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Royal Academy of Dance

2025-10-21T20:42:21Z

2A00:23C7:35A2:EB01:3CEA:E965:B02D:399D: It's not London, England

{{Short description|UK examination board for dance education}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=November 2015}}
{{Primary sources|date=November 2015}}
{{Promotional|date=November 2015}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Royal Academy of Dance
| image = RAD Official Logo.png
| image_border =
| size =
| alt = Official logo of the Royal Academy of Dance
| caption = Official logo
| map =
| msize = 200px
| malt = World Map
| mcaption =
| map2 =
| abbreviation = RAD
| predecessor =
| successor =
| formation = 1920
| extinction =
| type = [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]
| status = [[Charitable organization|Registered charity]]
| purpose = Dance Awarding organisation – dance education and training
| headquarters = 188 York Road <br/>SW11 3JZ
| location = London
| coords = {{Coord|51.466398|-0.179116|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| region_served = Worldwide
| membership = 13,000+<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the RAD |url=https://au.royalacademyofdance.org/about-the-rad/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref>
| language = English
| general =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[Dame]] [[Darcey Bussell]], [[Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|DBE]]
| leader_title3 = Chief Executive
| leader_name3 = Elizabeth Honer CB
| leader_title4 = Artistic Director
| leader_name4 = [[Alexander Campbell (dancer)]]
| key_people =
| main_organ = Board of Trustees
| parent_organization =
| affiliations = *[[Ofqual]]
*[[Council for Dance Education and Training]]
*[[International Dance Teachers Association]]
| budget =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{URL|www.royalacademyofdance.org}}
| remarks =
| former name = Association of Teachers of Operatic Dancing
}}

The '''Royal Academy of Dance''' ('''RAD''') is a UK-based [[examination board]] specialising in dance education and training, with an emphasis on [[classical ballet]]. The RAD was founded in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]], in 1920 as the Association of Teachers of Operatic Dancing, and was granted a [[Royal Charter]] in 1935. [[Queen Camilla]] is patron of the RAD, and [[Darcey Bussell]] was elected to serve as president in 2012, succeeding [[Antoinette Sibley]] who served for 21 years.

The RAD was created with the objective to improve the standard of ballet teaching in the UK. In pursuit of improving instruction, a new teaching method and dance technique was devised for the Academy by a group of eminent European dancers. The RAD is one of the largest dance organisations in the world with over 13,000 members in 85 countries,<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the RAD |url=https://au.royalacademyofdance.org/about-the-rad/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref> including about 7,500 who hold Registered Teacher Status.<ref>[http://www.rad.org.uk/article_blue.asp?id=255] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724232648/http://www.rad.org.uk/article_blue.asp?id=255|date=24 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-ballet.com/techniques.php |title=Ballet Training Techniques |publisher=The-ballet.com |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> There are currently about 1,000 students in full-time or part-time teacher training programmes with the RAD, and each year about 250,000 candidates enter RAD examinations worldwide.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.rad.org.uk/article.asp?id=30] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201155441/http://www.rad.org.uk/article.asp?id=30|date=1 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-03 |title=RAD {{!}} Dance exams - Royal Academy of Dance |url=https://www.royalacademyofdance.org/dance-exams/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.royalacademyofdance.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>

RAD exams are recognised by the national qualifications regulators of all four UK nations (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) with selected exams also carrying a [[UCAS]] tariff towards university admission. The RAD is also a validated awarding body of the [[Council for Dance Education and Training]]. The RAD works in partnership with the [[International Dance Teachers' Association]]. Royal Academy of Dance is charity 312826 registered in England and Wales.

==History==

=== 1920 ===
On 18 July 1920, [[Phillip J. S. Richardson]], then Editor of ''[[Dancing Times]]'' magazine, organised a dinner for eminent dance professionals at the former [[Trocadero (London)|Trocadero Restaurant]] in [[Piccadilly]]. The diners included five special guests, representing the principal methods of ballet training in use at that time.<ref>[http://www.rad.org.uk/01who/0111chronology.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220120946/http://www.rad.org.uk/01who/0111chronology.htm|date=20 February 2012}}</ref>

* [[Phyllis Bedells]] – English Method
* [[Lucia Cormani]] – Italian Method
* [[Edouard Espinosa]] – French Method
* [[Adeline Genée]] – Bournonville Method, Denmark
* [[Tamara Karsavina]] – Imperial Method, Russia

Other guests included [[Ninette de Valois]], the founder of England's [[Royal Ballet]] company, and [[Anton Dolin (ballet dancer)|Anton Dolin]], the co-founder of [[English National Ballet]]. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the poor quality of dance training in Britain at that time and following further meetings, the Association of Teachers of Operatic Dancing of Great Britain was formed, with [[Adeline Genée]] as its first President. The Association would be the predecessor of the RAD.

=== 1921–1928 ===
In 1921, the Association established headquarters at the offices of ''Dancing Times'' magazine in London and the first Elementary, Intermediate and Advanced level examinations were held in the years that followed, with the first Children's syllabus being published and then examined in 1923 and 1924. In 1927 a scholarship scheme was introduced for students studying dance with an Association member and in 1928, [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] consented to become Patron of the Association of Teachers of Operatic Dancing.

=== 1930–1934 ===
In November 1930, the first issue of ''Dance Gazette''<ref>[http://www.rad.org.uk/article.asp?id=249] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230142613/http://www.rad.org.uk/article.asp?id=249|date=30 December 2011}}</ref> was published containing a historical review of the Association's first ten years. 'Dance Gazette' is still the official magazine of the RAD, being distributed quarterly to all fully paid members. Since 2011, it is also available to buy in selected branches of WHSmith in the UK. In 1931, the first [[Genée International Ballet Competition]] for female dancers was held in London, with awards for male dancers being introduced later in 1939. The competition is the RAD's flagship annual event, named after Dame Adeline Genée DBE. The competition was introduced as an additional incentive for candidates who had passed the Solo Seal examination, and has taken place almost every year since 1931, even during the Second World War. In 1934, the [[Royal Opera House]], [[Covent Garden]] agreed to an alliance with the Association and a Grand Council of men & women was formed to act as a governing body to advise the executive committee.

=== 1935–1937 ===
[[File:RAD Coat of Arms.png|thumb|right|250px|RAD Coat of Arms]]
In 1935 [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] approved the granting of a Royal Charter for the Association of Teachers of Operatic Dancing. The charter was eventually affixed with his Great Seal in 1936, and the Association of Teachers of Operatic Dancing officially became the 'Royal Academy of Dancing' (RAD). The following year in 1937, a coat of arms was designed by the [[College of Arms]] in London.

====Coat of Arms====
The RAD coat of arts was granted by the [[College of Arms]] in 1937, designed by the Hon. George Bellew, Somerset Herald of
Arms and Registrar. The crest at the top of the coat of arms is a figure of [[Terpsichore]], one of the [[Muses]] from Greek mythology, representing dance. The supporter at either side of the shield is a winged doe, symbolising lightness and grace of movement. The [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|Escutcheon]] shows a pentagram symbolising health, with a wavy and zigzag line conveying the movement of dancing. The motto 'Salus et Felicitas' translates to mean health and happiness.

=== 1950–1954 ===
In 1950, founder President of the RAD [[Adeline Genée]] was appointed a [[Order of the British Empire|Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] in the New Year Honours List. Further honours were awarded to members of the Academy in 1951, with [[Ninette de Valois]] being appointed a Dame, [[Philip Richardson]] being awarded an [[OBE|Order of the British Empire (OBE)]] and [[Margot Fonteyn]] awarded a [[Order of the British Empire|Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE). Following the death of Queen Mary in 1953, Queen Elizabeth II consented to become the Royal Patron of the Royal Academy of Dancing and Dame Adeline Genée instituted the [[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Award]] to mark the occasion. The award is presented annually in recognition of outstanding services to the art of ballet. The first recipient was Dame Ninette de Valois, founder of The Royal Ballet Company. The following is a list of selected recipients of the award.

{{See also|Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Award}}
*[[Phyllis Bedells]], the first recognised English ballerina and a founder member of the RAD
*[[Tamara Karsavina]], Russian ballerina, founder member of the RAD and vice-president for over 30 years
*[[Ninette De Valois]], dancer, choreographer and director, founder of the [[Royal Ballet]], [[Birmingham Royal Ballet]] and *[[Royal Ballet School]]
*[[Anton Dolin (ballet dancer)|Anton Dolin]], dancer, choreographer and director, co-founder of the [[English National Ballet]]
*[[Marie Rambert]], founder of the first professional dance company in the UK, which survives today as [[Rambert Dance Company]]
*[[Alicia Markova]], English [[prima ballerina assoluta]] and co-founder of [[English National Ballet]]
*[[Beryl Grey]], dancer and director, former RAD vice-president and life president of the [[Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing]]
*[[Rudolph Nureyev]], Russian dancer, choreographer, director and former artistic director of [[Paris Opera Ballet]]
*[[Frederick Ashton]], founder choreographer and former artistic director of the Royal Ballet
*[[Robert Helpmann]], Australian dancer, actor, choreographer and director, most famous for playing the [[Child Catcher]] in the film [[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang]]
*[[Gillian Lynne]], former ballet dancer, most famous as a choreographer of [[West End theatre|West End]] and [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musicals including [[Cats (musical)|Cats]]
*[[Antoinette Sibley]], former ballet dancer who served as President of the RAD from 1991 to 2012.

Dame [[Adeline Genée]] retired as President of the RAD in 1954 and [[Dame Margot Fonteyn]] was elected as her successor. The leading Principal dancer of the Royal Ballet at that time and considered the greatest Ballerina of her generation, Fonteyn was later appointed [[Prima Ballerina Assoluta]] of the Royal Ballet by Queen Elizabeth II.

=== 1963–1968 ===
In 1963, the Academy was granted charitable status. In 1965, the first RAD summer school was held at [[Elmhurst Ballet School]] in [[Camberley, Surrey]]. Teachers and dancers attended the summer school from the United States, Canada, New Zealand as well as the UK. In 1968, [[Dame Margot Fonteyn]] devised a new children's syllabus, which would become the basis for lower graded examinations.

=== 1970–1975 ===
On 23 April 1970, Founder President of the Academy, Dame [[Adeline Genée]] died at the age of 92 and in 1972, the RAD moved into its previous headquarters in [[Battersea]] Square, London. The building was fully refurbished to provide high quality dance facilities and was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1974. The following year in 1975, the Academy established the Professional Dancer's Teaching Diploma, an intensive course for professional ballet dancers and other dance professionals to gain registered teacher status with the RAD and in 1976, the RAD's teacher training schemes were organised into what is now officially the Faculty of Education of the RAD.

=== 1979 ===
In 1979, a new bursary was founded and named in honour of [[Phyllis Bedells]], a founder member and former vice-president of the RAD. The bursary of £1,000 is held annually, awarded for further training in the academy's method and is awarded to young dancers who are under 17 years of age and have passed RAD Advanced 1 with Distinction but have not entered for the Advanced 2 examination. Past winners have gone on to win medals in very high-profile competitions, such as the [[Genée International Ballet Competition]], and to dance with world-renowned companies including the [[Australian Ballet]], [[Dutch National Ballet]], [[English National Ballet]], [[London City Ballet]], [[Maurice Béjart]] and [[The Royal Ballet]]. Payment of the Bursary can be offset against existing tuition fees where the winner may be studying, or against material / equipment needed for the winner to continue their training.

=== 1983 ===
In 1983, the RAD opened its first International headquarters in Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia. Since that time, the RAD has opened offices worldwide, including Brazil, China, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, United Arab Emirates and the United States of America,

=== 1990–1992 ===
In 1990, a new studio complex was opened at RAD headquarters. Titled the 'Fonteyn Centre', it was opened by Queen Elizabeth II. The following year in 1991, [[Dame Margot Fonteyn]] died on 21 February in Panama City and [[Antoinette Sibley]] was elected as the RAD's third President. Also in 1991, the 'Graded Examination Syllabus' was introduced, with Grades 6, 7 and 8 being introduced later in 1992. In 1990 the Faculty of Education was launched, which now delivers undergraduate and postgraduate university programmes of study and RAD awards (at higher education level). The three-year teacher training course was also amended in 1992, being replaced by the RAD's first full-time Degree qualification, the BA (Hons) Art & Teaching of Ballet (now the BA in Ballet Education).

