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Richard Culmer

2025-06-15T15:46:00Z

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{{cleanup|date=September 2020|reason= grammar, punctuation}}
'''The Most Reverend Canon Richard Culmer of Canterbury ''' (1597–1662) was an English Puritan clergyman, iconoclast, and theologian. He is listed by the ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''<ref name = "dnb">[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6881 "Richard Culmer"] ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref> as being of unknown parentage, although some sources<ref>an unverified family tree on (among other places) familysearch.org</ref> indicate that he was the eldest son of Sir Henry Culmer (c. 1574-1633), the first [[Baron Culmer]]. According to this family tree, Sir Henry, himself a son of a Henry Culmer, had married Mary Baldwyn of Kent in 1602, and was created a Baron by King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] in 1630. Although this is not listed in ''[[Burke's Peerage]]'', his family was of considerable importance.

==Biography==
Culmer was educated at [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]]; he matriculated as [[Sizar]] in 1613, [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] Theology in 1618, and [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|M.A. Th (Ox).]] in 1621.<ref>{{acad|id=CLMR613R|name=Culmer, Richard}}</ref> He was ordained in the Diocese of [[Peterborough]] that September, and then returned to Kent, marrying a Katherine Johnson from Ringwould (near Deal) in 1624. He then established himself as a [[Puritan]] Minister of some note. He was generally known in Kent as "Blue Dick Culmer", on account of his refusing to wear the usual black gown of a cleric; he preferred blue instead, as it "had more joy". He later was appointed Academic Dean of Divinity at Cambridge University. He was suspended in 1635, and restored to the clergy in 1638, being appointed as a [[curate]] in the Parish of [[Harbledown]] in Kent.

In 1643 Culmer was considered for the living of the parish of [[Chartham]]. As a general serving under [[Oliver Cromwell]] he became quite notorious, so disliked that the parishioners of [[Harbledown]] objected, that so long as it was not Culmer they cared not who ministered unto them. This view prevailed and another person was appointed, with Culmer being appointed to the Commission for the "Blessed Reformation", the demolition of "superstitious" ([[High Church]]) monuments and "idols", including the purge of [[Canterbury Cathedral]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvZNzngArGQC&q=richard+culmer+puritan&pg=PA159 |title = Angels in the Early Modern World|isbn = 9780521843324|last1 = Marshall|first1 = Peter|last2 = Walsham|first2 = Alexandra|date = 2006-08-31}}</ref> Culmer delighted in his promotion as a Commissioner, and set about his task at [[Canterbury]] with enthusiasm, so much so that his parishioners would openly flock to attack him. On account of these attacks, he soon required Cromwell's soldiers to protect him while he carried out his task.

He was known to have despised [[William Laud]], who had him committed to the [[Fleet Prison]] in London for refusing to read the ''[[Declaration of Sports]]'' after his services in Church, and his objections to that book were used in [[Laud's trial]] for treason, in 1644.

At the end of 1644, Culmer was appointed as one of six preachers at [[Canterbury Cathedral]] and the office as curate of Canterbury. In 1645, in return for his services to Parliament, he was offered the living of the parish of [[Minster-in-Thanet]]. At his [[ordination]] for that post, his parishioners locked the church against him, and when he attempted to break into the church he was mobbed and beaten. He was so despised that the parish refused to pay [[tithe]]s to support him, but then offered to pay his arrears if he would go away. To this day, his name does not appear in the list of incumbents displayed in the church porch. He served as acting Dean of Rochester before his exit from the public eye.

He later found himself under arrest in London, and, when asked why he had destroyed the figure of Christ in the Canterbury Cathedral windows and not that of the Devil, he merely replied that Parliament's orders were for the removal of images of Christ and made no reference to Satan. Among his few critics was Henry De Forte, who argued that art expressed religious emotion. It is recorded that Culmer's attitude changed towards religious art and spiritualism.

Described as "odious for his zeal and fury", Culmer survived in his position until 1660, shortly before the Restoration of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. He then moved to [[Monkton, Kent|Monkton]], where he died at the Parsonage House on 20 March 1662, and was buried two days later in the parish church of [[Monkton, Kent|Monkton]] in Kent, on the [[Isle of Thanet]].

