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Longsleddale

2025-08-25T19:00:48Z

2A00:23C7:C8BC:C501:89B4:9818:7BF3:F7BF: /* Recreation and community */

{{Short description|Valley and civil parish in Cumbria, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox UK place
| static_image_name = Longsleddale1234.jpg
| static_image_caption = View from [[Kentmere Pike]] looking south to the central and lower parts of Longsleddale
| official_name = Longsleddale
| country = England
| region = North West England
| os_grid_reference = NY5003
| coordinates = {{coord|54.419|-2.770|display=inline,title}}
| population = 73
| population_ref = ''(2001)''
| civil_parish = Longsleddale
|unitary_england = [[Westmorland and Furness]]
|lieutenancy_england = [[Cumbria]]
| constituency_westminster = [[Westmorland and Lonsdale (UK Parliament constituency)|Westmorland and Lonsdale]]
| post_town = KENDAL
| postcode_district = LA8
| postcode_area = LA
| dial_code = 01539
}}

'''Longsleddale''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɒ|ŋ|s|l|ɛ|d|ə|l}}) is a valley and [[civil parishes in England|civil parish]] in the [[Westmorland and Furness]] district of [[Cumbria]], England. It includes the hamlet of Sadgill. The parish has a population of 73.<ref>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/viewFullDataset.do?instanceSelection=03070&productId=779&$ph=60_61&datasetInstanceId=3070&startColumn=1&numberOfColumns=8&containerAreaId=790350 Office for National Statistics: ''Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : South Lakeland''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205102055/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/viewFullDataset.do?instanceSelection=03070&productId=779&$ph=60_61&datasetInstanceId=3070&startColumn=1&numberOfColumns=8&containerAreaId=790350 |date=2014-12-05 }} Retrieved 26 October 2010</ref> As the population taken at the 2011 Census was less than 100, details are maintained in the civil parish of Whitwell and Selside.

The valley is bounded to the west by [[Kentmere Pike]] and [[Shipman Knotts]], one arm of the ''[[Kentmere]] Horseshoe'', and to the east by Sleddale Fell and its summits of [[Grey Crag]] and [[Tarn Crag (Far Eastern Fells)|Tarn Crag]]; one of several Cumbrian hills named Great Howe is on the east of the valley above Sadgill.<ref name="hillbagging-greathowe">{{cite web |title=Great Howe (Longsleddale) |url=http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=B&rf=3836 |website=www.hill-bagging.co.uk |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="getoutside">{{cite web |title=Great Howe, South Lakeland - area information, map, walks and more |url=https://getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/local/great-howe-south-lakeland |website=OS GetOutside |access-date=15 February 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref> The [[River Sprint]] starts on the slopes of [[Harter Fell, Mardale|Harter Fell]] and [[Branstree]], and flows south through the valley before joining the [[River Kent]] to the north of the town of [[Kendal]].

Halfway between Garnett Bridge and Sadgill, Ubarrow Hall is a mediaeval [[Peel tower|pele tower]], reduced in height, adjoining a 17th-century farmhouse.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ubarrow Hall |url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=11732 |publisher=Pastscape |accessdate=2011-06-14}}</ref>

==Haweswater aqueduct==
The aqueduct carrying water from [[Haweswater Reservoir]] to [[Heaton Park Reservoir]] in [[Manchester]] follows the line of Longsleddale underground on the east of the valley, and crosses Stockdale Beck by a pipe bridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geog.port.ac.uk/webmap/thelakes/html/lgaz/lk14089.htm|title=Haweswater Aqueduct|work=Old Cumbria Gazetteer|publisher=Portsmouth University, Geography Department|accessdate=11 June 2013}}</ref> Construction of the aqueduct was started in the 1930s and finally completed in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britainfromabove.org.uk/image/epw041963|title=The Haweswater Aqueduct under construction near Low House, Longsleddale, 1933 (photo)|publisher=Britain from Above|accessdate=11 June 2013}}</ref> Survey columns can still be seen on [[Branstree]], [[Tarn Crag (Far Eastern Fells)|Tarn Crag]], and Great Howe below [[Grey Crag]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wainwright|first=A.|authorlink=Alfred Wainwright|title=A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells: Book 2: The Far Eastern Fells|year=1957|publisher=Westmorland Gazette|pages=Branstree 4, Grey Crag 4, Tarn Crag 5}}</ref> The tunnel is about {{convert|2 x 2|m|abbr=on}} in section, and the water flow is by gravity. Between Haweswater and Manchester the tunnel only deviates from a straight line by less than {{convert|0.6|mi|0}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=888|title=Haweswater Aqueduct|publisher=Engineering Timelines|accessdate=11 June 2013}}</ref>

