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EASSy

2025-04-28T22:31:07Z

2A00:23C5:EDA9:4D01:FC44:58F7:2F96:47A8:

{{short description|Submarine fibre optic cable system}}

{{Infobox Submarine communications cable
| cable_name = EASSy (Eastern Africa Submarine Cable System)
| map =
| owners =
| landing_points = {{plainlist|
* [[Port Sudan]], Sudan
* [[Massawa]], Eritrea
* [[Djibouti City]], Djibouti
* [[Mogadishu]], Somalia
* [[Mombasa]], Kenya
* [[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]], Comoros
* [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania
* [[Toliary]], Madagascar
* [[Maputo]], Mozambique
* [[Mtunzini]], South Africa
}}
| technology = Fiber optics
| design_capacity = more than 10 Tbit/s<ref name=eassyabout>{{cite web|title=About EASSY|url=http://www.eassy.org/about.html|access-date=2011-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418100844/http://www.eassy.org/about.html|archive-date=2012-04-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| current_capacity =
| length = 10,000 km<ref name=eassyabout/>
| topology =
| first_use_date = {{Start date and age|2010|07|16}}
}}

The '''Eastern Africa Submarine Cable System''' ('''EASSy''') is an [[Submarine communications cable|undersea]] [[fibre optic]] cable system connecting countries in [[East Africa|Eastern Africa]] to the rest of the world.

EASSy runs from [[Mtunzini]] in [[South Africa]] to [[Port Sudan]] in [[Sudan]], with landing points in nine countries and is connected to at least ten landlocked countries — which will no longer have to rely on [[satellite Internet access]] to carry voice and data services.

EASSy was the highest capacity system serving sub-Saharan Africa until the commissioning of [[WACS (cable system)|WACS]]. It has a 2 fibre-pair configuration with a design capacity of more than 10 [[terabit]] per second (Tbit/s).<ref name=eassyabout/> It is the first to deliver direct connectivity between east Africa and Europe / North America. It is the only system with built-in resilience end-to-end. EASSy interconnects with multiple international submarine cable networks for onward connectivity to Europe, the Americas, and Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-01-23 |title=Alcatel-Lucent To Upgrade EASSy Submarine Cable System Along Africa’s Eastern And Southern Coast |url=https://subtelforum.com/49alcatel-lucent-to-upgrade-eassy-submarine-cable-system-along-africa-s-eastern-and-southern-coast/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=SubTel Forum |language=en-US}}</ref>

The project, partially funded by the [[World Bank]], was initiated in January 2003, when a handful of companies investigated its feasibility. The cable entered service on 16 July 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wiocc.net/index.htm |title=WIOCC-EASSy fibre cable goes live |access-date=2010-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411074746/http://www.wiocc.net/index.htm |archive-date=2010-04-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with commercial service starting on 30 July 2010.<ref>[http://mybroadband.co.za/news/telecoms/14278-EASSy-enters-commercial-service.html EASSy enters commercial service]</ref>

==Project milestones==
*MoU signature – December 2003
*Detailed feasibility study – March 2004
*Data gathering meeting – June 2005
*C&MA drafting finalization – March 2006
*Supply contract award – September 2006
*Registration/incorporation of SPV – January 2007
*Construction and maintenance agreement (Shareholders' Agreement) Signature (C&MA) – 12 October 2006 to 12 February 2007
*Financial closure – March 2007
*Supply contract signature – March 2007
*Construction Started – March 2008
*Cable manufacture complete – November 2009
*Marine laying commencing – December 2009
*Construction complete – April 2010
*Live – July 2010

==Telecommunications companies of participating nations==
*[[West Indian Ocean Cable Company]] [http://wiocc.net/ WIOCC] comprising:
** [[Botswana Fibre Networks|Botswana Fibre Networks (BOFINET)]]
** DALKOM Somalia
** [[Djibouti Telecom]]
** [[Gilat Satcom Nigeria]]
** Seychelles Cable System
** Lesotho Communications Authority
** [[Onatel Burundi]]
** TMCEL Mozambique
** [[Telkom Kenya]]
** Libyan Post Telecommunications & Information Technology Company (LPTIC)
** Liquid Telecom
** Uganda Telecom Limited
** Zantel Tanzania
** TelOne Zimbabwe
*[[MTN Group]]
*[[Sudatel]] Sudan
*[[Vodacom]]
*[[Telkom SA|Telkom South Africa]]
*[[Botswana Telecommunications Corporation]]
*[[BT Group]]
*[[Global Marine Systems]]
*Comores Cables
*Telma Madagascar
*[[Etisalat]]
*FT
*[[Mauritius Telecom]]
*[[Saudi Telecom Company|STC Saudi Arabia]]
*[[Bharti Airtel]]
*[[Liquid Telecom]]
*[[Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited]]