=== 1995–1999 ===
The RAD celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1995, the event being marked by events throughout the world. In 1996, RAD President [[Antoinette Sibley]] was appointed a Dame in the Queen's New Year Honours List and the Academy's first 12-degree students attended their graduation at Durham Castle. In 1997, the Benesh Institute<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rad.org.uk/study/Benesh |title=The Benesh Institute & Benesh Movement Notation – RAD |publisher=Rad.org.uk |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> was incorporated into the RAD and in 1999, The 'Faculty of Education' was established with further teaching qualifications being launched, validated by the University of Durham.

=== 2000 ===
On 20 December 2000, the RAD officially adopted its current title, "Royal Academy of Dance" and in the same year, qualifications were established for students studying 'Benesh Movement Notation'.

=== 2010 ===
In 2010 the RAD became an Accredited Institute of the [[University of Surrey]].

=== 2011 ===
On 4 January 2011 in London and 17 January in Sydney, the RAD launched its new Intermediate Foundation & Intermediate syllabi. RAD Grades 1–8 and the first five levels of the Vocational Grades were accredited by the [[Ofqual|Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation]] (Ofqual) in England with the RAD as an Awarding Organisation, and the Academy also achieved SQA Accreditation (Scottish Qualifications Authority Accreditation) for RAD exams. [[UCAS]] tariff points for Graded and Vocational Graded Examinations in Dance at Level 3 were confirmed in August, meaning those candidates who have achieved a Pass or higher at Grades 6–8, Intermediate or Advanced Foundation can use their exam result as contributing towards their points tariff when applying to a university or Higher Education institution in the UK. The [[Genée International Ballet Competition]] 2011 was held for the first time in Cape Town, South Africa, at Artscape Theatre Centre, looking to present the competition in New Zealand in 2012. The first ever Dance Proms took place on Sunday 13 November at the Royal Albert Hall, London, as a partnership project between the [[International Dance Teachers Association]], the [[Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing]], RAD and the [[Royal Albert Hall]] working together in celebration of dance and hosting more than 450 young dancers on the stage. UK and Republic of Ireland members from the three dance organisations were invited to video and submit a short dance piece online, and a variety of acts were then chosen both by an esteemed panel of professionals and through a public vote to perform live at the Royal Albert Hall.

=== 2022 ===
In 2022, the new Royal Academy of Dance global headquarters in Battersea was formally opened by HRH The Duchess of Cornwall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duchess of Cornwall opens RAD’s Battersea HQ |url=https://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/news/2022-news/news-march-2022/duchess-of-cornwall-opens-rad-s-battersea-hq/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Wandsworth Borough Council |language=en-gb}}</ref>

=== 2024 ===
In May 2024, [[Queen Camilla]] became patron of the RAD.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Queen Camilla to become Patron of the Royal Academy of Dance |url= https://www.westendtheatre.com/233104/news/queen-camilla-to-become-patron-of-the-royal-academy-of-dance/ |access-date=2024-05-04|website=Westend Theatre |language=en-UK}}</ref>

== Examinations ==
The RAD offers two examination syllabi, which are suitable for both male and female students and form the basis of the RAD's work in the UK and overseas. Each programme consists of a series of progressively more difficult practical examinations.<ref>[http://www.rad.org.uk/article_green.asp?id=112] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505024837/http://www.rad.org.uk/article_green.asp?id=112|date=5 May 2012}}</ref>
* Graded Examination Syllabus<ref>[http://www.rad.org.uk/article_green.asp?id=185&realCat=73] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510173313/http://www.rad.org.uk/article_green.asp?id=185&realCat=73|date=10 May 2012}}</ref>
* Vocational Graded Examination Syllabus<ref>[http://www.rad.org.uk/article_green.asp?id=198&realCat=75] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920091514/http://www.rad.org.uk/article_green.asp?id=198&realCat=75|date=20 September 2012}}</ref>
Grades 1–8 and the first five levels of the Vocational Grades are accredited by the [[Ofqual|Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation]] (Ofqual) in England, the [[DCELLS|Qualifications Wales]] in [[Wales]] and the [[Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment]] (CCEA) in [[Northern Ireland]]. These organisations are the Government approved qualifications regulators for their respective countries. Candidates who successfully pass an RAD examination are awarded credit on the [[Qualifications and Credit Framework]]. The Academy also achieves SQA Accreditation (Scottish Qualifications Authority Accreditation) for RAD exams.

In 2009, the RAD launched a new syllabus at Pre-Primary and Primary level in dance. These two new grades replace the existing Pre-Primary and Primary grades in ballet. The Academy has since launched new work for grades 1–5

=== Graded Syllabus ===
The Graded Examination Syllabus consists of Pre-Primary, Primary, and numbered Grades 1–8. Each grade incorporates classical ballet, free movement and character dance.<ref>[http://www.rad.org.uk/05exams/index.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621032832/http://www.rad.org.uk/05exams/index.htm|date=21 June 2013}}</ref> The syllabus is devised to progress in difficulty from one grade to the next and a student studying the grades in sequence would be expected to develop a greater degree of dance technique at each level.

* '''[[Classical Ballet]]''' is one of the most widespread dance forms in the world. Originating in the [[Italy|Italian]] royal courts of the [[Renaissance period]], over hundreds of years it has been developed into a highly technical dance form. Ballet is the foundation of the RAD's work and is the most important part of the Graded Syllabi.
* '''Free Movement''' is the term applied to movement from dance styles such as natural movement, [[contemporary dance|contemporary]] and Classical Greek dance. Free movement does not have to include codified dance vocabulary and is usually an improvisation based on the students interpretation of a piece of music or stimulus.
* '''[[Character dance|Character Dance]]''' is an integral part of classical ballet repertoire. It is the stylised representation of a traditional [[folk dance]], normally from a [[Europe]]an country and uses movements and music which have been adapted for the theatre. The RAD syllabus uses character dances based on [[Hungary|Hungarian]], Russian and [[Poland|Polish]] folk dance.

Students who have studied a complete grade from the syllabus will normally take an examination organised by their dance teacher and held at the teachers studio or a suitable venue hired for the occasion. In the examination, the students perform the relevant grade work for an RAD examiner, who assesses the artistic and technical execution of the grade. A successful candidate receives a certificate printed with their name and the grade passed. They also receive a report detailing what marks were awarded and highlighting which aspects of their performance need further improvement. Unsuccessful candidates receive a report and a certificate of participation. The Pre-Primary grade is devised for younger students who are not old enough to enter the Primary examination. There is no examination offered at this level, however students can take part in a Presentation Class.

Presentation Classes were introduced for students who a dance teacher feels may not benefit from, or be suitable for taking the series of examinations. In a Presentation Class, in contrast to an examination, the teacher and a small audience of spectators are present in the room. The students perform for an examiner but are not assessed. They dance a condensed selection of exercises from the appropriate grade and receive a certificate of participation, which is normally presented by the examiner at the end of the class.

As a syllabus devised specifically with children in mind, examinations are not compulsory. The entry level of a new student is decided by the dance teacher based upon the child's age, natural ability for dance or previous examination passes with another dance school or examination board, such as the [[IDTA]] or [[Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing|ISTD]].

==== Grades ====
'''The Grades are:'''
* '''Pre-Primary''' – 5 years and over
* '''Primary''' – 6 years and over
* '''Grade 1''' – 7 years and over
* '''Grade 2''' – 7 years and over
* '''Grade 3''' – 7 years and over
* '''Grade 4''' – 7 years and over
* '''Grade 5''' – 7 years and over
* '''Grade 6''' – 11 years and over
* '''Grade 7''' – 11 years and over
* '''Grade 8''' – 11 years and over

=== Vocational Graded Syllabus ===
The Vocational Graded Syllabus is designed primarily for older children or young adults who are considering a career in professional dance, as a performer, teacher or in another capacity. The vocational syllabus is technically demanding and comprises only Classical Ballet and [[En pointe|Pointe Work]]. Students choosing to study this series of awards are required to be competent in the fundamentals of ballet technique and movement vocabulary.

Unlike the Graded Examination Syllabus, the vocational grades have to be studied in sequence and the student must successfully pass an examination at each level before progressing onto the next. All vocational examinations are organised by RAD headquarters and instead of being held at a dance teachers own venue, they are held in major cities worldwide. In this situation, the session organiser is responsible for timetabling the examinations, and it is normal for students to dance alongside the students of other dance schools in the examination room. As with the graded syllabus, successful candidates receive a certificate personalised with their name and the level passed. They also receive a report, however for this series of examinations, there is a different marking system and assessment criteria.

Students studying the vocational syllabus are expected to achieve a high level of technical and artistic ability in ballet and it can take a great deal of time and commitment to reach the standard required to pass these examinations. Normally, a student will begin studying the Vocational Graded Syllabus after completing Grade 5 in the Graded Examination Syllabus, however some students will continue to study the graded syllabus at the same time. The Intermediate Foundation and Advanced Foundation examinations are the only optional exams in this series of awards. They are devised for students who the teacher feels may need more preparation before studying at the higher level, however they are assessed in the same way, certificates awarded in the same way and credits awarded on the National Qualifications Framework.

====The Vocational Grades====
* '''Intermediate Foundation''' – 11 years and over (non-compulsory)
* '''Intermediate''' – 12 years and over
* '''Advanced Foundation''' – 13 years and over (non-compulsory)
* '''Advanced 1''' – 14 years and over (must have passed Intermediate)
* '''Advanced 2''' – 15 years and over (must have passed Advanced 1)
* '''Solo Seal''' – 15 years and over (must have passed Advanced 2 with distinction)

==LRAD==

The Licentiate of the Royal Academy of Dance (LRAD) is a programme to allow students who already have, or are in the process of finishing, qualifications for a dance degree, to specialise in Royal Academy of Dance work. It has no practical placement component, but instead comprises "intensive practical study supported by lectures, presentations, peer teaching and seminars".<ref>{{cite web | title=Licentiate of the Royal Academy of Dance | website=Royal Academy of Dance (United Kingdom) | date=3 December 2020 | url=https://www.royalacademyofdance.org/programme/licentiate-of-the-royal-academy-of-dance-lrad/ | access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>

==RAD Method==
The RAD method, is a ballet technique and training system, specially devised by the founders of the RAD, who merged their respective dance methods ([[La Scala Theatre Ballet|Italian]], [[French ballet|French]], [[Royal Danish Ballet|Danish]] and [[Russian ballet|Russian]]) to create a new style of ballet that is unique to the organisation. The RAD method produces a style of ballet that has become recognised internationally as the English style of ballet.

The most identifiable aspect of the RAD method is the attention to detail when learning the basic steps, and the progression in difficulty is often very slow. While the difficulty of an exercise may only increase slightly from grade to grade, more importance is placed on whether the student is performing the step with improved technique. For example, plie exercises are employed consistently throughout the lower grades to enable the student to progressively deepen the plie and improve turnout. The principle behind this is that if enough time is spent achieving optimal technique before introducing new vocabulary, the easier it is for the student to learn the harder steps, while exercising basic technique to the maximum at all times.

== Associations ==
From 1 October 2006, the RAD began a new association with the [[International Dance Teachers Association]], a dance organisation based in [[Brighton]], England. A press release issued to members of each organisation stated that "the two organisations would embark on a process of working together for the future of dance and to the mutual benefit of their members in both teacher education and training and examinations".

As a result of this association, both organisations have formally granted teachers of the respective organisation the opportunity to enter candidates for its examinations thereby ensuring that both organisations recognise the right of qualified teachers to enter candidates for examinations of either awarding body. At the RAD these members are called 'teachers recognised by mutual agreement'. Whilst the new association is not a merger, it is intended that it will develop co-operation between the two organisations and mutual recognition of the training and qualifications that they both provide.

Dance Proms is a partnership project between the [[IDTA]], the [[Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing|ISTD]], RAD and the [[Royal Albert Hall]] working together in celebration of dance. In 2011, Dance Proms hosted more than 450 young dancers on the stage, showcasing a huge range of dance styles and cultural influences. UK and Republic of Ireland members from the three dance organisations are invited to video and submit a short dance piece online, featuring original choreography by themselves or their students in any dance genre, either as a solo, duet, or group performance. Acts are then chosen both by an esteemed panel of professionals and through a public vote to be performed live at the [[Royal Albert Hall]]. Dance Proms is designed to showcase the high standards of dance and dance teaching of the organisations and their members, and to raise standards and increase participation in and appreciation of dance in the UK.