In January 2025, United Utilities confirmed Strabag Equitix Consortium as its preferred bidder to replace and maintain six tunnel sections of the aqueduct.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prior |first1=Grant |title=Winner unveiled for £2.9bn aqueduct revamp |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2025/01/03/winner-unveiled-for-2-9bn-aqueduct-revamp/ |access-date=6 January 2025 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=6 January 2025}}</ref>

==Possible railway route==
When the directors of the [[Lancaster and Carlisle Railway]] were choosing its route in the 1840s, one possibility considered was a route through [[Kendal]] and along Longsleddale, with a {{convert|2|mi|abbr=on}} tunnel under the [[Gatescarth Pass]] into [[Mardale]] and thence towards [[Bampton, Cumbria|Bampton]]. This route had the support of the Kendal Committee of the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway; other alternatives under consideration included a line over a barrage across Morecambe Bay and round the Cumbrian coast, routes bypassing [[Shap]] to the east and west, and the Shap summit route finally chosen.

After a lengthy Parliamentary inquiry, the longer and steeper route over Shap Fell was chosen. [[Thomas Bouch]] was approached to be an adviser on the Longsleddale route and if this route had been chosen, in all probabilities Bouch would have been appointed as the civil and railway engineer. Bouch was the engineer for the [[Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway]] and rose to fame in later years, for it was his design of the Tay Railway Bridge that was [[Tay Bridge disaster|destroyed in a severe storm]].

The gradient of the Longsleddale route would have been somewhat less than the 1 in 70 gradient of the climb up and over Shap Fell, and the use of banking engines could have been reduced if not entirely eliminated.

It has been said that the Longsleddale route, "had it ever been built, would have been as dramatic and awe-inspiring as any in Britain".<ref name="joy">{{cite book|last=Joy|first=David|title=Main Line Over Shap: the story of the Lancaster-Carlisle Railway|year=1968|publisher=Dalesman|location=Clapham|page=14}}</ref>

[[File:Central and upper Longsleddale.jpg|thumb|right|Central and upper Longsleddale, seen from Todd Fell. St Mary's Church is in the middle of the picture.]]

==Recreation and community==
In 1974, an Outdoor Pursuits Centre was founded by Jim McVeigh as an access point for young people, from in and around Manchester, to the great outdoors. Over the years, this has extended to young people from all around the country. Unlike many outdoors centre in the UK, this is staffed and operated solely by volunteers. The centre's [[Adventure Activities Licensing Authority]] licence allows staff to run [[outdoor activities]] including [[rock climbing]], [[caving]], ghyll scrambling ([[canyoning]]), [[hillwalking]] and [[archery]].

There are few community buildings in Longsleddale. There is one village hall that is known as the Community Hall and one church – St Mary's – which is near the centre of the valley and is open every day. Services are on the second and fourth Sunday of each month at 10:30am.

The village was the inspiration for the fictional village of Greendale in the BBC children's television series ''[[Postman Pat]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Postman Pat|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cumbria/content/articles/2006/03/30/cumbriaonfilm_postman_pat_feature.shtml|accessdate=20 December 2011|newspaper=BBC|date=30 March 2006}}</ref>

==Ecology==
The River Sprint is designated a [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSI) along with other tributaries of the [[River Kent]].

Longsleddale Woods are designated an SSSI. Yewbarrow Woods were acquired by the [[Lake District National Park]] in the 1980s in order to maintain and secure the site.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Question for Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (parliamentary question) |url=https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2015-02-25/HL5223}}</ref> In 2015, the Authority put it on the market along with some of its other properties.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 2015 |title=No bids to buy Yewbarrow Woods |work=ITV |url=https://www.itv.com/news/border/2015-07-24/no-bids-to-buy-yewbarrow-woods |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref>

==Geology==
Slate used to be quarried in the valley. A site called Wrengill was the largest quarry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.longsleddale.co.uk/pages/historyf.htm}}</ref>

