James Montgomery (poet)

2025-05-15T10:43:55Z

2A00:23C6:5E82:AD01:6CD6:A995:2A02:1FD0: /* Later career */

{{Other uses|James Montgomery (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|Scottish-born hymnist (1771–1854)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
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|birth_place = [[Irvine, North Ayrshire]], Scotland
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1854|04|30|1771|11|04|df=yes}}
|death_place = Sheffield
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|occupation = Poet / Newspaper editor
|language = English
|nationality = Scottish
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|genre = Poetry
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'''James Montgomery''' (4 November 1771 – 30 April 1854) was a Scottish-born [[hymnodist|hymn writer]], poet and editor, who eventually settled in [[Sheffield]]. He was raised in the [[Moravian Church]] and theologically trained there, so that his writings often reflect concern for humanitarian causes, such as the abolition of slavery and the exploitation of [[Chimney_sweep#Climbing_boys|child chimney sweeps]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Williamson |first=Robert T |date=May 1950 |title=The Religious Thought of James Montgomery |type=PhD |chapter=II, The Development of Montgomery's Religious Life and Thought |page=42 |publisher=University of Edinburgh |chapter-url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/10190/0074214c.pdf |access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref>

==Early life and poetry==
Montgomery was born at [[Irvine, North Ayrshire|Irvine]] in south-west [[Scotland]], the son of a pastor and missionary of the [[Moravian Church|Moravian Brethren]]. He was sent to be trained for the ministry at the Moravian School at [[Fulneck school|Fulneck]], near [[Leeds]], while his parents left for the [[West Indies]], where both died within a year of each other. At Fulneck, secular studies were banned, but James still found means of borrowing and reading a good deal of poetry and made ambitious plans to write epics of his own.

On failing to complete his schooling, Montgomery was apprenticed to a baker in [[Mirfield]], then to a store-keeper at [[Wath-upon-Dearne]]. After further efforts, including an unsuccessful attempt at a literary career in London, he moved north again to Sheffield in 1792 as an assistant to [[Joseph Gales, Sr.|Joseph Gales]], auctioneer, bookseller and printer of the ''[[Sheffield Register]]'', who introduced him into the local Lodge of [[Oddfellows]], to which he later addressed a song.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www1.youseemore.com/piqua/contentpages.asp?loc=618&ssid=espressohouse |title=Piqua Public Library }}</ref> In 1794, Gales left England to avoid political prosecution and Montgomery took the paper in hand, changing its name to the ''Sheffield Iris''.

These were times of political repression. Montgomery was twice imprisoned on charges of sedition, first in 1795 for printing a poem to celebrate the [[fall of the Bastille]] in revolutionary France, and secondly in 1796 for criticising a magistrate for forcibly dispersing a political protest in Sheffield. Turning his jail experiences to some profit, he then published a pamphlet of poems written during his captivity: ''Prison Amusements'' (1797). His later prose account of the period appeared in 1840.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=XOwUAAAAQAAJ&q=prison+amusements], pp. 237–266.</ref>

For some time the ''Iris'' was the only newspaper in Sheffield, but beyond an ability to produce fairly creditable articles from week to week, Montgomery lacked the journalistic skills to take full advantage of his position.<ref>J. Wigley, James Montgomery and the ''Sheffield Iris'', 1792–1825: A study in the weakness of provincial radicalism. ''The Hunter Archaeological Society'', Vol. 10, p. 173 ff.: [http://www.sheffieldhistory.co.uk/forums/index.php?showtopic=9215].</ref> Other newspapers arose to fill the place which his might have held and in 1825 he sold out to a local bookseller, John Blackwell.

Meanwhile, Montgomery continued to write poetry. He achieved some fame with ''The Wanderer of Switzerland'' (1806), a poem in six parts written in seven-syllable cross-rhymed [[quatrain]]s.<ref name="Montgomery1812">{{Cite book |author=James Montgomery |title=The Wanderer of Switzerland, and Other Poems |url=https://archive.org/details/wandererswitzer04montgoog |year=1812 |publisher=J. Belcher}}</ref> It addressed the [[Switzerland in the Napoleonic era|French annexation of Switzerland]] and quickly went through two editions. When it was denounced the following year in the conservative ''[[Edinburgh Review]]'' as a poem that would be speedily forgotten, [[Lord Byron]] came to its defence in the satire ''English Bards and Scotch Reviewers''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8tBAAAAYAAJ&q=sheffield |title=English Bards and Scotch Reviewers: A Satire |date=1 January 1865 |publisher=Charles B. Richardson}}</ref> Nevertheless, within 18 months a fourth impression of 1500 copies was issued from the very presses that had printed the criticism, and several more would follow. This success brought Montgomery a commission from the printer Bowyer to write a poem on the abolition of the slave trade, to be published with other poems on the subject by [[Elizabeth Benger]] and [[James Grahame]] in a handsome illustrated volume. The subject appealed to the poet's philanthropic enthusiasm and his own family associations with the West Indies. The four-part poem in [[heroic couplet]]s appeared in 1809 as ''The West Indies''.<ref name="Available at Google Books">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/westindiesandot00montgoog |quote=james montgomery poems. |title=The West Indies, and Other Poems |first=James |last=Montgomery |date=1 January 1823 |publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