==Countries==
The Royal Academy of Dance is currently active in over 80 countries worldwide. The following is a list of countries, by region, in which the RAD has active members, including the locations of regional administrative offices:

'''UK & Ireland'''
{{Div col|colwidth=25em|rules=yes}}
*England – Regional Office, [[London]]
*Ireland
*[[Northern Ireland]]
*Scotland
*[[Wales]]
{{Div col end}}

'''Europe'''
{{Div col|colwidth=25em|rules=yes}}
*[[Andorra]]
*Austria
*Belgium
*[[Cyprus]] – Regional Office, [[Limassol]]
*Denmark
*France
*Germany – Regional Office, [[Berlin]]
*[[Gibraltar]]
*[[Greece]] – Regional Office, [[Athens]]
*Italy – Regional Office, [[Trento]]
*[[Luxembourg]] – Regional Office, [[Gonderange]]
*[[Malta]] – Regional Office, [[Sliema]]
*[[Netherlands]]
*Norway – Regional Office, [[Trondheim]]
*[[Portugal]] – Regional Office, [[Lisbon]]
*[[Serbia]]
*[[Slovenia]]
*Spain – Regional Office, [[Reus]]
*Sweden
*Switzerland
*[[Turkey]] – Regional Office, [[Istanbul]]
{{Div col end}}

'''North America'''
{{Div col|colwidth=25em|rules=yes}}
*United States – Regional Office, [[St. Francis, Wisconsin|St. Francis]]
*Canada – Regional Office, [[Toronto]]
*Mexico – Regional Office, [[Naucalpan]]
{{Div col end}}

'''Caribbean, Central and South America'''
{{Div col|colwidth=25em|rules=yes}}
*[[Antigua & Barbuda]]
*[[Aruba]]
*[[Bahamas]]
*[[Barbados]]
*[[Bermuda]]
*[[Brazil]] – Regional Office, [[Serra Negra]]
*[[Chile]]
*[[Costa Rica]]
*[[Ecuador]]
*[[El Salvador]]
*[[Guadeloupe]]
*[[Guatemala]]
*[[Honduras]]
*[[Jamaica]] – Regional Office, [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]
Mexico
*[[Panama]]
*[[Peru]]
*[[St. Lucia]]
*[[Trinidad and Tobago]]
*[[Venezuela]]
{{Div col end}}

'''Asia and Pacific'''
{{Div col|colwidth=25em|rules=yes}}
*Australia – Regional Office, [[Darlinghurst]]
*[[Brunei]]
*China – Regional Office, [[Shanghai]]
*[[Hong Kong]] – Regional Office, [[Kowloon]]
*[[Indonesia]] – Regional Office, [[South Jakarta]]
*Japan – Regional Office, [[Tokyo]]
*[[Macau]]
*[[Malaysia]] – Regional Office, [[Kuala Lumpur]]
*New Zealand – Regional Office, [[Wellington]]
*[[Papua New Guinea]]
*[[Philippines]] – Regional Office, [[Pasig]]
*[[Singapore]]
*[[South Korea]] – Regional Office, [[Seoul]]
*[[Taiwan]] – Regional Office, [[Taipei]]
*[[Thailand]] – Regional Office, [[Chiang Mai]]
{{Div col end}}

'''Africa, Middle East and South Asia'''
{{Div col|colwidth=25em|rules=yes}}
*[[Bahrain]]
*[[Bangladesh]]
*[[Bhutan]]
*[[Botswana]]
*[[Ghana]]
*[[India]]
*[[Israel]] – Regional Office, [[Neve Yamin]]
*[[Jordan]]
*[[Kenya]]
*[[Kuwait]]
*[[Lebanon]]
*[[Lesotho]]
*[[Maldives]]
*[[Mauritius]]
*[[Mozambique]]
*[[Namibia]]
*[[Nepal]]
*[[Oman]]
*[[Pakistan]]
*[[Qatar]]
*[[South Africa]] – Regional Office, [[Johannesburg]]
*[[Sri Lanka]] – Regional Office, [[Rajagiriya]]
*[[Swaziland]]
*[[United Arab Emirates]] – Regional Office, [[Dubai]]
*[[Zimbabwe]]
{{Div col end}}

== Notable alumni ==
*[[Jacqui Chan]], Trinidadian actress
* [[Mary Day (dance teacher)|Mary Day]], American dance teacher
* [[Ana Paula Höfling]], American dance researcher
* [[Michelle Yeoh]], Malaysian actress<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Yeoh - Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000706/bio/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Beatriz Luengo]], actress, singer and dancer{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}
* [[Tara Sutaria]], Indian actress and singer.

'''Ballet Schools & Companies''' – A number of international ballet schools offer their students the opportunity to take vocational examinations with the RAD. Examples include:

* [[Elmhurst Ballet School]]
* [[English National Ballet School]]
* [[National Ballet School of Canada]]
* [[Royal Ballet School]]

The Royal Academy of Dance is not affiliated to any of these schools.

== See also ==

*[[UKA Dance]]
*[[Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing]] (ISTD)
*[[International Dance Teachers Association]] (IDTA)
* [[Ballet]]
* [[Benesh Movement Notation]]
* [[Genée International Ballet Competition]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ballet}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Royal Academy Of Dance}}
[[Category:Dance education organizations]]
[[Category:Ballet examination boards]]
[[Category:Ballet in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Performing arts education in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:International cultural organizations]]
[[Category:Organisations based in London with royal patronage]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 1920]]

Trinity Hall, Cambridge

2025-10-21T19:46:52Z

2A00:23C7:35A2:EB01:3CEA:E965:B02D:399D: Another college with a similar name

{{Short description|Constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England}}
{{Distinguish|Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College, Oxford}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox residential college
| university = [[University of Cambridge]]
| name = Trinity Hall
| shield = Coat of Arms of Trinity Hall.svg
| shield_caption = Arms of Trinity Hall
|shield_size =135px
| blazon = ''Sable, a crescent ermine a bordure (engrailed) of the last''<ref>Arms of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, being the arms of Bateman, as used by William Bateman (d. 1355), Bishop of Norwich 1344–55, founder of Trinity Hall: as seen (with bordure engrailed) at Trinity Hall, Cambridge (over B staircase), impaled by the arms of the See of Norwich.</ref>
| image = TrinityHallCambridge.jpg
| caption = Entrance to Trinity Hall on Trinity Lane
| scarf = {{Scarf/University of Cambridge |Trinity Hall}}
| full_name = The College or Hall of the Holy Trinity in the University of Cambridge
| abbreviation = TH<ref>{{cite journal |author=University of Cambridge |author-link=University of Cambridge |date=6 March 2019 |title=Notice by the Editor |url=https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2018-19/special/05/section1.shtml |journal=[[Cambridge University Reporter]] |volume=149 |issue=Special No 5 |pages=1 |access-date=20 March 2019 }}</ref>
| latin_name =
| latin_motto =
| english_motto =
| founder = [[William Bateman (bishop)|William Bateman]], [[Bishop of Norwich]]
| named_after = [[Trinity|The Holy Trinity]]
| established = {{start date and age|1350}}
| previous_names =
| location = [[Trinity Lane]] ([https://map.cam.ac.uk/Trinity+Hall map])
| head_label = Master
| head = [[Mary Hockaday]]
| undergraduates = 401 (2022-23)
| graduates = 205 (2022-23)
| fellows = 65{{efn|name="asat18"|As at 30 June 2018.<ref name="accounts17-18">{{cite web |url=https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/TH-Accounts-30Jun18-Final-RO.pdf |title=Accounts for the Year Ended 30 June 2018 |access-date=26 April 2019 |author=Trinity Hall, Cambridge}}</ref>}}
| sister_colleges = {{ubl|[[All Souls College, Oxford]]|[[University College, Oxford]]}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk}}
| jcr_label = {{abbr|JCR|Junior Combination Room}}
| jcr = {{URL|https://www.jcr.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/}}
| mcr_label = {{abbr|MCR|Middle Combination Room}}
| mcr = {{URL|http://www.mcr.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/}}
| boat_club = [[Trinity Hall Boat Club]]
| endowment = £89.1 million (2023)<ref name="th-accounts">{{Cite web |title=Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Accounts 2023 |url=https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/TH-Accounts-30Jun23.pdf |access-date=June 17, 2024 |page = 41|website=Trinity Hall, Cambridge}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|52.2057|0.1157|type:edu_region:GB|name=Trinity Hall|display=inline,title}}
| location_map = United Kingdom Cambridge Central
| location_map2 = United Kingdom Cambridge
}}
'''Trinity Hall''' (formally '''The College or Hall of the Holy Trinity in the University of Cambridge''', colloquially "Tit Hall"<ref>{{cite web |title=Tit Hall cancels formals following ceiling collapse |url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/29177 |publisher=Varsity |access-date=21 June 2025 |date=21 Feb 2025}}</ref>) is a [[Colleges of the University of Cambridge|constituent college]] of the [[University of Cambridge]]. Founded in 1350, it is the fifth-oldest surviving college of the university, having been established by [[William Bateman (bishop)|William Bateman]], [[Bishop of Norwich]], to train clergymen in [[canon law]] after the [[Black Death]]. The college has two sister colleges at the [[University of Oxford]]: [[All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls]] and [[University College, Oxford|University College]].

The college owns properties in the centre of Cambridge, on Bateman Street and Thompson's Lane, and on its Wychfield site next to [[Fitzwilliam College]], where most of the college's sporting activity takes place. [[Mary Hockaday]] was appointed Master in May 2022 and took up the post in September that year.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/mary-hockaday-takes-up-post-as-master/ | title=Mary Hockaday takes up post as Master }}</ref>

Notable alumni include theoretical physicists [[Stephen Hawking]] and Nobel Prize winner [[David Thouless]], Australian Prime Minister [[Stanley Bruce]], Pakistani Prime Minister [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], Canadian Governor General [[David Johnston (governor general)|David Johnston]], philosophers [[Marshall McLuhan]] and [[Galen Strawson]], Conservative cabinet minister [[Geoffrey Howe]], [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham]], writer [[J. B. Priestley]], and Academy Award-winning actress [[Rachel Weisz]].

==History==
The devastation caused by the [[Black Death in England]] of the 1340s included the loss of perhaps half of the population; [[William Bateman (bishop)|Bishop Bateman]] himself lost nearly 700 of his parish priests, and so his decision to found a college was probably centred on a need to rebuild the priesthood. The site that Bateman chose was the original site of [[Gonville Hall]], which had been founded three years earlier, but was financially struggling. Bateman's clerical aim for the Hall is reflected in the foundation of 1350, when he stated that the college's aim was "the promotion of divine worship and of [[canon law|canon]] and civil science and direction of the commonwealth and especially of our church and [[diocese of Norwich]]." This led the college to be particularly strong in legal studies, a tradition that has continued over the centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/about/college/detail.asp?ItemID=2340|title=Trinity Hall -|work=cam.ac.uk}}</ref>

At first all colleges in Cambridge were known as "Halls" or "Houses" and then later changed their names from "Hall" to "College". However, when [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] founded [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]] next door, it became clear that Trinity Hall would continue being known as a Hall. The new foundation's name may have been a punishment for the college's master, [[Stephen Gardiner]], who had opposed the king's remarriage and had endured much of the college's land being removed. It is incorrect to call it Trinity Hall College, although Trinity Hall college (lower case) is, strictly speaking, accurate. A similar situation had existed once before when [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] founded King's College (in 1441) despite the existence of [[King's Hall, Cambridge|King's Hall]] (founded in 1317). King's Hall was later incorporated in the foundation of Trinity College in 1546.

Trinity Hall, in addition to having a chapel, also had joint usage of the Church of St John Zacharias with [[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare Hall]], until the church was demolished to enable the construction of [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]] in the 15th century. After this, the college was granted usage of the nearby [[St Edward King and Martyr, Cambridge|Church of St Edward, King and Martyr]] on [[Peas Hill]], a connection which remains to this day.