The [[Stockdale Shales]] is a geologic formation in the area near Longsleddale.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aveline|first1=W. Talbot|last2=Hughes|first2=T. McK.|title=Memoirs of the Geological Survey. England and Wales. The Geology of the County Around Kendal, Sedbergh, Bowness, and Tebay|date=1888|publisher=Eyre and Spottiswoode|location=Fleet Streed, E.C.|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLYMAAAAYAAJ&q=Aveline+%22stockdale+shales%22&pg=PA11}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Longsleddale2 290807.jpg|Looking north up Longsleddale
File:Church Longsleddale.JPG|The small parish church of St Mary, Longsleddale
File:Track up to Harter Fell.JPG|The Track up to Harter Fell, the River Sprint runs down the valley to the left of the track
File:Longsleddale - geograph.org.uk - 130672.jpg|Longsleddale. Looking north-east from the bridleway to Staveley, across the valley to Swinklebank.
File:Yewbarrow-hall-longsleddale.jpg|Ubarrow Hall
File:Longsleddale - geograph.org.uk - 677399.jpg|Longsleddale, sun on Goat Scar
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Cumbria}}
*[[Listed buildings in Longsleddale]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Longsleddale}}
*[http://www.cumbriacountyhistory.org.uk/township/longsleddale Cumbria County History Trust: Longsleddale] (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)
*[http://www.longsleddale.co.uk/ Longsleddale Community Website]
*[http://www.longsleddleopc.org/ Longsleddale Outdoor Pursuits Centre Website]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Cumbria}}

[[Category:Civil parishes in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Valleys of Cumbria]]

Simony

2025-08-25T11:51:19Z

2A00:23C7:C8BC:C501:89B4:9818:7BF3:F7BF: /* Origin */

{{Short description|Act of selling church offices and roles}}
{{Other uses|Simony (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Political corruption sidebar}}
{{Canon law}}

'''Simony''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|m|ə|n|i}}) is the act of selling church offices and roles or sacred things. It is named after [[Simon Magus]],<ref>''The Reader's Encyclopedia'' (1965), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, vol.2, ''p''.932, "Simon."</ref> who is described in the [[Acts of the Apostles]] as having offered two disciples of [[Jesus]] payment in exchange for their empowering him to impart the power of the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] to anyone on whom he would [[Laying on of hands|place his hands]].<ref name=Acts8>{{bibleverse|Acts of the Apostles|8:9–24}}</ref> The term extends to other forms of trafficking for money in "spiritual things".{{sfn|Smith|1880}}{{sfn|''Halsbury''|2002|loc='''832'''}}

==Origin==
The earliest church legislation against simony may be that of the forty-eighth canon of the [[Synod of Elvira]] ({{circa|305}}), against the practice of making a donation following a baptism.<ref name=Weber1909/>{{rp|60}}

Following the [[Edict of Milan]] (313), the increased power and wealth of the church hierarchy attracted simony.<ref name=Weber1909/>{{rp|30}} There are several accusations of simony (not by that name) against [[Arianism|Arians]], from [[Athanasius of Alexandria]], [[Hilary of Poitiers]], [[Pope Liberius]] and [[Gregory of Nazianzus]].<ref name=Weber1909>{{cite book|last1=Weber|first1=N. A.|title=A History of Simony in the Christian Church: from the beginning to the death of Charlemagne (814)|publisher=J. H. Furst|location=Baltimore|year=1909|url=https://www.agape-biblia.org/orthodoxy/Seek_the_Welfare_of_the_City/History_of_Simony_in_the_Christian_Church.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|34–36}} Many Church Fathers, such as [[Ambrose]], spoke out against the selling of ministries.<ref name=Weber1909/>{{rp|56}}

Anti-simony provisions in [[Synod|Church Council]] canons (and [[papal bull]]s) became common: the [[First Council of Nicaea| First Council of Nicaea (325)]], the [[Synods of Antioch#The Synod of Antioch in 341|Synod of Antioch (341)]], and the Councils of [[Council of Serdica|Serdica]] (343–344), [[Council of Chalcedon|Chalcedon (451)]], and the [[Council of Orléans]] in 533.<ref name=Weber1909/>{{rp|62, 66, 121}}

The purchase or sale of ecclesiastical office was associated with the figure of [[Simon Magus]] in the [[Acts of the Apostles]] and his name came into use as a term.<ref name=Acts8/> Important in popularizing the word 'Simony' was [[Pope Gregory I]] (590–604), who called such exchanges the "simoniac heresy".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rosé|first=Isabelle|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01822846|title=Simon le Magicien hérésiaque ?|year=2017|publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes|isbn=978-2-7535-5904-2}}</ref>

