiss and [[Jacob Epstein]]. The Dumbarton born artist, [[William Strang]], used Cunninghame Graham as the model for his series of etchings of [[Don Quixote]]. It is unsurprising that he was at the mercy of cartoonists such as [[Tom Merry]], who portrayed him in prison garb, and caricaturists such as [[Max Beerbohm|Max]] and [[Leslie Ward|Spy]].

==Cunninghame Graham as literary inspiration==
Cedric Watts claims that Cunninghame Grahame appears as 'Mr. X' in Conrad's ''The Informer'', as ''Mr. Courtier'' in Galsworthy's ''The Patrician'', and as 'Mr. Graham' in Wells's ''[[When the Sleeper Wakes]]''.<ref>Watts, Cedric, "The Scottish Sketches of R.B. Cunninghame Graham", ''[[Review of English Studies]]'', vol. 36, no. 141, February 1985, p.118, {{issn|0034-6551}}</ref> Anne Taylor and James Jauncey have argued that his travels in Morocco were one of the inspirations for the character [[Sandy Arbuthnot]], hero of [[John Buchan]]'s novel ''[[Greenmantle]]'' (1916).<ref>Jauncey, James (2023), ''Don Roberto: The Adventure of Being Cunninghame Graham'', Scotland Street Press, p. 215, {{isbn|978-1-910895-76-4}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

* ''Notes on the district of Menteith: for tourists and others'' (1895)
* ''Father Archangel of Scotland and other essays'' (1896)
* ''Mogreb-el-Acksa: A Journey in Morocco'' (1898)
* ''Aurora La Cujiñi: A Realistic Sketch in Seville'' (1898)
* ''The Ipané'' (1899)
* ''Thirteen Stories'' (1900)
* ''A Vanished Arcadia: Being Some Account of the Jesuits in Paraguay, 1607 to 1767'' (1901)
* ''Success'' (1902)
* ''Hernando de Soto; together with an account of one of his captains, Gonçalo Silvestre'' (1903)
* ''Progress'' (1905)
* ''His People'' (1906)
* ''Santa Teresa: being some account of her life and times'' (1907)
* ''Rhymes from a world unknown'' (Preface) (1908)
* ''Faith'' (1909)
* ''Hope'' (1910)
* ''Charity'' (1912)
* ''A Hatchment'' (1913)
* ''Scottish Stories'' (1914)
* ''Bernal Diaz del Castillo: being some account of him'' (1915)
* ''Brought Forward'' (1917)
* ''A Brazilian mystic: being the life and miracles of [[Antônio Conselheiro|Antonio Conselheiro]]'' (1920)
* ''Cartagena and the Banks of the Sinú ''(1920)
* ''The Conquest of New Granada: Being the Life of Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada'' (1922)
* ''The Dream of the Magi'' (1923)
* ''Doughty Deeds: an account of the life of Robert Graham of Gartmore'' (1925)
* ''Pedro de Valdivia, conqueror of Chile'' (1926)
* ''Redeemed: And Other Sketches'' (1927)
* ''Jose Antonio Paez'' (1929)
* ''Thirty Tales & Sketches'' (1929)
* ''Writ in sand'' (1932)
* ''Portrait of a dictator: Francisco Solano Lopez'' (1933)
* ''Mirages'' (1936)
* ''Rodeo: A Collection of the Tales and Sketches'' (1936)
* ''Reincarnation: The Best Short Stories of R. B. Cunninghame Graham'' (1979) posthumous