===Controversies===
==== 2015–2020 allegations of sexual misconduct ====
In 2019 and 2020, the College triggered international headlines after reporting of allegations of sexual misconduct. In 2015, 10 students submitted formal complaints of verbal sexual harassment by Peter Hutchinson, a college fellow. In response the fellow was asked to withdraw permanently from further teaching and from attending social events at which students might be present.<ref name="statement">{{cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Statement of clarification |url=https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/statement-of-clarification/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219222656/https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/statement-of-clarification/ |archive-date=19 December 2019 |publisher=Trinity Hall}}</ref> However, due to an alleged error by the College in 2017, the fellow was invited to a college event which students attended, in breach of the prior agreement. An independent review of the matter followed.<ref name="statement"/>

In 2019, a formal agreement as to what events Hutchinson could attend was approved by the Governing Body but he remained an [[Emeritus|Emeritus Fellow]] of the College. This resulted in further protest from students and alumni and later Hutchinson resigned.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2019 |title=Cambridge harassment row fuels calls to reform college system |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/20/cambridge-harassment-row-fuels-call-to-reform-colleges-system |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2019 |title=Cambridge isn't the only university to fail at handling sexual misconduct complaints |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/oct/22/cambridge-isnt-the-only-university-to-fail-at-handling-sexual-misconduct-complaints |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 November 2019 |title=Cambridge University academic resigns after Trinity Hall row |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-50314762 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

In February 2020, a ''[[Tortoise Media]]'' investigation alleged that William O’Reilly, the Acting Senior Tutor, had seriously mishandled a disciplinary process of a student he had a "close relationship" with, who was the subject of multiple allegations of sexual assault.<ref name="Tortoise">{{cite web |date=18 February 2020 |title=A college with secrets |url=https://members.tortoisemedia.com/2020/02/18/campus-justice-trinity-hall/content.html |publisher=Tortoise}}</ref> ''Tortoise'' reported that O’Reilly himself had given witness testimony on behalf of the student at the disciplinary hearings into the assaults. Moreover, during this disciplinary process O'Reilly was himself the subject of a further allegation of sexual assault, which he denied. ''Tortoise'' reported that the College's Master, [[Jeremy Morris]], had been made aware of the allegations against O'Reilly, but had allowed him to continue teaching for a further five months and oversee the student disciplinary process until the complaints were investigated by police. ''Tortoise'' alleged that as of the date of publication, no formal investigation had been made into this complaint, and no safeguarding measures had been put in place.

In February 2020, Morris and O’Reilly agreed to "step back" from their roles in college pending investigation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chae |first=Howard |date=22 February 2020 |title=Trinity Hall Master and accused Fellow to stand down pending investigation |url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/18787 |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=[[Varsity (Cambridge)|Varsity]]}}</ref> In March 2020, the Governing Body authorised an immediate independent external inquiry into the College’s handling of all allegations raised and matters referred to in the ''Tortoise'' article, to be led by Gemma White QC.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2020 |title=Statement from Trinity Hall |url=https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/statement-from-trinity-hall-12-03-2020/ |publisher=Trinity Hall}}</ref> The inquiry recommended Trinity Hall consider disciplinary action against Morris in relation to his handling of one allegation. Morris resigned as Master in August 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 August 2021 |title=Cambridge University college master resigns over handling of sex complaints |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-58396360 |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

In September 2022 the College published White's report alongside a response document that indicated the actions it had taken to make improvements to the structures and culture of the institution.<ref>{{cite web |title=College Statement on Gemma White QC's Report for Publication |url=https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/college-statement-on-gemma-white-qcs-report-for-publication/}}</ref>

== Buildings ==
[[File:Front_Court_Trinity_Hall,_Cambridge.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Front court]]
[[File:Jerwood Library Trinity Hall Cambridge.jpg|thumb|right|The Jerwood Library in Latham Court backs on to the [[River Cam]] next to [[Bridges in Cambridge|Garret Hostel Bridge]].]]

The College site on the [[River Cam|Cam]] was originally obtained from Bateman's purchase of a house from John de Crauden, Prior of Ely, to house the monks during their study, with Front Court being built within the college's first few decades. The medieval structures remain unaltered, but with their façade altered to a more [[baroque]] style during the Mastership of [[Nathaniel Lloyd|Sir Nathaniel Lloyd]] in 1710-45.<ref>[https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/library/exiled-infamous-creature-the-case-of-philips-nichols/ The Philips Nichols Scandal of 1731]</ref>

=== Chapel ===

The Chapel was licensed in 1352 and was built by August 1366, when Blessed [[Urban V|Pope Urban V]] granted the College permission to celebrate Holy Mass there. Its present decor stems from its 1729–30 renovation; Lloyd had pre-existing graves removed to the Ante-Chapel, and the walls decorated with [[Panelling#Wainscot panelling|wainscotting]] and the ceiling with past Masters' [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|crests]]. The Chapel was extended east in 1864, during which the original [[piscina]] was discovered and hidden behind a secret door. The painting behind the [[communion table]] is [[Maso da San Friano]]'s ''Salutation'', loaned from the [[Fitzwilliam Museum]] in 1957, replacing an earlier painting by [[Giacomo Stella]].

=== Dining Hall ===

The Dining Hall was rebuilt under Lloyd along similar lines to the Chapel, with rendered walls replaced by wainscotting and medieval beams by baroque carvings. A large portrait of Lloyd dominates the wall behind [[high table]]; Lloyd supposedly made it irremovable from its wainscot surroundings, so that his representation can never be erased from the College.

=== Libraries ===

The college library was built in the late 16th century, with the permission of [[Elizabeth I]] and probably during the mastership of [[Thomas Preston (writer)|Thomas Preston]], and is now principally used for the storage of the college's manuscripts and rare books; it is one of the few remaining [[chained library|chained libraries]] left in the country. The new Jerwood Library overlooking the river was opened by [[Geoffrey Howe|Lord Howe of Aberavon]] in 1999, and stores the college's modern book collection.

== Student life ==
=== Combination Rooms ===
Trinity Hall has active Junior, Middle and Senior Combination Rooms for undergraduate, postgraduate and senior members of the college community respectively. The Middle Combination Room is located in Front Court, while the Junior Combination Room is adjacent to the college bar in North Court. Both the MCR and JCR have highly active committees and organize popular socials for their members across the term.

=== Societies ===

==== Trinity Hall Boat Club ====
[[File:Cambridge boathouses - Trinity Hall.jpg|thumb|Trinity Hall Boat Club boathouse on the River Cam]]
{{main|Trinity Hall Boat Club}}
Trinity Hall's boat club was founded in 1827, and has had a long and distinguished history; notably from 1890 until 1898, when the college stayed Head of the Mays for 33 consecutive days of rowing, which remains to this day the longest continuous defence by a single club of the bumps headship. The college won all but one of the events in the 1887 [[Henley Royal Regatta]], making it the most successful Cambridge college in Henley's history.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} The current boathouse, built in 1905 in memory of [[Henry Latham]], is on the [[River Cam]], a short walk from the college.

==== Trinity Hall Christian Union ====

Trinity Hall's Christian Union was founded in 1877, making it the second oldest JCR-listed society. It is part of the broader [[Cambridge Inter-Collegiate Christian Union]].<ref>[https://ciccu.org.uk/colleges/trinity-hall/ THCU CICCU Page]</ref>

==== Hesperides ====
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2022}}
Trinity Hall's literary society, the Hesperides, was founded in 1923 by Neil McLeod Innes with the intention of discussing literary and artistic subjects. Named after the seminal work of the 17th-century poet [[Robert Herrick (poet)|Robert Herrick]], in its early years the society hosted [[T. S. Eliot]], [[J. B. Priestley]] and [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] at its various dinners and functions. Old Hesperideans have gone on to some notoriety, none more so than [[Donald Maclean (spy)|Donald Maclean]], a spy and member of the [[Cambridge Five]]. The Hesperides disbanded in 1976, but was re-founded in 2020 to encourage literary activity after the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]; speakers have included Trinity Hall alumni [[Nicholas Hytner]] and [[Sophie Winkleman]].

== Gallery ==
[[File:TrinHall LathLawn.JPG|thumbnail|center|A panoramic view of Latham Lawn and the adjacent buildings|720px]]
<gallery class="center">
File:Trinity Hall, Cambridge by Loggan 1690 - sanders 6178.jpg|Trinity Hall in 1690
File:Cambridge University, Trinity Hall.jpg|The original entrance
File:Cambridge University, Trinity Hall Demolished.jpg|The demolition of the original entrance
File:Trinity Hall, Cambridge University.jpg|Front Court
File:TrinityHallWall.jpg|Armorial Detail in Front Court
File:Cambridge University, Trinity Hall Master's Garden.jpg|The Master's Garden
File:Cambridge University, Trinity Hall Chapel View.jpg|South Court
File:Cambridge University, Trinity Hall Library.jpg|The Elizabethan Library
File:Trinity hall old library.JPG |The Elizabethan Library
File:Trinity Hall Library - geograph.org.uk - 678201.jpg|The Jerwood Library
File:Wychfield, Storey's Way - geograph.org.uk - 614413.jpg|Wychfield Site
File:Trinity Hall College Cricket Ground - geograph.org.uk - 1422827.jpg|College cricket ground
</gallery>

==People associated with Trinity Hall==
===Masters===
{{main|List of Masters of Trinity Hall, Cambridge}}

On 31 May 2022, Mary Hockaday was announced as the next Master.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trinity Hall Elects New Master|url=https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/trinity-hall-elects-new-master/}}</ref>

===Deans===
{{further|:Category:Deans of Trinity Hall, Cambridge}}

The current Dean is the Revd Dr Stephen Plant. The role of Dean incorporates that of Chaplain in other colleges.

===Fellows===
{{further|:Category:Fellows of Trinity Hall, Cambridge|List of Honorary Fellows of Trinity Hall, Cambridge}}

=== Notable alumni ===
{{See also|:Category:Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge}}
<gallery class="center">
File:Charles Howard (1536-1624), by Daniel Mytens.jpg|[[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham]], [[Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom|Lord High Admiral]]
File:Prime Minister Stanley Bruce (Retouched).png|[[Stanley Bruce|Stanley Bruce, 1st Viscount of Melbourne]], [[Prime Minister of Australia]]
File:Khawaja Nazimuddin of Pakistan.JPG|[[Khawaja Nazimuddin|Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin]], [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]
File:J B Priestley at work in his study, 1940. (7893553148).jpg|[[J. B. Priestley]], novelist, playwright and broadcaster
File:Marshall McLuhan.jpg|[[Marshall McLuhan]], Canadian philosopher
File:Lord Geoffrey Howe (cropped).jpg|[[Geoffrey Howe|Geoffrey Howe, Baron Howe of Aberavon]], [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Deputy Prime Minister]]
File:Hans Blix in Vienna 2002.jpg|[[Hans Blix]], Swedish [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]]
File:David Lloyd Johnston(Brubacher House).jpg|[[David Johnston (governor general)|David Johnston]], [[Governor General of Canada]]
File:Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg|[[Stephen Hawking]], [[Lucasian Professor of Mathematics]]
File:Guy Scott.png|[[Guy Scott]], [[President of Zambia]]
File:Andrew Marr - Vladimir Putin's interview about Olympics in Sochi (2014-01-17) 09.jpg|[[Andrew Marr]], journalist and broadcaster
File:CarolineSHill.jpg|[[Caroline S. Hill]], head of the Developmental Signalling Laboratory at the [[Francis Crick Institute]]
File:Rachel Weisz Cannes 2015.jpg|[[Rachel Weisz]], [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-winning actress
File:Pooley PodiumF Ventouxman 2017.jpg|[[Emma Pooley]], [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] silver-medallist cyclist and presenter
File:Tom James MBE.jpg|[[Tom James (rower)|Tom James]], double [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold-medallist rower
File:Official portrait of Rt Hon Oliver Dowden MP crop 2.jpg|[[Oliver Dowden]], [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
</gallery>