Montgomery also used heroic couplets for ''The World before the Flood'' (1812), a piece of historical reconstruction in ten cantos. He then turned to attacking the lottery in ''Thoughts on Wheels'' (1817) and took up the cause of chimney sweeps' apprentices in ''The Climbing Boys' Soliloquies''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijYRAAAAYAAJ&q=james%20montgomery%20poems |title=Thoughts on wheels. The climbing boy's soliloquies. Songs of Zion, being imitations of the Psalms. Narratives. Tributary poems. Miscellaneous poems |first=Rufus Wilmot |last=Griswold |date=1 January 1845 |publisher=Sorin & Ball}}</ref> His next major poem was ''Greenland'' (1819) in five cantos of heroic couplets.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/greenlandandoth00montgoog |quote=james montgomery poems. |title=Greenland, and other poems |first=James |last=Montgomery |date=1 January 1819 |publisher=Printed by Strahan and Spottiswoode for Longman , Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> It was prefaced by a description of the ancient Moravian church, its 18th-century revival and its mission to [[Greenland]] in 1733. The poem was noted for the beauty of its descriptions:
{{quote|<poem>
The moon is watching in the sky; the stars
Are swiftly wheeling on their golden cars;
Ocean, outstretcht with infinite expanse,
Serenely slumbers in a glorious trance;
The tide, o'er which no troubled spirits breathe,
Reflects a cloudless firmament beneath,
Where poised as in the centre of a sphere
A ship above and ship below appear;
A double image pictured on the deep,
The vessel o’er its shadow seems to sleep;
Yet, like the host of heaven, that never rest,
With evanescent motion to the west,
The pageant glides through loneliness and night,
And leaves behind a rippling wake of light.
</poem>|Canto 1, lines 1-14}}

==Later career==
[[File:James Montgomery statue.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The statue of James Montgomery on the [[Sheffield Cathedral]] forecourt]]
Montgomery's only other long poem, after retiring from newspaper editorship, was ''The Pelican Island'' (1828): nine cantos of descriptive [[blank verse]], which garnered mixed responses, ranging between the summarily dismissive and [[Blackwood's Magazine|''Blackwood's Magazine'''s]] "the best of all Montgomery's poems: in idea the most original, in execution the most powerful."<ref>Google Books [https://books.google.com/books?id=bXbdtAEACAAJ&q=editions:ISBN1436520819 Retrieved 11 November 2020.]</ref>

Montgomery himself expected that his name would live, if at all, in his hymns. Some of these, such as "Hail to the Lord's Anointed", "Prayer is the Soul's Sincere Desire", "According to Thy Gracious Word", "Stand up and Bless the Lord" and the carol "[[Angels from the Realms of Glory]]", are still sung today. "The Lord Is My Shepherd" is a popular hymn with many denominations, based on [[Psalm 23]].<ref>There is a recording of 13 of these, excerpts of which can be heard at [https://web.archive.org/web/20121108214350/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/the-hymn-makers-hail-to-lords/id269941124].</ref> "[[A Poor Wayfaring Man of Grief]]" has been adopted as a favourite in the [[Latter Day Saint movement]]. The earliest of his hymns dates from his days in Wath on Dearne and he added to their number over the years. The main boost came when the Rev. James Cotterill arrived at the parish church St Paul's, a chapel of ease to [[Sheffield Cathedral|St Peter's]], Sheffield's only parish church, in 1817.