==Cable landing points==
The [[cable landing point]]s are:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wiocc.net/eassy_network_topology.htm |title=EASSy network topology |access-date=2010-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226114442/http://www.wiocc.net/eassy_network_topology.htm |archive-date=2011-02-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Port Sudan]], Sudan
* [[Djibouti]]
* [[Mogadishu]], Somalia
* [[Mombasa]], Kenya
* [[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]], Comoros
* [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania
* [[Toliary]], Madagascar
* [[Maputo]], Mozambique
* [[Mtunzini]], South Africa

==See also==
* [[ACE (cable system)|ACE]]
* [[LION (cable system)|LION]]
* [[Main One (cable system)|Main One]]
* [[SAT-2 (cable system)|SAT-2]]
* [[SAT-3/WASC (cable system)|SAT-3/WASC]]
* [[SAFE (cable system)|SAFE]]
* [[SEACOM (African cable system)|SEACOM]]
* [[TEAMS (cable system)|TEAMS]]
* [[WACS (cable system)|WACS]]
* [[BRICS Cable|BRICS]]
* [[Australia West Express (AWE)]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
*[http://www.sudantribune.com/article.php3?id_article=13910 "Eastern Africa submarine cable delayed for one year"], ''Sudan Tribune'', February 4, 2006
*[http://allafrica.com/stories/200605170696.html "Kenya: Govt Gives Ultimatum for Cable Project"], ''The East African Standard'', May 17, 2006
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311055231/http://www.infoworld.com/article/06/06/12/79194_HNafricaeassy_1.html?3G "Africa Resolves Telecommunications Debate Over EASSy Project"], ''Infoworld'', June 12, 2006
*[http://www.itweb.co.za/sections/telecoms/2006/0607121200.asp?S=All%20Africa%20News&A=AFN&O=FPLF "Alcatel Wins EASSy Contract"], ''IT Web'', July 12, 2006
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5328578.stm "Kenya aims for own internet cable"], ''BBC News'', September 8, 2006
*{{cite web
| url = http://thecitizen.co.tz/newe.php?id=12932
| title = Marine cable project 'to completed as planned'
| access-date = 2009-06-16
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.eassy.org/ EASSy official website]
*[http://www.wiocc.net/ WIOCC - largest EASSy investor]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060814223338/http://www.habari.co.tz/node/bulletins/agm2005/eascs.html A presentation on EASSy by E. Yonazi, East African Community Secretariat]

{{Submarine communications cables in the Indian Ocean}}

[[Category:East Africa]]
[[Category:Southern Africa]]
[[Category:Internet in Africa]]
[[Category:Submarine communications cables in the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Wide area networks]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Africa]]

Rosa 'Ispahan'

2025-04-28T22:29:06Z

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{{Short description|Rose cultivar}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Rosa'' 'Ispahan'}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = ''Rosa'' 'Ispahan'
| image = Rosa damascena0.jpg
| hybrid = ''[[Rose|Rosa]]'' hybrid
| cultivar = 'Ispahan'
| group = [[Damask rose|Damask]]
| origin = unknown (before 1827)<ref name=hmfr>{{cite web|url=http://www.helpmefind.com/rose/pl.php?n=10878|title=Pompon des Princes|publisher=HelpMeFind.com Roses|access-date=2014-09-08}}</ref>
| marketing_names = Rose d'Ispahan, Pompon des Princes<ref name=blv>{{cite book |title=Alte Rosen |publisher= BLV |last1=Bauer |first1=Ute |page=33 |ISBN= 3-405-16356-0 |language= de |trans-title=Heirloom Roses |date=2002}}</ref>
}}

'''''Rosa'' 'Ispahan'''', also known as '<nowiki/>'''Rose d'Ispahan'<nowiki/>''' and '<nowiki/>'''Pompon des Princes'<nowiki/>''', is a clear pink, half-open kind of [[Damask rose]], a type of garden rose introduced from Asia to Europe during the crusading 13th century.