{{div col}}

* [[Robert McNeill Alexander]] – zoologist
* [[Zafar Ansari]] – [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] and [[England cricket team|England]] cricketer
* [[Waheed Arian]] – physician and radiologist, founder of telemedicine charity Arian Teleheal
* [[David Bean (judge)|Sir David Bean]] – Lord Justice of Appeal
* [[Thomas Bilney]] – Protestant reformer and martyr
* [[Hans Blix]] – Former UN Chief Weapons Inspector
* [[Stanley Bruce]] – [[Prime Minister of Australia]], 1923–29
* [[Richard Boyle (rower)|Richard Boyle]] – rower. Bronze medal in 1908 Olympics
* [[Edward Carpenter]] – socialist poet and homosexual activist
* [[John Cockett]] – Hockey player. Bronze medal in 1952 Olympics
* [[William Cooke (priest, born 1821)|William Cooke]] – Hymn writer
* [[Archibald Craig]] – Fencer. Competed in the 1924 and 1948 Olympics
* [[Felix Creutzig]] – Physicist and Climate Change Economists
* [[Don Cupitt]] – Philosopher of Religion and scholar of Christian theology
* [[Sir Charles Dilke]] – Victorian politician
* [[Laurence Doherty]] – Tennis player, Olympic gold medalist and Wimbledon Champion
* [[Reginald Doherty]] – Tennis player, Olympic gold medalist and Wimbledon Champion
* [[Lionel Elvin]] – Educationist
* [[Ronald Firbank]] – Novelist
* [[Billy Fiske]] – Bobsleigh Olympian and first American fatality of WWII
* [[Norman Fowler]] – Politician
* [[Aubrey de Grey]] – Anti-ageing theorist
* [[Frances Harrison]] – journalist
* [[Stephen Hawking]] – Physicist
* [[Arthur Henderson, Baron Rowley]] - Labour politician; Secretary of State for Air, 1947–51
* [[Robert Herrick (poet)|Robert Herrick]] – poet
* [[Matthew Holness]] – [[Perrier Comedy Award]]-winning creator of [[Garth Marenghi]]
* [[Andy Hopper]] – Computer scientist
* [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham]] – admiral
* [[Geoffrey Howe]] – Former MP and Chancellor of the Exchequer
* [[Nicholas Hytner]] – Theatre and film director
* [[Robin Legge]] – music critic
* [[Magnus Linklater]] – Journalist
* [[Tom James (rower)|Tom James]] – Rower, double Olympian and Olympic Gold medallist
* [[Greville Janner]] – Former Labour MP and Peer
* [[David Johnston (governor general)|David Johnston]] – The Governor General of Canada
* [[Vladimir Kara-Murza]] – Russian author and political prisoner
* [[Harold Kitching]] – Rower. Bronze medal in 1908 Olympics
* [[Donald Duart Maclean|Donald Maclean]] – Soviet spy
* [[Andrew Marr]] – Political journalist and broadcaster
* [[Adam Mars-Jones]] – British novelist and critic
* [[Brett Mason]] – Australian Senator
* [[Alfred Maudslay]] – Archaeologist, explorer, and diplomat
* [[Alan Nunn May]] – Physicist and Soviet spy
* [[Reginald McKenna]] – Chancellor of the Exchequer during World War I
* [[Marshall McLuhan]] – Media theorist
* [[John Meyrick (rower)|Sir John Meyrick]] – Rower. Silver medal in 1948 Olympics
* [[Peter Millett, Baron Millett]] – Law Lord
* [[John Monckton, 1st Viscount Galway]] – politician
* [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] – Pakistan's second Prime Minister
* [[Donald Nicholls, Baron Nicholls of Birkenhead]] – Law Lord
* [[David Oliver (doctor)|David Oliver]] – Geriatrician, President of the [[British Geriatrics Society]]
* [[Tony Palmer (director)|Tony Palmer]] – Film screenwriter and director
* [[Michael Peppiatt]] – Art historian
* [[Jean Christophe Iseux von Pfetten|Baron von Pfetten]] – Professor, Ambassador and Senator
* [[Emma Pooley]] – Olympic silver medalist
* [[Alistair Potts]] – British World Champion coxswain
* [[J.B. Priestley]] – Writer
* [[William Barnard Rhodes-Moorhouse]] – First airman to be awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]
* [[Abigail Rokison]] – Shakespeare academic
* [[David Sheppard]] – Bishop and cricketer
* [[John Silkin]] – Former Government minister
* [[Samuel Silkin]] – Baron Silkin of Dulwich, of North Leigh in the County of Oxfordshire – former MP and Attorney-General
* [[William Smith (field hockey)|William Smith]] – Hockey player. Gold medal in 1920 Olympics
* [[Tony Slattery]] – [[Perrier Comedy Award]]-winning comedian
* [[Douglas Stuart (rower)|Douglas Stuart]] – Rower. Bronze medal in 1908 Olympics
* [[Leslie Stephen]] – Victorian writer and critic
* [[Galen Strawson]] – Philosopher
* [[Sidney Swann|Sidney Earnest Swann]] – Rower, gold medalist in 1912 Olympics
* [[Cyril Julian Hebden Taylor|Sir Cyril Taylor]] - Businessman and social entrepreneur
* [[John Paskin Taylor|John Taylor]] – Hockey player. Bronze medal in 1952 Olympics
* [[John Thomas, Baron Thomas of Cwmgiedd]] – Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
* [[David J. Thouless]] – theoretical physicist, [[Nobel Prize]] and [[Wolf Prize]] winner
* [[Nicholas Tomalin]] – Journalist and reporter
* [[Mark Tully]] – BBC radio broadcaster
* [[Edmund de Waal]] – Ceramic artist and author
* [[Terry Waite]] – Fellow Commoner of Trinity Hall
* [[Rachel Weisz]] – [[Academy Award]]-winning actress
* [[Sophie Winkleman]] – Actress
* [[John Wodehouse, 3rd Earl of Kimberley]] – Polo player, Olympics gold medalist

{{div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[June Event]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* ''The Hidden Hall: Portrait of a Cambridge College'', Peter Pagnamenta, {{ISBN|1-903942-31-4}}
* ''Trinity Hall: The History of a Cambridge College, 1350-1975'', Charles Crawley, {{ISBN|0-9505122-0-6}}
* ''Warren's Book'' (Ed. 1911 by A.W.W.Dale)
* ''Trinity Hall or, The college of scholars of the Holy Trinity of Norwich, in the University of Cambridge'', Henry Elliot Malden. (1902). London: F.E. Robinson.

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/ Trinity Hall web page]
* [http://www.thjuneevent.co.uk Trinity Hall June Event]
* [http://www.trinityhallbc.co.uk Trinity Hall Boat Club]

{{Trinity Hall, Cambridge|state=expanded}}
{{University of Cambridge}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Trinity Hall, Cambridge| ]]
[[Category:1350 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 14th century]]
[[Category:Colleges of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Cambridge]]
[[Category:Grade I listed educational buildings]]

Queens' College

2025-10-21T19:43:18Z

2A00:23C7:35A2:EB01:3CEA:E965:B02D:399D: Undid revision 104215002 by 131.111.8.99 (talk)

#REDIRECT [[Queen's College]]

St Catharine's College, Cambridge

2025-10-21T19:35:56Z

2A00:23C7:35A2:EB01:3CEA:E965:B02D:399D: Distinguish

{{Short description|College of the University of Cambridge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2011}}
{{distinguish|St Catherine's College, Oxford}}
{{Infobox residential college
| name = St Catharine's College
| university = [[University of Cambridge]]
| image = Main Court at St Catharine's College, Cambridge - geograph.org.uk - 3926464.jpg
| alt = St Catharine's College (Main Court)
| caption = Main Court, St Catharine's College
| shield = St Catharine's College Crest - flat.svg
| shield_alt = St Catharine's College heraldic shield
| shield_caption = Arms of St Catharine's College
| blazon = ''Gules, a [[Breaking wheel|Catharine wheel]] Or.''
| scarf = {{Scarf/University of Cambridge |St Catharine's}}
| full_name = The College or Hall of St Catharine the Virgin in the University of Cambridge
| abbreviation = CTH<ref>{{cite journal |author=University of Cambridge |author-link=University of Cambridge |date=6 March 2019 |title=Notice by the Editor |url=https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2018-19/special/05/section1.shtml |journal=[[Cambridge University Reporter]] |volume=149 |issue=Special No 5 |pages=1 |access-date=20 March 2019 }}</ref>
| latin_name = Aula sancte Katerine virginis infra Universitatem Cantabrigie
| latin_motto =
| english_motto =
| founder = [[Robert Woodlark]]
| named_after = [[Catherine of Alexandria]]
| established = {{start date and age|1473}}
| old_names = Katharine Hall (1473–1860)
| location = [[Trumpington Street]] ([https://map.cam.ac.uk/St+Catharine%27s+College map])
| head_label = Master
| head = [[John Benger|Sir John Benger]]
| undergraduates = 493 (2022-23)
| graduates = 296 (2022-23)
| sister_college = [[Worcester College, Oxford]]
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.caths.cam.ac.uk/}}
| jcr_label = {{abbr|JCR|Junior Combination Room}}
| jcr = {{URL|https://www.catzjcr.com/}}
| mcr_label = {{abbr|MCR|Middle Combination Room}}
| mcr = {{URL|http://mcr.caths.cam.ac.uk}}
| boat_club = {{URL|http://www.boatclub.caths.cam.ac.uk}}
| endowment = [[Pound sterling|£]]113m (2020)
| location_map = United Kingdom Cambridge Central
| location_map2 = United Kingdom Cambridge
}}

'''St Catharine's College''' is a [[Colleges of the University of Cambridge|constituent college]] of the [[University of Cambridge]], England. Founded in 1473 as '''Katharine Hall''', it adopted its current name in 1860. The college is nicknamed "'''Catz'''". The college is located in the historic city-centre of Cambridge, and lies just south of [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]] and across the street from [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge|Corpus Christi College]]. The college is notable for its open court (rather than closed [[quadrangle (architecture)|quadrangle]]) that faces towards [[Trumpington Street]].

The college community consists of approximately 1000 [[Fellow#In ancient universities|Fellows]], graduate and undergraduate students, and staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caths.cam.ac.uk/about-us |title=About us | St Catharine's College, Cambridge }}</ref> The college is led by a [[List of masters of St Catharine's College, Cambridge|Master]], and the college is run by a governing body comprising the official and professorial Fellows of the college, chaired by the Master.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caths.cam.ac.uk/our-people/fellows |title=Fellows | St Catharine's College, Cambridge }}</ref> The current Master, [[John Benger|Sir John Benger]] took up office on 1 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caths.cam.ac.uk/new-master |title=Sir John Benger elected 40th Master of St Catharine's | St Catharine's College, Cambridge }}</ref>

==History==

===Foundation===
[[Robert Woodlark]], Provost of [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]], had begun preparations for the founding of a new college as early as 1459 when he bought tenements on which the new college could be built. The preparation cost him a great deal of his private fortune (he was suspected of diverting King's College funds), and he was forced to scale down the foundation to only three fellows. He stipulated that they must study [[theology]] and [[philosophy]] only. The college was established as "Lady Katharine Hall" in 1473. The college received its royal charter of incorporation in 1475 from [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]]. Woodlark may have chosen the name in homage to the mother of [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] who was [[Catherine of Valois]], although it is more likely that it was named as part of the [[Renaissance]] cult of [[Catherine of Alexandria]], a patron saint of learning. The college was formally founded on St Catherine's day (25 November) 1473.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.caths.cam.ac.uk/home/?m=page&id=23|title=St Catharine's College Cambridge - History of St Catharine's College|work=cam.ac.uk}}</ref> The [[Breaking wheel|Catharine wheel]], a symbol of the saint's martyrdom, appears on the college arms.

[[File:St.Catharines.JPG|thumb|left|St Catharine's, as seen from [[Trumpington Street]]]]
The initial foundation was not well-provided for. Woodlark was principally interested in the welfare of fellows and the college had no undergraduates for many years. By 1550, however, there was a number of junior students and the focus of the college changed to that of teaching undergraduates.

===The Robinson vote===
In 1861, the master, [[Henry Philpott (bishop)|Henry Philpott]] became [[Bishop of Worcester]], and stood down. Two of the five Fellows of the college stood for election: [[Charles Kirkby Robinson]] and Francis Jameson. Jameson voted for his rival; however, Robinson voted for himself and won the election. The episode brought the college into some disrepute for some years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.caths.cam.ac.uk/about-us/history | title=History | St Catharine's College, Cambridge }}</ref> Robinson's long tenure as master only ended with his death in 1909.

===Expansion and modern day===
As the college entered the 17th century, it was still one of the smallest colleges in Cambridge. However, a series of prudent masters and generous benefactors were to change the fortunes of the college and expand its size. Rapid growth in the fellowship and undergraduate population made it necessary to expand the college, and short-lived additions were made in 1622. By 1630 the college began to demolish its existing buildings which were decaying, and started work on a new court. In 1637 the college came into possession of the George Inn (later [[The Bull Hotel, Cambridge|the Bull Hotel]]) on [[Trumpington Street]]. Behind this Inn was a stables which was already famous for the practice of its manager, [[Thomas Hobson (postal carrier)|Thomas Hobson]], not to allow a hirer to take any horse other than the one longest in the stable, leading to the expression "[[Hobson's choice]]", meaning "take it or leave it".{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

The college was granted new statutes in 1860 and adopted its current name. In 1880, a movement to merge the college with [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]] began. The two colleges were adjacent and it seemed a solution to King's need for more rooms and St Catharine's need for a more substantial financial basis. However, the Master ([[Charles Kirkby Robinson]]) was opposed and St Catharine's eventually refused.