==Further reading==
* [[Tom Hubbard|Hubbard, Tom]] (1982), "Revaluation: R.B. Cunninghame Grahame", in Murray, Glen (ed.), ''[[Cencrastus]]'' No. 8, Spring 1982, pp. 27 – 30, {{issn|0264-0856}}
*Jauncey, James (2023), ''Don Roberto: The Adventure of Being Cunninghame Graham'', Scotland Street Press, Edinburgh, {{isbn|9781910895764}}
* Munro, Lachlan (ed.) (2017), ''An Eagle in a Henhouse: Selected Political Speeches and Writings of R.B. Cunninghame Graham'', Ayton Publishing Ltd., [[Turriff]], {{isbn|9781910601433}}
* Munro, Lachlan (2022), ''R.B. Cunninhame Graham and Scotland: Party, Prose and Political Aesthetic'', [[Edinburgh University Press]], {{isbn|9781474498265}}
* Sassi, Carla & Stroh, Silke (2017), ''Empires and Revolutions: Cunninghame Graham and his Contemporaries'', Scottish Literature International, Glasgow {{isbn|9781908980250}}
* Taylor, Anne (2005), ''The People's Laird'', The Tobias Press {{isbn|9780954963507}}
* Watts, Cedric & Davies, Laurence (1979), ''Cunninghame Graham: A Critical Biography'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge {{isbn|9780521090094}}
* Munro, Lachlan (2022), ''R. B. Cunninghame Graham & Scotland: Party, Prose, and Political Aesthetic'' [[Edinburgh University Press]]
* Munro, Lachlan & Cunninghame Graham, W. R. B. (eds.) (2024), ''A Careless Enchantment: The Complete Scottish Sketches of R. B. Cunninghame Graham'', [[Edinburgh University Press]]
* Munro, Lachlan (ed.) (2025) ''An Eagle In a Hen-House: Selected Political Speeches & Writings of R. B. Cunninghame Graham'', [[Gartmore Publishing]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliographies==
*''A bibliography of the first editions of the works of Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham'', compiled with a foreword by Leslie Chaundy, London: Dulau, & Co. 1924
*''Cunninghame Graham and Scotland: an annotated bibliography'', John Walker, Dollar: Douglas S. Mack, 1980

==References==
{{refbegin|40em}}
*''The Adventures of Don Roberto'' A Caledonia TV production for BBC Scotland, broadcast on BBC2 2008-12-15.
*''The People's Laird: A Life of Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham'' by Anne Taylor, The Tobias Press, 2005
*''Gaucho Laird: The Life of R.B. Don Roberto Cunninghame Graham'', by Jean Cunninghame Graham, Long Riders' Guild, 2004
*''R.B. Cunninghame Graham: Fighter for Justice'', by Ian M. Fraser (privately published 2002)
*''Revaluation: R.B. Cunninghame Graham'', by [[Tom Hubbard]], in ''[[Cencrastus]]'' No. 8, Spring 1982, pp. 27 – 30, {{issn|0264-0856}}
*''R.B. Cunninghame Graham'', by Cedric Watts, Boston, Mass.: G. K. Hall, Twayne, 1983.
*''Cunninghame Graham: A Centenary Study'', [[Hugh MacDiarmid]], with a foreword by R.E. Muirhead, Glasgow: Caledonian Press, 1952
*''Cunninghame Graham: A Critical Biography'', Cedric Watts and Laurence Davies, Cambridge [Eng.], New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979
*''Don Roberto: being the account of the life and works of R. B. Cunninghame Graham, 1852–1936'', A. F. Tschiffely, London, Toronto: William Heinemann, 1937
*''A Modern Conquistador: Cunninghame Graham His Life and Works'', by Herbert Faulkner West, Cranley Day, 1932
*''Don Roberto: vida y obra de R. B. Cunninghame Graham, 1852–1936'', A. F. Tschiffely; versión castellana de Julio E. Payró, Buenos Aires: Guillermo Kraft, 1946
*''El Escocés Errante: R. B. Cunninghame Graham'', [[Alicia Jurado]], Buenos Aires: Emecé Editores, c1978
*''Robert and Gabriela Cunninghame Graham'', Alexander Maitland, Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons Ltd, 1983
*''The Friendship between W.H. Hudson and Cunninghame Graham; translation of an article ... in the Buenos Aires illustrated weekly Acquí Está'', José Luis Lanuza, Argentina: Florencio Varela, n.d.
*''Lecture on R.B. Cunninghame Graham for the Anglo-Argentine Society, 24 January 1979'', Jean Polwarth, London: n.p., 1979
*''Jorge Luis Borges Lecture on R. B. Cunninghame Graham for the Anglo Argentinian Society, 30 September 1986'', Alicia Jurado, Royal Society of Arts, London: n.p., 1986
*''Personalidad de Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham: extracto de la tesis doctoral ... en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Madrid sobre: Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham : personalidad del autor y estudio crítico de sus ensayos'', Julio Llorens Ebrat., Madrid: Florencio Varela, 1963
*''Testimonio a Roberto B. Cunninghame Graham'', Buenos Aires: P.E.N. Club Argentino, 1941
*''The North American Sketches of R. B. Cunninghame Graham'', John Walker (ed.), Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Press, 1987
*''The Scottish Sketches of R.B. Cunninghame Graham'', John Walker (ed.), Edinburgh, Scottish Academic Press, 1982
*''The South American Sketches of R. B. Cunninghame Graham'', John Walker (ed.), Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1985
*''An Eagle in a Hen-House: Selected Political Speeches and Writings of R. B. Cunninghame Graham'', Lachlan Munro, The Deveron Press, 2017.
*''Joseph Conrad's Letters to R. B. Cunninghame Graham'', Cedric Watts (ed.), London, Cambridge University Press, 1969
*''South London Chronicle, 9 June 1888, page 7, SHRA Conference (Tuesday).
*''Empires & Revolutions: Cunninghame Graham & His Contemporaries.' ''Carla Sassi and Silke Stroh'' ''(Eds.) 2017, ASLS.''
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham}}