==Post death==
The above-mentioned Culmer family tree states that Richard Culmer married in 1639 to a Miss Beeson, and again twenty years later to a Dutch woman, the widow Mrs. Bocher of Haarlem in Holland, "the country in which he died in 1669". This would appear to be based on a record in the [[International Genealogical Index]], listing a Richard Culmer, 1612-1669, who married a "Mrs Bechor" of Haarlem.

The will of a clerk called Richard Culmer, of Monkton on the Isle of Thanet, was proved by his son-in-law Nicholas Roe.<ref>East Kent Wills; PRC 32/53/377, written eighteenth day of March, one thousand six hundred sixty & one, in the fourteenth yeare of the Reigne of our Soveraigne Lord Charles the second.....</ref> It mentions sons James & Richard, and daughters Anne, Katherine & Elizabeth, together with 'Margaret Culmer, my beloved wife' who is to receive an annuity. No mention is made of allotments in either St Peter's or Broadstairs; it appears that Joseph Culmer, of St Peter's, is owed £50. Some marshland in Monkton is mentioned, together with two very large areas of land in Ireland bequeathed to his son James, which the testator fears he may be deprived of.

Edward Hasted refers to a Richard Culmer & Culmer's allotments, in Broadstairs, Isle of Thanet, without any source being given.<ref>Edward Hasted: The History and topographical survey of the county of Kent, volume X, second edition, 1800. Page 291 of the pdf file, page 369 in the original; Kent Archaeological Society; 'Richard Culmer, by his will in 1444'</ref>
Richard Culmer, a carpenter and theologian is commemorated in St Peter's Church, in the 15th century, with an inscribed brass plate, as having given land for allotments.<ref>Volume 12 of the Kent Archaeological Society, page 385</ref>

The will of a Richard Culmer, of St Peter's, Thanet, proved in 1494, provided for 60 [[hectare]]s of land in [[Broadstairs]], which may be the land now known as Sir Culmer's allotments.<ref>Canterbury Cathedral Archives; Will of Richard Culmer; 1494; PRC 17/6/81; lines 10 to 13 in the registered copy of the will: " in broadsteyrlynch, the rent of the land to be distributed perpetually among poor people most nedyng in the said parish every good fryday for the helth of my saulle & my ffryndys [friends?] "</ref>
His peerage was unlisted from [[Burke's Peerage]], and there is no modern use of the title Baron Culmer.

==Fictional appearances==
Blue Richard Culmer appears as a supporting character in Jeff Guinn's novel ''The Christmas Chronicles''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_rinVexvq0C&q=richard+culmer+the+christmas+chronicles&pg=PA321|title=''The Christmas Chronicles''|last=Guinn|first=Jeff|date=2008|publisher=Penguin|pages=414–421|access-date=2015-12-18|isbn=9781585426690}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Culmer, Richard}}
[[Category:1597 births]]
[[Category:1662 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Thanet (district)]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge]]

Armagh Observatory

2025-06-14T11:21:22Z

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{{Short description|Astronomical research institute in Armagh, Northern Ireland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=November 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=April 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2017}}
}}

{{Infobox Observatory}}
'''Armagh Observatory''' is an astronomical [[research institute]] in [[Armagh]], [[Northern Ireland]]. Around 25 astronomers are based at the observatory, studying stellar astrophysics, the [[Sun]], [[Solar System]] astronomy and Earth's [[climate]].

In 2018, Armagh Observatory was recognized for having 224 years of unbroken weather records.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/recognition-for-woman-who-preserved-unbroken-weather-record-at-armagh-observatory-1-8741208|title=Recognition for woman who preserved unbroken weather record at Armagh Observatory|website=www.newsletter.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>

==History==
The Observatory is located close to the centre of the city of Armagh, adjacent to the [[Armagh Planetarium]] in approximately {{convert|14|acre|m2}} of landscaped grounds known as the Armagh Astropark. It was founded in 1789 by [[The Most Reverend|The Most Rev.]] and [[Right Honourable|Rt Hon.]] [[Richard Robinson, 1st Baron Rokeby|The 1st Baron Rokeby]], [[Church of Ireland]] [[Primate of All Ireland|Lord Primate of All Ireland]] and [[Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)|Lord Archbishop of Armagh]].

In 1795 through 1797 Solar observations were made at Armagh, including measurements of [[sunspot]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arlt|first=R.|s2cid=55309719|date=2009|title=The solar observations at Armagh Observatory in 1795–1797|journal=Astronomische Nachrichten|language=en|volume=330|issue=4|pages=311–316|doi=10.1002/asna.200911195|bibcode=2009AN....330..311A|issn=1521-3994|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Ernst Julius Öpik]] (grandfather of [[Lembit Öpik]] MP) was based here for over 30 years and among his many contributions to astrophysics he wrote of the dangers of an asteroid impacting on the Earth.