==In the Middle Ages==
Although considered a serious offense against [[canon law of the Catholic Church|canon law]], simony is thought to have become widespread in the [[Catholic Church]] during the 9th and 10th centuries.<ref>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, edited by Wendy Doniger, 1999</ref> In the eleventh century, it was the focus of a great deal of debate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reuter|first=Timothy|year=2001|title=Gifts And Simony|url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004476400/B9789004476400_s011.xml|journal=Medieval Transformations: Texts, Power, and Gifts in Context|pages=157–168|doi=10.1163/9789004476400_011|isbn=9789004476400 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Central to this debate was the validity of simoniacal orders: that is, whether a cleric who had obtained their office through simony was validly ordained.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=West|first=Charles|year=2022|title=The Simony Crisis of the Eleventh Century and the 'Letter of Guido'|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-ecclesiastical-history/article/abs/simony-crisis-of-the-eleventh-century-and-the-letter-of-guido/C915507B2324FC0A8EF03B99475202EA|journal=The Journal of Ecclesiastical History|volume=73|issue=2|pages=229–253|doi=10.1017/S0022046921000063|s2cid=239635858|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The {{lang|la|[[Corpus Juris Canonici]]}}, the {{lang|la|[[Decretum Gratiani|Decretum]]}}<ref>{{harvnb|Chisholm|1911|p=133}} cites Pt. ii. cause i. quest. 3</ref> and the [[Decretals of Gregory IX]]<ref>{{harvnb|Chisholm|1911|p=133}} cites Bk. v. tit. 3.</ref> all dealt with the subject. The offender, whether {{lang|la|simoniacus}} (the perpetrator of a simoniacal transaction) or {{lang|la|simoniace promotus}} (the beneficiary of a simoniacal transaction), was liable to deprivation of his benefice and deposition from orders if a [[Secular clergy|secular priest]], or to confinement in a stricter [[monastery]] if a [[Regular clergy|regular]]. No distinction seems to have been drawn between the sale of an immediate and of a reversionary interest. The innocent {{lang|la|simoniace promotus}} was, apart from dispensation, liable to the same penalties as though he were guilty.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=133}}{{clarify|date=August 2013}}

In 1494, a member of the [[Carmelites|Carmelite]] order, Adam of Genoa, was found murdered in his bed with twenty wounds after preaching against the practice of simony.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burckhardt|first1=Jacob|title=The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy|year=1878|publisher=Vienna Phaidon Press|location=University of Toronto - Robarts Library|page=[https://archive.org/details/civilizationofre00burc/page/60 60]|url=https://archive.org/details/civilizationofre00burc}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="180px">
File:Abbé pratiquant la simonie.jpg|Abbot practising simony (France, 12th century)
File:Tizian 109.jpg|Girolamo and cardinal Marco Corner investing Marco, abbot of Carrara, with his benefice, [[Titian]], {{c.|1520}}
</gallery>

===In literature===
[[File:DvinfernoPopeNicholasIII m.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|[[Dante]] speaks to [[Pope Nicholas III]], committed to the ''[[Hell|Inferno]]'' for his simony, in [[Gustave Doré]]'s 1861 [[wood engraving]] (portrait of the [[Malebolge#The Ten Bolgias|Third Bolgia]] of the Eighth Circle of Hell)]]

In the 14th century, [[Dante Alighieri]] depicted the punishment of many "clergymen, and popes and cardinals" in hell for being [[Greed|avaricious]] or miserly.<ref>''[[Inferno (Dante)#Fourth Circle (Greed)|Inferno]]'', Canto VII, line 47, Mandelbaum translation.</ref>

He also criticised certain popes and other simoniacs:<ref>''[[Inferno (Dante)#cite ref-DLS18 77-4|Inferno]]'', Canto XIX, lines 2–6, Mandelbaum translation</ref>

{{poemquote|Rapacious ones, who take the things of God,
that ought to be the brides of Righteousness,
and make them fornicate for gold and silver!
The time has come to let the trumpet sound
for you; ...}}

==In the Catholic Church==
Simony remains prohibited in Roman Catholic canon law. In the Code of Canon Law, Canon 149.3 notes that "Provision of an office made as a result of simony is invalid by the law itself."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Code of Canon Law - Title IX - Ecclesiastical Offices (Cann. 145-196)|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib1-cann145-196_en.html#Art._1.|access-date=2022-04-26|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref>