===Archival collections===
* [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt7290213k/ Guide to the Anne Elizabeth Bontine Diaries and Other Materials.] Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.

===Other===
*[http://www.electricscotland.com/history/graham/RBCG008BiographicalOutline.pdf Biographical Profile] at ''ElectricScotland.com''
*[http://www.kennedyandboyd.co.uk/series/the_cunninghame_graham_collection.htm The Cunninghame Graham Collection Series]
*[http://www.kessinger.net/ Rare Reprints – Cunninghame Graham]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=644}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham}}
*[http://dartmouth.edu/~library/rauner/ R. B. Cunninghame Graham, Rauner Special Collection, Dartmouth College Library, N.H.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080828073439/http://www.canninghouse.com/downloads/collections-cunninghame-graham.pdf Canning House Special Collection – R. B. Cunninghame Graham]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090324062742/http://www.slainte.org.uk/CILIPS/publications/scotauth/grahrdsw.htm Slainte: Information & Libraries Scotland – Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham]}}
*[http://www.horsetravelbooks.com/rbcg.htm The Cunninghame Graham Collection]
*{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dO09AAAAIBAJ&pg=3165%2C3523320
|title=Scots patriot of the pampas |first=Colm |last=Brogan |work=The Glasgow Herald |date=16 March 1985 |page=9 |access-date=17 July 2017}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/the-extraordinary-life-of-the-gaucho-laird-1-465665 |title= Great Scots – The extraordinary life of the Gaucho Laird |first=Diane |last=Maclean |work=The Scotsman |date=17 August 2005}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150922001145/http://www.firstfoot.com/Great%20Scot/cunningham_graham.htm First Foot – Cunninghame-Graham]
*[http://www.elefanteblanco.com/cat/cat_12.htm Los Caballos de la Conquista – Robert Cunninghame Graham]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051120003801/http://www.yfinnie.demon.co.uk/capsule/Graham.html Robert Cunninghame-Graham by Raymond Vettese]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927024802/http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.com/rbcg.htm Robert_Bontine_Cunninghame_Graham_1852-1936]
*[http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp01853/robert-bontine-cunninghame-graham National Portrait Gallery]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060505223205/http://www.gartmorehouse.com/about_us/history.html Gartmore House – history]
*[http://www.FinlaystoneHouse.com/history.htm Finlaystone House – history]
*[https://archive.today/20130129184039/http://newsnetscotland.com/index.php/affairs-scotland/5221-cross-party-support-to-honour-scottish-hero-robert-cunninghame-graham/ Cross party support to honour Scottish Hero Robert Cunninghame Graham]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = Member of Parliament for [[North West Lanarkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|North West Lanarkshire]]
| years = [[1886 United Kingdom general election|1886]]–[[1892 United Kingdom general election|1892]]
| before = [[John Baird (North West Lanarkshire MP)|John Baird]]
| after = [[Graeme Alexander Lockhart Whitelaw]]
}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{succession box|title=[[Scottish Labour Party (1888-1893)|President of the Scottish Labour Party]]|years=1888–1895|before=''New position''|after=''Party disestablished''}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{succession box|title=[[Scottish National Party|President of the Scottish National Party]]|years=1934–1936<br>joint with [[James Graham, 6th Duke of Montrose]]|before=''New position''|after=[[Roland Muirhead]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{SNP}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cunninghame Graham, Robert}}
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[[Category:Anglo-Scots]]
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[[Category:19th-century Scottish writers]]
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[[Category:UK MPs 1886–1892]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Argentina]]
[[Category:Scottish Labour Party (1888) politicians]]
[[Category:British political party founders]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish historians]]

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Cunninghame Graham