One of the observatory's directors, [[Thomas Romney Robinson]] invented the [[Cup-anemometer|cup anemometer]], a device for measuring wind speed.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Winn |first=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZHxXRyTYkgC&q=Armagh+Observatory+telescopes&pg=PA236 |title=I Never Knew that About Ireland |date=2007-03-06 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780312368807 |language=en}}</ref>

A plan was announced in 1949 to establish an [[Armagh Planetarium]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=1976IrAJ...12..204G Page 204|bibcode = 1976IrAJ...12..204G| last1=Grew | first1=Sheelagh | journal=Irish Astronomical Journal | year=1976 | volume=12 | page=204 }}</ref> After many years work the Planetarium opened in 1968, its first director was [[Patrick Moore]]. It celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishnews.com/news/2018/05/04/news/armagh-planetarium-marks-50th-anniversary-1320702/|title=Armagh Planetarium marks 50th anniversary|date=3 May 2018 }}</ref>

In 2018, the observatory was given an award by Centennial Weather Station Award from the World Meteorological Organisation for 224 years of unbroken weather recordings. The records go back to 1794 and are also made available on the internet in the early 21st century.<ref name=":0" />

In modern times the Observatory along with the nearby Planetarium and 14-acre Astropark are noted tourist attraction and education centre. The gardens, historical telescopes, and various astronomically related devices such as sundials are among some of the exhibits for visitors.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Armagh Observatory, Armagh |url=https://discovernorthernireland.com/Armagh-Observatory-Armagh-P3286/ |access-date=2019-10-31 |website=discovernorthernireland.com |language=en-gb |archive-date=31 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031192216/https://discovernorthernireland.com/Armagh-Observatory-Armagh-P3286/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2025, the Irish Historic Astronomical Observatories, consisting of [[Dunsink Observatory]], [[Birr Castle]] and Armagh Observatory, were added to the World Heritage Tentative List, a step towards becoming a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Irish historical observatories seek UNESCO status |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2025/0418/1508329-astronomical-observatories-unesco/ |website=www.rte.ie |publisher=RTÉ |date=2025-04-18 | access-date=2025-04-20}}</ref>

==Facilities==
There are scale models of the Solar System and the Universe, two sundials and historic telescopes, as well as telescope domes and other outdoor exhibits. The Human Orrery, launched in 2004, is located close to the main Observatory building. The Observatory's specialist library and archives, and collections of scientific instruments and artefacts associated with the development of modern astronomy, represent one of the leading collections of its kind in the [[British Isles]].

== Instruments ==

A 2½ inch aperture refracting telescope by J & E [[Edward Troughton|Troughton]] was installed in a dome in 1795.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Troughton, Thomas|date=2011-10-31|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Benezit Dictionary of Artists|doi = 10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00185568}}</ref> The telescope was manufactured in London, and is noted for its late 18th century [[brass]] metal work.<ref name=":6" /> It is also known the Troughton Equatorial Telescope, for having an [[equatorial mount]]ing.<ref name=":6" />

The observatory has an Earnshaw Regulator.<ref name=":6" /> It is an accurate type of clock invented in 1791 by [[Thomas Earnshaw]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/treasuresofpower00meas|url-access=registration|quote=Earnshaw Regulator.|title=Treasures of the Powerhouse Museum|last1=Measham|first1=Terry|last2=Museum|first2=Powerhouse|date=1994-01-01|publisher=Powerhouse Publishing|language=en}}</ref> Earnshaw travelled with it to Armagh to set it up in the new Observatory.