== Description ==
[[File:Rosa 'Ispahan' 01.jpg|left|thumb|180x180px|''Rosa'' 'Ispahan' flowering on Rosenhang Karben (Germany)]]
The double flowers are big, reaching a diameter of {{convert|9|cm|in}}, and have a strong, sweet fragrance.<ref name="RHSaz">{{cite book|author=Charles and Brigid Quest-Ritson|title=Rosen - die große Enzyklopädie|date=2010|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|ISBN=978-3-8310-1734-8|page=130|language=de|trans-title=RHS Encyclopedia of Roses}}</ref> They appear in great numbers in clusters that can hold up to 15 flowers,<ref name="RHSaz" /> and are well suited as cut flowers.<ref name="blv" /> Their colour is described as silky medium pink, with a slightly darker middle, and fades only slightly.<ref name="blv" /><ref name="meile" /> 'Ispahan' flowers only once, but for six weeks – the longest of all Damask roses.<ref name="RHSaz" /><ref name="blv" />

The vigorous shrub grows {{convert|1.2|to|2.5|m|ft}} tall and {{convert|0.9|to|2|m|ft}} wide, with an overhanging form, light green foliage, and few big prickles.<ref name="meile" /> It is robust, disease resistant, and winter hardy up to -20 °C ([[USDA zone]] 5 to 6).<ref name="blv" /><ref name="RHSaz" /><ref name="meile">{{cite book |title=Alte Rosen - alte Zeiten |publisher= Wißner-Verlag |location=Augsburg |last1=Meile |first1=Christine |last2=Karl |first2=Udo |pages=80–81 |ISBN= 978-3-89639-636-5 |language= de |trans-title=Old Roses - old times |date=2008}}</ref> The cultivar tolerates half shade, poor soils and is well suited for harsher climates. It can be grown in containers, solitary, in groups or as hedges.<ref name="GU">{{cite book |title=Quickfinder Rosen |publisher= Gräfe und Unzer |last1=Bauer |first1=Ute |last2=Grothe |first2=Bärbel |page=57 |ISBN= 978-3-8338-1726-7 |language= de |trans-title=Quickfinder Roses |date=2010}}</ref>

== History ==
Its origin is unclear – it was introduced in the UK by the garden designer [[Norah Lindsay]] (1873–1948), but was probably developed in the early 19th century – probably in Persia.<ref name="RHSaz" /> The cultivar is named 'Ispahan' after the city [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]] in [[Iran]], renowned for its gardens and roses, where the cultivar was discovered in a garden.<ref name="blv" /><ref name="beales">{{cite book|author=Peter Beales|title=Rosen - meine Leidenschaft|date=2004|publisher=[[Christian Verlag]]|ISBN=3-88472-646-3|page=50|language=de|trans-title=Peter Beales - A Passion for Roses}}</ref>

The cultivar is still popular. [[David C.H. Austin|David Austin]] still recommends it highly as free flowering, among the first [[Rose#Old Garden Roses|Old Roses]] to start blooming and the last to continue, and for its fine Damask fragrance. [[Peter Beales]] counts it as one of his favourite Damask roses,<ref name="beales" /> Christine Meile calls the flowering 'Ispahan' the most attractive rose bush and an ideal solitaire plant, if one has enough space.<ref name="meile" /> In 1993, and was granted the [[List of Award of Garden Merit roses|Award of Garden Merit]] of the [[Royal Horticultural Society]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm_march2014-ornamentals |title=RHS AGM Listing March 2014 (Ornamentals) |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]] |page=68 |access-date=2014-09-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Rosa 'Ispahan'|Rosa 'Ispahan'}}
*[http://www.ph-rose-gardens.com/02018.htm Peaceful Habitations Rose Gardens]
* {{YouTube|oZ4Z2sBeWeQ|"Fauré - Les Roses d'Ispahan Op.39-4"}}

{{Rose|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Rose cultivars|Ispahan]]

Horseman's pick

2025-04-28T21:30:13Z

2A00:23C5:EDA9:4D01:FC44:58F7:2F96:47A8:

{{Short description|Weapon used during the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Polish Horseman's picks from XVII century.PNG|166px|thumb|right|Polish Horseman's picks from the 17th century]]
The '''horseman's pick''' is a weapon of Middle Eastern origin used by [[cavalry]] during the Middle Ages in Europe and West Asia. It is a type of [[war hammer]] that has a very long spike on the reverse of the hammer head. Usually, this spike is slightly curved downwards, much like a miner's [[pickaxe]]. The term is sometimes used interchangeably with ''war hammer''. A metal-made horseman's pick called "nadziak" was one of the main weapons of the famous Polish [[Winged Hussars]]. A weapon of late make, the horseman's pick was developed by the English and used by [[bill (weapon)|billmen]]. It was used with great success during the [[Hundred Years' War]]. A use of the horseman's pick was to tear men from their mounts.