Cotterill had compiled and published ''A Selection of Psalms and Hymns Adapted to the Services of the Church of England'' in 1810, but to his disappointment and concern he found that his new parishioners did not take kindly to using it. He therefore enlisted the help of James Montgomery to help him revise the collection and improve it by adding some hymns of the poet's own composition. This new edition, meeting with the approval of the Archbishop of York (and eventually of the parishioners at St Paul's), was finally published in 1820. In 1822 Montgomery published his own ''Songs of Zion: Being Imitations of Psalms'',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/songszionbeingi00montgoog |quote=songs of zion montgomery. |title=Songs of Zion: Being Imitations of Psalms |first=James |last=Montgomery |date=1 January 1823 |publisher=Wells and Lilly |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> the first of several more collections of hymns. During his life he composed some 400 hymns, although less than a hundred of them are commonly sung today.<ref>The words of almost all are at [http://www.hymnary.org/person/Montgomery_J?viewText=all].</ref>

Montgomery later compiled and published the journals of [[Daniel Tyerman]] after his death during a missionary voyage with [[George Bennet (missionary)|George Bennet]]. The account was originally published from London in a two-volume format in 1831, with the title ''Journal of voyages and travels by the Rev. Daniel Tyerman and George Bennet, Esq., deputed from the London Missionary Society to visit their various stations in the South Sea Islands, Australia, China, India, &c [Madagascar, and South Africa] between the years 1821 and 1829'',
<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=D79IAQAAIAAJ&q=Montgomery+%22Journal+of+voyages+and+travels.%22 Google Books]</ref> and a revised second edition followed in 1840. This also contained a short chapter on African slavery.<ref>Eva Beatrice Dykes, ''The Negro in English Romantic Thought'', Associated Publishers, Washington, 1942, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wMHOAAAAMAAJ&dq=Montgomery+%22Voyages+and+travels+round+the+world+by+the+Rev.+Daniel+Tyerman+and+George+Bennet%22&pg=PA178 p.178]</ref>

From 1835 until his death, Montgomery lived at [[The Mount, Sheffield|The Mount]] in Glossop Road, Sheffield.<ref name="redfern">''"Sheffield's Remarkable Houses"'', Roger Redfern, {{ISBN|0-9519148-3-9}}, p. 12.</ref> He was well regarded in the city and played an active part in its philanthropy and religious life. He died on 30 April 1854, was honoured by a public funeral, and buried in [[Sheffield General Cemetery]]. He had remained unmarried.<ref>{{Cite DNB |wstitle=Montgomery, James (1771-1854) |first=Richard |last=Garnett |volume=38}}</ref>

==Legacy==
In 1861, a monument designed by [[John Bell (sculptor)|John Bell]] (1811–1895) was erected over his grave in the Sheffield cemetery at a cost of £1000, raised by public subscription on the initiative of the Sheffield Sunday School Union, of which he was among the founding members. On its granite pedestal is inscribed: "Here lies interred, beloved by all who knew him, the Christian poet, patriot, and philanthropist. Wherever poetry is read, or Christian hymns sung, in the English language, 'he being dead, yet speaketh' by the genius, piety and taste embodied in his writings." There are also extracts from his poems "Prayer" and "The Grave". After the statue fell into disrepair it was moved in 1971 to the precincts of Sheffield Cathedral, where there is also a memorial window to him.

Elsewhere in Sheffield there are various streets named after Montgomery, as is a Grade II-listed drinking fountain on Broad Lane. The Surrey Street meeting hall of the Sunday Schools Union (now known as The Montgomery) was named in his honour in 1886. It houses a 420-seat theatre, which also bears his name. Elsewhere, Wath-upon-Dearne, flattered by being called "the queen of villages" in his work, has repaid the compliment by naming after him a community hall, a street and a square. His birthplace in Irvine was renamed Montgomery House after he had paid the town a return visit in 1841, but it has since been demolished.

==Other works==
*{{Cite book |title=Verses to the memory of the late Richard Reynolds, of Bristol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wNwHAAAAQAAJ |year=1816 |last1=Montgomery |first1=James}}
*''Poetical Works'', four editions in 1821, 1836, 1841, and 1854
*Editor: [https://books.google.com/books?id=GwdgAAAAcAAJ ''The Chimney-Sweeper's Friend and Climbing-Boy's Album''], London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1824
*Editor: ''The Christian Psalmist; or, Hymns, Selected and Original'', Glasgow: Chalmers and Collins, 1825. sixth edn. 1829; Read Books, 2008, {{ISBN|9781409799900}}
*Editor: ''The Christian poet; or, selections in verse on sacred subjects'', Wm Collins, Glasgow, 1825
*''An Essay on the Phrenology of the Hindoos and Negroes'', London: Printed for E. Lloyd, 1829
*''Original Hymns For Public, Private, and Social Devotion'', London: Longman, Brown, Green, 1853
*{{Cite book |title=Sacred Poems and Hymns: For Public and Private Devotion |url=https://archive.org/details/sacredpoemsandh01hollgoog |year=1854 |publisher=D. Appleton}}
*''Prose by a Poet'', 2 vols, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1824
*{{Cite book |title=Lectures on poetry and general literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-E49oz3Ao2UC |year=1833|last1 = Montgomery |first1=James}}
*{{Cite book |title=A practical detail of the cotton manufacture of the United States of America: and the state of the cotton manufacture of that country contrasted and compared with that of Great Britain; with comparative estimates of the cost of manufacturing in both countries ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGQjztHmal4C |year=1840 |publisher=J. Niven}}
*''Voyages and travels round the world by the Rev. Daniel Tyerman and George Bennet, Esq. : deputed from the London Missionary Society to visit their various stations in the South Sea Islands, Australia, China, India, Madagascar, and South Africa, between the years 1821 and 1829''