In the early 1800s it was reported to have a [[mural circle]] instrument.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iy_sAAAAMAAJ&q=Armagh+Observatory&pg=PA17|title=Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society|last=Society|first=Royal Astronomical|date=1836|publisher=Priestley and Weale|language=en}}</ref> Another instrument at the observatory is a [[sunshine recorder]].<ref name=":0" />

In the 1830s the observatory bought a 15-inch reflecting telescope from the [[Grubb Telescope Company]].<ref name="Butler">{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=C. J. |title=The 15-inch Equatorial Reflector by Thomas Grubb at Armagh Observatory |journal=Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society |date=June 2016 |issue=129 |pages=2–9 |url=https://scientificinstrumentsociety.org/BulletinArticles_public/Bulletin129_Butler,C.J._15-inch-equatorial-by-Thomas-Grubb.pdf}}</ref> The telescope used a [[Speculum metal|speculum metal mirror]] mounted on an equatorial mount with clockwork-drive.<ref name=Butler />

In 1885, a ten-inch aperture refracting telescope was installed, also by Grubb.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/663882/view/armagh-10-inch-refractor-telescope-1885|title=Armagh 10-inch refractor telescope, 1885 - Stock Image - C025/0064|website=Science Photo Library|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref> This was installed in the Robinson dome.<ref name=":2" />

Meridian marks can be found in the vicinity of the observatory, these look like stone arches, but were used to mark the location of the north-south line for the astronomical instruments. There is also another one in the form of an iron obelisk. The first meridian mark was built in 1793, and is in Tullyard, and it was used with the transit instrument.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Butler |first=John |date=2016-04-01 |title=Armagh Observatory's meridian marksARMAGH OBSERVATORY |url=https://academic.oup.com/astrogeo/article/57/2/2.27/2468648 |journal=Astronomy & Geophysics |language=en |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=2.27–2.31 |doi=10.1093/astrogeo/atw073 |issn=1366-8781 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 2005, two wide-angle cameras for a meteor detection systems were installed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y3POvMXDcgC&q=Armagh+Observatory&pg=PA263|title=Advances in Meteoroid and Meteor Science|last1=Trigo-Rodriguez|first1=J. M.|last2=Rietmeijer|first2=F.|last3=Llorca|first3=Jordi|last4=Janches|first4=D.|date=2008-03-21|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387784199|language=en}}</ref>

==Research==
The records of temperature take at Armagh Observatory between 1844 and 2004 were analyzed in 2006 research paper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060050130|title=Examination of the Armagh Observatory Annual Mean Temperature Record, 1844-2004|date=July 2006 |last1=Wilson |first1=Robert M. |last2=Hathaway |first2=David H. }}</ref>

==List of directors==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: left;" | Directors of Armagh Observatory
|-
| [[James Hamilton (priest, born 1748)|James Archibald Hamilton]]
| 1790 - 1815
|-
| William Davenport
| 1815 - 1823
|-
|[[Thomas Romney Robinson]]
| 1823 - 1882
|-
|[[John Louis Emil Dreyer]]
|1882 - 1916
|-
| Joseph A. Hardcastle
|1917
|-
|[[Frederick William Archdall Ellison|WFA Ellison]]
|1918 - 1936
|-
|[[Eric Mervyn Lindsay]]
|1937 - 1974
|-
|Mart de Groot
|1976 - 1994
|-
|Mark E. Bailey
| 1995 - 2016
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: left;" | Directors of Armagh Observatory and Planetarium
|-
|[[Michael G. Burton]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.armaghplanet.com/blog/armagh-planetarium-welcomes-new-director.html |title=Armagh Planetarium Welcomes New Director |access-date=2020-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414163834/http://www.armaghplanet.com/blog/armagh-planetarium-welcomes-new-director.html |archive-date=2017-04-14 | date=1 August 2016 | publisher=Astronotes | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 2016 -
|}

==See also==
*[[Royal Astronomical Society]]
*[[Markree Observatory]] (Irish observatory 1830s-1900, discovered the [[asteroid]] [[9 Metis]])
*[[List of astronomical observatories]]
*[[List of largest optical telescopes in the British Isles]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://armagh.space/}}
*[http://www.aavso.org/visit-armagh-observatory A Visit to Armagh Observatory], AAVSO

{{Places of Interest in County Armagh}}
{{Portal bar|Northern Ireland|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System|Education|Science}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1789]]
[[Category:Astronomical observatories in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Armagh (city)|Observatory]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in County Armagh]]
[[Category:Science museums in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Grade A listed buildings]]
[[Category:1789 establishments in Ireland]]
[[Category:Research institutes in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Astronomy institutes and departments]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List]]

Langley, Northumberland

2025-06-14T05:09:52Z

2A00:23C7:C8BC:C501:507C:445E:62F7:256D: /* Landmarks */Added link

{{Short description|Village in Northumberland, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|official_name = Langley
|coordinates = {{coord|54.948|-2.275|display=inline,title}}
|population =
|civil_parish=[[Haydon, Northumberland|Haydon]]
|unitary_england= [[Northumberland County Council|Northumberland]]
|lieutenancy_england= [[Northumberland]]
|region = North East England
|constituency_westminster = [[Hexham (UK Parliament constituency)|Hexham]]
|post_town = HEXHAM
|postcode_district = NE47
|postcode_area = NE
|dial_code = 01434
|os_grid_reference = NY825615
|static_image_name = Langley Castle.jpg
|static_image_caption = Langley Castle
}}

'''Langley''' or '''Langley-on-Tyne''' is a small village in [[Northumberland]], England, located to the west of [[Hexham]].