In 1979, the membership of the college was broadened to welcome female students, and in 2006 the first woman was appointed as Master of the college, [[Jean Thomas (academic)|Dame Jean Thomas]]. A history of the college was written by [[W. H. S. Jones]] in 1936.<ref>Jones 1936.</ref>

In 2015, St Catharine's became the first college in Cambridge to implement a gender-neutral dress code for formal hall.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Cambridge college changes formal dress rules after campaign by transgender student|url = http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Cambridge-college-changes-formal-dress-rules/story-26743620-detail/story.html|access-date = 2015-08-09|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150624040710/http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Cambridge-college-changes-formal-dress-rules/story-26743620-detail/story.html|archive-date = 2015-06-24|url-status = dead}}</ref>

During the 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]], St Catharine's, in collaboration with [[Women's Aid|Cambridge Women's Aid]], allowed women who were escaping domestic abuse to stay in college accommodation. Between 27 April and 3 September, women and children were provided with accommodation for a combined 1,456 nights.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-14|title=Coronavirus: Cambridge college housed women escaping domestic abuse|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-54146727|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>

==Buildings==
[[File:Historical plan of St Catharine's College, Cambridge (1897) - cambridgedescri00atkiuoft 0498.png|thumb|upright|left|Plan of the college in 1897, showing stages of development]]
By 1630 the college began to demolish its existing buildings which were decaying, and started work on a new court. In 1637 the college came into possession of the George Inn (later [[The Bull Hotel, Cambridge|the Bull Hotel]]) on [[Trumpington Street]].
The period of 1675 to 1757 saw the redevelopment of the college's site into a large three-sided court, one of only six at Oxbridge colleges; the others are at Sidney Sussex, Jesus and Downing at Cambridge, and Trinity College and [[Worcester College, Oxford|Worcester]], St Catharine's sister college, at Oxford. Proposals for a range of buildings to complete the fourth side of the court have been made on many occasions.<ref>http://www.caths.cam.ac.uk/assets/uploadedfiles/downloads/MainCourt.pdf{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 1966 a major rebuilding project took place under the mastership of Professor [[Edwin Rich (historian)|E. E. Rich]]. This saw the creation of a new larger hall, new kitchens and an accommodation block shared between St Catharine's and King's College. Pressure on accommodation continued to grow, and in 1981 further accommodation was built at St Chad's on [[Grange Road, Cambridge|Grange Road]], with further rooms added there in 1998. In 2013 the college completed the building of a new lecture theatre, college bar and JCR.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Between September 2020 and August 2022, the facilities at the Trumpington Street site of St Catharine's were renovated as part of the "Central Spaces project".<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=6 October 2022 |title=Celebrating the completion of the Central Spaces project |url=https://www.caths.cam.ac.uk/opening }}</ref> A temporary hall was erected on the main court and named "Catzebo",<ref>{{Cite web | title = St Catharine's opens new temporary hall and kitchen in Main Court | url=https://www.caths.cam.ac.uk/catzebo|access-date=2022-02-24| date=2020-12-18}}</ref> a portmanteau of "Catz" and "gazebo" for its tent-like appearance. The name was chosen by the Head Porter following an advisory student vote in which "Catzebo" was put forward by Robson Tebbutt, a student. The official opening for the newly built areas occurred in early October 2022, and the overall cost was stated to be around £16 million.<ref name=":0" />

==Academics==
[[File:St Cats College Boat Club May Bumps 2006.jpg|thumb|[[St Catharine's College Boat Club (Cambridge)|St Catharine's College Boat Club]] in the [[May Bumps]]]]

Historically, St Catharine's has generally been placed in the top third of the [[Tompkins Table]] (the annual league table of Cambridge colleges), though its position tends to vary year on year. In 2014, its position slipped to 21st,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/tompkins-table-2014-trinity-college-cambridge-produces-record-number-of-firsts-9621501.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/tompkins-table-2014-trinity-college-cambridge-produces-record-number-of-firsts-9621501.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Tompkins Table 2014: Trinity College Cambridge produces record number of firsts |publisher=www.independent.co.uk|date=22 July 2014|access-date=5 October 2014|last=Garner|first=Richard}}</ref> but rose to 13th in 2015 with more than 25% of students gaining [[British undergraduate degree classification#Degree classification|First-class honours]], and it has further risen to 10th in 2018 with more than 30% gaining a First.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/15936|title=Exclusive: Christ's and Pembroke victorious over Trinity in Tompkins Table|access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref> The first time the college had been placed at the top of the Tompkins Table was in 2005. Between 1997 and 2010, the college averaged 9th of 29 colleges.

==Student life==
[[File:Chapel at St Catharine's College, Cambridge.jpg|thumb|Chapel at the college|upright]]
The college maintains a friendly rivalry with [[Queens' College, Cambridge|Queens' College]] after the construction of the main court of St Catharine's College on Cambridge's former High Street relegated one side of Queens' College into a back alley.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} A more modern rivalry with [[Robinson College]] resulted from the construction in the 1970s of a modern block of flats named St Chad's (in which the rooms are octagonal to resemble the wheel on the college crest) by the [[Cambridge University Library|University Library]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

The college has a strong reputation{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} in hockey and racquet sports, in part due to its facilities for these sports including grass tennis courts and an astroturf hockey pitch. The football club enjoyed its most dominant years in the late 1970s winning [[Cambridge University Association Football League|Cuppers]] four times consecutively from 1975 to 1978,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mens.cuafc.org/archive.php |title=Cambridge University Association Football Club - {{as written|Mens [sic]|expecting=Men's}} League |website=mens.cuafc.org |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313061040/http://mens.cuafc.org/archive.php |archive-date=13 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> although a recent merger with [[St Edmund's College, Cambridge|St Edmund's College]] Hockey Club (SECHC) saw them return to the winner's list in 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C7D-701NJ5M/?hl=en&img_index=1 | title=Instagram }}</ref> [[St Catharine's College Boat Club (Cambridge)|St Catharine's College Boat Club]] has both Men's and Women's 1st boats residing in the middle of the 1st division of the [[May Bumps]] races.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

The college hosts several other notable societies. The Shirley Society is the college literary society, the oldest in Cambridge; it hosts significant figures from the arts.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} The college-based girls' choir is the first of its kind in a UK university and is composed of girls aged 8–14 from local schools.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==Notable alumni==
{{See also|:Category:Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge}}