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=James Montgomery}}
*{{Librivox author |id=8139}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=0UwCAAAAQAAJ&q=james+montgomery+poems The 1854 illustrated edition of Montgomery's poems]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=-Rs6AAAAcAAJ&q=john+holland+%22sheffield+park%22 John Holland and James Everett, ''Memoirs of the life and writings of James Montgomery: including selections from his correspondence, remains in prose and verse, and conversations on various subjects'', London, 1855]
*{{cite EB9 |wstitle = Montgomery, James |volume= XVI | page=790 |short= 1}}
*{{Cite NIE |wstitle=Montgomery, James |short=x}}
*[[hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.montgomery|James Montgomery Collection]]. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Montgomery, James}}
[[Category:1771 births]]
[[Category:1854 deaths]]
[[Category:History of Sheffield]]
[[Category:Burials at Sheffield General Cemetery]]
[[Category:Christian hymnwriters]]
[[Category:Writers of the Moravian Church]]
[[Category:British people of the Moravian Church]]
[[Category:People educated at Fulneck School]]
[[Category:Hymnal editors]]

Arden

2025-05-15T09:45:49Z

2A00:23C6:5E82:AD01:6CD6:A995:2A02:1FD0: /* Other uses */

{{wiktionary}}
'''Arden''' may refer to:
{{TOCright}}
==Places==
'''Australia'''
* Arden Street, [[North Melbourne]], Victoria
* [[Arden railway station, Melbourne]]

'''Canada'''
*[[Arden, Ontario]]

'''Denmark'''
*[[Arden, Denmark]], a town
**[[Arden Municipality]], a former municipality, including the town of Arden

'''United Kingdom'''
*[[Arden, Warwickshire]] (formerly called the Forest of Arden)
*[[Arden, Argyll and Bute]]
*[[Arden, Glasgow]]

'''United States'''
* [[Arden, North Sacramento, California]]
* [[Arden, Delaware]]
* [[Arden, Indianapolis]], a suburb of Indianapolis, Indiana
* [[Arden on the Severn, Maryland]]
* [[Arden (Andover, Massachusetts)]]
* [[Arden Hills, Minnesota]]
* [[Arden, Missouri]]
* [[Arden, Nevada]]
* [[Arden, New York]]
* [[Arden Valley Road]], located in [[Southfields, New York]]
* [[Arden, North Carolina]]
* [[Arden, Texas]]
* [[Arden, Washington]]
* [[Arden, Barbour County, West Virginia]]
* [[Arden, Berkeley County, West Virginia]]
* [[Arden (estate)]], a National Historic Landmark in New York

==People and fictional characters==
* [[Arden (name)]], including lists of people and fictional characters with the given name or surname

==Schools==
* [[Arden University]], a private distance and blended learning university in the UK
* [[Arden Academy]], Knowle, UK
* [[Arden School of Theatre]], Manchester, UK
* [[Arden Anglican School]], Beecroft and Epping, suburbs on the North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

==Other uses==
* The Arden or [[Polish Ardennes]], a Polish breed of horse
* [[Arden (automobile)]], an English car
* [[Arden International]], a multiple formula racing team created and run by Garry Horner
* [[Arden Theatre Company]], a regional theatre in Philadelphia
* ''[[Arden: The World of Shakespeare]]'', a short-lived research and teaching MMO game
* Tannoy ''Arden'', a model of loudspeaker system by [[Tannoy|Tannoy Ltd.]]
* A tune by [[George Thalben-Ball]] to the hymn 'O for a thousand tongues to sing' by [[Charles Wesley]].

== See also ==
* [[Arden Shakespeare]], a series of scholarly editions of the works of William Shakespeare
* [[Arden syntax]]
* [[Arden Wine Bar and Kitchen]], Portland, Oregon, U.S.
* [[Arden-Arcade, California]]
* [[Ardennes]], a region in Belgium, Luxembourg and France
* [[Ardennes (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|geo|schools}}

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James Montgomery (poet)

Arden