The horseman's pick was often used as a means to penetrate thick [[Plate armor|plate armour]] or [[Mail (armour)|mail]] which the standard sword could not. However, a number of drawbacks limited the weapon's effectiveness. Its relative heaviness made it unwieldy and, thus, easily avoided. The injury caused by the weapon was also small and rarely immediately fatal. Additionally, if swung too hard, the weapon often became embedded in the victim or their armour, making retrieval difficult.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://polisharms.com/warhammers/ |website=PolishArms.com |title=Polish warhammers and picks |accessdate=18 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jasinski.co.uk/wojna/spirals/s-hammer.htm |website=Jasinski.co.uk |title=Polish Renaissance warfare - Warhammers and picks |accessdate=18 July 2023}} </ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2024}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Goluhov-costume-tableau.png|A Polish hussar with a ''nadziak'' (17th century)
File:Unknown - Horsemans pick - MNK V-6282 (130842).jpg|Ottoman horseman’s pick (18th century, collection of the [[National Museum in Kraków]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[War hammer]]
* [[Shepherd's axe]]
* [[Obuch]]
* [[Sagaris]]

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Horsemans Pick}}
[[Category:Cavalry]]
[[Category:European weapons]]
[[Category:Medieval polearms]]
[[Category:Medieval weapons]]
[[Category:Polearms]]

{{Poland-mil-stub}}
{{Blunt-weapon-stub}}

Kosmas Air

2025-04-28T19:32:10Z

2A00:23C5:EDA9:4D01:FC44:58F7:2F96:47A8:

{{Short description|Defunct cargo charter airline based in Belgrade, Serbia}}
{{Infobox Airline |
airline=Kosmas Air|
logo=Rgeh.JPG|
logo_size=90|
IATA=N/A|
ICAO=KMG|
callsign=KOSMAS CARGO|
parent=|
founded=2004|
ceased= 2008|
headquarters=[[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]|
key_people=Vladimir A. Sokolov|
hubs=[[Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport|Belgrade Nikola Tesla International Airport]]|
focus_cities=|
frequent_flyer=|
lounge=|
alliance=|
fleet_size=1|
destinations=Unscheduled charters|
website=[http://www.kosmasair.co.rs kosmasair.co.rs]|
}}
'''Kosmas Air''' was a [[Air charter|charter]] cargo [[airline]] based in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]. The airline's main field of activity covered air freight and transport of humanitarian aid relief from [[Europe]] to [[Asia]] and [[Africa]].

==History==
{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}
Kosmas Air was the first Cargo Air Operator in [[Serbia]] with its home base in [[Belgrade]]. AOC for charter cargo worldwide was issued in May 2004. First services commenced with an Ilyushin Il-76TD with the registration YU-AMI in July 2004. AOC was revoked by CAD of Serbia in May 2008.<ref>[http://www.sipri.org/research/security/transport/airtransport/eu/case_studies Case studies] at Stoskholm International Peace Research Institute</ref>

==Destinations==
[[File:Ильюшин Ил-76-78-А-50 0093499982, Москва - Шереметьево RP13365.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Kosmas Air [[Ilyushin Il-76|Il-76]] at [[Moscow Sheremetyevo Airport]] in 2009.]]
The airline operated out of [[Austria]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Denmark]], [[Estonia]], [[Netherlands]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]] carrying humanitarian and relief cargo to [[Tsunami]] areas ([[Sri Lanka]], [[Banda Aceh]], [[Medan]], [[Kuala Lumpur]]) in January 2005.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}

==Fleet==
Kosmas Air operated the following aircraft:<ref>{{cite news | title= Directory: World Airlines | work= [[Flight International]] | page= 102 | date= 2007-04-03}}</ref>
*1 [[Ilyushin Il-76]] TD cargo aircraft

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kosmasair.co.rs/ Kosmas Air]

{{Airlines of Serbia}}

[[Category:Defunct airlines of Serbia]]
[[Category:Defunct companies of Serbia]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 2004]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Defunct cargo airlines]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in Serbia]]
[[Category:Serbian companies established in 2004]]
[[Category:Companies based in Belgrade]]