<gallery class=center>
File:Jeremy Paxman, September 2009 2 cropped.jpg|[[Jeremy Paxman]], journalist.
File:John Ray from NPG.jpg|[[John Ray]], naturalist.
File:Ian McKellen.jpg|[[Ian McKellen|Sir Ian McKellen]], actor.
File:Richard Ayoade at Soho Hotel (cropped).jpg|[[Richard Ayoade]], comedian and actor.
File:Rebecca Hall Berlinale 2010 cropped.jpg|[[Rebecca Hall]], actress.
File:Official portrait of Lord Glasman crop 2.jpg|[[Lord Glasman]], influential Labour thinker and peer.
File:Ben Miller.jpg|[[Ben Miller]], comedian and actor.
File:Aankomst van premier van Malakka Abdul Rahman, Bestanddeelnr 911-2803.jpg|[[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], the first Prime Minister of [[Malaysia]].
File:RonaFairhead.jpg|[[Rona Fairhead]], Chairwoman of the BBC Trust.
File:James Shirley.jpg|[[James Shirley]], dramatist.
File:Joanne Harris.jpg|[[Joanne Harris]], author.
File:Official portrait of Lilian Greenwood MP crop 2.jpg|[[Lilian Greenwood]], MP.
File:Official portrait of Munira Wilson MP crop 2.jpg|[[Munira Wilson]], MP.
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!Name
!Birth
!Death
!Career or notability
|-
|[[John Addenbrooke (philanthropist)|John Addenbrooke]]
|1680
|1719
|Founder of [[Addenbrooke's Hospital]]
|-
|[[David Armand]]
|1977
|
|Actor, comedian and writer
|-
|[[David Armitage (historian)|David Armitage]]
|1965
|
|Professor of History at [[Harvard University]]
|-
|[[Herbert Rowse Armstrong]]
|1870
|1922
|Only English solicitor to be hanged for murder
|-
|[[Richard Ayoade]]
|1977
|
|Performer
|-
|[[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]]
|1907
|2003
|20th century Indian poet
|-
|[[Nathaniel Bacon (diplomat)|Nathaniel Bacon]]
|1640
|1676
|Revolutionary in Virginia
|-
|[[Geoffrey Thomas Barnes|Geoffrey Barnes]]
|1932
|2010
|[[Secretary for Security|Secretary for Security for Hong Kong]], [[Commissioner, Independent Commission Against Corruption|Commissioner of Independent Commission Against Corruption]]
|-
|[[Jonathan Bate]]
|1958
|
|Shakespeare scholar and Provost of [[Worcester College, Oxford]]
|-
|[[John Bayliss]]
|1919
|2008
|Poet
|-
|[[Peter Boizot]]
|1929
|2018
|Founder of [[Pizza Express]]
|-
|[[John Bond (jurist)|John Bond]]
|1612
|1676
|Master of [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]]
|-
|Gp. Cpt. [[Leslie Bonnet]]
|1902
|1985
|RAF officer, writer and originator of the [[Welsh Harlequin]] duck
|-
|[[Arthur Bonsall|Sir Arthur Bonsall]]
|1917
|2014
|Head of [[GCHQ]]
|-
|[[John Braddocke]]
|1656
|1719
|Cleric and theologian
|-
|[[John Bradford]]
|1510
|1555
|Martyr of the English reformation
|-
|[[Sir Kenneth Bradshaw]]
|1922
|2007
|[[Clerk of the House of Commons]]
|-
|[[Howard Brenton]]
|1942
|
|Playwright
|-
|[[Adam Buddle]]
|1662
|1715
|After whom the [[Buddleia]] is named
|-
|[[Henry William Bunbury]]
|1750
|1811
|Caricaturist
|-
|[[Francis Cammaerts]] DSO
|1916
|2006
|Leading member of the French [[Special Operations Executive]]
|-
|[[Norman Carey]]
|1934
|2017
|Founding director of research and development at [[Celltech]]
|-
|[[George Corrie (priest)|George Corrie]]
|1793
|1885
|Master of [[Jesus College, Cambridge]]
|-
|[[Gervase Cowell]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/may/16/guardianobituaries|title=Gervase Cowell|first=Phillip|last=Knightley|date=16 May 2000|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
|1927
|2000
|Intelligence Officer
|-
|[[Martin Crimp]]
|1956
|
|Playwright
|-
|[[John Cutts, 1st Baron Cutts of Gowran|John Cutts]]
|1661
|1707
|MP and army commander
|-
|[[Donald Davie]]
|1922
|1995
|Poet
|-
|[[John Bacchus Dykes]]
|1823
|1876
|Victorian hymn-writer
|-
|[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
|1905
|1977
|Fifth President of [[India]]
|-
|[[Richard Finn]]
|1963
| -
|Regent of [[Blackfriars, Oxford]]
|-
|[[Reg Gadney]]
|1941
|2018
|Painter and writer
|-
|[[Anil Kumar Gain]]
|1919
|1978
|Indian mathematician and statistician, [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]
|-
|[[Leo Genn]]
|1905
|1978
|Actor, nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
|[[Brian Gibson (director)|Brian Gibson]]
|1944
|2004
|Movie Director
|-
|[[Maurice Glasman]]
|1961
|
|Political scientist and Labour peer
|-
|[[Charles Wycliffe Goodwin]]
|1817
|1878
|Egyptologist, bible scholar and judge of the [[British Supreme Court for China and Japan]]
|-
|[[Lilian Greenwood]]
|1966
|
|British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] politician
|-
|[[Peter Hall (theatre director)|Sir Peter Hall]]
|1930
|2017
|Theatre and opera director, founder of the [[Royal Shakespeare Company|RSC]]
|-
|[[Peter Hall (urbanist)|Sir Peter Hall]]
|1932
|2014
|Urban planner and geographer
|-
|[[Rebecca Hall]]
|1982
|
|Film and stage actress
|-
|[[Leslie Halliwell]]
|1929
|1989
|Film reviewer
|-
|[[David Harding (finance)|David Harding]]
|1961
| -
| Hedge fund manager and founder for [[Winton Capital Management]]
|-
|[[Roger Harrabin]]
|1955
|
|Journalist and reporter
|-
|[[Joanne Harris]]
|1964
|
|Author
|-
|[[Sir Peter Hirsch]]
|1925
| -
|Materials scientist
|-
|[[Robert Howe (diplomat)|Sir Robert Howe]]
|1893
|1981
|Last British [[Governor-General]] of the [[Sudan]]
|-
|[[Rupert Jeffcoat]]
|1970
|
|Organist [[Coventry Cathedral]]
|-
|[[Roger Knight]]
|1946
|
|Cricketer
|-
|[[Emyr Jones Parry]]
|1947
|
|[[United Nations]] diplomat
|-
|[[Paul King (director)|Paul King]]
|1978
| -
|Director, ''[[The Mighty Boosh]]'', ''[[Bunny and the Bull]]''
|-
|[[Malcolm Lowry]]
|1909
|1957
|Writer - Author of ''[[Under the Volcano]]'', number 11 on the Modern Library's [[Modern Library 100 Best Novels|100 Best Novels of the 20th century]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Modern Library 100 Best Novels |publisher=Modern Library |url=http://www.randomhouse.com/modernlibrary/100bestnovels.html |access-date=13 March 2008 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Ian McKellen|Sir Ian McKellen]]
|1939
|
|Actor
|-
|[[Bevil Mabey]]
|1935
|2010
|Businessman and inventor
|-
|[[Roy MacLaren (politician)|Roy MacLaren]]
|1934
|
|Canadian diplomat, politician and author
|-
|[[Nevil Maskelyne]]
|1732
|1811
|[[Astronomer Royal]]; developed the [[Lunar distance (navigation)|Lunar distance model]] for measuring latitude
|-
|[[Ian Meakins]]
|1956
|
|Chief Executive of [[Wolseley plc]]
|-
|[[Ben Miller]]
|1966
|
|Writer, Actor and Comedian
|-
|[[Morien Morgan]]
|1912
|1978
|Master of [[Downing College, Cambridge]], known as "the father of Concorde"
|-
|[[Michael Morris, Baron Naseby|Michael Morris]]
|1936
|
|Former Deputy Speaker of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]]
|-
|[[George Nash (rower)|George Nash]]
|1989
|
|Rowing World Champion and Olympic Medalist
|-
|[[Foley Newns|Sir Foley Newns]]
|1909
|1998
|Colonial administrator
|-
|[[Robin Nicholson (metallurgist)|Robin Nicholson]]
|1934
|
|[[Chief Scientific Advisor]] to the UK Government
|-
|[[Mike Parker (hurdler)|Mike Parker]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005376/19591124/184/0012 |title=Cambridge relay choice |work=Peterborough Evening Telegraph |date=24 November 1959 |via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref>
|1938
|
|Olympic athlete
|-
|[[Geoffrey Pattie]]
|1936
|
|Former Minister of State for Information and Technology
|-
|[[Jeremy Paxman]]
|1950
|
|Television journalist
|-
|[[Nicholas Penny]]
|1949
|
|Director of the [[National Gallery]]
|-
|[[Sam Pickering]]
|1941
|
|Professor of English at the [[University of Connecticut]]
|-
|[[Steve Punt]]
|1962
|
|Comedian
|-
|[[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
|1903
|1990
|First Prime Minister of [[Malaysia]]
|-
|[[John Ray]]
|1627
|1705
|Naturalist
|-
|[[Mark Rowley (police officer)|Sir Mark Rowley]]
|1964
|
|[[Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis]]
|-
|[[Sir Thomas Roberts, 4th Baronet|Sir Thomas Roberts]]
|1658
|1706
|MP
|-
|[[Jenni Russell]]
|1960
|
|Journalist
|-
|[[Christopher Sargent]]
|1906
|1943
|Bishop in Fukien, China
|-
|[[Thomas Sherlock]]
|1678
|1761
|Theologian
|-
|[[James Shirley]]
|1596
|1666
|Elizabethan poet and playwright
|-
|[[Arun Singh (former politician)|Arun Singh]]
|1944
| -
|Former Defence Minister of India
|-
|[[Donald Soper]]
|1903
|1998
|Methodist minister and socialist campaigner
|-
|[[John Strype]]
|1643
|1737
|Historian
|-
|[[Noel Thompson]]
|1957
| -
|Television journalist
|-
|Sir [[Tim Waterstone]]
|1939
|
|Founder of [[Waterstones]]
|-
|[[Peter Wothers]]
| 1969
| -
|Chemist
|-
|[[William Wotton]]
|1666
|1727
|Historian
|-
|[[Hannah Yelland]]
|1976
|
|Film & stage actress
|-
|[[Terence Young (director)|Terence Young]]
|1915
|1994
|British film director - [[Dr. No (film)|''Dr. No'']], [[From Russia with Love (film)|''From Russia With Love'']], [[Thunderball (film)|''Thunderball'']]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Masters of St Catharine's College, Cambridge]]
* [[:Category: Fellows of St Catharine's College, Cambridge]]
* [[List of Honorary Fellows of St Catharine's College, Cambridge]]
* [[Organ scholar]]
* [[St Catherine's College, Oxford]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first=W. H. S. |last=Jones |author-link=W. H. S. Jones |title=A History of St Catharine's College: once Catharine Hall, Cambridge |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1936 }}
* {{cite book |first=W. H. S. |last=Jones |author-link=W. H. S. Jones |title=The Story of St Catharine's College, Cambridge |location=Cambridge |publisher=W. Heffer |year=1951 }}
* {{cite book |editor-first=E. E. |editor-last=Rich |editor-link=Edwin Rich (historian) |title=St Catharine's College Cambridge 1473–1973: a volume of essays to commemorate the quincentenary of the foundation of the College |location=Cambridge |publisher=St Catharine's College |year=1973 |isbn=0950310808 }}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.caths.cam.ac.uk/ Official St Catharine's College website]
* [http://hadriel.caths.cam.ac.uk/jcr/ St Catharine's College JCR website]

{{University of Cambridge}}

{{Coord|52.2028|0.1170|region:GB-CAM_type:edu|name=St Catharine's College|format=dms|display=title}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Catharine's College, Cambridge}}
[[Category:St Catharine's College, Cambridge| ]]
[[Category:1473 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Colleges of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Cambridge]]
[[Category:Grade I listed educational buildings]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 15th century]]

College Nine

2025-10-21T16:25:20Z

2A00:23C7:35A2:EB01:3CEA:E965:B02D:399D: /* External links */ key

{{Short description|Residential college of the University of California, Santa Cruz}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2007}}{{One source
| date = May 2020
}}
{{Infobox University
|name = College Nine
|motto =''International and Global Perspectives''
|tagline =
|image_name = College 9 Residences.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|established = 2000
|type = [[Residential college]]
|endowment =
|staff =
|faculty =
|chancellor =
|provost = Flora Lu
|undergrad = 1205<ref>[http://planning.ucsc.edu/irps/StudentCharacteristics/2006/Fall_Undergraduates_by_College(historical)-SLS.pdf Fall Quarter Undergraduates by College (Historical), Fall 2006 data], accessed July 17, 2007</ref>
|postgrad =
|alumni =
|city = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]]
|state = [[California]]
|country =
|campus = [[Suburban]]/[[Forest|Sylvan]]
|colors = {{color box|#36789B}} [[Azure (heraldry)|UCSC Blue]] <br>{{color box|#FFDF82}} [[Or (heraldry)|UCSC Gold]]
|mascot =
|nickname =
|athletics =
|affiliations =
|address = University of California<br>1156 High Street<br>Santa Cruz, CA 95064
|website = [http://collegenine.ucsc.edu/ www.collegenine.ucsc.edu/]
|logo =
}}

'''College Nine''' is a [[residential college]] at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. The university's first new college in nearly 30 years, College Nine was founded in 2000 although the dorms were not finished until 2002. It is located on the north side of campus, east of Science Hill and west of [[Crown College, University of California, Santa Cruz|Crown College]]. The college theme is ''International and Global Perspectives''. All freshmen students are required to take a core course on this particular theme.

College Nine is composed of three residence halls (R1, R2, and R3); in the spring of 2006 the residence halls were renamed to emphasize and reflect the college's theme. As of Fall 2006, the new residence hall names are Hague House, Gandhi House, and Geneva House. These names however are temporary names and are subject to change once the college finds a benefactor. {{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}

In the LRDP (Long Range Development Plan) for UCSC, Colleges 9 and [[John R. Lewis College|John R. Lewis]] will be situated as the very center of UCSC by 2025.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

College Nine is also home to the International Living Center (ILC). The ILC is home to nearly a third of international students visiting UCSC while on study abroad and provides a space where international, transfer and domestic students coexist in apartment-style living. There also exists three International RAs as well as its own Coordinator for Residential Education.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://collegenine.ucsc.edu/ College Nine home page]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090505024839/http://ilc.ucsc.edu/ International Living Center home page]
*[http://www.ucsc.edu/ UC Santa Cruz home page]
*[http://planning.ucsc.edu/irps/enrollmt/FACTS03/Default.htm UCSC statistics by residential college]
*[http://digitalcollections.ucsc.edu/cdm/search/collection/p265101coll25/searchterm/University%20of%20California,%20Santa%20Cruz.%20College%20Nine/mode/exact Photographs and architectural drawings of College Nine from the UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections]
{{University of California, Santa Cruz}}

{{coord|37.001347|-122.057593|region:US_type:edu|display=title}}

[[Category:University of California, Santa Cruz colleges|Nine]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in California]]

Residential college

2025-10-21T15:56:50Z

2A00:23C7:35A2:EB01:3CEA:E965:B02D:399D: /* United Kingdom and Ireland */ expanded a bit

{{Short description|Student residence and academic community}}

A '''residential college''' is a division of a [[university]] that places academic activity in a [[community]] setting of students and faculty, usually at a [[halls of residence|residence]] and with shared meals, the [[college]] having a degree of autonomy and a [[federalism|federated]] relationship with the overall university. The term ''residential college'' is also used to describe a variety of other patterns, ranging from a [[hall of residence]] with some academic programming, to [[continuing education]] programs for adults lasting a few days. In some parts of the world it simply refers to any organized on-campus housing, an example being [[University of Malaya]].<ref>"[http://www.um.edu.my/um_life/services/accommodation/residential_colleges.php?intPrefLangID=1& Residential college]". University of Malaya.</ref>

==Various models==

A prominent model for residential colleges is the [[Oxbridge]] model at the [[University of Oxford]]<ref name="ox.ac.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/colleges/ |title=Oxford University Colleges and Halls |access-date=2007-01-02 |work=Oxford University web site |archive-date=2014-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409004707/http://www.ox.ac.uk/colleges/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[University of Cambridge]],<ref name="cam.ac.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/colleges/ |title=The Colleges of the University |access-date=2007-01-02 |work=University of Cambridge website }}</ref> where the colleges are legally independent constituents of the universities that are both residential and teaching institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation?wssl=1|title=Organisation|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=28 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/colleges-and-departments|title=Colleges and departments|date=24 January 2013 |publisher=University of Cambridge|access-date=28 February 2016}}</ref> This model was modified at [[Durham University]], also in the UK, in the 19th century to create non-teaching colleges that were, in general, legally part of the university, but with a few independent colleges added in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collegiateway.org/news/2004-durham-colleges|title=The Collegiate System at the University of Durham|author=R. J. O'Hara|date=20 December 2004|access-date=29 February 2016|website=The Collegiate Way|archive-date=6 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006082139/http://collegiateway.org/news/2004-durham-colleges|url-status=dead}}</ref> With the arrival of residential colleges in the [[United States]] the model diversified further. The Durham adaptation of colleges being owned by the university rather than being independent corporations is generally followed<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Times Higher Education|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/pasta-with-a-side-order-of-philosophy-please/190727.article?storyCode=190727&sectioncode=26|title=Pasta with a side order of philosophy, please|date=20 August 2004|quote=Although the historical roots of collegiate organisation are to be found in [[Oxford]] and [[Cambridge]] universities, the corporate independence of Oxbridge colleges is not likely to be reproduced elsewhere. But there is a growing trend in US higher education to create decentralised residential colleges more along the lines of the colleges at Durham University than at Oxford or Cambridge, and this trend holds great promise for the improvement of student life.}}</ref> and many universities, including [[Yale University|Yale]]<ref name="yale.edu">{{cite web|url=http://admissions.yale.edu/residential-colleges|title=Residential Colleges |access-date=19 December 2018|quote= Yale’s residential colleges have nothing to do with majors or academic interests|website=Yale College Undergraduate Admission
}}</ref> and [[Harvard University|Harvard]],<ref name="Harvard College ResLife 2008">{{Cite web
|author = Harvard College Office of Residential Life
|author-link = Harvard College
|title = History of the House System
|year = 2008
|url = http://www.orl.fas.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k11447&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup17718
|access-date = 2008-04-20
}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> also follow Durham in keeping teaching centralised.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Glanzer|first=Perry L.|title=Restoring the soul of the university : unifying Christian higher education in a fragmented age|date=2017|others=Nathan F. Alleman, Todd C. Ream|isbn=978-0-8308-9163-4|location=Downers Grove, Illinois|pages=159|oclc=969439621}}</ref>