==Church of England==
The [[Church of England]] struggled with the practice after its separation from Rome. For the purposes of [[English law]], simony is defined by [[William Blackstone]] as "obtain[ing] orders, or a licence to preach, by money or corrupt practices"<ref>{{cite book|last=Blackstone|first=William|title=Commentaries on the Laws of England vol I|date=1765|pages=376–7|place=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|title-link=Commentaries on the Laws of England}}</ref> or, more narrowly, "the corrupt presentation of any one to an ecclesiastical [[benefice]] for gift or reward".<ref>{{cite book|last=Blackstone|first=William|title=Commentaries on the Laws of England vol IV|date=1769|page=62|place=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|title-link=Commentaries on the Laws of England}}</ref> While English law recognized simony as an offence,<ref>'''3''' ''[[Edward Coke|Coke's Institutes]]'' 153–156</ref> it treated it as merely an ecclesiastical matter, rather than a crime, for which the punishment was forfeiture of the office or any advantage from the offence and severance of any patronage relationship with the person who bestowed the office. Both [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] and [[Elizabeth I]] promulgated statutes against simony, in the latter case through the [[Simony Act 1588]] ([[31 Eliz. 1]]. c. 6) and [[Simony Act 1688]]. The cases of [[Bishop of St. David's]] [[Thomas Watson (Bishop of St David's)|Thomas Watson]] in 1699{{sfn|Handley|2004}} and of [[Dean of York]] [[Sir William Cockburn, 11th Baronet|William Cockburn]] in 1841 were particularly notable.<ref name="times410410">''[[The Times]]'', 10 April 1841, p. 6 col.b, reprinted from the ''Cambridge Advertiser''</ref>

By the [[Benefices Act 1892]],{{which|date=July 2024}} a person guilty of simony is guilty of an offence for which he may be proceeded against under the [[Clergy Discipline Act 1892]] ([[55 & 56 Vict.]] c. 32). An innocent clerk is under no disability, as he might be by the canon law. Simony may be committed in three ways – in promotion to orders, in presentation to a benefice, and in resignation of a benefice. The [[common law]] (with which the [[canon law]] is incorporated, as far as it is not contrary to the common or statute law or the prerogative of [[the Crown]]) has been considerably modified by statute. Where no statute applies to the case, the doctrines of the canon law may still be of authority.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=133}}

{{As of|2011}}, simony remains an offence.<ref>{{harvnb|''Halsbury''|2002|loc='''832''' & '''1359'''}}</ref>{{better source needed|"as of 2011" but the source is from 2002!|date=March 2025}} An unlawfully bestowed office can be declared void by the Crown, and the offender can be disabled from making future appointments and fined up to £1,000.<ref>[[Simony Act 1588]], s.4</ref> Clergy are no longer required to make a declaration as to simony on [[ordination]], but offences are now likely to be dealt with under the [[Clergy Discipline Measure 2003]] (No. 3).<ref>2003 No. 3</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=June 2020}}<ref>r.8.{{harvnb|''Halsbury''|2002|loc='''1359'''}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Civil law (common law)]]
* [[Concordat of Worms]]
* [[Corruption#Religious organizations|Corruption in religion]]
* [[Gregorian Reform]]
* [[Indulgence]], a Church doctrine widely abused in the late medieval period
* For papal simony, see [[Papal selection before 1059#Ostrogothic rule (493–537)|Papal selection before 1059 § Ostrogothic rule (493–537)]]
* [[Simony Act 1688]]
* [[Simony Act 1713]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==General and cited references==
* {{Cite book|editor-first=Lord Mackay of|editor-last=Clashfern|year=2002|title=Halsbury's Laws of England|edition=4|volume=14|ref={{Sfnref|Halsbury|2002}}|at="Ecclesiastical Law", '''832''' "Penalties and disability on simony"; '''1359''' "Simony"}} See also current updates.
* {{Cite ODNB|last=Handley|first=S.|year=2004|title=Watson, Thomas (1637–1717)|id=28868}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Smith|first=W.|year=1880|encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Christian Antiquities: Being a Continuation of the 'Dictionary of the Bible'|url=https://archive.org/details/adictionarychri04cheegoog|title=Simony|publisher=J.B. Burr Pub. Co.}}

'''Attribution:'''
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Simony|volume=25|pages=133-134}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|ref=none|last=Aquinas|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Aquinas|title=Summa Theologica: Simony (Secunda Secundae Partis, Q. 100)|url=http://www.newadvent.org/summa/3100.htm|website=New Advent|access-date=14 December 2023}}
*{{cite DNB|ref=none|last=Macdonell|first=George Paul|wstitle=Ayliffe, John|volume=2|pages=279-281|short=x}}
*{{cite CE1913|ref=none|last=Weber|first=N.A.|wstitle=Simony|volume=14|short=x}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|simony}}

{{Authority control}}{{Investiture Controversy}}

[[Category:Simony| ]]
[[Category:Investiture Controversy]]