The village is on the [[A686 road|A686]] about {{convert|3|mi|0}} south of [[Haydon Bridge]]. The skyline of Langley on Tyne is still dominated by the lead smelting chimney with its underground flue leading to the old smelt works, now a sawmill, where the old tracks for the ore wagons can still be seen. There are currently just over 100 residents in Langley.

== Governance ==
Langley is in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|parliamentary]] constituency of [[Hexham (UK Parliament constituency)|Hexham]], [[Joe Morris (politician)|Joe Morris]] of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] is the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=MPs representing Hexham
|url=https://members.parliament.uk/constituency/4100/overview|archive-url=|archive-date= |access-date=12 August 2024|website=UK Parliament|language=en}}</ref>

For [[Local Government]] purposes it belongs to [[Northumberland County Council]] a [[unitary authority]], with Langley lying in the [[List of electoral wards in Northumberland|''Tynedale Division'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northumberland.gov.uk/|title=Northumberland County Council – Northumberland – UK|work=northumberland.gov.uk}}</ref> Prior to the [[2009 structural changes to local government in England]] it was part of [[Tynedale|Tynedale Council]].

== Landmarks ==
[[Langley Castle]] is a restored [[medieval]] [[tower house]], and a [[Grade I listed building]]. It was built in the middle of the 14th century as a great H-shaped tower of four storeys. Before this the site was the seat of the [[Baron]]s of [[Tynedale]] in the 12th century, from whom descend the [[Tyndall]] family. It was attacked and severely damaged in 1405 by the forces of [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] in the campaign against the [[Baron Percy|Percys]] and Archbishop Scrope. It remained as a ruin until it was bought and restored by a local historian, [[Cadwallader John Bates|Cadwallader Bates]], in the late 19th century. He died in 1902 and his wife Josephine continued the restoration. After she died in 1932 the building remained empty until it was used as a [[barracks]] in the [[World War II|Second World War]], following which it was used as a girls' school.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Fry
| first = Plantagenet Somerset
| authorlink = Plantagenet Somerset Fry
| title = The David & Charles Book of Castles
| publisher = David & Charles
| year = 1980
| location =
| pages = 251
| isbn = 0-7153-7976-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Hodgson
| first = John
| authorlink = John Hodgson (antiquary)
| title = A History of Northumberland
| url = https://archive.org/details/ahistorynorthum01tynegoog
| publisher =
| year = 1840
| location =
| pages = Vol 3:pp 367–8}}</ref> Inside Langley Castle are some of the best preserved [[Garderobe]]s in Britain and these can be viewed from the main staircase. It has since been converted into a luxury hotel.

'''Staward Manor''' has an old Roman altar stone and, in 1999, a Roman road was discovered nearby.

[[Allen Banks & Staward Gorge|Staward Gorge]] is a [[Victorian era|Victorian]] garden in a gorge of the [[River Allen, Northumberland|River Allen]]. There are the remains of a medieval [[Pele tower]]. It is an [[Site of special scientific interest|area of Special Scientific Interest]] and the most northerly habitat of [[dormouse|dormice]] in Britain, and while walking in the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]-owned [[Allen Banks]] and surrounding area, visitors may encounter deer and [[red squirrels]].

== Notable people ==
*[[Catherine Cookson|Dame Catherine Cookson]], author, lived in the village for many years.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Langley, Northumberland}}
*{{gbmapping|NY831617}}
*[http://www.thegardenstation.co.uk/ The Garden Station]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928035709/http://www.flavell.vispa.com/langley.htm Langley Methodist Church]
*[http://ukheritage.net/castles/langley.htm Langley Castle]
*[https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/allen-banks-and-staward-gorge Allen Banks & Staward Gorge information at the National Trust]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Northumberland]]