There is also a split between fully collegiate universities (e.g., [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and other British universities, where all students, undergraduate and postgraduate, are members of a college),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation|title=Organisation|website=University of Oxford|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref> universities that are fully collegiate at the undergraduate level (e.g., [[Yale University|Yale]] and [[Princeton University|Princeton]] where all undergraduates are members of a college throughout their time at university, even if they don't remain in residence)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yalecollege.yale.edu/residential-colleges|title=Residential Colleges|website=Yale College|access-date=2 August 2025|quote=All incoming undergraduates are assigned to one of Yale’s fourteen residential colleges. Students remain affiliated with their residential college for all four years (and beyond).}}</ref><ref name="princeton.edu">{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/one-community/housing-dining|title=Housing & Dining |website=Princeton University|access-date=2 August 2025|quote=All first- and second-year students live in one of the residential colleges. In junior and senior year, you will have the option of continuing to live in the residential college or moving into the upperclass dormitories. Whatever choice you make, you will remain affiliated with your college}}</ref> and those (e.g., [[Northwestern University|Northwestern]], [[University of Sydney|Sydney]] or [[University of Waterloo|Waterloo]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.northwestern.edu/living/residential-experience/housing-options/|title=Housing Options|website=Northwestern University|access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref> where residential colleges are one of a mix of residential options.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sydney.edu.au/study/accommodation/camperdown-darlington.html|title=Camperdown and Darlington|website=University of Sydney|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://uwaterloo.ca/future-students/residence|title=Residence|website=University of Waterloo|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref> Another variant at some US universities is residential colleges that do not cover all years at the institute, e.g., [[Cornell University]]'s West Campus House System, which only takes [[sophomore]]s and above,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://westcampushousesystem.cornell.edu|title=West Campus House System|publisher=Cornell University|access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> with most [[upperclassman|upperclass students]] either living off campus or in halls unaffiliated with the residential colleges. Another point of variance is whether colleges are multi-disciplinary (as at Oxford and Cambridge) or focused on certain subject areas such as at [[Fordham University]], which has dedicated residential colleges (Integrated Learning Communities) for upperclass students for various themes including global business and science, as well as separate first year residential colleges, including one for students considering pre-med or science majors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/info/21226/living_and_learning_integrated_learning_communities|title=Living and Learning: Integrated Learning Communities|publisher=Fordham University|access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref>

The primary difference between a residential college and a hall of residence is often considered to be that while a student lives in a hall for a year, they are a member of a college for their entire student life, even when not living in the accommodation associated with that college: "Residential colleges are collegia in the original sense: societies, not buildings, and their members may reside anywhere".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collegiateway.org/howto/membership/#section-1.3|at=1.3 Residential College Junior Members|website=The Collegiate Way|title=How to Build a Residential College|author=Robert J. O'Hara|access-date=27 February 2016}}</ref> However, as can be seen above, this is not common to all variants of the residential college system. In addition, the members of a residential college are usually expected to eat their meals together, as a unified body. Standard halls of residence tend to have residents who move between halls every year, and who eat in dining halls largely mixed with residents of other halls. However, residential colleges can be self-catering (e.g. [[Josephine Butler College, Durham]]), yet still clearly identified as colleges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collegiateway.org/news/2006-what-is-a-college|title=What is a Residential College?|website=The Collegiate Way|access-date=29 February 2016|author=R. J. O'Hara|date=31 July 2006}}</ref>

==Australia==
In [[Australia]], colleges perform different functions at different universities. Colleges at the [[University of Melbourne]], [[University of Sydney]], University of Queensland, University of Adelaide, University of Tasmania and the University of Western Australia provide academic, sporting and cultural programs in addition to those offered by their parent institution and each individual college has its own personality, history and traditions. However, they only serve a small fraction of the university population. By point of comparison, the colleges at the [[Australian National University]] provide a mix of the above and a singular focus on the provision of accommodation and [[Monash University]] provides a college experience, but mostly without any academic support, the exception is the affiliated Mannix College.

St Catherine's College in Western Australia is the first residential college in Australia to have a campus at two universities - the University of Western Australia and Curtin University.

==Canada==
Many universities in [[Canada]] have collegiate systems similar to those in British collegiate universities. For instance, the [[University of Toronto]] has a well-established collegiate system including a number of "federated colleges" and "constituent colleges". Initially, the [[University of Victoria]] maintained a system of residential colleges (including Craigdarroch College and Lansdowne College) built around central courtyards, before adopting a more centralized residential system which is now made up of Permanent Halls (e.g., Ring Road Hall) and Common Rooms. Other Canadian universities with residential colleges include the [[University of Waterloo]], the [[University of Western Ontario]], the [[University of Manitoba]], the [[University of British Columbia]], [[Trent University]] and its colleges, [[Paton College]] at [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]], and [[York University]]. Three Canadian residential colleges are distinguished by being for graduate students rather than undergraduates — [[Green College, University of British Columbia|Green College, Vancouver]] and [[St. John's College, University of British Columbia|St. John's College, Vancouver]] colleges at UBC, and [[Massey College|Massey College, Toronto]] at the University of Toronto.

==New Zealand==
The [[University of Otago]] in [[Dunedin]] has a particular strong set of colleges modelled on the Oxbridge system. Each of Otago's 15 colleges has its own distinctive 'personality', history, and traditions.

==United Kingdom and Ireland==
{{see also|Colleges within universities in the United Kingdom}}
Collegiate structures in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] follow a variety of models. In [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], a residential college combines both the residential and part of the academic aspects of the university in one location. "Tutorials" (Oxford) or "supervisions" (Cambridge) are generally given within the college, but lectures are organised by the wider university. In most universities in the UK with residential colleges – [[Durham University|Durham]] (from the 19th century) along with [[University of Kent|Kent]], [[University of Lancaster|Lancaster]] and [[University of York|York]] (from the 1960s) – formal teaching is carried out only in academic departments. Their colleges are primarily residential and the focus for social and sporting activities, as well as for student welfare. In these universities, the colleges are (with the exception of two early 20th century colleges at Durham) owned by their parent university; this is also the case for three of the newer colleges at Oxford, which are formally "societies" of the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://governance.admin.ox.ac.uk/legislation/statute-v-colleges-societies-and-permanent-private-halls#collapse1381501l|title=Statute V: Colleges, Societies, and Permanent Private Halls|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref> The [[University of Roehampton]] has four colleges (all founded in the 19th century) that joined to form the university. The teaching of the university takes place within the colleges, with academic departments being associated with a particular college. Roehampton colleges are, therefore, both residential and academic, but with the academic organisation on very different lines from Oxford and Cambridge. The [[University of London]] and the [[University of the Highlands and Islands]] are federal universities whose colleges are independent teaching institutes (some, in the case of London, being universities in their own right) rather than residential colleges. The [[University of the Arts London]] is similarly organised, with six constituent teaching colleges, except that these are all owned by the central university rather than being joined in a federal structure.

The [[University of Dublin]] (founded 1592) in [[Ireland]] has only one constituent college, [[Trinity College Dublin]], which is thus effectively the whole university rather than a residential college. Occasionally, unsuccessful proposals have been made for the university to expand by incorporating the existing [[University College Dublin]] as a second college.

The [[University of St Andrews]] in Scotland contains three colleges, but these have neither a teaching nor residential role. However, the university announced plans to create a [[New College, St Andrews|fourth college]] in 2022.

==United States==
In the United States, as in many collegiate universities in the UK, the academic and residential functions of the residential college system are normally separated, with the colleges primarily as residential and social units. Although residential colleges in some universities offer some classes, these offerings supplement the offerings of the major academic which have separate facilities. Other US institutions not mentioned above that have residential colleges include [[Binghamton University]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.binghamton.edu/residential-life/communities/index.html|access-date=29 February 2016|website=Binghamton University|title=Our Communities - Residential Life | Binghamton University }}</ref>[[Furman University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.furman.edu/engaged-living/|title=Engaged Living }}</ref> [[Murray State University]],<ref name="murraystate.edu">Residential Colleges {{cite web|url=http://www.murraystate.edu/CampusLife/ResidentialColleges.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717040432/http://www.murraystate.edu/CampusLife/ResidentialColleges.aspx |archive-date=July 17, 2010 |title=Murray State University > Residential Colleges }}</ref> [[Rice University]],<ref name="rice.edu">{{cite web
|url=http://students.rice.edu/students/Colleges.asp |title=About the residential college system |access-date=2007-01-02 |work=Rice University website
}}</ref> [[Washington University in St. Louis]], [[University of Miami]], [[Central Michigan University]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Living Learning Communities |url=https://www.cmich.edu/student-life/housing/living-on-campus/living-learning-communities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608024153/https://www.cmich.edu/student-life/housing/living-on-campus/living-learning-communities |archive-date=2023-06-08 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Central Michigan University}}</ref> [[Southern Methodist University]], the [[University of Oklahoma]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Residential Colleges of the University of Oklahoma|url=http://www.ou.edu/content/residentialcolleges/about.html|website=Residential Colleges of the University of Oklahoma|publisher=University of Oklahoma|access-date=30 March 2017|ref=ou.edu}}</ref> the [[University of California, San Diego]], and the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UCSC's 10 Colleges |url=https://housing.ucsc.edu/colleges/index.html |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=housing.ucsc.edu}}</ref> Many other institutions use the system as well.<ref name="collegiateway.org colleges">{{cite web |url=http://collegiateway.org/colleges/ |title=Residential Colleges Worldwide
|last=O’Hara |first=Robert J.
|access-date=2007-01-02 |work=The Collegiate Way website
}}</ref> At the [[University of Virginia]], students may apply to live in one of three residential colleges; acceptance rates vary widely. In 2001 [[Vanderbilt University]] decided to convert to a residential college system. Since that time, Vanderbilt has built and renovated residential facilities to suit this program, including The Commons for first-year students and several colleges for upper class students.<ref name=600M>AP News. [https://www.apnews.com/853a24a8cfa94f48b7fbb44ebdf6a777 Vanderbilt to add 4 residential colleges in $600M project.] Jan 24, 2018.</ref> At UC Santa Cruz and San Diego, all majors are available to students of any college, but each college has its own curricular requirements, especially with regard to general education.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://admissions.ucsd.edu/why/colleges/index.html | title=Colleges }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Residential Colleges – UC Santa Cruz |url=https://www.ucsc.edu/residential-colleges/ |access-date=2023-11-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of residential colleges]]
* [[University college]]
* [[Collegiate university]]
* [[House system]]
* [[Colleges within universities in the United Kingdom]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web
|last=O'Hara |first=Robert J
|url=http://collegiateway.org/
|title=The Collegiate Way: Residential Colleges and the Renewal of Campus Life |access-date=2007-01-02
|work=The Collegiate Way website
}} A portal featuring related information, news, and links about the residential college idea.
* {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://education.families.com/residential-colleges-2043-2047-eoed |title=Residential Colleges |access-date=2005-11-10 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Education |archive-date=2006-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525205837/http://education.families.com/residential-colleges-2043-2047-eoed |url-status=dead }} Appears to be off-line as of 2007-01-02.
* {{cite web|url=http://www.collegiateway.international/home.html|title=Collegiate Way International homepage}} "A world-wide association of university colleges" – promotes residential colleges and organises academic conferences

[[Category:Residential colleges|*]]
[[Category:Types of university or college]]
[[Category:University and college residential buildings]]